Main literary areas Classicism Sentimentalism Romanticism Realism Signs of literary direction unite writers of a certain historical. Essay literary directions and currents of the XVII-XIX centuries

Fate classism. Classicism, an influential literary direction that kept in his power artistic creativity for more than a century, did not finally descended from the scene in the first quarter of the XIX century. Attempts are made to adapt it to new historical conditions, find it appropriate in it in socio-ethical and artistic relationship. In the time consideration, there was a differentiation process within this literary direction, which led to the decay of the system.

In the late 80s of the XVIII century. Derzhanin organized a literary salon, whose visitors were A. S. Shishkov, D. I. Tailov, A.A. Shakhovskaya,

P.A.shirinsky-Shichmatov; All of them were active supporters of classicism and created the literary society "The conversation of lovers of Russian words" (1811 -1816), which was also also included by I.A. Wings and N.I. Gleal. By the name "Theority" "Conversations" A.I. Shishkova His supporters began to be called chischeists. His "Deadly on Love to Fatherland" is an example of nationalist interpretation of patriotism. Protecting Russian autocracy and church, Shishkov spoke against the "alien culture". Such a position led him and his followers to the rejection of the Language reform of Karamzin and European sympathies of this writer and his group. The dispute broke out of the sidewist with the caramezinists. Although their social positions were by no means opposite (and those and others were monarchists), the "Europeanized" language of the caramezinists of Shishkov opposed the national linguistic archaic. In "reasoning about the old and new syllable of the Russian language," essentially he resurrected outdated for the XIX century. Lomonosov's doctrine of the "three hundred", especially the exception of "high calm". In the "conversation", ODD, "PIIMA", tragedy, furnished the works of the pillars of Russian classicism.

Classicism remained longer in drama, the genre of the tragedy was launched for a long time. Creation in this genre of classicists of the XVIII century, especially A.P. Sumarokov, did not go from the stage. However, in the classic tragedy of the beginning of the XIX century. New phenomena are found, which are most obvious in Dramaturgia V.A. Ozerov. He was not a member of the "conversation," on the contrary, he was considered even as a sacrifice of the goat Shakhovsky. In the playwright of Ozersov, the classicism of the prostrocyism is found.

The evolution of serious genres of classicism to predocutantism, developing into romanticism, was reflected not only in the playwright of Ozerov, but also in the early work of the Decembrists - F.N. Glinka and P.A. Katrenina, V.F. Raevsky and K.F. Ryleva; This process is noticeable in such works of Pushkin-Lyceist, as "memories in the Tsarsky village", "Napoleon on the Elbe", "to Licinia", in Oda Tyutchev "Urania", dedication "to the new 1816" and in many other poets. Civic pathos of Poetry Lomonosov and Derzhavin did not lose its attractive force in the first quarter of the new century. Their traditions were preserved, receiving new aesthetic being, including already in a different aesthetic system - civil romanticism.

Educational Realism. The Russian implementation of the early XIX century developed on the basis of the traditions of folklore and the literature of the previous time. His roots go to the satirical stories of the XVII century, who developed a system of artistic drawing of the image of ordinary, anti-game being, everyday situations and the peripetia of the existence of an ordinary person, his mistakes and delusions, his faults and innocent suffering or its defects, robs and immoral triumphs. Especially significant for the literature of the XIX century. The traditions of the Russian educational realism of the XVIII century, quite successfully declared itself in the work of N.I. Novikova, D.I. Fonvizina, I.A. Krylov, as well as writers of the second row - MD Chulkov and V.A. Levshina. Vertex phenomenon in the development of Russian realism of the XVIII century. It turns out "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishchev. Realism of the XVIII century. It was complicated not only by ties with classicism and sentimentalism, but also a controversy with them.

In this form, the tradition of realism came to Russian literature began a new century. Basically, it was a realism of the educational: the principles of social conditionality of human behavior were not yet reinforced by the principles of historicism, and an in-depth psychologist was not realized as the most important goal of creativity. Writers relied on true enlightenment as a means of improving morals.

The most talented writer is an expressive of the principles of educational realism at this time - Vasily Tifonovich Nasrezh (1780-1825), the creator of the first realistic (educational) novel in Russian literature, which "Russian hill blas, or adherence of Prince Gavrila Simonovich Chistyakov".

New features in prose are designated in connection with the Patriotic War of 1812. Writers, comprehending the grandiose historical event, began to retreat from obsolete literary canons, were introduced into the narration specific signs of wartime, genuine historical facts, individual fates of people, learned to relate the fate of a person with his time . New features of artistic thinking were originally manifested in large genres of novel or a story, but in newspaper and magazine genres - notes, essay, memoir notes, usually issued in the form of letters. The principles of specific historicism began to be formed, which sometimes combined with writing interest in current daily. In the first quarter of the XIX century. Realism has achieved the greatest success in the fastener creativity I.A. Krylov, in the famous comedy A.S. Griboedov, who inherited the experience of educational realism, and in the tragedy "Boris Godunov" A.S. Pushkin. The formation of Russian classical realism begins.

Fate sentimentalism. Sentimentalism, the literary direction of the last third of the XVIII century, fascinated by many supporters, completed his existence, criticized from different sides: classicists, predominant and realists, as a result of which modifications occurred in the Sentimentalism system. However, this is a literary direction that received refuge in the works of Karamzin and his school writers, was very influential at the beginning of the XIX century. And, it can be said, was in the forefront of art. The beginning of the XIX century. In Russian literature, including Belinsky, Karamzinsky period. In the work of Karamzin of the late XVIII-early XIX century. Pre-promotant aspirations are very noticeable, although predocantness and did not take it to the end in his works.

The protagonist of Karamzin and Karamzinists is a person who has been made by their moral qualities. The estate hierarchy of the heroes of classicism in Karamzinists were opposed to the extrallinary advantages of the "natural", "simple" person. The philosophy of sentimentalism as it would dictated the cult of sensitivity.

Karamzin reproduced in prose and in verses is not yet individual character, but a psychological state. Basically, he and his followers distinguished two varieties of personality: a sensitive and cold person.

The poets of Karamzi school gave a new direction of poetry. The philosophical elegs and messages gave way to "light poetry" - songs, often stylized under folklore, joking, friendly messages and epigram, "baubles" - poetic miniatures-expression, verses "in case", "to a portrait", various "inscriptions". Compared to the solemn Odeoye and Pima "baled" "light poetry" captured rapprochement of poetry with a regular, daily life, the refusal of high genre stamps, updating the literary language, which consisted of approaching his conversational language of the enlightened nobility, in an external pursuit of Population (but in combination with the principles of "pleasant", "sweet" and "gentle" beauty).

Explicit successes had a prose of writers of this school. Favorite their genres - a novelist story telling about the sentimental, sad love of two young people, and a journey genre. First of all, Karamzin himself, but also his followers gave samples of an elegantly simple, not refined with the linguistic archaic, naturalistic, rude sketches of the narrative of the subtle and gentle love experiences of noble people; The main conflict of the ART, as a rule, is a collision of sensitive and cold. The prose has developed ways of psychological analysis, techniques of lyric description, portrait, creating a literary landscape. However, in sentimental prose, many stamps, the same story situations and images repeated many times.

Karamzinsk school loudly declared its existence and literary activity, creating the Association "Arzamas" (1815-1818). The reason for the organization of the Company was the comedy of the Shakhovsky "Lesson of Kathketkov, or Lipetsk Waters", which contained parody attacks on Zhukovsky and Karamzinists. Opponents "Conversations" united by taking the name of the Company from Pamflet D.N. Bludow, directed against the Schishkovists, "a vision in a fence published by the Socked Committee of People", in which the satirical image of Shakhovsky, who offend Zhukovsky was created, and Arzamas was presented to the venue. This society included V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, V.L. Pushkin, A.S. Pushkin, D.N. Bludov, P.A. Vyazemsky, S.S. Uvarov et al., Later in Arzamas included future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, N.I. Turgenev, N.M. Muravyov. The initial goal of society was the fight against "conversation", with dilapidated classicism. Parodies, epigrams, satires, mocking messages, various types of satirical expression, often just a calabura, sharp word were damaged. The "conversation" was perceived as a symbol of cosup, routine, ridiculous pedantry, and in this way the decline was expanding socially. Young people, struggling with the oblique "conversation", inherited the tradition of the nonsense of the last century, performed by carriers of the idea of \u200b\u200bnovelty and progress, a new idea of \u200b\u200bthe person, liberated from dogmatism and prejudice.

Premantism. Predaromantism is a pan-European phenomenon in the literature of the end of the XVIII - early XIX century. In Russia, he did not take shape into an independent literary direction, and the term himself appeared in the works of researchers of a later time. Prejoantism arose both in the depths of classicism and sentimentalism. The ideas of Rousseau, Gerder, Russian enlighteners about the "natural person", good, moral, harmonious in nature, about the people - the custodian of the original morality and aesthetic national specificity, the apology of the poetic "primitive" and the criticism of false civilization, the rejection of everyday virtues even in a sentimental shell make up The socio-philosophical basis of predocant. And in Russian predomantism, as in English, which was noted by V.M. Zhirmunsky, the rethinking of the category of the beautiful, which has encountered new aesthetic estimates: "picturesque", "Gothic", "romantic", "original".

At the beginning of the XIX century. It is most obvious that he manifested itself in the work of writers who united in the "free Society of Literature Literators, Sciences and Arts" (1801-1825), whose flourishing activity belongs to 1801-1807. Talented and active participants - I.P. PNNY, A.H. Eastov, V.V. Parrots; AF also included a society. Merzlyakov, K.N. Batyushkov, N.I. was close to them. Gleal.

The precommon stage in the development of Russian poetry has played a big role in the literary activities of A.S. Pushkin, poets of his environment, Decembrists poets. She prevented the blooming in Russian soil of Bayronism and "world grief", helped the approval of the principles of the nationality. Russian predocutant, influential thanks to Batyushkov and Gallet, a young Pushkin and his friends, contributed to the formation at the beginning of the XIX century. The original ways of developing romanticism, encouraged to find in the field of folk aesthetics, to civil animation, solidarity of poet friends.

Romanticism. Romanticism is a pan-European literary direction, and its emergence is usually associated with the events of the French history of the last third of the XVIII century. Academician A.N. Dwypin, understanding the public sense of the phenomenon, noted: "It was difficult to stay aside from the Russian society aside from that struggle that went to European life and sought to develop new principles of public, political and moral." Socio-historical cataclysms of the late XVIII century, associated with them. Its flourishing in Russia - the 10-20s, but IV on the 1930s he had his outstanding achievements. It is in romanticism - an acute awareness of the contradictions of life; This idea acquired an increasingly versatile character. The orientation of Western Europe lost its meaning, especially more and more hated became for the educated and thought of the nobles and the allocations of Galomania. The consciousness of Russian romantics all persistently appeals to the national and folk origins in search of new social, ethical and aesthetic supports. The requirement from the literature of nation and national identity becomes a common place in romanticism.

Philosophical foundationsromanticism was also pan-European. Although there is no identity between romanticism and philosophical idealism, to various themes of the latter and its schools are obvious, and especially religion. Romantic aware of the high meaning of the spiritual life of a person, neglected the material being as low and vulgar, worthy of only the philistine crowd. Religious faith, Christianity, was a life-giving source of their works. The pagan images, the paintings of the pre-Christian antique in the romanticism, were by no means about the refinement of the refusal of Christianity, but the tribute to the new aesthetic fashion, the poetic attachment to the "unsolved to be", which was updated the plots, the metaphorical language, in general, the lyricism of the work.

At the same time, in Russian romantics, the traditions of Russian philosophizing in the writings of the Turgenev, Zhukovsky and Batyushkov brothers, Galich and Pavlov, in the works of I.V. Kireevsky, A.S. Homyakova, in the artistic work of romantics. It is possible to distinguish such distinctive features of Russian romantic philosophizing: the predominance of ethical, and then the historiosophical issues, a combination of philosophizing and practical action (philanthropic, social-civic or artistic and creative, teacher). Artistic, and most of all lyrical, philosophizing method - in the poetry of Zhukovsky, Tyutchev, Baratyan, Lermontov, etc.

Romanticism according to its leading methodological principle was opposed to realism, which in the content and forms of creativity was focused on objective reality in the entire variety of its manifestations. In the romanticism, the poetic knowledge of reality was carried out through the Creator of Artistic Value.

In the romantic literature, serious and usually unsubstantially, one kind of comic - romantic ironybased on which the bitter smile of the dreamer lies, which builds air locks, over the prose of life. The rejection of real reality and disappointment in it was not expressed at all in the notorious typical images in typical circumstances. Artistic generalizations took place on the paths symbolization of phenomena.

At the same time, the romance is inherent in a passionate desire for the ideal, because the purpose of art according to their theories is to comprehend the absolute principles of being and in touching them.

Symbols of the perfect worldin romanticism: the sea, the wind is freedom; Star - the perfect world; Sun, ray ray - happiness; Spring, morning - moral awakening; Fire, roses - love, love passion. The romantic system took and vintage folklore or literary traditions of color symbols and symbols of colors and plants: white color - innocence, moral purity (birch, lily), red, pink - the color of love (roses), black - sad. Although the symbolism of flowers became more complex, multivalued and bizarre. Ideal received aesthetic assessment as an elevated-beautiful, raised over life daily. At the same time, it was combined with a special aesthetic estimate put forward by this literary direction. In one row with the aesthetic categories of the beautiful, elevated, tragic and category ROmantical.Romantics were found in exceptional, exotic characters and situations, in fabulous fantastic episodes.

Formed new aesthetic ideal. A romantic aesthetic ideal usually destroyed the external correctness of the artistic pattern, the strict thoughtfulness of all plot, picturesque lines, the logicality, the completion of the composition. They defended the freedom from the "rules" of art, introduced new genres into literature, modified the old.

Romanticism knows various style flows:"Gothic" style, "antique", "Old Russian", "folklore", "pantheistic-lyrical", "meditative and philosophical" and others. In the work of Zhukovsky, Ryleev and A.Ohodoevsky, Pushkin, Lermontov, Baratyan, Tyutchev can be found Samples of these stylists.

Romanticism is an outstanding and peculiar literary direction, under the charm of which were almost all the poets of the first half of the last century, in any case they experienced the passion for them and retained deep connections with this elevated art. Russian classical literature in general and the prose and poetry of the last century are penetrated by romantic spirituality.

Literature:

1. The history of Russian literature of the XIX century (first half) / Ed. CM. Petrova. M., 1973.

2. Kuleshov V.I. The history of Russian literature of the XIX century. M., 1997.

3. Mann Yu.V. The history of Russian literature of the XIX century. The era of romanticism. M., 2001.

4. The history of Russian literature of the XIX century. 1800-1830s. In 2 parts. Part 1 / Ed.

V.N. Anchina, ld Thunderous. M., 2001.

5. Yakushin M.I. Russian literature of the XIX century (first half). M., 2001.

Rogornar E.S. Russian literature of the first half of the XIX century. St. Petersburg., M., 2004.

Classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism in the RL 18-19 centuries (repetition). Grade 9.

Objectives lesson:A) deepen knowledge of classicism and sentimentalism, to give the concept of romanticism and realism as artistic directions, learning to compare different directions, identifying the originality of everyone, while turning to the works of literature; Improve the knowledge of the works of the 19th century literature.

B) educate love for literature, develop aesthetic feelings.

C) develop figurative thinking, memory, logic, ability to conduct a dialogue, conversation, improve speech skills.

During the classes

The 19th century is called the "golden age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. At the beginning of the century, art is finally separated from court poetry and "album" poems, in the history of Russian literature first appear features of the poet professional, the lyrics becomes natural, easier, humane. 19th century is the time of formation of the Russian literary language.

Do not forget that the literary leap, carried out in the 19th century, was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of 17-18 centuries.

Therefore, let's turn again to the classicism.

Classicism message.

The 19th century began with the heyday of the sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. These literary directions found an expression, first of all, in Russian poetry.

Turn to Sentimentalism. Where the dominant of "human nature" is declared feeling, not a mind and it distinguishes sentimentalism from classicism.

Sentimentalism message

Sentimentalism Karamzin had a great influence on the development of Russian literature: he was repelled, including Romanticism Zhukovsky, the work of Pushkin.

Romanticism (Kon XVIII century - the first half of the XIX century) approves the intrinsicness of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, depicts strong (often rebar) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature.

Message about romanticism

Romanticism was of great importance for the development of literature. Romance poets their work assisted the promotion of folklore, took care of his recognition. Works of these poets and still interesting to us. They enchant us with their uniqueness, peopled perfection.

Early poetry also developed in the framework of romanticism. His southern link coincided with a number of historical events and in Pushkin, the hope of achieving the ideals of freedom and liberty, but after several years of cold techniques of his works soon he realized that the world was ruled by the world, but the authorities. In the work of Pushkin of the romantic period, the belief was dried out that there were objective laws in the world, to shake which a person could not be bravely and beautiful his thoughts. This determined the tragic tonality of Pushkin Muse.

Gradually, in 30s, Pushkin appears the first "signs" of realism.

Report about realism

Russian literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prosaic poem "Dead Souls" The writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a fraudster who buys dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices. In the same terms, the comedy "Auditor" is withstanding. Full satirical images and works. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The trend of images of defects and disadvantages of Russian society is a characteristic feature of all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all Writers of the 19th century.

Work on cards.All students are hearding cards, the teacher explains the task (read the characteristics of one of the directions, enter the answer).

Checking each of the 8 tasks is carried out collectively with the discussion.

b) questions: What works of classicism do you know? What romantic poem did you study in the 8th grade? What epic work of Pushkin is written in the tradition of realism?

c) "Journey to the Nebignant". (Consolidation of literary concepts and expansion of the reader's horizon).

Teacher Reads excerpts from works, students are determined to which thin. They include the direction. (See Attachment).

1. Bestuzheva Marlinsky "Savior Nikitin".

2. Karamzin "Poor Lisa".

3. Gogol "Shinel".

Generalization.

Teacher: Today we have been transferred to almost 2 centuries ago.

What do you think, can these works weigh, interest, touch the modern reader and the viewer?

What is expensive in the art of the past epochs? (Humanity, humanism, inner world of man).

Literature teaches us to see "souls changeable signs." We have ahead of us with you with new writers, poets and their works.

The task

Classicism, Realism, Sentimentalism, Romanticism.

The task: Enter the name of the artistic direction.

1. ________________________ put forward a human feeling, the human ability to emotionally perceive and worry.

2. For _________________________ Special Civil Topics are characterized, strict adherence to certain creative standards and rules.

3. __________________________ distinguishes an underlined interest in personality, human individuality, pathos freedom, independence, protest heroic, striving for excellence and update. Writers did not put the task to reproduce reality, but sought to express their attitude towards her.

4. In the literature __________________________ was depicted not so much reality itself as its reflection in the feelings of the narrator and characters. The main actors could be "ordinary people." The virtues of man writers saw in the ability to feel, worry.

5. At the heart of _______________________ lies the desire for the vital truth of the artistic images.

6. __________________________ As a certain artistic direction, it is typical to reflect life in the images of ideal, with the general "norm", sample. Hence the cult of antiquity: antiquity acts as a sample of perfect and harmonic art.

7. __________________________ The hero is an exceptional person, with strong, indomitable passions, which does not recognize the laws that others obey. The exclusiveness of characters is combined with the exception of events and conflicts, their special drama and tensions.

8 .____________________________ appealed not only to the artistically accurate image of reality in all the variety of its manifestations: events, characters, nature, things, phenomena, but also to search and artistic analysis of patterns that act in life.

Karamzin "Poor Lisa".

Lisa slept very badly. The new guest of the soul was so vividly presented to her that she woke up almost every minute, waking up and sighed. Even before the climb of the Sun Lisa, I got up, went to the shore of Moscow-river, sat on the grass ... Meanwhile, the young shepherd on the banks of the river Hnal herd, playing on the swirls. Lisa rushed his eyes to him and thought: "If the one who occupies now my thoughts was born, was a simple peasant, shepherd - and if he was now a herd of her herd: ah! I would bow to him with a smile and would say a friendly:

"Hello, kind shepherd. Where are you going a flock of your own? And here the green grass grows for your sheep, and here are flowers, from which you can weave the wreath for your hat. " He would look at me with a kind of gentle - I would take it, maybe my hand ... Dream! " The shepherd playing on the swirls, passed by and with the motley herd his herd hide behind the near hill.

Tale "Shinel"

Even in those hours, when the St. Petersburg gray sky is completely swell and the whole of the official people were a member and summarized, who could, according to the salary received and his own whim, - when everything has already rested after the Department of Sripping Feathers, running, when officials are in a hurry to bring the remaining time : Who is before, rushing to the theater; Who is on the street, defining it to considering some hacken; Who, and this happens most often, goes just to your brother in the fourth or third floor, in two small rooms with anterior or kitchen, - in a word, even at a time when all officials are scattered across the small apartments of their buddies to play wist, inhabiting Tea with a penny breadcrumbs, - Akaki Akakievich did not indulge in any entertainment.

Pushkin "went out daylight shining" the ocean's excitement awakens in the poet of memories of his past "desires and hopes", about the last "crazy love", which he is unable to forget, and an infinitely strong desire for new impressions. Not only about the sea, but also about the excitement of the soul of the poet written the lines of this poem:

Shumi, noise, obedient wind,

Worry under me, sullen ocean

I see the shore remote

Earth midday magical edges;

With a wave and longing, I strive in there;

I remember the burning ...

And I feel: tears were born again;

Soul boils and freezes;

The dream is familiar around me flies;

I remembered the former years of insane love,

And everything I suffered, and everything that the heart is cute,

Desires and hopes of volatile deception ...

In these rows, the exciting sea and shower in the excitement are perfectly combined.

Bestumeva Marlin "Sea Savior Nikitin"

Your will - read or not read me; MY - Write, how does it look like ... My feather is a scope of self-alignment, witch witch, horse rider. Yes, riding on the Perevol Cossack, I can scour on paper without commandments where the eyes look. I do this: I throw a reason and do not look back, I do not count on what is waiting ahead. I don't want to know if the wind will notice the trace of my, straight or sterinous trace of my. Crossed through the fence, swam behind the river - well; Failed - also good. I am already pleased with the fact that I fastened on a simpler, entirely, to tired. I am tired of the broken races of your literary theories ... steppes me, storms! I'm easy for dreams - leaving in the winter; Lights do the dimensions - dive deep into the sea ..

Russian classicism

In Russia, the formation of classicism occurs almost three quarters of a century later how he has developed in France.

Russian classicism originated and developed on original soil, taking into account the experience that Western European classicism has accumulated.

The peculiar features of Russian classicism are as follows: first, from the very beginning in Russian classicism, the connection with modern reality is strongly affected, which in the best works is illuminated from the point of view of advanced ideas.

The second feature of Russian classicism is caused by the advanced public ideas of writers an indifference-satirical jet in their work. The presence of satire in the work of Russian writers of classicists gives their work vitally truthful. Live modernity, Russian reality, Russian people and Russian nature to a certain extent are reflected in their works.

A third feature of Russian classicism, due to hot patriotism of Russian writers, is their interest in the history of their homeland. All of them are studying Russian history, write works on national, historical topics.

The formation of classicism contributed to the four largest literary figures:, and.

The top of the Russian classicism is creativity (brigadier, inexpensive), the creator of a truly original national comedy, which laid the foundation of critical realism within this system.

Sentimentalism in Russia.

Sentimentalism The ideal of human activity was not "reasonable" to reorganize the world, but the release and improvement of the "natural" feelings. His hero is more individualized, his inner world is enriched with the ability to empathize, sensible to respond to what is happening around. By origin and by convictions, the Sentimentalist Hero - Democrat; The rich spiritual world of commoner is one of the main discoveries and conquests of sentimentalism.

Sentimentalism penetrated into Russia in the 1780s-early 1790s due to the translations of Romans Goethe, Rousseau, and others. The era of Russian sentimentalism opened Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin with letters of the Russian traveler (1791-1792).

His novel Poor Lisa (1792) is a masterpiece of Russian sentimental prose; From the Getya Verter, he inherited the general atmosphere of sensitivity and melancholy and suicide theme.

Karamzin caused a huge number of imitation to life; At the beginning of the 19th century. Poor Izmailov appeared (1801), a trip to the midday Russia (1802) and others.

Sentimentalism marked early creativity of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Russian sentimentalism by 1820 has exhausted himself.

He was one of the stages of pan-European literary development, which completed the Epoch of Enlightenment and opened the way to romanticism.

Romanticism

In the XVIII century, romantic called everything strange, fantastic, scenic and existing in books, and not in reality. At the beginning of the XIX century, romanticism became the designation of the new direction opposite to classicism and education. Romanticism argues the cult of nature, feelings and natural in man. The image of the "noble savary", armed with "folk wisdom" and not spoiled by civilization, is in demand.

The main signs of romanticism is the advantage of internal over the external, unique over typical, sensitive rational. New genres are created.

Characters of romantic works - courageous and stubborn heroes-patriots, people who reached inner harmony and unity with nature. The psychological parallelism is very common in the work of romantics: a person is depicted next to the nature of which he is in close connection. The most famous representatives of romanticism were Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Lermontov.

The founder of Russian romanticism is Zhukovsky: Russian poet, translator, critic. In 1808, together with the Lyudmila ballads published from under his feather, the Russian literature included a new, completely special content - romanticism.

The highest intensity is the direction acquired in the 30s - beginning. 40 gg. The peak of Russian romanticism can be considered the poetry of Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov.

In his poetry, the main conflict of romanticism is a contradiction between the ideal and reality - reaches the extreme tension, which significantly distinguishes him from the poets-romantics of the beginning of the XIX century.

The main object of Lyric Lermontov is the inner world of a person - deep and controversial. The key topic in the work of Lermontov is the topic of the tragic loneliness of the person in a hostile and unfair world.

Realism

Realism in literature - Truthful image of real reality.

From the mid-19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature, which is created against the background of a tense socio-political situation, which established in Russia during the Board of Nicholas I. is brewing the crisis of a serf system, the contradictions between the authorities and the simple people are stronger. There is a need to create realistic literature, sharply responding to the socio-political situation in the country. Writers appeal to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. Public and political, philosophical issues prevails. Literature is distinguished by special psychologism.

Outstanding samples of literature of this direction were the work of the late Pushkin (by the right of the investigator of realism in Russian literature) - Historical drama "Boris Godunov", the story "Captain's daughter", "Dubrovsky", "Tale of Belkin", as well as Roman Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov "Hero our time"

and identified the main art types that will be developed by writers all over the 19th century. This is an artistic type of "excess person", the sample of which is Yevgeny Onegin in the novel, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown in his tale of "Shinel", as well as in the story "Stationander".

Classicism (from lat. Classicus - exemplary) - an artistic direction in the European art of the turn of the XVII-XVІІІ - the beginning of the XIX century, formed in France at the end of the XVII century. Classicism argued the primacy of state interests over personal, the predominance of civil, patriotic motives, the cult of moral debt. For aesthetics of classicism, the severity of artistic forms is characterized: composite unity, regulatory style and plots. Representatives of Russian classicism: Kantemir, Tredyakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Princess, Ozers and others.

One of the most important features of classicism is the perception of ancient art as a sample, aesthetic reference (hence the name of the direction). The goal is to create works of art in the image and similarity of ancient. In addition, the ideas of enlightenment and the cult of the mind have had a huge impact on the formation of classicism (faith in the omnipotence of the mind and what the world can be reroacled at a reasonable principle).

Classicists (representatives of classicism) perceived artistic creativity as strictly followed by reasonable rules, eternal laws created on the basis of studying the best samples of ancient literature. Based on these reasonable laws, they shared works on the "right" and "wrong". For example, the "wrong" believed even the best plays of Shakespeare. This was due to the fact that in Shakespeare's heroes, positive and negative features were connected. A creative method of classicism was based on rationalistic thinking. There was a strict system of characters and genres: all the characters and genres differed "purity" and unambiguable. So, in one hero, it was categorically forbidden not only to combine defects and virtues (that is, positive and negative features), but even several vices. The hero was to embody any one character line: either a meager, either Bounce, or a hunger, or a hypocrite, or kind or evil, etc.

The main conflict of classic works is the struggle of the hero between the mind and feeling. At the same time, the positive hero should always make a choice in favor of the mind (for example, choosing between love and the need to completely surrender to the state, he is obliged to choose the latter), and negative - in favor of feeling.

The same can be said about the genre system. All genres shared on high (soda, epic poem, tragedy) and low (comedy, fables, epigram, satire). At the same time, there was no touching episodes in the comedy, and in the tragedy - funny. In the high genres, "exemplary" heroes were depicted - monarchs, "commander, which could serve as an example for imitation. The characters covered by any" passion "were introduced into the low, that is, a strong sense.

Special rules existed for dramatic works. Three "unity" should be observed in them - places, time and action. Unity of the place: Classicist playwright did not allow the change of action, that is, throughout the play, the heroes had to be in the same place. Unity of time: the artistic time of the work was slimmed to exceed several hours, as a last resort - one day. Unity of action implies the presence of only one storyline. All these requirements are connected with the fact that classicists wanted to create a kind of illusion of life on stage. Sumarokov: "Try me in the game hours for hours to measure, so that I forgetting, I could believe you."

abstract
on the topic: Literary directions and currents of the XVII-XIX centuries.
(Classicism, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Realism)

Abstract on discipline
"Culturalology"
fulfilled the student of the group JURZ-09-3
Eremeeva Olga Olegovna

Irkutsk, 2011
Content

P.
Introduction .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ....... 3 – 4

General characteristics of literary directions and flowsXVII-XIX centuries. .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. .......... 5 – 7
Literary directions and currents of the XVII-XIX centuries. .............................. . 8

Introduction
Russian literary life of the beginning of the XIX century. He leaks under the sign of all deepening decay of classicism and fierce disputes around his artistic inheritance.
Material events of the end of the XVIII century. - which began under the influence of the growth of capitalism and the decay of feudal-serfdom, involvement in this culture of the country, and the widespread layers of the landlord and the "third class" - the whole chain of heterogeneous phenomena led to decline and the decomposition of the prevailing style of the previous era.
The overwhelming part of the writers refused because it was so lovingly cultivated classicism - from genuine and cold normativism, carefully separated "high" types of art from the types of "subit" who served the interests of the despicable "Cherni". Democratization of literature is accompanied by the democratization of the language.
Organization of the literary station of the stationery at the beginning of the century took over Admiral A.S. Shishkov, expressing his ideas in the sketch "reasoning about the old and new syllable of the Russian language", published in 1803 and quickly made the confession of the faith of all supporters of "good old" classical art.
This center of the literary "experts" was opposed by two societies that united the opponents of classicism.
The earliest on time of its occurrence and at the same time the most radical in their political trends was the "patient society of fans of Russian literature."
The purpose of this abstract is to study the literary directions and the flows of the XVII-XIX centuries.
Based on the purpose of testing, I defines the following tasks:
- consider the overall characteristics of literary directions and currents of the XVII-XIX centuries;
- identify the characteristic features of classicism;
- to identify the characteristic features of sentimentalism;
- identify the characteristic features of romanticism;
- identify the characteristic features of realism.

Chapter 1. General characteristics of literary directions and flows
XVII-XIX centuries.
The literary direction is often opposed to the artistic method. It denotes a set of fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groupings and schools, their program-aesthetic installations used. In the struggle and change of directions, the regularities of the literary process are most clearly expressed.
The concept of " direction »Characterize the following signs:

the generality of the deep spiritual and aesthetic foundations of the artistic content due to the unity of cultural and artistic traditions;
simplicity of world-world writers and life problems facing them;
the similarity of an epocal socio and cultural and historical situation.

Chapter 2. Literary Directions
Classicism
Classicism - (from Lat. Classicus - exemplary) - direction in the literature of the XVII - early XIX century, oriented on aesthetically reference images and forms of antique ("classic) art. The poetics of classicism began to form in Italy, but as the first independent literary direction, classicism took shape in France in the XVII century. - In the era of the heyday of absolutism. The official founder of classicism is recognized by F. Mallb; Poetic canons of classicism were formulated in the treatise N. Balo "Poetic Art" (1674) 3. At the heart of the aesthetics of classicism - the principles of rationalism: the work of art is considered by classicism as reasonably constructed, logically verified, capturing the irreversions, the essential properties of things. External film, disordantity, rapidity of empirical reality is overcome in the art of the power of mind. The ancient principle of "imitation of beautiful nature": art is designed to imagine the perfect, reasonable model of the universe. It is not by chance a key concept in classicism - sample: aesthetic value has something completely correct, unshakable.
Interest in minded universal laws of life in counterweights "all sorts of all kinds" of everyday life caused an appeal to the ancient art - modernity was projected to history and mythology, the momentary was tested by eternal. However, arguing the priority of rational order over the current variability of living life, the classicists thus emphasized the opposition of the mind and feelings, civilization and nature, in general and a single one. The desire to capture the "reasonable beauty" of the world in the artistic work dictated and the tough regulation of the laws of poetics.
For classicism, a strict genre hierarchy is characteristic: genres are divided into high (tragedy, epic, s) and low (comedy, satire, fable). The subject of the image in high genres becomes historical events, public life, heroes - monarchs, commander, mythological characters. Low genres addressed to the image of privacy, life, daily classes of "ordinary people" 4. Each genre has rigidly given formal signs: for example, in dramaturgy, the fundamental in the organization of the stage action was the rule of three unities - the unity of the site (the action should occur in the same house), time (the action should fit in one day) and actions (the action in the play should be combined A single conflict node, and the action - to develop within the same storyline). The leading classic genre was the tragedy: its main collision is the confrontation between the private, individual and public, historical being of a person. The hero of the tragedy is set before the need to choose between feeling and debt, freedom of will and moral imperative. The main subject of artistic research is an internal split between the real and ideal "I" of a person.
In the low genres, the history and myth went into the background - more importantly became the likelihood and recognition of situations from modern daily life.
In Russian literature, the formation of classicism occurs in the XVIII century; It is primarily associated with the names of M. Lomonosov, A. Sumarov, A. Kantemir, V. Tredyakovsky.
The greatest importance in the genre system of Russian classicism is obtained by satires (A. Kantemir), Basni (I. Krylov), comedy (D. Fonvizin). Russian Classicism is distinguished by the predominant development of national historical issues, and not an antique, conversation to modern topics and specific phenomena of Russian life.
Among the high genres, the central place belongs to AD (M. Lomonosov, Derzhavin), which connected the patriotic pathos with a high lyrical, subjective experience.
Russian Classicism survived 3 periods:
1) From the 30s to the 50s of the 18th century, the efforts of writers at this stage are aimed at developing education and science, creating literature and national language. This task will be solved in the work of A.S. Pushkin.
2) 60s, the end of the 18th century - the tasks of educating a person are put forward to the forefront - citizen. The works are angry with personal defects that impede human service for the benefit of the state.
3) end 18 - the beginning of the 19th centuries - there is a decline in classicism; National motives are intensified, writers are not only interested in the type of perfect nobleman, but the type of Russian ideal nobleman.
Thus, Russian classicism at all stages distinguished high citizenship.
Failure of classicism:
In Russia, classicism as a literary direction of the liberal-noency orientation arose in the 1930s of the XVIII century. and reached a heyday in the 50s and 1960s. At the beginning of the XIX century. Outstanding supporters of classicism - MMHerskov and G.R. Herzhavin have already lived and wrote. But by this time, Russian classicism as a literary direction loses its former progressive features: civilized and state-patriotic pathos, the approval of the human mind, a statement against religious and ascetic scholasticism, a critical attitude towards the monarchical despoty and the abuse of serfdom.
Some properties of classic poetics are used by individual writers and in the future (for example, Kyhehelbecker and Ryleev) 5 are perceived by advanced romantics. However, as a literary direction, classicism becomes the isna of epigion (i.e. imitative, deprived of creative originality of literary activities). Protection of autocracy and serfdom caused full support for classicism with ruling circles.

Sentimentalism
Sentimentalism (Franz. Sentimentalism, from Sentiment - feeling) - the literary flow of the second w on the XVIII century, approved as the dominant of the human person and human existence, and not the mind. The regulatory of the aesthetics of sentimentalism is in the specification of the ideal: if the classicism is an ideal - "a reasonable person", then in Sentimentalism, "a person feeling", capable of released and improving the "natural" feelings. The hero of the Sentimentalists writers is more individual; His psychological world is more diverse and moved, the emotional sphere is even hypertrophic.
Sentimentalism - as opposed to classicism - approves the extravoice value of a person (the democratization of the hero is a distinctive feature of sentimentalism): the wealth of the inner world is recognized for every person.
The aesthetic features of sentimentalism begin to form in the works of J. Thomson, E. Jung, T. Gray: Writers turn to the image of an idyllic landscape, which places to think about the eternal; The atmosphere of the work is determined by melancholic contemplation, concentration on the process of formation and dynamics of experience. Attention to the psychological world of man in its contradictory features is a distinctive feature of the novels with. Richardson (Clarissa, "History of Sir Charles Grandison") 6. The reference work that gave the name of the literary flow is the "sentimental journey" L. Stern.
A distinctive feature of English sentimentalism is "sensitivity" in combination with irony and sarcasm. Russian sentimentalism is noted by installing at didactism, imposing the reader of the ethical ideal (the most characteristic example - "Letters of the Russian traveler" N. Karamzin).
In Russian literature, sentimentalism manifested itself in two directions: reactionary (Shalikov) and Liberal (Karamzin, Zhukovsky). Idealizing reality, reconciling, attenuating contradictions between the nobility and the peasantry, the reactional sentimentalists painted the idyllic utopia in their works: the autocracy and the social holy hierarchy; The fortress state is established by God himself for the sake of the happiness of the peasants; Fortress peasants live better free; Empty not very fastened right, but the abuse of them. Defending these ideas, Prince P.I. Shalikov in the "Travel to Malorossy" portrayed the life of the peasants to complete satisfaction, fun, joy. In the play of the playwright N.I. Ilyina "Lisa, or the celebration of thanks" is the main character, the peasant, praising his life, says: "We live so much fun, like the sun is red." The peasant Archka, the hero of the play "The generosity, or the recruit set" of the same author, assures: "Yes, such good kings, what are you on the Holy Rus, you won't find all the white light" 7.
The idyllic nature of creativity was especially manifested in the cult of a beautiful-sensitive personality with her desire for perfect friendship and love, the adherence to the harmony of nature and the well-in-manner way to express their thoughts and feelings. So, playwright V.M. Fedorov, "Fixing" the story of the story "Poor Lisa" Karamzin, forced Erast to repent, refuse the rich bride and return to Lisa, which remains alive. To top it off, Matvey's tradesman, Father Lisa, turns out to be the son of a rich nobleman ("Lisa, or a consequence of pride and seduction", 1803).
However, in the development of domestic sentimentalism, the leading role belonged not to reactionary, but progressive, liberal-minded writers: A.M. Kutuzov, M.N. Muravyev, N.M. Karamzin, V.A. Zhukovsky. Belinsky rightly called the "remarkable person", "the employee and assistant of Karamzin in the transformation of the Russian language and Russian literature" I.I. Dmitrieva - Poet, Basinist, translator.
Liberally thinking sentimentalists saw their calling in order to console people in suffering, troubles, chants, to turn them to virtue, harmony and beauty. Perceiving human life as transforming and speedy, they piled eternal values \u200b\u200b- nature, friendship and love. They enriched literature with such genres like an elegy, correspondence, diary, journey, essay, story, novel, drama. Overcoming the regulatory and dogmatic requirements of classic poetics, sentimentalists in many ways contributed to the approach of the literary language with conversational. By expression K.N. Batyushkova, the sample for them is the one, "who writes as he says who the ladies read!". Individualizing the language of acting persons, they used elements of folk spaciousness for peasants, ordinary jargon - for the attains, gallicizms - for the secular nobility, etc. But this differentiation was not conducted consistently. Positive characters, even serfs, express themselves, as a rule, in a literary language.

Romanticism
Romanticism (Etymologically dates back to Spanish Romance; In the XVIII century. The concept of "romantic" was interpreted as an indication of the unusualness, oddity, "literature") - a literary direction formed in European literature at the beginning of the XIX century. Historically, the emergence of romanticism and the design of his ideological and aesthetic principles falls on the era of the crisis of educational ideas. The ideal of a reasonable arranged civilization began to be perceived as a great mirage of the left era; "The Victory of Mind" turned out to be ephemeral, but the aggressive-real - the prosaic everyday life of the world of "common sense", pragmatics and feasibility.
Bourgeois civilization of the end of the XVIII century. caused only disappointment. It is not by chance that the globility of romantics is described by the concept of "world sorrow" 8: despair, the loss of faith in social progress, the inability to resist the longing of monotonous everyday life to space pessimism and caused a tragic separation of a person with all the world order. That is why the principle of romantic dawmine becomes fundamental for romanticism, which implies a sharp opposition of the hero, his ideal to the world.
The absolutism of spiritual claims of romantics determined the perception of reality as a knowingly imperfect, deprived of inner meaning. The "terrible world" began to seem the kingdom of irrational, where the person's personal freedom is opposed to the inevitability of fate, rock. The incompatibility of the ideal and reality was expressed in the care of romantics from modern topics in the world of history, folk legends and legends, the world of imagination, sleep, dreams, fantasy. The second is the perfect - the world necessarily line up at a distance from reality: distance in time - hence the attention to past, national history, myth; In space - hence the transfer of action in the artistic work to distant exotic countries (for Russian literature, the Caucasus became such an exotic world); The "invisible" distance rang between sleep and anew, dream and reality, imagination and fact of fact.
The spiritual world of man appeared in romanticism as a microcosm, the small universe, the infinity of human individuality, intellectual and emotional world is the central problem of romanticism.
The cult of individuality expressed as much as possible in the work of J. Bairon; It is not by chance that the emergence of a special designation for the canonical romantic hero - the "bayronic hero". Proud loneliness, disappointment, tragic worldview and at the same time rebelliousness and rebellion of the spirit - the circle of concepts that determine the nature of the "bayronic hero".
In the field of aesthetics, romanticism - in opposition to classicism - argued the right of the artist not to "imaging nature", but on creative activity, the creation of its own, individual world - more real than the empirical reality, "given to us feeling." This principle is reflected in the system of genre forms of romanticism: a fantastic story (novel) is distributed, the ballad (under construction and the integralization of real and fantastic worlds) is formed, a genre of historical novel is formed.
The most distinct romantic worldview was manifested in the poems: in the center of the image there was an "exceptional hero in exceptional circumstances", and its inner world is presented in the dynamics, in the "peak points" of emotional stress ("Caucasian captive" and "Tsygana A. Pushkin," MTSI "M. Lermontov).
Romanticism as a method and direction established at the turn of the XVIII - IX centuries, the phenomenon is complex and controversial. Disputes about romanticism, about his essence and place in the literature are already underway for more than one and a half centuries, and there is still no recognized definition of romanticism. Romance themselves persistently emphasized the national peculiarity of each literature, and indeed, romanticism in each country acquired so vividly pronounced national features, which, in connection with this, there is often doubt whether it is possible to talk about some common features of romanticism. Romanticism at the beginning of the XIX century captured other types of art: music, painting, theater.
The achievements of Russian romanticism are primarily associated with the names of V. Zhukovsky, A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky, M. Lermontov, F. Tyutchev.

Realism
Realism (from lat. Realis - real, valid) - the literary direction approved in Russian literature at the beginning of the XIX century. and passed through the entire XX century. Realism approves the priority of the cognitive opportunities of literature (from here and the approval of the literature as a method of special - artistic - research of reality), strives for the deep knowledge of all parties to life, the typing of life facts 9.
Unlike classicists or romantics, a realist writer comes to an image of life without a predetermined intelligent template - reality for him outdoor for infinite knowledge of the world. A lively image of reality is born due to the recognition, concreteness of details of life and being: the image of a particular place of action, chronological assignment of events for a particular historical period, reproducing the details of everyday life.
Realism implies a study of the relationship between characters and circumstances, shows the formation of characters under the influence of the medium. The ratio of the nature and circumstances in the bilateral realism: human behavior is determined by external circumstances - but this does not cancel his ability to oppose their free will. From here - deep conflict of realistic literature: Life is depicted in the acute collisions of the multidirectional personal aspirations of heroes, their conscious opposition to the will of extravaluity, objective circumstances.
At the beginning of the twentieth century Russian realism has influenced the literary modernism opposed him. There was a serious update of aesthetics and stylistics of realism. In the work of M. Gorky and his followers, the ability of the personality to transform social circumstances was approved. Realism gave great artistic discoveries and continues to remain one of the most influential literary directions.

Conclusion
The artistic culture of the new time has completed a long stage of the evolution of European culture since antiquity. In the XVII - XX centuries, the question of the form of reflection of reality in art was constantly resolved.
From the medieval symbolism in the Renaissance era, the transition to the mimetric (from Greek "imitation") of the naturalistic image of man and nature begins.
Realistic art moved along the way to limit the content and genre forms from the mythological schemes of the worldview.
etc.................

Literary directions (Theoretical Material)

Classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism - the main literary directions.

The main features of literary directions :

· combine writers of a certain historical era;

· represent a special type of hero;

· express a certain worldview;

· choose characteristic topics and plots;

· use characteristic artistic techniques;

· work in certain genres;

· stand out by the style of artistic speech;

· mentify certain life and aesthetic ideals.

Classicism

The direction in the literature and art of the 17th - early 19th centuries, which took the basis of the antique (classical) art. For Russian classicism, national - patriotic subjects associated with the transformations of the Petrovsky era are characteristic.

Distinctive features:

· significance of topics and plots;

· violation of life truth: utopism, idealization, abstract in the image;

· fine images, schematic characters;

· the projection of the work, strictly dividing the heroes on positive and negative;

· the use of a language, little understandable to the simple people;

· appeal to elevated heroic moral ideals;

· nationwide, civil orientation;

· establishing a hierarchy of genres: "high" (OD and tragedy), "average" (elegances, historical writings, friendly letters) and "low" (comedy, satire, fables, epigrams);

· submission of the plot and compositions of the "three unity" rules: time, space (places) and actions (all events occur in 24 hours, in one place and around one storyline).

Representatives of classicism

Western European literature:

· P. Cornell - LED tragedies, "Horace", "Qinna";

· J. Rasin - Fedra tragedies, "Midridat";

· Voltaire - Bruut tragedies, "Tancred";

· Moliere - Comedy "Tartuf", "Miscean in the nobility";

· N. Bahoo - Treatise in verses "Poetic Art";

· J. Lafonten - "Basni".

Russian literature

· M. Lomonosov - the poem "Conversation with Anacreontom", "Ode on the Day of Eden to the Throne of the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1747";

· G. Derzhavin - Ode Felitsa;

· A. Sumarokov - Tragedy "Korev", "Saven and Trour";

· Ya. Princess - the tragedy "Didona", "Rosslav";

· D. Fonvizin - Comedy "Brigadier", "Lady".

Sentimentalism

The direction in the literature and art of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. Announced the dominant "human nature" is not a mind, but a feeling, and the path to the ideal of a harmoniously developed personality was looking for a release and improving the "natural" feelings.

Distinctive features:

· disclosure of human psychology;

· the highest value proclaims the feeling;

· interest in a simple person, to the world of his feelings, to nature, to everyday life;

· idealization of reality, subjective image of the world;

· ideas of moral equality of people, organic communication with nature;

· the work is often written on the first person (the narrator is the author), which gives him lyrism and poeticity.

Representatives of sentimentalism

· S. Richardson - Roman "Clarissa Garloou";

· - Roman "Julia, or New Eloise";

· - Roman "The suffering of a young verter."

Russian literature

· V. Zhukovsky - early poems;

· N. Karamzin - Tale "Poor Lisa" - the peak of Russian sentimentalism, "Borngolm Island";

· I. Bogdanovich - Poem "Drain";

· A. Radishchev (his creativity belongs to sentimentalism not all researchers, it is close to this flow only with its psychologism; travel notes "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow").

Romanticism

The direction in the art and literature of the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries, reflecting the artist's desire to oppose real reality and a dream.

Distinctive features:

· unusualness, exoticism in the image of events, landscape, people;

· rejection of prosperity of real life; The expression of the world weight, which is characterized by the dream, idealization of reality, cult of freedom;

· desire for ideal, perfection;

· strong, bright, sublime image of a romantic hero;

· an image of a romantic hero in exceptional circumstances (in a tragic duel with fate);

· contrast in mixing high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual.

Representatives of romanticism

Western European literature

· J. Bayron is the poems "Pilgrimage Child Harold", "Corsair";

· - Drama "Egmont";

· I. Schiller - Drama "Robbers", "Deceit and Love";

· E. Hoffman - a fantastic story "Golden Pot"; Fairy tales "Baby Tsakhes", "Lord of Bloch";

· P. Merima - Novella "Carmen";

· V. Hugo - the historical novel "Cathedral of the Parisian Our Lady";

· V. Scott - Historic Roman "Ivanho".

Russian literature