Unusual genres of literature. Types of literary genres in form

The above classification types do not exclude each other, and demonstrate a different approach to the definition of genres. Therefore, the same book can relate immediately to several of them.

Classification of genres of literature by childbirth

When classifying literary genres by childbirth, repel from the author's relationship to the outlined. The basis of this classification was laid by Aristotle. According to this principle, four large genres are distinguished: epic, lyrical, dramatic and lyrol-epic. Each of them has its own "subway".

The epic genres tells about the events already happened, and the author records them according to their memories, while it is maximally removed from the evaluations of the said. These include epic novels, novels, myths, ballads, fables and epics.

The lyrical genre involves the transfer of the feelings experienced by the author, in the form of a literary work in a poetic form. These include ODD, epigrams, messages and stories.

Classic example of stories - Childe Harold Bairon.

The lyri-epic genre in combines the characteristics of epic and lyrical genres. These include ballads and poems, in which the plot and the author's attitude towards what is happening.

The dramatic genre exists at the junction of literature and theater. It is nominally to him relate to dramas, comedy and tragedy with a list of participating characters in the beginning and copyright comments in the main text. However, in fact, they can be any product recorded in the form of a dialogue.

Classification of genres of literature on content

If you determine the content of content, then they are combined into three large groups: comedies, tragedies and dramas. Tragedy and drama telling, respectively, about the tragic fate of the heroes and the emergence and overcoming conflict, rather homogeneous. Comedy are divided into several completely types, according to the action of the action: parody, farce, waterville, comedy of the provisions and characters, sketch and intermenia.

Classification of genres of literature in form

When classifying genres in form, only such formal signs are taken into account as the structure and volume of the work, regardless of their content.

The most clearly classified lyrical works, in the border prose more blurred.

According to this principle, they allocate thirteen genres: epic, epos, novel, novel, sketch, play, essay, essay, opous, ODU and vision.

Sources:

• "Theory of Literature", V. V. Prozorov, 1987
• "Theoretical poetics: concepts and definitions", N. D. Tamarchhenko, 1999

Literary is a class of texts that have similar structures, content, limit variability. There are many genreoV textAnd you need to know their characteristics if you do not want to make a mistake in choosing a type.

Instruction

In order to properly characterize the text and attribute it to a certain genreu, carefully read the work. Think, it is having fun or upset you, gives the author's feelings to his heroes or simply tells about any events, fights with insurmountable circumstances or with himself? If you are able to understand the text, you can easily find his literary genre.

Distinguish three ways to classify literary genres. They are grouped in shape, resulting in such types, like, essay, tale, ode. The play is the creation of a writer, intended for execution from the scene, the story is a small narrative product in prose. The novel, as a rule, distinguishes its scale from the story. He tells about life and development

Instruction

Examine epic literature. It includes the following: - Story: A relatively small prose artwork (from 1 to 20 pages), describing the case, a small incident or an acute dramatic situation in which the hero gets. The story usually takes no more than one or two days by duration. The place of action may not change throughout the story;
- Tale: enough work (on average 100 pages), where it is considered from 1 to 10 heroes. The place of action may change. The time of action can cover a significant period from one month to a year and more. The story in the test of vividly unfolds in time and space. In the life of heroes, significant changes may occur - moving, and meetings;
- Roman: a large epic form from 200 pages. Roman can trace the lives of heroes from the same. Includes an extensive system of scene lines. Time may affect the past epochs and worry far into the future;
- Roman-epic can consider the lives of several generations.

Check out the lyrical family of literature. They include the following genres:
- Oda: a poetic form, the topic of which is the glorification of some personality or event;
- Satira: a poetic form that is a task of ridiculating any vice, situation or person, worthy of ridicule
- Sonnet: A poetic form having a strict composite structure. For example, the English model of a sonnet, which has two mandatory stanza in its completion, containing some kind of aphorism;
- Also known the following poetic genres - Elegy, epigram, vertin, hocke, etc.

The dramatic genus of literature includes the following genres: - Tragedy: a dramatic work, in the final of which is the death of the hero. Such a finale for the tragedy is the only possible resolution of the dramatic situation;
-: Dramatic work, in which the basic meaning and essence is laughter. It can be satirical or more kind, but every incident in calls at the viewer / reader laughter;
- Drama: a dramatic work, in the center of which is the inner world of man, the problem of choice, the search for truth. The drama is the most common genre in our time.

note

In some cases, genres can be mixed. This is especially common in dramaturgia. You probably have heard such definitions of movie genres like a comedy melodrama, a comedy fighter, satirical drama, etc. The same processes are possible in literature.

Helpful advice

Check out the works of Aristotle "Poetics", M.M. Bakhtina "Aesthetics and theory of literature" and other writings devoted to the problem of childbirth and genres in the literature.

In modern literature a lot of diverse genresEach of which is unique and original. But if the tragedy or comedy is fairly easy to identify, then it is not always possible to give an accurate definition of the drama genre. So it is dramatic Work and how not to confuse it with something else?

Unlike, the drama shows the vital experiences and various intricacies of fate. Of course, the lives of people, their morals and characters can be quite bright and in comedy works, but the drama is not so inherent in the ridiculation of the vices and the comicization of any actions of the characters. Here the life of the hero, his thoughts and feelings itself. Dramatic works are very realistic, because they show a person exactly what it is without allegories, grotesque and embellishment. That is why the drama is considered the most difficult and, at the same time, one of the most interesting literature. The test of the drama is very much reminiscent of the tragedy, because the sharp corners are taken here and light the light on many unpleasant details of the heroes. Often the drama becomes so tense and heavy that it is almost impossible to distinguish it from it. But the tragic works are now not so popular and never have a chance for a prosperous junction. But the drama can end well, despite all the intuitions of the plot and the difficult fate of the heroes. In our language, the word "drama" itself firmly become combined with the tragic plot or diameter of characters, while historically the meaning of this word does not have a similar meaning. Anyone dramatic The work, regardless of its content, shows the real life of ordinary people, their sorrow, joy, experiences and bright moments. It is not at all that the reader will be fun along the plot, but also to intimidate or make the drama should not miss. It is just a part of life, no longer terrible or unsightly reality. Interestingly, that the concept of drama, as in artistic works, in the 18th century. She was quite among the enlightened scientists of husbands, politicians and philosophers. Initially, dramatic works were firmly connected with tragedies, tragicomedia, farce and even costume ideas in masks. But after a century, the drama has become part of the artistic reproduction and received its own, separate from others genres, location. Therapy works are striking with their realism and genuineness of the plot. Little where you can still meet the fate of not fiction, but similar to your own, like two drops of water. In the dramas, of course, there are and, but also such dramas are needed, because we will teach us good and faith in the best and bright. Love drama, because it is based on life.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• drama as genre

To determine a person by lambnot necessarily be a professional psychologist. The strength of laughter, its intensity, as well as actions that are accompanied by, - all this can tell a lot about a person.

Instruction

Laughing from the soul speaks of a cheerful moral and stopped charactere. Laughter up to the greed, to tears takes off any nervous tension.

Silent, soft laughs have people with a weak will.

A quiet short laughter - testimony of power, big mind, will. Such people are often excellent storytellers. They easily cope with large loads.

Silent laughter is a sign of secrecy, caution, calculating and tricks.

Nervous people with troubled laugh are usually distinguished characterohm.

Rough laughter is a sign of authority, egoism, animal nature. Often these people laugh alone with them.

A laughter ending with sigh testifies to the tendency to hysteria, exposure to sharp mood drops, weak will.

A man laughing openly and loudly confident and knows how to enjoy life. True, sometimes these people show rudeness and sarcasm. They love to laugh at others.

If a person laughs quietly, slightly tilting his head, - he is not too confident in himself. People with such laughter are trying to adjust the situation and please the surrounding.

A person who squints the eyelids is balanced and confident. He is stubborn and persistent, always achieves the goal.

If, during laughter, your interlocutor freezes the nose, it means that it is inclined to frequent shifts of views. Such people are emotional, capricious, act depending on the mood.

Man covering her mouth with hand, shy and timid. He does not like to be the center of attention. People with such laugh are pretty clamped and can not open an unfamiliar person.

Laughter accompanied by face touch characteri draw your owner as a dreamer and a fantasist. Such a person is emotional, sometimes even unnecessary. He hardly oriented in the real world.

If a person often holds back laughter, he is reliable and confident. Such people are balanced, do not exchange on trifles, firmly go to the goal.

Your interlocutor does not smile, but grins, bothering the mouth to the right. Be careful! Before you, rude, fatroin and unreliable man, prone to deception and cruelty.

Video on the topic

Until now, people are far from literary studies as science, believe that "novel" and "romantic" are close concepts, and therefore novels are what's about love. Of course, this is not so. The novel is an ancient, complex and ambiguous literary genre, to which the "Crime and Punishment" of Dostoevsky, and the "Fight Club" of the Palanik, and the Golden Donkey Apulela. But this, of course, very, very different novels.

But the emergence of the novel as the genre is related to antiquity. For example, those are "Metamorphosis, or Golden Opel" Apulela, Dafnis and Chloe Long, Satirikon Petronia.

The second birth Roman received in the Middle Ages, he is and - or a knightly novel. These include, for example, about King Arthur, about Tristan and Isolde, etc.

What can be called novel

Roman is a very complex and ambiguous genre, the study of which still represents the difficulty for literary criticism. According to the researcher M.M. Bakhtina, this is because all others, except the novel, have already established, have their own specific canons and distinctive, while the novel - still very movable, constantly changing the genre, has already been many hundred years at the stage of becoming.

Distinctive features of the novel can only be distinguished very approximately. As a rule, it is an epic product of a large form, in the center of which is a separate person. Most often, this person is depicted in a turning point, the crisis moment of his life. Depending on the literary flow, to which the novel belongs, the personality may develop (for example, the well-known reception of the "soul dialectics" at L.N. Tolstoy), to fall into non-standard situations and experience the adventures (in an adventurous or adventure novel), worry about love peripetics ( in the love romance).

The novel should be built on conflict - interpersonal, intrapersonal, social, etc.

Unified classification of novel species does not exist to this day, but they are different. For example, in content most often allocated:

Social,
- moral,
- cultural and historical
- psychological,
- Roman ideas,
- Adventure.

Recently, new and new types of novels appear, such as Roman. Many of the novels combine signs of both.

Some literary works are essentially novels, the authors belong to the genre of the story, and the stories and stories are often recorded in the novels.

Literary genres - groups of literary works combined by a set of formal and meaningful properties (in contrast to literary forms, the allocation of which is based only on formal signs).

If the genre on the folk stage was determined from an extralectric (cult) situation, then in the literature the genre receives the characteristic of its essence from its own literary standards coded by rhetoric. The entire nomenclature of the ancient genres, which pretended to this turn, was then vigorously rethought under its impact.

Since the Aristotle, who gave the first systematization of literary genres in his "poetics", the idea that literary genres is natural, once and for all the fixed system, and the author's task is just to achieve the most complete compliance of its work to the essential properties of the chosen genre. Such an understanding of the genre - as a pretexting author of the finished structure - led to the emergence of a number of regulatory poets containing instructions for the authors regarding how it should be written by an ex. Or tragedy; The vertex of this type of composition is the Treatise buoy "Poetic Art" (1674). This does not mean, of course, the system of genres in general and the features of individual genres really remained unchanged for two thousand years, - however, the changes (and very significant) were either not noticed by theorists, or comprehended them as damage, deviation from the necessary samples. And only by the end of the XVIII century, the decomposition of the traditional genre system, associated, in accordance with the general principles of literary evolution, both with intrality processes and with the impact of completely new social and cultural circumstances, has gone so far that the regulatory poetics could not be described in any way and curb literary reality.

Under these conditions, some traditional genres became rapidly die or marginalized, others, on the contrary, move from a literary periphery to the very center of the literary process. And if, for example, the takeoff of ballads at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, connected in Russia with the name of Zhukovsky, turned out to be quite short-term (although in Russian poetry and then gave an unexpected new surge in the first half of the 20th century - for example, in Bagritsky and Nikolai Tikhonov) , then the hegemony of the novel - the genre, which the regulatory poetics of the centuries did not want to notice as something low and insignificant, was pulled out in European literature at least in the century. Especially actively developed works by hybrid or indefinite genre nature: the plays, which is difficult to say, comedy is either a tragedy, poems that cannot be given any genre definition, except that this is a lyrical poem. The fall in clear genre identifications was also manifested in intentional author's gestures aimed at the destruction of genre expectations: from the Laurens Stern "Life and Opinions of the Tristram Shender, Gentleman" to the "Dead Souls" N. V. Gogol, where a paradoxical for prosaic text of the subtitle The poem is unlikely to fully prepare the reader to the fact that, of the sufficiently familiar track of the Plutovsky novel, it will be chosen by lyrical (and sometimes - and epic) deviations.

In the 20th century, the separation of mass literature from literature oriented on the artistic search was provided to literary genres. The massive literature re-felt the urgent need for clear genre prescriptions, significantly improving the predictability of text, which make it easy to navigate it easily. Of course, the former genres for mass literature was not suitable, and she pretty quickly formed a new system, which was based on a very plastic and accumulated a lot of diverse experience genre of the novel. At the end of the XIX century and in the first half of the XX, the detective and police romance are made, science fiction and ladies ("Pink") Roman. It is not surprising that current literature aimed at the artistic search, it strived as far as possible to deviate from the mass and therefore it left genre certainty. But since the extremes agree, the desire to be further from the genre prediction sometimes led to a new genre formation: so, the French antioman did not want to be a novel that the main works of this literary flow represented by such distinctive authors as Michel Bouotus and Natalie Sarrot are clearly observed. Signs of a new genre. Thus, modern literary genres (and such an assumption we already meet already in the reflections of M. M. Bakhtin) are not elements of any predetermined system: on the contrary, they arise as the points of thread threads in a particular place of literary space, in accordance with the artistic Tasks, here and now as claimed by this circle of authors. A special study of such new genres remains a matter of tomorrow.

List of literary genres:

• In form
  • Vision
  • Novella
  • Tale
  • Story
  • joke
  • novel
  • epic
  • play
  • sketch
• by content
  • comedy
    • farce
    • vaudeville
    • intermedia
    • sketch
    • parody
    • sitcom
    • comedy characters
  • tragedy
  • Drama
• By rhodation
  • Epic
    • Fable
    • Epics
    • Ballad
    • Novella
    • Tale
    • Story
    • Novel
    • Roman-epic.
    • Story
    • Fantnesia
    • Epic
  • Lyrical
    • Oh yeah
    • Message
    • Stons
    • Elegy
    • Epigram
  • Laro-epic
    • Ballad
    • Poem
  • Dramatic
    • Drama
    • Comedy
    • Tragedy

Poem - (Greek. Póiema), a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot. An ancient and medieval epic also refer to the poem (see also Epos), nameless and author, which was signed either by cyclizing lyrol-epic songs and legends (point of view A. N. Veselovsky), or by "swelling" (A. Hoisler) one or several folk legends, or with the help of complex modifications of the most ancient plots in the process of historical existence of folklore (A. Lord, M. Parry). The poem developed from epic, drawing an event of nationwide-historical significance ("Iliad", "Mahabharata", "Song of Roland", "Senior Edda", etc.).

Many genre varieties of the poem are known: heroic, didactic, satirical, burlesque, including the Iroi-comic, poem with a romantic plot, lyrical dramatic. The presenter branch of the genre for a long time was considered a poem on a popular-historical or world-historical (religious) topic ("Eneida" Vergil, "Divine Comedy" Dante, "Luisiada" L. Di Kamoens, "Liberated by Jerusalem" T. Tasso, "Lost paradise "J. Milton," Henriad "Voltaire, Messiada F. G. Klopshtok, Russiaid M. M. Heraskov, and others). At the same time, a poem with the novelty features of the plot was very influential in the history of the genre ("Vityaz in Barce Schura" Shota Rustaveli, Shakhnami Firdusi, to a certain extent - "frantic Roland" L. Ariosto), associated to one degree or another with the tradition of medieval , mostly knight, novel. Gradually, the poems are put forward to the forefront, moral and philosophical issues, the elements of lyric and dramatic elements are enhanced, the folklore tradition is opening up and the folklore tradition is also mastered - features characteristic of pre-procrastantic poems (Faust I. V. Götte, the poems of J. McPherson, V. Scott). The heyday of the genre occurs in the era of romanticism, when the largest poets of various countries turn to the creation of the poem. The "vertex" in the evolution of the genre of the romantic poem works acquire a socio-philosophical or symbolism philosophical character ("Pilgrimage of Childish Harold" J. Bairon, "Copper Horseman" A. S. Pushkin, "Diada" A. Mitskevich, "Demon" M. Yu. Lermontova, "Germany, winter fairy tale" Gaine).

In the 2nd half of the XIX century. The decline of the genre is obvious, which does not exclude the emergence of individual outstanding works ("Song of Gayavate" G. Longfello). In N. A. Nekrasov's poems ("Frost, a red nose", "who in Russia live is good"), genre trends are manifested, characteristic of the development of the poem in realistic literature (synthesis of moral and heroic started).

In the poem XX century. Intimate experiences are correlated with great historical shocks, they penetrate them from the inside ("cloud in pants" by V. V. Mayakovsky, "Twelve (Poem)" A. A. Bloka, "First Date" A. White).

In Soviet poetry there are various genre varieties of the poem: reviving the heroic beginning ("Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" and "Good!" Mayakovsky, "Nine hundred and fifth year" B. L. Pasternak, "Vasily Torkin" A. T. Tedovsky); Pooms of lyric and psychological ("about it" V. V. Mayakovsky, "Anna Snegina" S. A. Yesenin), philosophical (N. A. Zabolotsky, E. Megateliste), historical ("Tobolsky Chronicler" L. Martynova) or Combining moral and socio-historical issues ("mid-century" V. Lugovsky).

Poem as a synthetic, limier and monumental genre that allows you to combine the epic of the heart and "music", "element" of world upheavals, intimate feelings and a historical concept, remains a productive genre of world poetry: "Wall to" and "in the storm" R. Frost, " Landmarks »Saint-Just Persian," Hollow People "T. Eliot," Universal Song "P. Neruda," Niobay "K, I. Galchinsky," Continuous poetry "P. Eluara, Zoya Nazima Hikmet.

Epos. (Dr.-Greek. έέές - "Word", "narration") - a set of works in the main epic genus, combined with a common topic, epoch, nationality, etc. For example, Homerovsky Epos, medieval epic, animal epic.

The emergence of the epic is stadial, but due to historical circumstances.

The origin of the epic is usually accompanied by the addition of panegeries and crying, close to the heroic worldview. The great acts perpetuated in them often turn out to be the material that heroic poets are based on their narration. The panelists and crying are usually composed in the same style and size as the heroic epic: in both the Russian and Turkic literature, both species are almost the same manner of expression and lexical composition. Crying and panelists are preserved as part of epic poems on the rights of decoration.

Epos claims not only to objectivity, but also on the truthfulness of his story, while his claims are usually taken by listeners. In his prologue to the "circle of the earth" Snorry Sturlson explained that among his sources there are "ancient poems and songs that were performed by people for fun," and added: "Although we do not know, whether these stories themselves, but we know exactly That wise people of antiquity considered them true. "

Novel - Literary genre, as a rule, prosaic, who involves a detailed narration about the life and development of the personality of the main character (heroes) in the crisis / non-standard period of his life.

The name "Roman" arose in the middle of the XII century together with the genre of the Knight Roman (Starofrance. romanz. from Latelatinsky Naschaya romanice. "On (folk) romance"), as opposed to historiography in Latin. Contrary to popular belief, this name from the very beginning belong not to any essay in the national language (heroic songs or lyrics of Trubadurov never called novels), but by the one that could be opposed to the Latin model, at least very remote: historiography, Basne ( "Roman about Renar"), vision ("Roman about Rose"). However, in the XII-XIII centuries, if not later, the words roman. and estoire. (The latter also also "image", "Illustration") is interchangeable. In the reverse translation to Latin Roman was called (Liber) RomanticusWhere in European languages \u200b\u200band adjective "romantic", until the end of the XVIII century, the "inherent novels", "such as in novels", and only later the importance on the one hand, simplified to "love", but on the other hand he gave rise to The name of romanticism as a literary direction.

The name "Roman" has been preserved and when in the XIII century, a prosaic novel for reading (with the full preservation of the knightly topics and stories), and for all subsequent transformations of the Knight, Roman, up to the works of Ariosto and Edmund Spencer, which we We call poems, and contemporaries considered novels. It remains and later, in the XVII-XVIII centuries, when the "adventurous" novel comes to replace the Roman "Realistic" and "psychological" (which in itself problematizes the proposed gap in continuity).

However, the name of the genre is replaced in England: the name of the "old" novels romance, and for "new" novels from the middle of the XVII century the name is fixed novel (from Ital. Novella - "Novel"). Dichotomy novel / Romance Much means for English-speaking criticism, but rather makes additional uncertainty in their actual historical relationships than clarifies. Generally romance It is considered rather a certain structural and plot variety of genre novel.

In Spain, on the contrary, all varieties of novel are called novela, and what happened from the same romanice. word romance From the very beginning referred to the poetic genre, which was also destined to have a long story - to the romance.

Bishop Yue at the end of the 17th century in search of predecessors of the novel for the first time applied this term to a number of phenomena of an antique narrative prose, which since then began to be called novels.

Vision

Fabliau Dou Dieu d'Amour"(Tale of God of Love)," Venus La Déesse d'Amors

Vision - narrative-didactic genre.

The plot is outlined on behalf of the person he allegedly opened in a dream, hallucination or lethargic sleep. The core mostly is valid dreams or hallucinations, but already in the ancient time, fictional stories extended in the form of visions (Plato, Plutarch, Cicero) appear. The genre gets special development in the Middle Ages and reaches the apogee in the "Divine Comedy" of Dante, representing the form of the maximum deployed vision. The authoritative sanction and the strongest impetus to the development of the genre gave the "Dialogues of Miracles" Pope Gregory Great (vi ey), after which the visions begin to appear in the church literature of all European countries.

Until the XII century, all visions (except Scandinavian) were written in Latin, from the XII century, translations appear, and from XIII - original visions on folk languages. The most complete form of visions is presented in the Latin poetry of the clergy: this genre is closely related to canonical and apocryphal religious literature and close to church preaching.

The editors of the visions (they are always from the clergy environment and they must be distinguished from the very "clairvoyant") used the case on behalf of the "highest strength", who sent a vision, promote their political views or to collapse on personal enemies. Purely fictitious visions arise - topical pamphlets (for example, the vision of Charles Great, Karl III, etc.).

However, since the X century, the form and content of visions cause a protest, which is often coming from the declared layers of the clergy itself (curricians and Scholyarov-Goliards). This protest is poured into parodic vision. On the other hand, the form of visions is seized by the courtroom knightly poetry on folk languages: the vision acquires a new content here, becoming the framing of the loving didactic allegories, - such, for example, " Fabliau Dou Dieu d'Amour"(Tale of God of Love)," Venus La Déesse d'Amors"(Venus - Goddess of Love) And finally - the encyclopedia of the courteous love - the famous" Roman de la Rose "(Roman Rosa) Guilloma de Lorris.

The new content is inserted into the form of the "third estate" visions. Thus, the continuer of an unfinished novel of Guilloma de Lorris, Jean de Mong, turns the exquisite allegory of his predecessor into a heavy combination of didactics and satire, which is directed against the absence of "equality", against the unfair privileges of the aristocracy and against the "robbery" royal authority). These are the "hope of simple people" Jean Molina. No less pronounced mood of the "third class" in the famous "Vision of Petra-Pahara" Lengland, which played a campaign role in the English peasant revolution of the XIV century. But unlike Jean de Mön, a representative of the urban part of the "third class", Lengland - the ideologist of the peasantry - draws his gaze to an idealized past, dreaming of the destruction of capitalists-Roshchists.

As a finished independent genre of visions are characteristic of medieval literature. But as a motive, the form of visions continues to exist in the literature of the new time, being particularly favorable for the introduction of satire and didactics, on the one hand, fiction - on the other (for example, the "darkness" of Bairon).

Novella

Sources of Novella - First Latin eXEMPLA, as well as Poros, stories involved in the "Dialogue on Pape Gregory", APGOLOGY from "Fathers of the Fathers of the Church", Basni, folk tales. In the oxian language of the XIII century, for the designation of the story created on any newly processed traditional material, the word arises nova..OTSyud - Italian novella (At the most popular collection of the late XIII century "Novellino", also known as the "one hundred ancient novel"), which since the XV century spreads over Europe.

The genre was established after the advent of Giovanni Brokeccho "Decameron" (approx. 1353), the plot of which was that several people, fleeing from the plague outside the city, tell each other novels. Bokcchcho in his book created the classic type of Italian novel, which has developed in its numerous followers in Italy itself and in other countries. In France, under the influence of the translation of the "Decameron" about 1462, a collection "One hundred new novel" appeared (however, the material is more obliged to the Fakes of Podzho Braccholini), and Margarita Navarskaya according to the model "Decameron" wrote the book "Heptameron" (1559).

In the era of romanticism, under the influence of Hoffmann, Novisa, Edgar Allana software spread the novel with elements of mysticism, fiction, fabulousness. Later in the works of Prosper Merim and Gi de Maupassant, this term was used to designate realistic stories.

For American literature, starting from Washington Irving and Edgar software, Novella, or a short story (English. short Story.), is of particular importance - as one of the most characteristic genres.

In the second half of the XIX-XX centuries, the novella traditions continued such different writers as Ambroza Bears, O. Henry, Herbert Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, Gilbert Chesterton, Ryunca Akutagawa, Karel Chapec, Jorge Luis Bruges.

Novella is characterized by several important features: marginal short, sharp, even paradoxical plot, neutral style of presentation, lack of psychologism and descriptive, unexpected junction. The action of the novel occurs in the modern author of the world. The phaance design of the novels is similar to dramatic, but usually easier.

Google, guess, giving it such a definition: "The increasing unheard of an event".

The novel value is underlined in the novel, which contains an unexpected rotation (Poant, "Falcon Turn"). According to the French researcher, "ultimately, you can even say that the whole of the novel is conceived as a junction." Victor Shklovsky wrote that a description of a happy mutual love does not create a novel, for Novella need love with obstacles: "And loves B, B does not like a; When B fell in love, then but no longer loves. " He allocated a special type of junction, called the "false end": is usually done from the description of nature or weather.

Preoperations of Boccaccio Novel has a moralizing installation. Bokcchcho retained this motive, but he had a morality from the novel not logically, but psychologically and often was only a reason and admission. Latest novel convinces the reader in the relativity of moral criteria.

Tale

Story

Joke (Fr. anecdote - bike, noby; from Greek. τὸ ἀνέκδοτν - unpublished, letters. "Not issued") - Genre of Folklore - a short ridiculous story. Most often, the anecdot is characteristic of an unexpected semantic resolution at the very end, which gives rise to laughter. It may be a game of words, different meaning of words, modern associations requiring additional knowledge: social, literary, historical, geographical, etc. Anecdotes cover almost all spheres of human activity. There are anecdotes about family life, politics, sex I.T.D. In most cases, the authors of jokes are unknown.

In Russia, the XVIII-XIX centuries. (And in most languages \u200b\u200bof the world so far) the word "anecdote" had a somewhat different meaning - it could only be an entertaining story about any famous person, it is not necessary to make it up with the task (Wed in Pushkin: "Days of the past jokes"). The classics of that time were such "jokes" about Potemkin.

Oh yeah

Epic

Play (Franz. Pièce) is a dramatic work, usually a classic style, created for a formulation of any action in the theater. This is the general species name of the works of drama, intended for execution from the scene.

The structure of the play includes the text of the acting persons (dialogues and monologues) and functional author's remarks (notes containing the designation of the site, interior features, the appearance of the characters, their behavioral manners, etc.). As a rule, the play is preceded by a list of actors, sometimes - indicating their age, professions, titles, related bonds, etc.

A separate completed sense part of the play is called an act or action that can include smaller components - phenomena, episodes, paintings.

The very concept of play is purely formally, it does not include any emotional or stylistic meaning. Therefore, in most cases, the play is accompanied by a subtitle that determines its genre - classic, main (comedy, tragedy, drama), or author (for example: my poor Marat, dialogues in three parts - A. Arbuzov; wait and see, a pleasant play in four actions - B.Shou; Good man from Seshuana, Piez Parabol - B.Brcht, etc.). The genre designation of the play does not just perform the function of "tips" by the director and actors in the scenic interpretation of the play, but helps to enter the author's stylist, the figurative system of drama.

Essay (FR. essai. "Attempting, sample, essay", from Lat. eXAGIUM. "Weighing") is a literary genre of prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition. The essay expresses individual impressions and considerations of the author on a specific occasion or subject and does not claim to be exhaustive or determining the topic of the topic (in the parody Russian tradition "look and something"). With regard to volume and function, it borders, on the one hand, with a scientific article and a literary essay (with which the essay is often confused), on the other, with a philosophical treatise. Esseistic style is characteristic of the image, the mobility of associations, aphoristicity, often antitricality of thinking, installation on intimate frankness and spoken intonation. Some theorists are considered as the fourth, along with the epic, lyrics and drama, the genus of fiction.

As a special genre form, it was introduced, relying on the experience of predecessors, Michelle Monten in his "experiments" (1580). Its writings published in the form of books in 1597, 1612 and 1625, Francis Bacon for the first time in English literature gave the name of the English. essays.. English poet and playwright Ben Johnson first used the word Essheist (English. essayist.) in 1609.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, essay is one of the leading genres of English and French journalism. The development of essisses contributed to England J. Addison, Richard Styl, Henry Fielding, in France - Didro and Voltaire, in Germany - Lessing and Gerder. Essay was the main form of philosophical and aesthetic controversy in romantics and romantic philosophers (Gayne, R. U. Emerson, D. Toro) ..

The essay genre was deeply rooted in English literature: T. Carlel, V. Hazlitt, M. Arnold (XIX century); M. Birba, G. K. Chesterton (XX century). In the 20th century, the essistics is experiencing flourishing: the largest philosophers, prosaika, poets (R. Rolland, B. Show, Halls, J. U Orwell, T. Mann, were treated for the essay genre (R. Rolland, J. P. Sartre).

In Lithuanian criticism, the term essay (lit. Esė) was used for the first time Balis Sruzhoga in 1923. Characteristic features of the essay were marked by the books of "Smiles of God" (lit. "Dievo Šypsenos", 1929) of Josozapas Albachäususkas and "Gods and Smutkalyans" (lit. "Dievai IR Smūtkeliai », 1935) Jonas Coss-Alexandravichushus. Examples of Essay include "Poetic Anti-Commentaries" "Lyrical etudes" (lit. "Lyriniai etiudai", 1964) and "Antakalnis Baroque" (lit. "Antakalnio Barokas", 1971) Eduardas Mezhetisis, "Diary without Dat" (lit. "Dienoraštis BE DATų ", 1981) JUSTINAS MARCINKAYSYUS," POEMENT AND WORD "(lit." Poezija Ir žodis ", 1977) and papyrus from the graves of the dead (lit." Papirusai iš Mirusiųjų Kapų ", 1991) Martinaitis. Anti-conformist moral position, conceptuality, accuracy and controversy distinguishes the essay of Thomas Ventslov

For Russian literature, the essay genre was not characteristic. Esseistic style samples are found in A. S. Pushkin ("Travel from Moscow to St. Petersburg"), A. I. Herzen ("from that shore"), F. M. Dostoevsky ("Writer's Diary"). At the beginning of the 20th century, V. I. Ivanov, D. S. Merezhkovsky, Andrey White, Lev Shestov, V.V. Rozanov, were treated to the essay genre, V. Rozanov, Later - Ilya Erenburg, Yuri Olesha, Victor Shklovsky, Konstantin Poist. The literary and critical assessments of modern critics are usually embodied in the variety of the essay genre.

In the musical art, the term play is usually used as a species name of the work of instrumental music.

Sketch (eng. sketch., literally - sketch, sketch, sketch), in the XIX - early XX centuries. Short play with two, less often three characters. Skatch got the greatest distribution on the stage.

In the UK, television sketch shows are very popular (en: Sketch Comedy). Similar programs began to appear lately and on Russian television ("Our Russia", "Six Frames", "You can give youth!", "Dear transfer", "Gentleman-show", "Town", etc.) with a bright example The sketch show is the television series "Flying Circus Monti Paiton".

The famous creator of Sketch was A. P. Chekhov.

Comedy (Greek. κωliμωδία, from Greek. ῶῶμος, kỗmos., "Holiday in honor of Dionysus" and Greek. ἀἀιΔή / Greek. ᾠδή aoidḗ. / ōidḗ., "Song") - a genre of an artistic work characterized by a humorous or satirical approach, as well as the type of drama, in which the moment of effective conflict or the struggle of antagonistic characters is specifically resolved.

Aristotle determined the comedy as "imitating the worst people, but not in their entirety, but in a ridiculous form" ("poetics", ch. V).

Comedy's species include such genres as farce, waterville, intermedia, sketch, operetta, parody. Nowadays, a model of such a primitive is many comedy movies built exclusively at the external comiance, the comiance of the provisions in which the characters fall in the process of development.

Distinguish comedy provisions and comedy characters.

Sitcom (comedy situations, situational comedy) - Comedy in which the source of funny are events and circumstances.

Comedy characters (comedy of manners) - Comedy in which the source is funny is the inner essence of characters (morals), funny and ugly one-sceneness, hypertrophied feature or passion (vice, flaw). Very often, the comedy of morals is a satirical comedy, ridicules all these human qualities.

Tragedy (Greek. τραγωδία, TRAGōDíA, literally - goat song, from TRAGOS - Kozl and Öd - Song), a dramatic genre based on the development of events that is usually inevitable and necessarily leading to a catastrophic for characters outcome, often executed patellic; Type of drama, opposite comedy.

The tragedy is marked by harsh seriousness, depicts the validity of the most pointed, as a clot of internal contradictions, reveal the deepest conflicts of reality in the extremely tense and rich form, which acquires the value of the artistic symbol; It is not by chance that most tragedies are written by verses.

Drama (Greek. Δρα'μα) is one of the birth of literature (along with lyrics, epic, as well as Laroepic). It differs from other childbirth literature by the transmission of the plot - not by means of a narrative or a monologue, but through the characters' dialogs. To the drama, one way or another includes any literary work built in a dialogic form, including comedy, tragedy, drama (as a genre), farce, waterville, etc.

Since ancient times, there existed in folk or literary form among various peoples; Regardless of each other, antique Greeks created their dramatic traditions, the ancient Indians, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Indians of America.

In Greek, the word "drama" displays a sad, unpleasant event or a situation of one particular person.

Fable - poems or prosaic literary work of moral, satirical character. At the end of the bass, a brief moral conclusion is contained - the so-called morality. Acting persons usually come animals, plants, things. Patterns of people are ridiculed in the bass.

Bassnya is one of the oldest literary genres. In ancient Greece, Ezop was famous (VI-V century BC. Er), writing fables in prose. In Rome - Fedr (I century N. E.). In India, the compilation of the Basen Pacchantra refers to the III century. The prominent Basinople of the New Time was the French poet J. Lafontane (XVII century).

In Russia, the development of the Baszy genre refers to the middle of the XVIII - the beginning of the XIX centuries and is associated with the names of A. P. Sumarokov, I. I. Chemnisser, A. E. Izmailova, I. I. Dmitriev, although the first experiments of the poetic fables were still in XVII century in Simeon Polotsk and in the 1st floor. The XVIII century at A. D. Kantemir, V. K. Tredyakovsky. In Russian poetry, a fastened free verse is produced, transmitting the intonation of a relaxed and delicate tale.

Basni I. A. Krylova with their realistic liveliness, a sensible humor and excellent language marked the flourishing of this genre in Russia. In Soviet times, the popularity of Demyan poor, S. Mikhalkov, and others acquired the popularity of Basney Demyan.

There are two concepts of the origin of the Basni. The first one is represented by the German School Otto Cruzius, A. Hausrat, and others, the second - American scientist B. E. Perry. According to the first concept, in the Basna, the narrative is primarily, and the morality is secondary; The bass comes from the fairy tale about animals, and the tale of animals is from the myth. According to the second concept, in the bass primary morality; Bass is close to comparisons, proverbs and sayings; Like them, the fable arises as an aid argument. The first point of view goes back to the romantic theory of Jacob Grimma, the second revives the rationalistic concept of the lesing.

Philologists of the XIX century long occupied the controversy about the priority of Greek or Indian Basni. Now we can consider almost undoubted that the overall source of the material of the Greek and Indian Basni was the Sumero-Babylonian bass.

Epics - Russian folk epic songs about the exploits of heroes. The basis of the plot of the epics is any heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence the people's name of the epics - " starina"," Old Dress ", implied that the action of which is spent on occurred in the past).

The epics are usually written by tonic verse with two or four stress.

For the first time, the term "epics" was introduced by Ivan Sakharov in the collection of "songs of the Russian People" in 1839, he proposed him on the basis of the expression "on the episodes" in the "Word about the regiment of Igor", which meant "according to the facts".

Ballad

Myth (Dr.-Greek. ῦῦθος) in the literature - a legend, transmitting people about the world, the place of man in it, about the origin of the whole, about the gods and heroes; A certain idea of \u200b\u200bthe world.

The specifics of the myths acts the most clearly in primitive culture, where myths are equivalent to science, a solid system, in terms of which is perceived and described the whole world. Later, when such forms of public consciousness are extended from mythology as art, literature, science, religion, political ideology, etc., they hold a number of mythological models, peculiarly rethought when inclusive in new structures; Myth is experiencing his second life. Of particular interest is their transformation in literary creativity.

Since mythology masters the reality in the forms of figurative narration, it is close in its essence of the artistic literature; Historically, she anticipated many possibilities of literature and had a comprehensive impact on her early development. Naturally, the literature does not part with mythological foundations and later, which refers not only to works with the mythological foundations of the plot, but also to the realistic and naturalistic life-making of the XIX and XX centuries (enough to name "Oliver Twist" Ch. Dickens, "Nana" E. Zola, "Magic Mountain" T. Manna).

Novella (Italian. Novella is news) - a narrative prosaic genre for which the brevity, a sharp plot, neutral style of presentation, the lack of psychologism, an unexpected junction. Sometimes it is used as a synonym for a story, sometimes called a type of story.

Tale - Prose genre of unstable volume (mostly average between the novel and the story), which is a natural course of life, which is reproducing a chronic plot. Explosive the plot focuses around the main character, the personality and fate of which are revealed within the few events.

The story is an epic prosaic genre. The plot of the story more than epic and a chronic plot and composition. Possible verse form. The story depicts a number of events. She is amorphous, the events are often just joined to each other, the expatible elements play a large independent role. It does not have a difficult, intense and complete storylock.

Story - Small form of epic prose, correlated with the story as a more detailed form of the narration. Goes back to folk genres (fairy tale, parable); How the genre was alone in written literature; Often indistinguishable from Novella, and from the XVIII century. - and essay. Sometimes the novel and essay are considered as polar varieties of the story.

The story is a small product, containing a small number of actors, as well as, most often, having one storyline.

Story: 1) the type of narrative, mainly prosaic folklore ( fabulous prose), which includes split works, in the content of which, from the point of view of the carriers of the folklore, there is no strict reliability. The fabulous folklore confronts the "Stroyard" folklore narration ( non-sucking prose) (See myth, epics, historical song, spiritual poems, legend, demonological stories, tale, blazznun, legend, fasting).

2) genre of literary narration. The literary fairy tale either imitates folklore ( literary fairy tale written in a natural-ethical style), either creates a didactic work (see didactic literature) on the basis of non-rigid plots. Folk tale historically precedes literary.

Word " story»Talked in writing sources not earlier than the XVI century. From the word " call" Moveed: List, list, accurate description. Modern value acquires from the XVII-XIX century. Previously used the word Basni, until the XI century - Koszchuna.

The word "Tale" suggests that they will know about it, "what it is" and find out, "For what" she, a fairy tale, is needed. The fairy tale is needed by targeted appointment for the subconscious or conscious learning of the child in the family of the rules and goals of life, the need to protect their "range" and a worthy relation to other communities. It is noteworthy that both Saga and the fairy tale carry a colossal information component transmitted from generation to generation, belief in which respect for their ancestors.

There are different types of fairy tales.

Fantasy (from English. fantasy. - "Fantasy") is a type of fantastic literature based on the use of mythological and fabulous motifs. In modern form, formed at the beginning of the 20th century.

The works of fantasy most often resemble the historical adventure novel, the action of which occurs in the fictional world, close to the real medieval, whose heroes are faced with supernatural phenomena and creatures. Often fantasy built on the basis of archetypical plots.

Unlike science fiction, fantasy does not seek to explain the world in which the work occurs, from the point of view of science. This world itself exists in the form of some assumptions (most often its location regarding our reality does not negotiate at all: whether it is a parallel world, or the other planet), and its physical laws may differ from the realities of our world. In such a world, there may be a real existence of gods, witchcrafts, mythical beings (dragons, gnomes, trolls), ghosts and any other fantastic entities. At the same time, the fundamental difference between the "miracles" of fantasy from their fabulous analogues is that they are the norm of the described world and act systemically as the laws of nature.

Nowadays, fantasy is also a genre in cinema, painting, computer and desk games. Such genre universality especially distinguishes Chinese fantasy with elements of oriental martial arts.

Epic (from Epos and Greek. Poieo - Creation)

1. An extensive story in verses or prose about outstanding national historical events ("Iliad", "Mahabharata"). Epopea roots in mythology and folklore. At 19 in. Roman-epic arises ("War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy)
2. Complex, long history of something, including a number of major events.

Oh yeah - Poetic, as well as a musical and poetic work, distinguished by solemnity and hills.

Initially, in ancient Greece, any form of poetic lyrics, intended to accompany music, was called Ohodo, including choral singing. Since the time of Pundara, the Ode is a choral song-epinic in honor of the winner on sports competitions of sacred games with a three-part composite and underlined solemnity and high polhood.

In Roman literature, the most famous ODY Horace, who used the size of an aoline lyrical poetry, first of all, the alkeyev of the Storm, adapting them to the Latin language, the collection of these works in Latin is called Carmina - songs, the sides began to be called them later.

Since rebirth and in the Baroque era (XVI-XVII century), we began to call lyrical works in pathetically high-style, focused on the ancient samples, in classicism Idle became a canonical genome of high lyrics.

Elegy (Greek. ελεγεια) - genre of lyric poetry; In early antique poetry - a poem written by Elegic Distich, regardless of the content; Later (Callimakh, Ovid) - a poem of a sad content. In Novo European poetry, Elegy maintains sustainable features: intimacy, disappointment motifs, unhappy love, loneliness, the strugnure of earthly existence, determines the rhetoricism in the image of emotions; The classic genre of sentimentalism and romanticism ("recognition" by E. Baratynsky).

Pooh with the character of thoughtful sadness. In this sense, it can be said that most of the Russian poetry is tuned to Elegic Lad, at least until the poetry of the modern time. This, of course, is not denied that in Russian poetry there are excellent poems of other, not an email attitude. Initially, in the ancient-Greek poetry, E. marked the poem written by the stanza of a certain size, namely the two-time hexameter-pentameter. Having the overall nature of lyrical reflection, E. The ancient Greeks was very diverse in content, for example, a sad and accusatory in the archite and simonide, a philosophical of Solon or the theognid, who was militant from Callin and Tirtae, political in Mimnerma. One of the best Greek authors E. - Callima. Romans E. has become more specific in character, but also more free in shape. The importance of love E. Famous Roman authors of E. - Propertions, Tibull, Ovid, Katull (they were translated by Fet, Batyushkov, etc.). Subsequently, perhaps, only one period in the development of European literature, when the word E. began to mean poems with a more or less stable form. And he began under the influence of the famous elegance of the English poet of Thomas Gray, written in 1750 and caused numerous imitation and translations almost in all European languages. The coup produced by this E. is determined as an offensive in the literature of the period of sentimentalism, which has changed falclassicism. In essence, it was the decline of poetry from reasonable skill in one day established forms to the authentic sources of internal artistic experiences. In Russian poetry, the translation of Zhukovsky Elegy Gray ("Rural Cemetery"; 1802) definitely laid the beginning of a new era, finalized the rhetoric and appealing to sincerity, intimacy and depth. This internal change was also reflected in new verses introduced by Zhukovsky, which is thus the attachment of the new Russian sentimental poetry and one of its great representatives. In the overall spirit and form of Elegy Gray, i.e. In the form of large poems performed by mournful meditation, such poems of Zhukovsky were written, called Elegations themselves as "Evening", "Slavyanka", "on the death of Cor. VITEMBERG ". His "Theon and Eshil" (more precisely, it is Elegy-Ballad). Elegy called Zhukovsky his poem "Sea". In the first half of the XIX century. Elegy's names to give their poems was common, especially often their works were called Eliiia Batyushkov, Bratan, Languages, etc. ; Subsequently, however, it came out of fashion. Nevertheless, many poems of Russian poets are imbued with an email tone. Yes, and in world poetry, there is hardly the author, who would have had no emaciation poems. In German poetry, the Roman Elegances are famous. Elegations are the poem of Schiller: "Ideals" (translated by Zhukovsky "Dreams"), "Resignation", "Walk". Muchison belongs to Elegimes (Batyushkov translated it "on the ruins of castles in Sweden"), Heine, Lenaão, Herven, Plaidet, Freiligrata, Schlegel and MN. Dr. The Frenchmen wrote: Milwoua, Debor Valmore, Kaz. Devilin, A. Shheny (M. Shhenie, brother of the previous one, translated Elegiu Gray), Lamartin, A. Mussse, Hugo, and others. In English poetry, except Gray, Spencer, Jung, Sydney, later Shelley and Byron. In Italy, Alamanni, Castaldi, Filinkana, Guarini, Pindmont are injected into Italy. In Spain: Boskan Almogaver, Gars de Lega. In Portugal - Kamense, Ferreira, Rodrig Lobo, de Miranda.

Samples to write Elegy in Russia to Zhukovsky made such authors as Pavel Fonvizin, the author "Drain" Bogdanovich, Ablessov, Naryshkin, Narov, and others.

Epigram (Greek. επίγραμμα "Inscription") is a small satirical poem, ridicuing any person or public phenomenon.

Ballad - LarEpic work, that is, the story set out in a poetic form, historical, mythical or heroic nature. The plot of ballads is usually borrowed from folklore. Ballades are often put on music.

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The literary work is the form of the existence of literature as the word art of the word. What makes it artistic?

Reading room of the Russian State Library.

We always feel a special vitality of the literary work. It is always due to real reality and at the same time not identical to it, is its image, implementation, artistic reflection. But the reflection of "in the form of life", the reflection of such that does not just tell about life, but itself appears as a special life.

"Art has reproduction of reality, repeated, as if the newly created world," wrote V. G. Belinsky. Here the dynamics of the artwork content is perfect. In order to "repeat" the world's unique in its development and constant self-renewal, it should be "as it were to create", to reproduce such an individual phenomenon, which, without being identical real reality, at the same time express its deep essence and value of life with completeness.

Life is not only material reality, but also the life of the human spirit, it is not only what is that it has been realized in reality, but also what happened and what "is possible due to probability or necessity" (Aristotle ). "To master the world and find him an expression" - Such is the superficial artist, according to the excellent definition of I. V. Goethe. Therefore, reflections on the nature of the work of art are inextricably linked to the deepest philosophical question about what "the whole world" is if he submits unity and integrity and whether it is possible to "find him an expression", to recreate it in a specific individual phenomenon.

The work to actually exist should be created by the author and perceived by the reader. And again, this is not just different, externally reasonable, isolated, internally interrelated processes. In a truly artistic work, "perceiving to such an extent merges with the artist, that it seems to him that the subject perceived by him is not any other, but they themselves" (L. N. Tolstoy). The author acts here, as M. M. Svaren wrote, in the role of "convincing, forcing both the sea, and on the moon to watch his own personal eye, why everyone, being a person's unique, being the only time in the world, brought the world's world storage Consciousness, in the culture of something from himself. " The life of the work is carried out only on the basis of the harmony of the author and the reader - such harmony, which directly convinces that "every person can feel equal to all other and every other" (M. Gorky).

The product is an internal, interpenetrating unity of content and form. "The verses of the living themselves say. And they are not talking about something, but something, "said S. Ya. Marshak. Indeed, it is very important to realize this distinction and not to reduce the content of the literary work to what it tells about it. Content is an organic unity of display, reflection and valuation of reality, and the thoughts and estimates in artistic works do not exist separately, but permeate the pictures of events, experiences, actions and live only in the artistic word - the only possible form of incarnation of this life content.

The subject of real reality, its understanding and the assessment turn into the content of the literary work, only internally uniting and embodiment in artistic form. Any word, any speech tool turns out to be artistically significant only when it ceases to be simply information when the external life phenomena in relation to it become its internal content when the word about life is transformed into life imprinted in the literary work as verbal and artistic Overall.

It is clear from what is clear that the art form of the literary work is not just a "technique". "What is chosen by a lyrical poem ... bring the shape to a possible grace for it? - I wrote Ya. I. Polonsky. - This, believe me, nothing else, how to finish and bring your own self-natural in the human nature of the grace, or another feeling ... work on verse for the poet the same thing to work on your soul. " Labor on the understanding of the surrounding and his own life, over the "soul of his", and the work on the construction of a literary work is not three different types of activities for this writer, but a single creative process.

L. N. Tolstoy praised poems A. A. Feta for the fact that they are "corrosion". V. V. Mayakovsky called his article "How to make poems?". We understand the opposite and partial justice of these characteristics. If artwork and "born", it is still not entirely as a person is born. And from the article V. V. Mayakovsky, even with all its polemical exaggerations, it is still quite clear that the poems "do" at all as they make things on the conveyor, streaming production. In the literary work, it always exists this contradiction of organizedness ("Money") and the organity ("birth"), and the highest artistic achievements are characterized by a particularly harmonious resolution. Recall, for example, the poem A. S. Pushkin "I loved you: love still, perhaps ...", the clear construction of which becomes a completely natural expression of a high human feeling - selfless love.

Artificially created verbal-artistic statement is transformed into an organically vital integer, each element is needed, indispensable and vital. And it seems to understand that we are artistic about us, it is primarily to understand and feel that it can only be as it is: in general, and in each of its particle.

The life contained inside the work as a small universe, reflects and manifests the universe, the completeness of human life, all the integrity of being. And the meeting of the author and the reader in the artistic world of the literary work becomes therefore with no replaceable form of admission to this large world, the upbringing of genuine humanity, the formation of a holistic, comprehensively developed personality.

Literary genre - This is a form, a distracted sample according to which the text of the literary work is built. The genre is a combination of certain signs that allow the literary work to the genus of the epic, lyrics or drama. Nobody invented genres. They existed and continue to exist in the very nature of human thinking.

Main types of literary genres

Literary genres are divided into three types: epic, lyrical and dramatic. Epic genres include: fairy tale, epic, epic, Roman-epic, novel, story, essay, story, joke. Lyric genres call the ODU, Elegy, Ballad, Message, Epigram, Madrigan. Dramatic genres are tragedy, comedy, drama, melodrama, waterville and farce.

Literary genres have certain signs that are divided into genre-forming and additional. The genre-forming features determine the specifics of one or another genre. For example, the genually-forming sign of the fairy tale is to install on fiction. The fairy tale events are obviously perceived by the listener as magical, fictional, not directly related to real reality. The genre-forming sign of the novel is his connection with objective reality, the coverage of a large number of events that occurred in reality or could occur, many acting characters, concentration in the inner world of heroes.