"People's decrative-applied art. Types of fine art

Introduction

1. People's decamental and applied art and its place in kindergarten.

2. Characteristics of items of folk crafts.

3. Acquaintance of children with folk art and learning decorative modeling in different age groups.

Conclusion.

Literature.

Introduction

The folk decorative and applied art of our country is an integral part of the culture. Emotionality, the poetic image of this art is close, understandable and roads to people. Like any big art, it is brings a sensitive attitude to the beautiful, contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. Founded on deep artistic traditions, folk art enforces the culture of our people, has a beneficial effect on the formation of a person of the future. Artworks created by folk masters, always reflect the love of the native edge, the ability to see and understand the world around.

People's decorative and applied art is one of the means of aesthetic education - helps to form an artistic taste, teaches children to see and understand the beautiful life in the environment and in art. Folk art is national in content, therefore, it is possible to actively affect the spiritual development of a person, to form patriotic feelings from a child.

Increasingly, the works of decorative and applied art penetrate the life of people, creating aesthetically a full-fledged medium that determines the creative potential of the person. The introduction of preschoolers to folk art is carried out by creating a beautiful interior of kindergarten, a group room, in the design of which include works of folk creativity. Therefore, the role of kindergartens is great, where work is successfully working to familiarize children with samples of folk art. An important place is assigned to the classes with decorative modeling. The educator tells children about the subjects of folk art, teaches the techniques of decorative modeling.

But in order to successfully carry out such work, the teacher must be familiar with folk art crafts, should know and understand folk art, know the methodology for teaching children with decorative modeling.

1. People's decorative and applied art and its place in kindergarten

In modern culture, folk art lives in their traditional forms. Thanks to this, the products of the folk masters retain their sustainable features and are perceived as carriers of a holistic artistic culture. Objects of folk creativity are diverse. It can be toys from wood, clay, dishes, carpets, lace, lacquer miniature, etc. Each product carries in itself good, joy, fantasy, fascinating and children, and adults.

Folk art is always understandable and loved by everyone. For a long time, people liked to decorate their home with carpets, painted trays and caskets, because folk art carrying the warmth of the master, a subtle understanding of nature, the skill is simply, but with a lot of little ones and color to select only the fact that It is necessary that truly perfectly. Unsuccessful samples are chipped, only a valuable, great, coming from the depths of the soul. The folk art of topics and valuable that every time, creating the same thing, the master makes something new in the pattern, and the form cannot happen absolutely the same. The people's master creates different products. It is salt plots with Khokhloma painting, breadmen, and Gorodetsky painted dishes.

Popular art is the wealth of not only adults, but also children who play with hobbies with both wooden matryrs and clay figures of Kirov masters. Children like Bogorodskaya toys and caskets and cargopol toys. Wooden spoons, wicker baskets, halves of flaps and other objects of folk craftsmen are particularly demanding. Folk art is figuratively, colorfully, originally in their intent. It is affordable to children's perception, as it carries a clear content that specifically, in simple, concrete forms reveals the beauty and charming of the world around the child. It is always familiar to children of fabulous images of animals made of wood or clay. The ornaments used by folk masters for painting toys and dishes includes flowers, berries, leaves that the child meets in the forest, in the field, on the kindergarten. So, the Master of Khokhloma painting skillfully make up ornaments from leaves, berries of viburnum, raspberries, cranberries. Gorodetsky masters create their own ornaments from leaves and large colors of a swimsuit, rosehip, roses. Masters of clay toys paint their products most often by geometric ornament: rings, stripes, circles, which are also clear to young children, all these products, both wooden and clay, are used in kindergartens not only to decorate the interior room. Under the guidance of the teacher, children carefully consider them, draw and pose on the samples of folk products.

People's DPIs should enter the life of a kindergarten, pleaseing the children, expanding their concepts and presentations, raising an artistic taste. Baby gardens should have sufficient subjects of folk art. It will give the opportunity to decorate the interiors of groups and other premises, while replacing some items with others. Artistic products are demonstrated by children during conversations about folk crafts, used in classes. All DPI objects must be stored in the pedagogical cabinet cabinets. They are distributed in the fields and are constantly updated with new objects. For children of younger groups, you need to have sharp wooden toys, toys-fun Bogorodsky masters, products of cargopol folk craftsmen. For the middle group you need to have Semyonovsky, Filimonovsky and Kargopol toys, painted birds from the trading. For children of high and preparatory for school groups, any folk toy, clay and wooden are available.

Decorative modeling in a preschool institution is the creation of dishes, decorative plates, various figures on the theme of folk toys. In addition, children are available to small ornaments (beads, brooches for dolls), souvenirs Mamam, grandmothers, sisters for the day of birth, for the holiday of March 8. Skills obtained by children during decorative modeling can be used by them when creating other types of stucco operations, which are becoming more expressive.

Under the influence of the objects of folk art, children are deeper and with great interest perceive illustrations for Russian folk tales. Folk toys with their rich topics affect the idea of \u200b\u200bthe child during the modeling, enriching an idea of \u200b\u200bthe environment. Classes with the use of objects of folk art help develop the mental activity of the child. However, all this is possible only if the systematic, systematic familiarization of children with DPI objects is carried out, as a result of which children create their decorative work: toys, dishes, plates decorated with ornament by the type of tips. The objects of the applied art of the peoples of Russia can become a valuable material not only for artistic, but also for the comprehensive upbringing of each child.

The desires of children to create beautiful items, decorate them in many ways depend on the interest and relationship of the teacher to this work. The tutor needs to know the folk crafts, the history of their occurrence, to which folk folk is one or another toy, be able to talk about masters who make these toys and tell it exciting to interest children, awaken in them the desire for creativity.

2. Characteristics of items of folk crafts

Consider the objects of folk decorative and applied arts that can be used in kindergarten.

DYMKOVO TOY

Kirov masters are surprised by plastic form, special proportions, unusual in brightness pattern. Everyone likes alive, festive, lush to the stucco decoration and painting dolls of the Baryni Frances, goats, pony, roosters with bright tails. The fishing originated in a distant past. The earliest description of the Dymkovsky toys belongs to 1811. The author of him is Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo. The description describes the People's Vyatka festival - "Svistoplyask", during which painted clay dolls with a gold-plated pattern were sold. The clay toys were traded not only in Vyatka. They were sold on county fairs and bazaars, sent to other provinces. Before the revolution, the masters worked in the village of Dymkovo alone and families. They dug the clay, mixed it with sand, Mesili first with their legs, and then with their hands. Products burned in Russian furnaces, and then painted. Women and children participated in this work.

Factory, where Dymkov's toys are now made, is located in the city of Kirov. There are all known famous Masters A.A. Mazurin, E.Z. Koshkina, Z.V. Penkina, which, while maintaining old traditions, create new original toys. Folk craftsmen work in landscaped light workshops. On the shelves close rows are toys, different content and design, bright, gilding. These are baryni francs, painted goats, horses, clarification-whistles, piglets, bears, etc.

The process of making toys can be divided into two stages: the modeling of the product and its painting. Methods of smearing are very simple. For example, depicting a doll, the craftsmen are made first the skirt from the clay reservoir, resulting in a hollow bell-shaped form; Head, neck and top of the body make from one piece, and details of clothes (ruffles ruffles, cuffs, hats, etc.) are made separately and confused to the main form, calling them with nappes.

The Dymkovsky toy is very specific. In its creation and design, there are their traditions that are expressed primarily in staticness, pomp forms and brightness of color.

Filimonovskaya toy

An equally well-known center of national fishery is the village of Filimonovo of the Odeno region of the Tula region, where they make an amazing clay toy. According to the legend, grandfather Filigon lived in this place, who did toys. Now in the village there are workshops for the manufacture of clay toys, where masters of A.I. Derbeenova, p.p. Ilyukhina, A.I. Lukyanova and others. People and animals made by artists, differ in shape and painting. Toys are funny, fancy and very expressive - these are a lady, peasants, soldiers with epoles, dancing couples, riders on horseback, cows, rams, fox with a rooster and others. All toys elastic body, long or short legs, elongated neck with small heads . These toys are difficult to confuse with any other, as they have their own traditions in the interpretation of form and painting. The painting is bright, and basically prevails yellow, red, orange, green, blue and white colors. Combining simple elements (stripes, arcs, points, intersecting lines, forming stars), craftsmen create amazing ornaments that beautifully fall on skirts and aprons of figures. Face figures always remain white, and only small strokes and points are shown eyes, mouth, nose. The toys carry fire, shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow, there are few floods in the Filimon toy, if you compare it with Dymkovskaya.

Little baby first of all sees in a Filimon toy fun, a fantastic image of an object that awakens his work.

Kargopol toy

Kargopol - ancient Russian city, surrounded by the forest. Since ancient times, residents of this city and its surroundings were engaged in pottery. Mostly, they made a tidy dishes: pots, kinkins, bowls, some masters made a clay toy. However, in 1930, art fishery came into decay. Continued to make toys only talented masters of U.I. Babkina, it is its products that are characterized by the best features of a folk toy. In 1967, Kargopol workshops were again created on the manufacture of clay painted toys.

Next to the bright, ringing in the color of Dymkovsky and Filimonovsky plastic toys of the figurines of this northern edge may seem strict. The color gamut painting includes black, dark green and brown colors. Among the toys there are many funny images, winged simply, but with great warmth and folk humor. Mostly it is a baba peasant with baskets or bird in their hands, dolls with bark, bearded men. The cargopol toy is characteristic of both multifigure compositions - dancing figures, merry tops with saddlers in sleigh, etc. Love cargopol wizards and animals: bear, hare, horse, dog, pig, goose and duck.

For Kargopol toys, a convention in the interpretation of an image in form, proportions and coloring is characteristic. All figures are somewhat squat, with short hands and legs, they have an elongated torso, a thick and short neck and a relatively big head. Beast are portrayed with thickonous and sometimes dynamic, for example, a bear stands on the hind legs - the moment of the attack; The dog's paws are placed and the mouth is open, duck with open wings, etc. Recently, yellow, blue and orange colors are brought into the lifting of the masters toys. The main elements of the ornament are combinations of intersecting lines, circles, tree, dots and strips. They make toys in parts, the location of the details are carefully smoothed. The products are dried, burned in the furnace and paint with tempera paints. Now in Kargopol, hereditary masters K.P. Sheveleva, A.P. Shevelev, S.E. Druzhinin. Everyone has his own handwriting modeling and painting, however, the old folk traditions are at the heart of all toys.

Tver toy

In the city of Tverskaya region, clay toys, in particular clay birds, decorated with nappes and painting, were relatively recently recently. The masters of this fishery, creating a decorative toy, use a special range of enamel colors colors: blue, blue, white, black, green, orange, red. The pattern consists of smears, circles and dots that create a festive decor. In addition to painting, the toy is decorated with nappes, which are well associated with its main form. A bright enamel pattern is beautifully complementing the figures, licking on a brown background, as the product is not primed and the background is the color of the burned clay. It is based on his toy static, but there are swans birds with sharply crumpled necks and heads, which gives them special plasticity. Among the toys there are roosters, chickens, geese, swans, ducks.

Bogorodskaya toy

Folk masters in the village of Bogorodskoye, Moscow Region, wooden carved toys are created, which, just as clay, belong to folk plastics and can be successfully used in working with children in decorative wave. For more than 350 years already in the village of Bogorodskoye near Sergiev-Posad, we have carvers for wood. In their skillful hands, the tree bars turn into fun figures. Toys are cut from Linden, which should dry before this 2 years. The main types of painted toys are chickens, birds on a stand with a moving device, etc. Cut the figurines from the whole tree, for which the blanks of different shapes are made. The surface of finished products in old masters was cleaned with sandpaper, as a result of which the figure was obtained smooth. Now toys are fried by carvings, which rhythmically falls on the surface and decorate the product. By tradition, some parts of the toy make moving. The content of toys is varied - these are plots of fairy tales, fables, sports and space, and all of them are joke toys. The traditional way is a bear.

A famous master of Bogorodskaya thread is the hereditary carpet of N.I. Maximov. For many years, he trained the cutters in a professional technical school, sought to instill not only the skills and taking of threads, but also the love of nature, to the whole living. Bogorodsky toys are widely known in our country and are famous far beyond.

Gzhel's dishes

Not far from Moscow in Ramensky district is the village of Gzhel. Pottery crafts were engaged here from a long time, about the C14 century. Dampers, kumgans, plates and toys painted by ceramic paints of brown and yellowish-green colors. Sometimes the dishes were decorated with stucco figures. Currently, Gzhel's porcelain products have won world fame due to the uniqueness of the pattern and form. Gzhel porcelain is easy to learn on blue painting on a white background. However, Silene is not one-time, and if you look carefully, you can see the finest halftones and shades that resemble the blue sky, lakes and rivers. Gzhel Masters write in china with strokes and lines, and in the ornament the pattern includes leaves and flowers: chamomiles, bells, cornflowers, roses, tulips and valley. In addition to the dishes in Gzheli make a small sculpture and toys. Among them, you can see the favorite children of fabulous characters: Alyonushka in a long dress and handkerchief, Ivan-Tsarevich with Elena beautiful on a gray wolf, Emel with a caught pike, etc. Currently, artists work to create new plots and compositions. Sculptures depicting cosmonauts and athletes with Olympic torch appeared. All works of Gzhel masters are striking the deep feeling of rhythm, harmony of form and content.

3. Acquaintance of children with folk art and learning decorative modeling in different age groups

First younger group

Acquaintance of children with decorative art should begin in the first youngest group of kindergarten. The possibilities of a child in a decorative modeling at this stage are very limited: children only adorn products using a wand or making a finger deepening. Acquaintance of children with toys takes place in the form of games, during which the teacher asks children about the fact that it depicts one or another item. Children are offered to put toys in a certain order, build a house, ladder for dolls, bridge. The kids like bright matryoshki and smooth accurate toys, they gladly turn on to the game: set on the table, placed on the ladder made of cubes, they will lead along the bridge. At the same time, children get a task to compare toys in size, highlight the main, large pieces and small parts, learn and name the shape of the parts. I especially like the kids when there are a lot of toys on the table. One or two toys almost does not attract the attention of the child, interest in them quickly disappears. Playing with Matryoshki, they tell the teacher that there are a lot of matryoshki, they are big and small, the dolls have eyes, nose, beautiful scarves, and, looking at the eyed birds, say that the bird's head is round, and the tail is long.

In the first youngest group, a folk toy is mainly used for games. However, in some occupations, the educator in order to attract children to this type of activity, shows them the ways of smearing.

There is no decorative modeling in this group, but the tendency in children to decorate its products is already observed. The first attempts of kids decorate their modeling lead to the chaotic position of the pattern along the edge of the product, which is for the child a support line. Considering this feature and knowing that the child is so easier, the task can be reduced to the decoration of the edge of the closed cookie or gingerbread. Elements of decoration can be first points, and then the strips made by a wand. Kids is fascinating the ability to make a wand of groove in clay. They do this with pleasure, realizing that their toys will become more beautiful. The desire of the baby to decorate his work the educator must support, making the relevant offers for each other case.

Second younger group

To work with children in the first half of the year, the same toys usually use as in the first youngest group, but conduct a deeper analysis of the form of objects. For example, showing the nephew to children, the teacher says that the neposk has a head, hands, calls the details of the clothes: apron, sleeves, a handkerchief, show on them beautiful, flowers, leaves and other decorative elements.

Children of the second youngest group are well perceived by the Dymkovian toy, which can be offered for viewing at the end of the first - early second half of the year. Moreover, children do not make it difficult for the conventionality of the shape and painting of these toys. They freely define objects and highlight the elements of the painting: stripes, circles, points and rings. The perception of items of folk art makes it possible to put pictorial tasks before children and trace the influence of folk art on the nature of children's modeling. However, the selection of objects for the modeling should go taking into account the age characteristics of preschoolers.

Starting from the second half of the year, children can offer to decorate a disc-shaped product with bulk shapes - balls and rollers. Performing this task, children make a cake, cake for dolls, placing elements in a certain rhythm: balls - along the edge and in the middle, and rollers - in the form of a grid or rays, diverging from the center to the edges. First, children create the basis, and then gradually decorate it. The activity of each child is manifested in the fact that the kid itself chooses the form, the size of the elements and alternates them.

The next stage is a more complex task: children are offered to cut out a cup and apply a pattern with a stack along the edge of the cup into one and several rows.

After familiarization with wooden toys, children pose birds, mushrooms, dolls in a long dress. Each item they decorate, and the ability to work the stack to transfer to the image of such parts as the mouth, nose, eyes in dolls. All this makes children's work more expressive. Thus, it is planned a certain sequence of familiarization of children of the second younger group with a folk toy and introducing decorative elements into the modeling elements. For games and viewing in this group you can use Semenov Matryoshki, Zagorsk Wooden toys and Wooden Toys Bogorodsky Masters, Kargopol Toys (Horse, Goose, Duck, Dog) and Dimkovsky (Cockerel, Nutrition Doll, Large and Small Dolls). To familiarize yourself before occupation, we can offer wooden accurate objects consisting of rounded and cone-shaped forms.

Medium group

For successful learning, the decorative modeling in the middle group continues to work on the acquaintance of children with folk creativity. For this purpose, Semenovsky nephews are used, wooden accurate Bogorodski toys, Dymkovsky Cockerels and goats, cargopol toys, painted birds from the trading, Filimon toy.

However, to reproduce in the modeling children, it is better to offer Semenov's nephews, wooden accurate toys, cargopoulic toys (dog, goose) and toys from a trading. The remaining toys are desirable to use for games and viewing.

Acquaintance of children is 4-5 years old with objects of folk creativity takes place in the form of games and short conversations. It is important for children to understand that the folk toys from any material are almost always brightly painted and that is why they are fun and joyful. The child begins to understand that in one case the pattern falls on the bulk form, in the other - on the subject, brightly painted with one color, and it is also very beautiful. You can sculpt with the children of this age a goat, a cockerel, both in the presentation and from nature, using a Dymkov toy. To do this, at the beginning of the classes, the toy is considering paying attention to its plastic and other expressive features. Next, the teacher shows some methods of modeling. The main parts of the toy are wung in advance, and the tutor only shows how they need to be connected, firmly losing to each other.

All small details: horns and a beard at a goat, scallop and wings at a cock - children should cut out themselves, you can once again consider the toy standing on the stand. The ability to approach the subject during the classes and consider it removes the tension in children while working. In addition, the child appears a desire to make the toy as beautiful as the master did.

Folded works carefully preserved, children repeatedly view them and, after they dry, burn them in a muffle furnace.

In the evening, in the presence of children, the teacher paints toys. From children's work, an exhibition is satisfied with a group that several days decorate a group, and in the future these figures children can play.

SENIOR GROUP

Fine activity of children 5-6 years has its own characteristics. At this age, the children have already become physically strengthened, minor and large muscles of the hands strengthened. Children became more attentive, their ability to memorize them; In addition, they learned during the model to control the actions of the hands, and this in turn led to a change in the nature of the image. They can independently determine the form of the object, its structure, highlight small parts and elements of decorative design, are more creatively suitable for their images.

Starting with the older group, the decorative lpakers occupy a completely definite place in the system of classes in the visual activity. When planning these classes, it is necessary to take into account their connection with folk art, as a decorative sculpture, made by folk masters, artistic dishes, decorative plates, not only have a beneficial effect on the development of the artistic taste of children, but are a good visual manual during the modeling. The skillful use of their adults expands the horizons of children, has a beneficial effect on their mental development.

For working with children of this group, artistically performed dishes, decorative plates, Dymkovsky, Kargopol, Filimonovsky and Kalininsky clay toys can be used.

In addition to clay, you can conduct classes with wooden toys. However, children must be introduced to at least two toys each species.

All objects of folk applied art are based on certain traditions and features that it is desirable to know the tutor. So, planning the acquaintance of children with decorative kitchenware, and then modeling according to these samples, you need to select those items that will help develop an imagination in children. It can be painted ceramic plates, Ukrainian bowls, "Gzhel" and. t. d.

Preparatory to school group

The pictorial activities of children 6-7 years are greatly improved. First of all, the form of winged objects becomes more completed, the proportions are specified. Children more often than in the previous group, there is a desire to supplement its modeling with such details that will decorate the handicraft and make it more expressive. This is due to the fact that the children are even more complicated physically, the small muscles of the hands developed, the movement of the fingers became more accurate, and the acuteness of vision. All this makes it possible to perform complex details using nails and painting. Children appears an aesthetic assessment of its products, which increases the demands of both the pictorial and expressive means of modeling that the child uses in its work.

The decorative modeling in this group includes an image of decorative plates, dishes and cutting figures according to the type of folk toys. At the same time they deepen the knowledge of children about folk fishers. The guys with great interest are considered decorative vessels created by potters of different nations. Bright, painted with colored Angobes and icing, they capture the imagination of children, give birth to creative ideas.

In the preparatory group of children, they introduce the new image of the image of the dishes - from the rings: the clay rings are stacked one another and tightly connected. By this way, children make different dishes. Another model of modeling is the manufacture of dishes from a piece of clay of a spherical or cylindrical form by choosing clay with a stack (pot, kink, vase). Children continue to learn, work as planned and think about their ideas in advance.

All work on decorative modeling is closely related to conversations about popular fishers. In the preparatory group, acquaintance with folk applied art acquires new forms: didactic games that deepen the presentation of children on the expressive features of decorative art objects affect the development of their mental activity; Excursions to the exhibitions of applied art, views of the diamers, slides, as well as illustrations in the books on folk art.

The selection of decorative items is carried out taking into account the fact that with many of them children have already acquainted in the older group. For children, 6-7 years old copies are selected with a more complex shape and painting. Decorative plates and dishes can be painted with fabulous flowers, birds and fish. The set of Dimkovsky dolls is expanding: waterproof, Frantha under the umbrella, also milkboard with a cow; Rider on horseback, turkey with painted tail and many others. From the cargopol toy, children can show an old man who will sew a horse, a man of a seedman, a triple and a policeman - a fabulous half-timer, published. From Filimonovsky toys to use a fox with a rooster, dancing couples and other samples that children have not yet seen. From Kalininski, you can select a chicken with an intricate joking and a rooster. From Bogorodsky toys, children will be interested in "bear and hare go to school", "Baba Yaga", "Bear-football player", "with good morning." The list of toys can be more diverse, but the tutor selects only something that has a kindergarten.

Classes for acquaintance of children with folk applied art and decorative modeling in this group are a continuation of the great work that has been done in previous groups. Therefore, children of 6-7 years should be prepared for the perception of new, more complex samples of folk art, to the absorption of new methods of modeling and painting.

The main tasks of the decorative modeling - to teach children to see the beauty of objects of folk art, raise the love of him and the ability to distinguish one fishery from another, to use decorative elements in their work to enrich the stucco image, and to transfer it the ability to the objects of an undiluted nature.

Conclusion

Summing up the foregoing, it is possible to enter the fact that the acquaintance of children with objects of folk creativity and decorative modeling is a beneficial effect on the development of children's creativity. The nature of folk art, its emotionality, decorativeness, diversity - effective means of development in children of mental activity and the comprehensive development of the child as a whole.

The work of people's masters not only brings up the guys aesthetic taste, but also forms spiritual needs, feelings of patriotism, national pride, high citizenship and humanity. The child learns that wonderful colorful items create folk masters, people gifted by fantasy, talent and kindness.

Children gradually begin to respect and love this art, to understand its plastic, ornament, color combinations, in a variety of forms and images.

The toys of all folk crafts differ in style and manner of execution, and over time the child begins to distinguish the toys of one fishery from the other, to allocate characteristic features, and it does it independently. And already in the senior and preparatory group in children under the influence of training there is a desire to make toys on the sample of those that showed them in class.

Thus, folk toys stimulate children to independent action. Knowledge gained in the process of classes and games with objects of folk art is expanding the possibilities of independent activities of children in the field of decorative modeling.

Literature

1. Gribovskaya A.A. Children about folk art. M., 2004.

2. Durassov N.A. Kargopor clay toy. L., 1986.

3. Tryogin Yu.G., Solomennikova O.A. Filimonovsky whistles: Workbook on the basics of folk art. M., 2004.

4. Komarova TS Children's artistic creativity. M., 2005.

5. Folk art in the education of preschoolers / ed. TS Mosquito. M., 2005.

6. Solomennikova O.A. The joy of creativity // Development of artistic creativity of children 5-7 years. M., 2005.

7. Khalevova N.B. Decorative modeling in kindergarten: guide for the educator / ed. MB Halezova-Zatresin. M., 2005.

Decorative and applied art

Section of decorative art; It covers a number of sectors of creativity that are devoted to the creation of articles intended mainly for life. The works of decorative and applied art can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, weapons, as well as other products that are not on the initial purpose of works of art, but acquiring artistic quality by applying the artist's labor; Clothing, all kinds of decorations. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art, according to their practical purpose in the scientific literature from the second half of the XIX century. The classification of industries of decorative and applied arts on the material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood, etc.) or on the technique of execution (carving, painting, embroidery, bait, casting, chasing, intarcia, etc.). This classification is due to an important role of a constructive and technological principle in decorative and applied art and its direct connection with production. Solving together, as well as architecture, practical and artistic tasks, decorative-applied arts belongs simultaneously to the sectors of the creation and material and spiritual values. The works of decorative and applied art are inseparable from the material culture of the modern epochs, are closely related to the residents that meets it, with those or other local ethnic and national features, socio-group and class differences. By constituting the organic part of the objective environment, with which a person, works of decorative and applied arts, with its aesthetic advantages, figuratively affecting the person, is constantly affected by the human mental state, its mood is an important source of emotions affecting his attitude towards the world around. Aesthetically saturated and transforming the environment, the environment, works of decorative and applied art at the same time, as if absorbed by it, as they are usually perceived in relationships with its architectural and spatial solution, with its own other objects or their complexes (services, furniture headsets , costume, jewelry set). Therefore, the ideological meaning of works of decorative and applied art can be understood as best only with a clear presentation (real or mentally recreated) about these interconnections of the subject with a medium and man.

The architectonics of the subject caused by its appointment, constructive capabilities and plastic properties of the material often plays a fundamental role in the composition of the artistic product. Often in the decorative and applied art, the beauty of the material, proportional ratios of parts, the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of the embodiment of the emotional-shaped content of the product (for example, devoid decorations of glass or other non-tinted materials). It clearly shows particular importance for the decorative and applied art of purely emotional, intense agents of the artistic language, the use of which and relatives are decorative and applied art with architecture. The emotional-mean image is often activated by the association (comparing the shape of a product with a drop, flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its separate elements, with any other product - a bell, baluster, etc.). Decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its shaped structure. Often, it is thanks to her decor a household subject becomes a work of decorative and applied art. With its own emotional expressiveness, its rhythm and proportions (often contrasting with respect to the form, as, for example, in products of Khokhloma masters, where a modest, simple form of the subject and elegant, the festive painting of the surface is different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and At the same time merges with it in a single artistic image. In decorative and applied art, ornaments and elements (apart or in a variety of combinations) of fine art are widely attracted to the creation of decor (sculpture, painting, less often - graphics). Fine arts and ornaments serve in decorative and applied art not only to create decorations, but sometimes penetrate and in the form of the item (parts of furniture in the form of palmette, wolves, animal paws, heads; vessels in the form of a flower, fetus, birds, beasts, figures man). Sometimes the ornament or image becomes the basis of the formation of products (lattice pattern, lace; pattern of weaving fabric, carpet). The need to coordinate the decor with the form, the image with the scale and nature of the product, with its practical and artistic purpose leads to the transformation of the visual motives, to the conversion conversion and the combination of the elements of nature (for example, the use of the stands of the table of the mobs of the lion's paws, the wings of the eagle and the swan's head) .

In the unity of the artistic and utilitarian functions of the product, the synthetic nature of decorative and applied arts is manifested in the interpenetration of the shape and decor, the image and tectonic art. The works of decorative and applied art are designed for perception and vision, and tanging. Therefore, the identification of the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the art and diversity of the techniques of its treatment is obtained in decorative and applied art, the value of particularly active tools of aesthetic effects.

Arriving in the earliest death of human society, decorative and applied art for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of \u200b\u200bartistic creativity. Ancient (relative to the prehistoric era), works of decorative and applied arts, covering the widest range of ideas about the world and man, characterize the exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material and to the aesthetics of extractable labor, to the rational formation of the shape underdembled by the decor. This trend was kept in adherent traditions of folk art ( cm. Also folk art crafts) up to the present day. But with the beginning of the class bundle of society in the style evolution of decorative and applied arts, his special branch begins to play the leading role, designed to serve the needs of the dominant public layers and meet their tastes and ideology. Gradually, the interest in the wealth of material and decor, to their rareness and sophistication becomes more increasingly important. Products that serve the objectives of the representativeness are allocated (items for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for the decoration of homes known), in which the masters are often sacrificed for the improvement of their emotional sound of the wizard. However, until the middle of the XIX century. The masters of decorative and applied art retain the integrity of plastic thinking and clarity of the presentation of the aesthetic connections between the subject and the environment for which it is intended. The formation, evolution and change of artistic styles in decorative and applied arts proceeded synchronously with their evolution in other types of art. The tendencies of eclecticism in the artistic culture of the second half of the XIX century. They lead to the gradual omission of aesthetic quality and emotionally-shaped content of decorative and applied art. The connection is lost between the decor and the form, the artistically solved item is replaced decorated. The dominant of a bembly and the insistent effect on the decorative and applied art of intensively developing mass machine production ( cm. Artistic Industry) Artists tried to oppose unique items made by their projects in handicraft (workshops W. Morris in the UK, "Darmstadt Colony of Artists" in Germany) or Factory (Verkbund) of Labor, to revive the emotionally-shaped integrity and ideological content of the artistic meaningful environment ( cm. Modern). On new ideological and aesthetic foundations, these attempts were developed after the October Revolution of 1917, which discovered the prospects for creating a artisticly substantive environment for labor and life of the widest masses. Her ideas and goals inspired artists who have seen in art is one of the effective means of revolutionary agitation (for example, the so-called campaign china 1918-25). The task of creating an integrated decoration of the apartment of workers, workers of the hostels, clubs, canteens, convenient workwear, rational equipment of the workplace, designed for mass factory manufacturer, opened the way for creative colors of constructivists in the USSR, functionalists in Germany (with m. Bauhauses) and other countries, which largely preceded the appearance of design. Nomination on the forefront in the artistic work of the formal technological side in the early 1920s. He led to its absolutization, identifying artistic creativity with the production of things, denial of the decor in creating an artistic image of a work of decorative and applied art. Revival of folk crafts in the USSR and awakened in the 30s. The interest in the Russian artistic legacy was played by a prominent role in the development of the Soviet masters of the decorative and applied art of a number of technological and artistic traditions of the past. However, the approach to the works of decorative and applied art with the standards of machine arts, chase on the parade of products, especially those who have given themselves to know at the end of the 40s-early 50s., It was noticeable to slow down the development of decorative and applied arts. From the mid-50s. In the USSR, along with the search for functional and artistic forms and decorations for everyday household goods produced by the factory method, artists are engaged in creating unique works, in which the emotionality of the image is combined with the variety of techniques for processing the simplest materials, with the desire to identify all the wealth of their plastic and decorative capabilities. . Such works (as well as elegant, unique, due to their needlework, the work of people's decorative and applied art) are designed to serve as visual accents in the artistic organized environment formed mainly less individualized in the form of Factory-based artistic articles and objects that are created on the basis of the designer Design.

About individual industries, varieties and types of decorative art techniques cm. Articles Batik, Vase, Fan, Embroidery, Tapestry, Toy, Inlay, Intarsia, Ceramics, Carpet, Forging, Lace, Lucky, Majolika, Marquetry, Furniture, Washing, Nothing, Carving, Painting Decorative, Glass, Terracotta, Embossing, Fabric, Porcelain, Fayans, Filigree, Crystal, Chacking, Mobile, Slear, Enamel, Jewelry.

Literature: D. Arkin, the art of household item, M., 1932; M. S. Kagan, about applied art, L., 1961; A.V. Saltykov, Selected Works, M., 1962; A. K. Chekalov, Fundamentals of understanding of decorative and applied art, M., 1962; A. Moran, the history of decorative and applied art from ancient times to the present day, translation from French, M., 1982; Magne L. et H. M., L "Art Appliqu Quality Aux Mightiers, v. 1-8, P., 1913-28; Geschichte des Kunstgewerbes Aller Zeiten und Vclker, HRSG. Von H. Th. Bossert, BD 1-6 , V., 1929-35; Marangoni G., Clementi A., Storia Dell "arredamento, v. 1-3, MIL., 1951-52; Fleming J., Honour H., The Penguin Dictionary of The Decorative Arts, L., 1977; Bunte Welt Der Antiquitdten, Dresden, 1980; LUCIE-SMITH E., THE STORY OF CRAFT, ITHACA (N. Y.), 1981.

(Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Ed. Polevoy VM; M.: Publishing House "Sovetskaya Encyclopedia", 1986.)

Creation of articles with practical appointment (home utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, decorations, etc.), as well as artistic processing of utilitarian objects (furniture, clothing, weapons, etc.). Masters of decorative and applied art use a wide variety of materials - metal (bronze, silver, gold, platinum, various alloys), wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics) and others. Production of clay products are called ceramics, from precious metals and stones - jewelry art.

In the process of creating artistic artworks from metal, techniques of casting, forging, chasing, engraving are used; Textiles are decorated with embroidery or audit (on the fabric impose a wooden or copper paint paint and hit a special hammer on it, receiving a print); Wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. Painting of ceramic dishes are called vasopype.

Decorative and applied products must be primarily useful and beautiful. They create an objective environment around a person, affecting his mental state and mood. The works of decorative and applied art are designed for perception and vision, and touch, therefore the identification of the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the art of processing play in it a crucial role. In the form of a vase, toys, furniture objects, in the system of their decorations, the master seeks to identify the transparency of the glass, the plasticity of clay, the heat of the tree and the texture of its surface, the hardness of the stone and the natural drawing of his streak. In this case, the shape of the product can be both abstract and reminded the flower, a tree, a figure of a person or an animal.

In decorations, various are widely used. ornaments. Often it is the decor that turns the household item into the work of art (a khokhloma bowl of a simple form, painted with bright gold patterns; a modest dress, decorated with embroidery or lace). It is very important that the ornaments and figurative images do not contradict the form of the product, but revealed it. Thus, in ancient Greek vases, patterned bands are separated by Tulovo (central part) from the leg and neck, the painting of Tulov emphasizes its bulge.

Decorative and applied art exists with deep antiquity. Artistic products are closely related to the household entry and customs of a certain era, the people or the social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive masters were decorated with carvings and dishes patterns, prepared primitive decorations from animal fangs, shells and stones. In these subjects, the representations of the ancient people about beauty, about the structure of the world and about the place of man in him were embodied. The traditions of ancient art continue to live in folklore, in products folk fishers. In the future, utensils are allocated for the execution of sacred rituals and luxury items, designed to emphasize the wealth and powerful strength of their owners. These products use rare, precious materials and a rich decor. Development of industrial production in 19 V. allowed to create works of decorative and applied art for a mass consumer. At the same time, the plan, sketch of painting, the form for the manufacture, etc. belonged to large masters, and finished products were replicated by employees of factories and factories ( trelliers According to the sketches of famous masters, porcelain factories, etc.). Application of industrial technologies marked the beginning of art design.

Unlike fabric products of mass production, things made with their own hands are always unique. Crafts made homemade utensils, clothes, interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were the objects of utilitarian purposes, then today they switched to the discharge of art. A beautiful thing made by a good master will always be in price.

In recent years, the development of applied art has received a new impetus. This trend cannot but rejoice. Beautiful dishes made of wood, metal, glass and clay, lace, textiles, jewelry, embroidery, toys - all this after a few decades of oblivion again became relevant, fashionable and in demand.

History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Creativity

In 1981, a museum of decorative and applied and folk art opened in Moscow, on Delegate Street. His collection was the unique samples of handmade products of domestic masters of the past, as well as the best works of modern artists.

In 1999, the following important event was happening - the All-Russian Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts and Folk Arts took the exhibits of the Savva Morozov Museum of Folk Art of the Savva Morozov in his meeting. The kernel of this collection was formed before the 1917 revolution. The basis for him was the exhibits of the very first Russian ethnographic museum. It was the so-called artist museum of decorative and applied art operating in 1885.

The museum has a specialized library, in which you can get acquainted with rare books on the theory and history of art.

Museum Collection

Traditional types of decorative and applied art are systematized and distributed by departments. The main theme directions are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone carving and wood, textiles, lacquer miniature and visual materials.

The Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts in the Open Fund and storage facilities has more than 120 thousand exhibits. Russian Modern is represented by Vrubel, Konunov, Golovin, Andreeva and Malyutina. An extensive collection of Soviet campaigning porcelain and tissues of the second quarter of the last century.

Currently, this Museum of People's Applied Art is considered one of the most significant in the world. The most ancient exhibits of high artistic value belong to the 16th century. The museum's meeting was always actively replenished at the expense of individuals of individuals, as well as the efforts of the responsible employees of the state apparatus during the years of Soviet power.

Thus, the unique exposition of fabrics has developed much due to generosity of a French citizen P. M. Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, who was given to the Museum a large collection of Russian, Eastern and European textiles, collected by N. L. Shabelskaya.

Two big collections of porcelain were donated to the museum with outstanding figures of Soviet art - Leonid Osipovich Utösov and the spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menacher.

Museum of applied art of the city of Moscow boasts by the halls dedicated to the life of Russian people in different time periods. Here you can get acquainted with the housing of representatives of all sorts of classes. The furniture, dishes, the clothes of peasants and residents of cities, children's toys are renovated and exhibited for review. Carved decorations of platbands and trumps Roofs, tile stoves, chests, which served not only by convenient storage facilities for things, but also beds, as they were made of the corresponding sizes, they cause a picture of a quiet, measured and well-fledged life of Russian depths.

Lacquer miniature

The lacquer miniature as the applied art of the greatest heyday reached in 18-19 centuries. Art centers that have granted registration by the main directions, became the city, famous for their icon-painted workshops. This is a Paleh, Mstel, Holly and Fedoskino. Caskets, brooches, panels, strains made of papier-mâché, painted with oil paints or tempera and lacquered. The drawings were stylized images of animals, plants, fairy tale characters and epics. Artists, masters of lacquer miniatures, wrote icons, made portraits to order, painted genre scenes. Each area has developed its own manner of writing, but almost all types of applied art of our country combine such qualities as the saturation and brightness of the paints. Detailed drawings, smooth and rounded lines - this is what distinguishes Russian miniature. Interestingly, the images of the decorative applied art of the past inspire contemporary artists. Vintage drawings are often used when creating fabrics for collections of fashionable clothes.

Art painting on wood

Khokhlomskaya, Mezenskaya and Gorodetskaya painted recognizable not only in Russia, but also beyond. Furniture, Tues, box, spoons, bowls and other household goods, painted in one of these techniques, is considered to personify Russia. Light wooden dishes painted with paints of black, red and green color on the golden background, looks massive and heavy - this is a characteristic manner of Khokhloma.

Gorodetsky products are distinguished by a multicolor palette of paints and a slightly smaller, compared to Khokhloma, roundness of forms. The scenes use genre scenes, as well as all sorts of fictional and real representatives of the animal and plant world.

The decorative and applied art of the Arkhangelsk region, in particular the mesensky painting on a tree, is objects of utilitarian, decorated with special patterns. Mezen wizards use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, South and Ohru, a fractional schematic drawing of Tuessees, boxes and chests, friezes in the form of drivers from the repetitive truncated figures of horses and deer. Static small, often repeating pattern causes sensations of movement. Mezensky painting is one of the most ancient. Those drawings that are used by modern artists are hieroglyphic inscriptions that the Slavic tribes enjoyed long before the emergence of the Russian state.

Wooders on a tree before pulling out a solid bar any item, process wood against cracking and drying, so their products have a very long service life.

Zhostovy trays

Metal trays painted with flowers - Applied art of Zhostovo near Moscow. The once had an exceptionally utilitarian purpose, Zhostovsky trays have long served as an interior decoration. Bright bouquets made of large garden and small wildflowers on black, green, red, blue or silver background are easily recognizable. Characteristic Zhost bouquets are now decorated with metal boxes with tea, cookies or candy.

Enamel

Such decorative applied art, as finifted, also refers to the painting on metal. The most famous products of Rostov masters. Transparent refractory paints are applied to a copper, silver or gold plate, and then burned in the oven. In the technique of hot enamel, as elsewhere called finifesty, make jewelry, dishes, arms handles and cutlery. Under the influence of high temperature, the paint changes color, so the masters should understand the intricacies of circulation. Most often, floral motifs are used as plots. The most experienced artists make miniatures with portraits of people and landscapes.

Majolica

The Moscow Museum of Applied Art makes it possible to see the work of recognized masters of world painting, made in the manner not perfectly characteristic of them. So, for example, in one of the halls is Maolik Vrubel - the fireplace "Mikula Selyaninovich and Volga".

MAIOLICA is products made of red clay, painted on raw enamels and burned in a special oven at a very high temperature. In the Yaroslavl region, artistic and applied art gained widespread and development due to the large number of net clay deposits. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children teach working with this plastic material. Baby applied art is a second breath for an ancient handmade, a new look at folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute to national traditions. Working with clay develops a small motorcy, expands the angle of view, normalizes the psychosomatic state.

Gzhel

Decorative and applied art, in contrast to the elegant, implies a utilitarian, economic use of objects created by artists. Porcelain teapots, vases for flowers and fruits, candlesticks, clocks, cutlery handles, plates and cups - they are all extremely elegant and decorative. Based on Gzhel souvenirs make prints on knitwear and textile materials. We are accustomed to thinking that Gzhel is a blue drawing on a white background, but initially Gzhel porcelain was multicolor.

Embroidery

Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was designed to decorate the clothes of nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk decorative and applied art came to us from the countries of the East. The robes of rich people were expanded by colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is the embroidery with small stitches, in which there is a feeling of smooth, as if drawn pattern paints. In Russia, embroidery quickly went into use. There are new techniques. In addition to the traditional stroit and the cross began to embroider with measurements, that is, laying openwork paths on the voids formed by the ridiculous threads.

Dymkovsky toys for children

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the centers of folk crafts, in addition to the items of utilitarian purposes, hundreds of thousands of children's toys were manufactured. These were dolls, animals, dishes and furniture for children's fun, whistles. The decorative and applied art of this area still enjoys great popularity.

The symbol of the Vyatka Land - the Dymkovsky toy - has no analogues in the world. Bright pedestrian ladies, holders, peacocks, carousels, goats are recognized immediately. No toy is repeated. On a white background with red, blue, yellow, green, gold paints are drawn patterns in the form of circles, straight and wavy lines. All crafts are very harmonious. They emit such a powerful positive energy that it is capable of feeling everyone who took the toy. It may not be necessary to arrange the Chinese symbols of well-being in the form of the apartment in the form of an apartment, plastic red fish or money trees, and it is better to decorate the dwelling with the products of Russian masters - Kargopol, Tula or Vyatsky clay souvenirs, miniature wooden sculptures of Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen. It can not be that they do not attract love, prosperity, health and well-being.

Filimonovskaya toy

In the centers of children's creativity of many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts of Central Russia. The guys like to work with such a comfortable and plastic material as clay. They come up with new drawings in accordance with the old traditions. So domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but also throughout the country.

Mobile exhibitions of Filimonovsky toys are very loved in France. They travel around the country throughout the year and are accompanied by master classes. Toy-whistles are purchased by the museums of Japan, Germany and other countries. This fishery having a permanent residence in the Tula region, about 1000 years. Primitively performed, but painted with pink-green paints, they look very cheerful. The simplified form is explained by the fact that toys have inside the cavity with holes coming out. If they blow in them, alternately closing different holes, it will turn out to be a simple melody.

Pavlovo shawls

Cozy, feminine and very bright shawls of Pavlovo-Poshech became known to the whole world due to the amazing collection of fashionable clothes of the Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. He used traditional fabrics and patterns for sewing women's dresses, men's shirts, other clothes and even shoes. Pavlovo-Poshesky handkerchief is an accessory that can be inherited as a jewelry. Durability and wear resistance of scarves are well known. They are made of high-quality fine wool. The drawings do not fade into the sun, will not be pale from washing and do not give shrinkage. The fringe on the headscarves is made specially trained masters - all cells of the openwork grid are tied with nodules at the same distance from each other. The drawing is flowers on red, blue, white, black, green background.

Vologda lace

Vologda lace famous for the whole world weave with the help of birch or juniper bumps from cotton or linen threads. In this way, they make a measuring flasher, covered, shawl and even dresses. Vologda lace is a narrow strip, which is the main line of the pattern. Voids are filled with nets and bugs. Traditional color - white.

Applied art does not stand still. Development and change occur constantly. It must be said that by the beginning of the last century, industrial manufactories, equipped with high-speed electric machines, appeared under the influence of the developing industry, had a mass production. People's applied arts began to decline. Only in the middle of the last century, the traditional crafts were restored. In art centers, such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Crystal, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk, and others, vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers and new young masters were trained.

Modern types of needlework and creativity

People travel, get acquainted with the cultures of other nations, learn craft. From time to time, new types of decorative and applied art appear. For our country, such innovations have become scrapbooking, origami, quilling and others.

At one time, concrete walls and fences were bloomed the most different drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray-art, is the modern reading of the ancient species of rock painting. It is possible how many adolescent hobbies can be laughed, as definitely refers to graffiti, but look at the photos on the Internet or go through our own city, and you will find truly highly artistic work.

Scrapbooking

Registration of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this occupation is not quite new. Albums designed to save for descendants the history of the family, cities or a separate person was created before. The modern vision of this art is the creation of artistic books with illustrations of authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, musical, photo and other editors.

Quilling and origami

Quilling, translated into Russian "paper", is used when creating a panel, for registration of postcards, photo frames, etc. The technique consists in twisting thin strips of paper and sticking them to the base. The smaller the fragment, the more elegant and decoratively the cauldron.

Origami, like quilling, - work with paper. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper, of which all sorts of figures are folded.

As a rule, all paper-related crafts have Chinese roots. Asian applied art types were originally entertainment. The poor was not engaged in creating beautiful things. Their goal is agriculture, cattle breeding and all kinds of black work. Europeans, adopted the basics of technology, which historically represents a very small and subtle work with rice paper, moved art to the conditions convenient for them.

Chinese products are distinguished by abundance of very small details that look monolithically and very exquisitely. Such work is under the power of only very experienced masters. In addition, thin paper ribbons can be twisted into a tight and smooth coil only with special tools. European lovers of manual creativity have somewhat modified and simplified the old Chinese craft. Paper, curled in a spiral of different magnitude and density, has become a popular decoration of cardboard boxes, vases for dried flowers, frames and panels.

Speaking of decorative-applied art, it would be unfair to get around the remorse, such as the painting on silk, or a batik, bait, or chasing, that is, drawing on metal, carpet, beadwork, macrame, knitting. Something goes into the past, and other becomes as fashionable and popular that even industrial enterprises establish the release of equipment for this type of creativity.

The preservation of vintage crafts and demonstration in museums of the best samples is a good deed that will always serve as a source of inspiration for people of creative professions and will help to join the beautiful everyone else.

The ability to work is genetically laid in man. Art arose as a result of the natural need of a person to the beautiful, sensual satisfaction from the created or seen.
Ancientary artistic activity is decorative and applied art (DPI). People always sought to decorate themselves, their home and things that were used by the most common materials - stone, metal, wood, clay - the people created genuine works of art, expressed by the emotional and aesthetic perception by the master of the surrounding world.

All works of DPI can be divided into two groups. Object items are the first to represent (clothing, various utensils, dishes, furniture, fabrics), where the beauty of the subject is inextricably linked with its benefit.

The second group is represented by the objects of decorative purposes, here is possible a more free interpretation of the means of expressiveness, it is a panel, decorative vases, souvenirs, etc.

Decorative statues, tapestries, mosaic, panels occupy a special place. They can be both a means of decor of the architectural environment and independent works.

Decorative and applied art has a direct connection with the household needs of people, their means of expressiveness. Humanity throughout the whole life is engaged in various activities: homemade household, sports, creativity, a wide range of social, labor, religious functions, etc. There are a huge number of different household items, things that help a person perform different actions. Many of them are related to the field of DPI. Mach to such items from different materials and this may use different execution techniques. Given the important role of the design and technological principle in decorative and applied art and its direct connection with production, the works of DPI are classified according to the functional signs of using DPI facilities, according to various types of materials and manufacturing technology.

DPI classification according to functional features of use.

Bijouterie.

Jewelry.

Decorations from natural materials.

Lighting.

Objects for interior decoration, etc.

Types of DPI on execution technology.

Railway.

Weaving.

Art painting eggs.

Production of glass products.

Pottery.

Metal artwork.

Vytynyanka.

Losophell.

Floristics.

Folk painting.

Artistic processing of bone and others.

Classification based on materials.
Artistic fabrics.

Art textile.

Artistic ceramics.

Art glass.

Artistic metal.

Artistic treatment of wood (carving, joinery, coolest).

Artistic skin treatment.

DPIs will be discussed in more detail in the following articles.

According to the method of manufacturing items of modern DPI There are in two forms: industrial and craft.

The public division of labor at the stage of manufactory, the development of the industry led to the fact that the benefits and beauty, the appointment and design of manufactured products became the prerogative of different specialists.

Over time, the art industries arises, the machine production of decorative and applied products, which make up residential and public buildings, and household goods. Nowadays, except for art crafts, mass production of DPI works is provided by special enterprises of the art industry.

Products of professional and folk decorative and applied art are in many ways similar, but there are also differences. People's artist mainly performs his work manually. The master can work both alone and in the team. Products of folk fishing are not replicated massively. Even if the folk artists in the workshop are manufactured by a series of products, all the same, each thing is individual.

The works of DPIs created at the enterprises of the art industry or in workshops are usually produced by mass circulation. Standards imposes certain restrictions on the work of artists, makes things, objects similar. Also specialists should take into account the demand for the product, the quality of materials from which the thing will be made, equipment Required power, etc. But professional artists create copyright samples that exist in a single copy. If a specialist receives an individual order, then it is free from restrictions and can create such a unique thing that it will allow his creative talent and requirement of the customer.

The organic unity of the form of the subject, which clearly defines its purpose, and artistic and fine means that make the subject beautiful, reflect the professional skill of the author.

There is I. third direction in creating DPI productsIt can also be attributed to craft form. This is a huge army of admirers of creative activity, handicrafts in everyday life. These are people who do not have special education, amateurs, for whom it is a certain kind of artistic amateur activity, a peculiar form of rest, and now and the possibility of additional earnings. Reference, embroidery, carpentry, work, flare, chasing, carving, etc. Activities "at home" who introduce people to artistic creativity, form a taste, high artistic needs.

Creativity at home in our time got the name "Handmade", from English "handmade" - handmade, and also such a name is the process of creating unique products.

Fashion on Hendmade came from west in the 21st century. Now this word is used for almost the designation of the entire creative and original, any manual craft, which invested the particle of the author's spiritual heat.

"Be happy, using me" - engraved the master of the distant Roman era on a small silver spoon. This motto can now be applied to all types of applied arts, let them be happy for whom the benefits and beauty are inseparable.

Presentation description Russian People's decorative - Applied art. This is an art of slides.

Russian folk decorative is applied art. This art has the ability to make joy to life ..., approve positive ideals. People's decorative and applied art ... teaches to love and appreciate what is recognized by the people. V. M. Vishnevskaya

Dymkovskaya clay toy The name of the toy comes from Symkovo Symkovo, now the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Vyatka. The fishery had a family organization - the toy was sculpting women and girls, timed her making to the spring fair. For production is used local red clay, mixed with small river sand

Technics. Figures are pade in parts by turning the desired shape from the clay comedies rolled into the pancake. Separate parts collect and fly, using liquid clay as a binding material. After drying and firing the toy is covered with leaks and paint with paints. The painted toy was covered with a whipped egg to impart brilliance and brightness. Using a wide range of colors - up to 10 colors gives a toy brightness and elegacity. Strictly geometric ornament is built on a variety of composite schemes: cells, strips, circles are applied in various combinations

Skopinsky poter art fishery is a traditional center of folk art on Ryazan land. Its occurrence is obliged to clay, which occurs in large quantities in the vicinity of the city of Skopina. Clay utensils in places where the city of Skopin appeared later, was taken during the times of Kievan Rus. In this dish, the oil was knocked down, the dough was roasted, the milk, water, kvass stored. The year of the birth of Skopinsky pottery is considered to be 1640s. This year, the first name of Skopinsky Gonchar - Demka Kireev, the son of Bernikov appeared in the census of the population. Skopinskaya ceramics

Ceramics molded on a hand machine from many parts, decorated with ornament, colored irrigated glaze. Before the roast of the product was covered with a powder of colored lead glaze. Melting, it turned into a shiny surface with stigs, creating beautiful overflows. Skopinskaya ceramics is distinguished by a pronounced fantasy and fiction.

Gzhel Ceramics Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian ceramics production centers. The broader meaning of the name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is an extensive area consisting of 27 villages united in Gzhel Kush located about sixty kilometers from Moscow in Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now the "Gzhel bush" is included in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. For the first time, Gzhel's terrain is mentioned among others in the spiritual letter of Ivan Kalita, and Ivan Grozny marked it as a "state palace" volost, i.e. the property of the yard.

The famous Gzhel porcelain appeared at the end of the XVIII century. It cost him very expensive and was in honor of merchants and nobles. The secret of this subtle production owned units. The palette of Gzhel ceramics is very peculiar. It is built on combinations of watercolor gentle shades of blue, green, yellow, purple flowers that are applied on a white background.

Khokhloma painting of Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden dishes and furniture made by black and red (as well as, occasionally, green) color on a golden background. On the tree, when making painting is not applied gold, but a silver tin powder. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and is treated three or four times in the furnace, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives a light wooden dishes with a massive effect. Traditional elements of Khokhloma - red juicy berries of rowabins and strawberries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and beasts.

It is assumed that the Khokhloma painting arose in the XVII century on the left bank of the Volga. Currently, Khokhloma is considered to be the village of Corpetnino in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The peasants were pulled out, painted wooden dishes and brought it for sale in a large trading village of Khokhloma (Nizhny Novgorod province), where there was a bargaining. Hence the name "Khokhloma painting", or just "Khokhloma".

There is a legendary explanation for the appearance of Khokhloma painting. There was a wonderful icon painter Andrei Loskut. He ran from the capital, displeased by the church innovations of the Patriarch Nikon, and became in the wilderness of the Volga forests to paint wooden crafts, but writing icons on the old sample. Specified about this Patriarch Nikon and sent a soldier behind the recalcitable icon painter. I refused to submit Andrei, burned myself in the hut, and before my death, you visited people to preserve his skill. I sparks were extinguished, Andrey crumbled. Since then burns a scarlet flame, sparks with gold nuggets Bright colors of Khokhloma.

Gorodetskaya painting exists from the middle of the XIX century. in the city of Gorodets. Bright, concise city painting (genre scenes, horses, cocks, roosters, floral patterns), made by a free smear with white and black graphic stroke, decorated with strawberries, furniture, shutters, doors. In 1936, the artel, manufacturing souvenirs; Masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin. Gorodetskaya painting keeps its origin from carved Gorodetsky spanks, who had its own feature: Comb and Donets. For the decoration, the Donetric masters used a kind of technique - inlay: the figures were cut out of the tree of another breed and inserted into the appropriate deepening.

Gorodetsky style is characterized primarily by meaning. In painting, the main impression give genre scenes. All these images are conditional in character, very free and decorative in shape, and sometimes bordered with cartoon. This is the life of the peasantry, merchants, a lush costume parade. Flower motifs - magnificent "Rosans", written wide and decoratively, especially often the image of a hot, strong horse or a rooster in proud, militant pose. Most often these are paired images, heraldically addressed to each other. Gorodetsky master painting loves flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings by merry garlands and bouquets.

Infini FTI (from Greek Fingitis - light shiny stone) - a special type of applied art, which uses enamel (as the main material) in combination with the metal. Enamels are painted with salts of metals: gold additives give glass ruby \u200b\u200bcolor, cobalt - blue color, and copper - green. When solving specific picturesque tasks, enamel brightness may, unlike the glass, firm. Samples, crosses, portraits, decorations made in the technique of finiftsi, are distinguished by special durability, decorativeness, brightness and purity of paints. Finifty is truly Russian folk art fishery. Rostov jewelers were traded by the production of art enamel in the era of Kievan Rus XII century.

In the centuries-old history of metal artistic processing in Russia, the art of black silver occupies one of the leading places. Since the time of Kievan Rus, the black silver became a highlight of Russian jewelry art. One of the first preserved documentary references to Velikyustuga mobile refers to 1683. Velikyustyugian black

Mobile is a silver alloy with copper, lead and gray. Grinding in powder The composition is rubbed into the grooves stored on the silver pattern of the pattern. When firing, the mobile is firmly melted with a silver surface, giving birth to black graphic pattern. It is complemented by engraving, chasing, gilding, candating background - to the recession of a special sharp tool that creates a grainy texture of the metal surface. From the method of preparation of mobile and the proportions of its component parts, the adhesion strength with silver and black shade depends. Ustyuzhan had their own secret of the composition. From other similar centers, Northern Mobile is characterized by a special strength and a rich range - from the ash-gray to the dense-black.

In cells bounded by flat metal partitions, enamel. Cells fill enamel to the top edge of the partition. The surface of the product is grinning in such a way that partitions and enamel lie in the same plane. Making enamel. Color glass was pushed into powder, a little water was added. The resulting pasty mass was applied to the metal product and burned several times in the furnace. Enamel melted and firmly connected to the metal. Then it was polished to shine. According to the brightness of flowers and the game, the ancient enamels resembled a mosaic.

Mobile, grains, enamel, scan. Grains, small gold or silver balls (with a diameter of 0, 4 mm), which are attacked in jewelry on ornament from filigrants. The grains creates a spectacular black and textured game, enriches the ornamental rhythm of the product. The grains are known since ancient times (in the interfluve, ancient Greece, in the Caucasus), widespread in the Middle Ages (especially in ancient Russia), is also applied.

Jewelry technique, which lies in an attack on the subject of gold or silver grains (gold - on gold, silver - on silver). The use of the grain is very diverse: it is scanned throughout the scan ornament, it turns out parts of the subject with strips, is located in the form of a mesh, rhombus, triangles, forms relief pyramids and bunches. The technique of making and fixing the grain demands from the master of great art. In order to get a large number of the same grain balls, the master must, first of all, cut the wire equal to the length and diameter. To speed up this process, the master wounds the wire on the cylindrical rod, and then cuts this helix. In this way, those obtained in size are equal in size incurred rings are unfolded by tweezers on a large piece of wood coal with rows of small grooves on it, after which they send a stream of the flame of the solder lamp on them. The molten rings in the form of droplets are rolled into the recesses made in the corner and frozen in the form of balls. Cereals can be obtained in other way: rings or segments of the wire are not laid on the coal with coal with coal dust and melted in a cellar. The balls of grain are glued in the appropriate places in the ornament, sprinkled by the solder and attack, often putting the balls of the rods under the balls.

Skan (from the Starrog Slavonic verb "Remote" - to sushi, twist in one thread a few strands), Filigree is the type of jewelry technique: openwork or naked on a metal background pattern made of fine gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or retinue in the ropes. Products from Skan are often complemented by grain (small silver or golden balls) and enamel.

In ancient Russia, the scanning technique began to be used from the IX-X centuries. Then vitua wire for production has not yet been used, and grain used. Products of the XII-XIII centuries are distinguished by high quality, at that time it became more likely to use the Napanese technology, and from the XII century - openwork and embossed scanning, stones began to be used in the manufacture. At the XV-XVI century there is a flourishing of the Moscow Skan. A variety of materials were used: precious stones, enamel, wood, carved bone. The most famous scanshers at the time were an amvelov and Ivan Fomin.

The painting on metal fishery has developed at the beginning of the XIX century in the village of Zhostovo near the Moscow region, the main motive of Zhostovsky painting is a floral bouquet on a black or red background at the heart of art - free brushematic smear and improvisational performance of each composition

Palee The form of Russian varnish miniature painting, which established in the early 20s on the basis of local icon-painted fishery is characterized by a thin and smooth drawing on a predominantly black background, an abundance of gold hatching, the clarity of the silhouette of the flatted figures.