Mark stepped along with the avant-gardeists, Heinrich Emzen and Hanshese Richter was an artist whose genius scared and repelled. Creating paintings, he was guided exclusively by instinct: a composite system, proportions and lights were alien to him.

A person, deprived of the image of thought, is extremely difficult to visually perceive the Creator's canvas, because they do not fit into the concept of exemplary painting and straightenily differ from classic works and, where the accuracy of the lines is erected into the rank of absolute.

Childhood and youth

Movysha Hatskelevich (subsequently Moses Hatskelevich and Mark Zakharovich) Shagal was born on July 6, 1887 in the Belarusian city of Vitebsk, in the art of the Russian Empire, separated for the residence of Jews. The head of the Hatskel Mordukhov family Chagall worked as a loader in the village shop shop. He was a man quiet, devout and worker. The mother of the artist Feiga-It was a woman energetic, sociable and enterprising. She led the farm, led her husband and children.

From five years, Movysh, like every Jewish boy, visited Header (elementary school), where he studied the prayers and the law of God. At the age of 13, Chagall entered the Vitebsk city bourgear class school. True, he did not give any particular pleasure to him: at that time, Mark was an unremarkable stuttering boy, which because of the uncertainty, could not find a common language with peers.

Provincial Vitebsk became for the future artist and the first friend, and the first love, and the first teacher. Young Moses with an expletion painted endless genre scenes, which he watched daily from the windows of his house. It is worth noting that parents did not feed special illusions about the artistic abilities of the Son. Mother repeatedly laid out the drawings of Moses instead of napkins for the dining table, and father did not want to hear about the training of the offspring at the very time at the time of the Vitebsky painter Apudel Pan.

The ideal of the patriarchal family Chagalov was a son-accountant or, at worst, the son-clerk in the house of a wealthy entrepreneur. Young Moses during a couple of months has led the money from his father to school drawing. When the chapter of the family is tired of the tear requests of the Son, he threw the required amount of money into the open window. The future schedule had to collect scattering on dusty pavements in the eyes of laughing towns.

Studying was given to Movesch hard: he was a favorite painter and a nicuddy student. Subsequently, these two contradictory traits of character noted all the people who tried to influence the art education Chagal. Already at the age of fifteen, he considered himself an unsurpassed genius and therefore could hardly withstand the comments of teachers. According to Mark, only the Great could be His mentor. Unfortunately, artists did not have this level in a small town.

I saved money, stepped, saying nothing to parents, went to St. Petersburg. The capital of the Empire was presented to him by the promised. There was the only Academy of Arts, where Moses was going to do. The harsh truth of life introduced the necessary adjustments to the pink men's dreams: he failed his first and last official exam. The doors of the prestigious educational institution did not open before the genius. The guy did not get used to surrender, he came to Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, a drawing school of the Society for the promotion of art. There he studied 2 months.

In the summer of 1909, desperate to find his way in art, Chagall returned to Vitebsk. The young man fell into depression. The pictures of this period reflect the depressed internal state of unrecognized genius. He was often seen on the bridge through the Vitaba. It is not known what these falnial moods could lead to, if Chagall did not meet the love of his life - Bert (Bella) Rosenfeld. Meeting with Bella filled his devastated vessel of inspiration. Mark again wanted to live and create.

In the autumn of 1909, he returned to Petersburg. By the desire to find a mentor equal to the date of date, a new idea of \u200b\u200bFix was added: the young man conceived by anything to conquer the northern capital. Lettering letters helped Shagalu to enter the prestigious school of drawing by the famous meznatki Zvantsoy. The artistic process of the educational institution was led by the painter Lion Bakst.

According to the evidence of contemporaries, Moses, Bakst took it without any complaints. Moreover, it is reliably known that the Lion paid the training of the Hope of the Grandstice. Bakst said directly to Movesch that in Russia his talent does not fit. In May 1911, walled on the scholarship received from Maxim, the scholars went to Paris, where he continued his studies. In the capital of France, he first began signing his work by the name Mark.

Painting

Shagall began his artistic biography from the painting "Deadman". In 1909, the work of the "Portrait of my bride in black gloves" and "Family" were written under the influence of non-approximitivistic style. In August 1910, Mark went to Paris. The central works of the Paris period were "me and my village", "Russia, Oslas and others", "Self-portrait with the seven fingers" and "Calvary". At the same time, they were written by the "Snoyushka tobacco", "praying Jew", which brought Shagal to the artistic leaders of reviving Jewish culture.

In June 1914, his first personal exhibition opened in Berlin, which included almost all paintings and drawings created in Paris. In the summer of 1914, Mark returned to Vitebsk, where he caught the beginning of the First World War. In 1914-1915, a series of paintings from seventy works written on the basis of inventive impressions were created (portraits, landscapes, genre scenes).

In the pre-revolutionary times, epically monumental-type portraits were created ("Seller Newspapers", "Green Jew", "Praying Jew", "Red Jew"), paintings from the "Lovers" cycle ("Blue lovers", "Green lovers", "Pink Lovers ") and genre, portrait, landscape compositions (" mirror "," Portrait of Bella in a white collar "," above the city ").

In the early summer of 1922, Chagall went to Berlin to learn about the fate of the works before the war. In Berlin, the artist trained new for himself to print equipment - etching, dry needle, xylography. In 1922, he shrugged a series of etchings designed to become illustrations for his autobiography "My Life" (a folder with "My Life" engravings was published in 1923). The book translated into French saw the light in Paris in 1931. To create a cycle of illustrations for the novel "Dead Souls" in 1923, Mark Zakharovich moved to Paris.

In 1927, a series of gouisas "Circus Volat" arose with her through for all Shagalovsky creativity by the insane images of clowns, harlequins and acrobats. By order of the Minister of Propaganda of Fascist Germany in 1933, the works of the Master were publicly burned in Mannheim. The persecution of the Jews in fascist Germany, the premonition of the approaching catastrophe painted the works of Stegal in the apocalyptic tone. In the prewar and war years, one of the leading topics of his art was the crucifixion ("White Crucifix", "Crucified Artist", "Martyr", "Yellow Christ").

Personal life

The first wife of an outstanding art worker was the daughter of Jewelelar Bella Rosenfeld. Later he wrote: "For many years, her love covered everything I did. Six years after the first meeting, July 25, 1915, they got married. With a woman who gave him a daughter to Idu, Mark lived a long and happy life. True, fate has developed in such a way that the artist was much survived his muse: Bella died from Sepsis in the US hospital on September 2, 1944. Then, returning after the funeral into the empty house, he put on the easel, the portrait of Bella, written by him back in Russia, and asked IMU to throw away all the brushes and paints.

"Art Mourning" lasted 9 months. Only thanks to the attention and care of her daughter, he returned to life. In the summer of 1945, Ida hired a nurse to care for his father. So in the life of Shagal, Virginia Haggard appeared. Between them, the novel broke out, who presented the brand of the son of David. In 1951, the young lady left the brand to the Belgian photographer Charlet Leirens. She took her son and refused 18 artist's works donated to her at different times, leaving himself only two of his drawing.

Moses again wanted to commit suicide, and in order to distract the father from the duma, Ida brought him with the owner of the London Salon of Valentina Brodskaya. Marriage with her Shagalized after 4 months after dating. The daughter of the Creator regretted this summary more than once. Steph did not let go to Chagola and grandchildren, "inspired" to draw decorative bouquets, because they were "well sold," and thoughtlessly spent his spouse fees. With this woman, the painter lived before the death, continuing, however, constantly write Bella.

Death

The famous artist of art died on March 28, 1985 (98 years old). Mark Zakharovich was buried at the local cemetery of the Saint-Paul-de-Vance commune.

Today, the work of Mark Stegal can be seen in the galleries of France, USA, Germany, Russia, Belarus, Switzerland and Israel. They honor the memory of the great artist and in his homeland: a house in Vitebsk, in which the graphite lived for a long time, turned into a house-museum of Chagal. Lovers of painting creativity and to this day can face the place where he created his masterpieces avant-garde.

Work

• "Dream" (1976);
• "Spoon of milk" (1912);
• "Green lovers" (1917);
• "Russian Wedding" (1909);
• "Purim" (1917);
• "Musician" (1920);
• "For Vavava" (1955);
• "Peasants at the Well" (1981);
• "Green Jew" (1914);
• "Seller of livestock" (1912);
• "Tree of Life" (1948);
• "Clown and violinist" (1976);
• "Bridges over Seine" (1954);
• "Couple or Holy Family" (1909);
• "Street artists at night" (1957);
• "Westing the past" (1944);

Mark Zakharovich (Moses Hatskelevich) Chagall (1887- 1985) was born in the Russian, and then moved to France. In the world, he knows as an artist-avant-gardeist of the XX century. A good schedule and painter, also worked on the scenography, made up the performances, invented the images of heroes. In addition, he wrote poems on Yiddish. Pictures M.Z. Chagal and their photos with names can be viewed below.

Future artist, Movysha Hatskelevich was senior of seven children of Clausers HM Stegal and his spouse F.M. Chernina, who were crowned in 1886 and were a friend of cousin and cousin. M. Shagal studied at home, knew the Hebrew language (Biblical Hebrew), Tora and Talmud. Then he graduated from the Vitebsk four class school. Having studied one year at school Yu. Pan, an excellent teacher and a leader of the Jewish Renaissance, moves to St. Petersburg.

His artistic education Chagal continued in a drawing school, headed by N.K. Roerich, where he was accepted immediately on the third course. From 1909 to 1911 he studied in a private school at Lion Samo-Baksta, who was friendly with S. Dyagilev.

In 1909, M. Shagal met Berta (Bella) Rosenfeld, who studied at the highest female courses in Moscow, and fell in love. It was not a fleeting passion, Bella became his muse, she gave him inspiration. All female images in the paintings M. Stegal look at the audience through the eyes of his beloved woman, the memory of which he kept throughout his long life. M. Shagal lived in a difficult time. War raged around the war, revolution. He often moved, changed his job. In 1916, the daughter of Ida appeared in the family of Mark and Berta.

In 1920, Mark Chagall moves to Moscow and begins to work in the Jewish chamber theater, which was led by Alexey Granovsky. He took an active part in the formation of the theater - made painting the wall, performed sketches for scenery and costumes. In 1921, the opening of the theater was held, marked by the premiere of the play "Evening Shole Aleichema", over which the artist also worked.

At the personal invitation of Ambruz Vollar, a trader with paintings, who supported many gifted artists, stepged with his family in 1923 moved to Paris, where in 1937 he received the citizenship of France. But in 1941, in connection with the events occurring in Europe, Mark Chagall was forced to go to the United States. A few years later, Bella dies from blood infection. After the completion of the Second World War, in 1947 the artist with a new wife, the daughter of the former British Consul Virginia McNill Haggard, and the little son David returns to France. But it did not work with her to create a real family, they broke up in three years.

Relations with Valentina Brodskaya, the owner of the London Salon of Fashion, a daughter of a large sucropman and a patron, in 1952 ended with a marriage.

Since 1960, in the work of M. Stegal, there was amendment. He became interested in monumental species of contemporary art:

• with hobby, various mosaics, colorful stained glass windows, even created tapestries, was engaged in sculpture;
• completed a number of orders for the Parliament building in Jerusalem, after that he was offered many orders for the decoration of the synagogue and Christian temples in Europe.

According to the order of the French President Charles de Gaulle, in 1964, Chagall is working on the painting of the Paris Grand Opera's painting and performs a number of serious works in the United States. In 1973, the artist visited the USSR. His works were exhibited in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Works Mark Stegal were known all over the world, his work earned much attention of many creative people and critics. For a long creative activity, he was awarded the highest government award of the French state - the Big Cross of the Honorary Legion. An exhibition of his work was created to the 90th anniversary of the artist in Louvre. M. Shagal died in 1985 in St. Paul-de-Vans.

Pictures

Creativity Mark Stegal is based on its national Jewish worldview. His first teacher Southell Peng handed him the idea of \u200b\u200bthe direction of the artist. For the artistic techniques of Stegal, his personal visualization of many people's sayings for the Yiddish and the embodiment on the heroes of the Jewish folklore on the canvas are characterized. The artist consider the predecessor of the future surrealism and expressionism.

This is the most famous portrait of the artist's wife. Closeup Chagal depicted a favorite woman, and far below, made in a much smaller scale, two tiny figures are visible. It is assumed that this way the artist depicted himself with his daughter. In the painting, Mark Chagal showed that a great importance that his wife had for his life and all creative activities.

In the center of the picture there was a real sacrament - just that a person was born. However, this does not mean that in addition to the guy and the obstacles, the artist has not depicted anyone. On the contrary, life literally brings life. Someone is focused on the fact that in the family it became more per person, while others are engaged in their affairs and perceive the event calmly. The newborn is in a hurry to show the chapter of the family, a fraudulent old man with a long white beard. It is to him that the hangup is guided, carrying the baby in the pelvis. The picture can be viewed for a very long time and each time to add to the new details seen. Birth, life and death are the main themes in the work of any artist, but Mark Chagal shows it as a common occasion, the attitude to which the heroes of this picture are different.

Mark Chagall wrote this sad picture in 1908. It is very powerful shown by the experiences of a woman who lost their loved one. In the foreground, the dead is visible, it is highlighted by six surrounding burning candles. She is not alone, people still visible nearby. Each of them is experiencing a person's care in its own way. But they have no better mood at this moment. Awareness of the flow of life, the mountain remaining alone. Women is expressed in a musician playing sad melodies on the roof.

One of the first works of the Master in the style of cubism. In the center of the picture, a very close-up is an artist who worries over his next work. On his left hand pointing to the canvas, seven fingers. In the upper left corner, the image of the Eiffel Tower, in the right - in a pile of white clouds there is a small church surrounded by small single-storey houses. What the artist draws is similar to a fragment from Russian life. Most likely, the wishes expressed his hopes and desire to join the French business activity and Russian way, memories of life in Vitebsk and Moscow in his life.

Mark Chagall wrote his picture in 1938, almost immediately after the "Crystal Night". At that time he was in Europe. In the central part of the canvase, the crucifixion of Jesus dressed in Tales, special prayer vestments in Judaism. Color gamut prevails in the picture, with the color of the ivory color. At the feet of Jesus there is a grilled sevenxilent lamp. Jesus is shown as a symbol of suffering from all mankind. It illuminates a bright ray of light. The heroes of the Old Testament are visible at the top, they are in great perplexity and cry. Below the house is burning, the huge language of the flame stretches up. People in panic. In the lower right corner, a figure is drawn, which can be seen on several works of Stegal. It is described as any Jewish traveler or even as a prophet Ilya. In the picture there is a crowd with red flags and the flag of Lithuania of the time. This picture is very valued by Pope Francis.

These are just a few paintings from the big heritage of the famous master of avant-garde. Beschuchekarten Stegal, with the names of the descriptions are presented on our website. Creativity of this artist appreciate and explore our contemporaries. Throughout his life, he tried to express his attitude towards the events around him in paintings and sculptures, mosaics and tapestries.

Russia in the fate and work of Mark Shagal

Life Mark Stegal is the history of a whole era in which all the main events of the world history of the twentieth century are accomplished. Everything that happened in the past century was reflected in the rich work of this artist.

Among the many plots there is one who accompanies all the work of Stegal, is the hometown of Vitebsk. Houses with duplex roofs, Savior-Preobrazhensky Temple, which was seen from parental windows, violinists on the roofs, goats and cows - all these images from childhood are moving from the picture to the picture and together create that special Shagalov world on canvas.

The theme of Russia in the work of Stegal is not only reflected in the plot motifs, but also in the special way of life of the beginning of the twentieth century, which was largely perceived by Chagall from his teachers - Russian artists.

Training in Russia

The first teacher Stegal became the artist Yuri Peng, who opened a private art studio in Vitebsk. He was a leaving from the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, the pupil of Pavel Chistyakov and developed realistic traditions in painting.

In his autobiographical book, Chagall says that he studied at Pan for two months, but many researchers agree that in fact his studies amounted to about five years (he began to attend the studio at fourteen years and engaged in it until nineteen years old). Despite the fact that his own style of Stegal has not yet formed, this period is very important in the formation of a brand as an artist.

Yuri Peng paid the attention of his students to ethnographic details, urged them to capture the world around him in all his diversity: dried fences, Tiles folds, which cover the wrinkled face of the old Jew, many household scenes - he proved on the example of his own work, that such plots can Become an object of art.

Yuri Peng. "House with the goat" (1920s)

However, Shagal did not satisfy the academic style, vacated by Pan. Painting, which he wanted to create, was different from the deliberate realism inherited by his teacher from the heads. Therefore, he leaves his hometown and comes to St. Petersburg.

Without enrolling in the Academy of Stiglitz in 1907, Chagall goes to the Society Society for the Promotion of Artists, led by Nikolai Roerich. The artist and participant of the most famous artistic association of his time "The World of Art" Roerich conducted a global reform of the educational program of the OPH.

He introduced such a thing as the history of the arts, organized an excursion on a regular basis for Russian villages to dating students with masters of a handicraft, opened workshops of ceramics, wooden sculptures, stained paintings, as well as music and choral singing classes. In addition, Roerich at that time was under great influence of the art of Hogen (whose pictures he first saw in Paris in 1901). Brightness of color, decorative motifs and the choice of an exotic plot - this is what the French painter inspired.

Nikolai Roerich. "Overseas guests". Series "Start Rus. Slavs" (1901)

The admiration of the teacher's creativity of Gogen did not pass unnoticed for Shagal. This can be judged by the two works that it creates in 1908: "Self-portrait with a red mask" and "Portrait of a girl on the couch" (now both works are in the meeting of the center of George Pompidou).

In the portrait, where Mark depicts himself, there is one detail that does not immediately rush into the eyes - this is a beard and mustache, which at that time was not from Stegal. And on a self-portraight of Gogen of 1889, who was in the meeting of Sergey Shchukin, there are the most signs of masculinity that Chagall attributed to himself. In addition, the Gogen paint on canvas is unevenly distributed, through the oil layer you can see the rigid texture of the coarse canvas. The same technique can be seen in the work of Stegal.

Another picture of Shagal "Girl on the sofa" (the second name - "Portrait of the Maryski sister") is close to the work of Gauguen "Flowers France" of 1891. This is said about this similar compositions: the figures are depicted against the background of a flat wall and are located on the left side of the canvas, on the contrary - a vase with flowers.

Depicting your sister with short hair and in a hat, Chagalls likes her hero of a picture of Gauguen - a young man with a short haircut and in a straw hat.

Paul Gajen. "Flowers France" (1892)

Quick enough quickly decide to leave society for the promotion of art. In the book "My Life" he will write: "Two years left for nothing." Such a conclusion can be explained mainly by the fact that Chagall felt his chosenness, and the impartial attitude of the teacher to the works of his student caused his disappointment in his very education system itself.

Nevertheless, during training from Roerich, he meets his future patron, an influential deputy of the Duma Maxim Vinver. Thanks to his material support, Chagall enters the prestigious art school. E.N. Zvanta.

Mark Shagal. "Bouquet near the window" (1959–1960)

Here, his teacher and idol was Lion Bakst, a well-known theater artist, famous for his scenery for Dyagilev ballets. At this time, Bakst was impressed by the trip to Greece, where he went to 1907 with Valentin Serov. The art of ancient Greece so strongly affected him that he decided to reconsider his views on classical art.

So the concept of "art of the future" appeared, focused on the work of archaic artists: the drawing should be free, like children, and colors are bright and exciting. Bakst exceeded the symbolic meaning of artistic forms capable, according to him, elevate simple items, as can be seen in children's drawings and primitivistic art.

"New artists must be brazen, bold and rude ... New art should be primitive and rude, it cannot transfer sophistication and aesthetics," Bakst argued. However, his work was not like primitivistic art. Rather, they differed in particular refined and grace of lines.

And yet, at this time, Chagall chooses the style of primitivism for his work. At the same time, such philosophical concepts as "death" and "birth" become the plot of his paintings.

Mark Shagal. "Owning" (1943)

So, in the painting "Deadman", where the first colors at the Shagal become symbolic, the choice of the plot is connected simultaneously with the events that he witnessed in childhood, as well as with theatrical productions, where the heroes die to then go to the bow to the applauding audience.

You look at the picture and see not the horror of death, but a real performance with many ironic details: a woman with raised hands, a violinist on the roof, a man diving into a wooden hut, and an indifferent janitor, which, despite everything, continues to perform his daily work . The primitivistic plan of this picture is hidden many symbolic details associated with Russian folklore and memory images. The synthesis of these components is in the future the art language Mark Stegal. As one of the first biographers of Yakov Tuendhold wrote, "walked in a small provincial life catches ... Some great Genesis."

The result of the St. Petersburg period can be considered the picture "Birth". There is also rude everyday prosaic - the artist with frankness shows the household details of the solemn appearance of a person to light, and at the same time, allusion on the gospel motif of the Nativity of Christ is easily read here. The canonical Christian plot is played here in the genre-place execution. At the same time, the birth is represented by the artist as an act of great life, transforming the everyday situation.

Mark Shagal. Triptych "Resistance. Resurrection. Liberation" (1937–1952)

Birth in Paris

Of course, when the school was announced at the Sightsee of Baksta to Paris (for the design of Dyagilev's ballets), Chagall was discouraged. Favorite teacher leaves Russia - What then remains his student? The answer to this question was obvious to him, and therefore Shagall decides to go after his idol in Paris.

The artistic advantages of the world capital of art did not cause doubts, Chagall was not mistaken: Paris became his "second Vitebsk". He gained his style, the palette became brighter, and the main thing - the special circle formed here that is closely associated with life in Russia.

In Paris, Shagalov reveals painting to himself. First of all, he goes to the Louvre. Considering the paintings of Sharden, Fuch, Rembrandt, it is posing for himself a new path. A little later acquaintance with the works of contemporaries - representatives of the Paris school of those years. And six months after the move, Chagall had a few cloths in his workshop, reflecting the experience of mastering cubism. But the artist was alien to the cold-blooded decomposition of the surrounding world on geometric shapes, cubism was needed to transfer unusual images from the memory, which would lay on each other, creating a feeling of visions from the "past" life in Russia.

So, in his program work of the Paris period "I and the village" of 1911, the composition was built according to the principles of cubism. There is a division into sectors and translucent of one plot in another. The lamb head becomes space for the scene of the feet of the cow, at home, people are turned upside down, the face of the main character is painted in green - all the details of this picture are created from the memory and obey the highest reality, which is behind the visible world, where the memories become symbols.

"Once in Paris, I finally managed to express joy, similar to the pleasure of food, which I sometimes felt in Russia, - the joy of my children's memories of Vitebsk," Chagall writes.

Exhibition "Chagall. Masters Modern" in the Kunsthaus Museum in Zurich, 2013

Despite the fact that Chagall lives in Paris in the workshops of La Ruche ("Beehive"), where artists and sculptors from around the world gathered (Modigliani, Haim Sutin, Osip Thadkin, etc.), Vitebsk Master did not communicate with anyone. From their scandalous neighbors. But he quickly gives acquaintance with avant-garde poets. Sandrar Blaz, Guillaume Apolliner become close to the artist's close friends, they help him in organizing exhibitions and actively promote Stegal on the pages of local media.

In gratitude for the support of support, Shagala creates a picture "Dedicated to Apolliner". The basis of the composition is a giant circle with division into segments, on its background shows hermaphrodis, whose torso is divided from above to men's and female figures. The esoteric meaning of this work gave a variety of readings - this reflects the desire of Stegal to study art from a variety of cultural sources.

As Writes about Chagale Poet Andre Breton in the work "Genesis and Artistic Perspective of Surrealism": "The total lyrical explosion dates back to 1911. It is from now on the metaphor, only he notes his triumphant entrance to modern painting."

Mark Shagal. "Yellow room" (1911)

A surge of artistic self-expression is associated not only with the development of the lessons of foxism and cubism, but also primarily with the definition of its own style, which was able to withstand all theoretical tests and maintain its individuality. The peculiarity of the Schagal language is the choice of certain topics: the motives of Russia, portraits of relatives-Jews, landscapes of the native city of Vitebsk. Each of his work, the artist fills with special spirituality, symbols and mysticism, which is characterized by Russian culture itself.

In 1914, Chagall returns to Vitebsk. He again in a circle of loved ones in his native land. He marries Belle, who met even before his departure to Paris and dreamed of all these years separation. It is with her one of the most perfect samples of love lyrics of the twentieth century.

Mark Chagal for Easel in his studio. The artist posing his wife Bella, behind the master - his daughter Ida. Paris, 1927

Berta Rosenfeld (this is exactly what its real name sounds) was an outstanding woman. She got a wonderful education, acting in the studio of Constantine Stanislavsky, but could not continue learning because of the back injury and was forced to return to his native Vitebsk, where he met the future husband.

The feeling of personal happiness was captured by Chagall in the pictures "Above the City", "Walk" and "Birthday".

Mark Shagal. "Above the city" (1918)

After the revolution of 1917, the Jews appear new opportunities and rights - they receive passports and can participate in the political life of Russia. It seems, now happiness will become universal.

Anatoly Lunacharsky, with whom Chagall met in Paris, now the People's Commissar of Enlightenment, who is entrusted to implement the Lenin Cultural Plan in Russia. He offers Chagall post of authorized arts in Vitebsk. Chagal not thinking agreed.

He does not open hands on the creation of the first Art Museum of Vitebsk and the first art school. I invites you to teach your first teacher Yuri Pan, Ale Lisitsky (also student Yuri Pan), Kazimir Malevich. With the latter there is a conflict, which ends with the departure of Stegal in 1920 to Moscow. However, when analyzing the work of two artists, it becomes clear that antagonism was inevitable.

In Moscow, Nicklipros gives Shagola the opportunity to get a job with his family in a small village of Malakhovka, where since 1919 there was a colony for orphans left without parents after Jewish pogroms in Ukraine in 1919. Here he teaches drawing and in parallel starts working on the creation of decorations for the Chamber Jewish Theater.

Mark Chagall in a drawing lesson in a colony for street children. Malakhovka, 1921

The leaders of the Theater Alexey Granovsky and Abram Efros instructed Shagulu to paint the interior of their first building. For the execution of work, he was given a month and a half, and during this short term he created his own world, or as contemporaries said, "Shagalovskaya casket".

The main panel was "Introduction to the Jewish Theater", in front of it - the frieze "Wedding", four vertical paintings were under it between windows: "Music", "Dance", "Theater", "Literature". To the left of the entrance door - panel "Love on stage".

The ensemble also included a ceiling and curtain. When the viewer fell into the hall, he turned out to be as if inside a solid magic world. For Shagal, like Shakespeare Hero, "The Whole World - Theater". His universe dances, dancing and rejoices with a simple being.

Panel "Introduction to the Jewish Theater" (1920)

Apparently, the anticipation of his soon departure, Shagall invests in the last work in his homeland. In the panel there are stories from a personal biography, there is Chagram Efros himself in his hands, there are portraits of loved ones - Bella and daughter Idis, there are inscriptions on Eidis - these are the names of the ancestors of Shagal. The metaphorical world of the theater becomes the allegory of the life of the artist.

Unfortunately, these works neither the director nor the audience could appreciate the dignity. Frustrated in the new mode and in rejection of the art of magic and magic walked forever leaves Russia forever. Now the connection to the homeland will exist only in the picturesque images of his paintings and personal memories.

Who should have become one of the eight children born at the end of the nineteenth century in a small town near Vitebsk in the family of a poor Jew - herring spreader? Probably, world celebrity. So it happened. And if someone has not yet guess, you are talking about, you know - this is a famous artist Mark Chagall. A brief biography of his childhood, of course, does not contain any hints on the star future. Nevertheless, the name of this person today is quite popular.

Start of a creative path

As a child, Shagal began to study in a Jewish elementary school, and then went to the state, where the lessons were already held in Russian. After the development of the formation of education at school, until starting from 1907 to 1910, he managed to a little painting in St. Petersburg. The remarkable work of the early period of his creativity is the painting "Death", which depicts the violinist (a fairly often repeated image for the artist under consideration) on the background of nightmare events on the stage.

Then the young Mark Shagal moved to Paris, to the studio on the outskirts of the city of Bohemia, to the famous area called La Rush. There he met several famous writers and artists, including Guillaume Apolliner, Robert Delone and others. In this company, experimenting was welcomed, and Chagall quickly began to develop poetic and innovative trends, while under the influence of impressionists and post permissions.

Return to native places

And since that time, his creative biography begins. Mark Chagal loved Paris forever. The artist called him the second Vitebsk. The French capital was the center of world painting, and there Mark unexpectedly acquired fame. It was Paris Mark Zakharovich considered the source of his inspiration. And here it was practically declared one of the founders of such a genre of painting, like surrealism. But he leaving.

After the Berlin Exhibition, Mark Zakharovich returns to Vitebsk, where, however, it does not intend to stay too long, only to have to marry his bride. However, stuck due to the beginning of the First World War, since the Russian borders were closed indefinitely.

But, instead of falling into despair, Mark Chagall continues to create. Marrying on Bell in 1915, he creates such masterpieces as "birthday" and a playful acrobatic cloth called "Double portrait with a glass of wine." All works of this period act as witnesses of the joyful state of the artist during the first years of his marital life.

Revolutionary period in the life of the artist

Jews had every reason to love the revolution. After all, she destroyed the line of settling and allowed many representatives of this nationality to become commissars. And how did it belonged to the revolution Mark Zakharovich? And what information about this period contains his biography? Mark Chagall also tried to love the revolution. In his native Vitebsk in 1918, he even became a commissar for culture, and then founded and led the art school, which becomes very popular.

Mark Zakharovich, together with students, decorated the city to celebrate the first anniversary of October. Officials were not so pleased with the design of the celebration, as the artist himself. And when representatives of the new authorities began to ask the master, why his cows were green, and the horses fly across the sky, and most importantly - that Chagalov's characters in common with the great revolutionary principles and Karl Marx, the passion for the revolution quickly disappeared. Moreover, the Bolsheviks have established a new line of settling, and not only for the Jews.

Moving to the capital and decision to leave Russia

What began to do Shagal Mark Zakharovich? The biography is still associated with Russia, and now he moves to Moscow, where he begins to train the drawing of orphan revolution in the children's colony. These were children who were more than a terrible appeal from the criminals, many remembered the glitter of the steel blade of the knife, which their parents were cut, stunned by a whistle of bullets and ringing the knocked glasses.

Once, passing by the Kremlin, Mark Zakharovich saw the Trotsky out of the car. He was headed in his apartment with a hard step. Then the artist understood how he was tired, and acutely felt that most of all he wants to write his paintings. Neither the royal, nor Soviet power, in his opinion, was not needed.

Mark Chagall makes the decision to pick up his spouse and who already appeared by the time daughter and leave Russia. He becomes the first commissioner who leaves the new state in order not to save the lives of close people, but also his soul from non-free.

New life, or attitude to the work of the artist abroad

Mark Chagal, whose biography and creativity are now no longer connected with their homeland, drove to France - towards its immortality. In the following years, the phrases of the "Genius of the Century", "Patriarch of World Painting" added to his behalf. The French announced Mark Zakharovich by the head of the Paris Art School. And at the same time in Germany in a huge biret, the cloths were burned. Why did he consider his painting of the top of modern art, and then she prevented the embodiment of their "cannibal" ideas.

Probably, it was hit by a sense of personal independence. He was free as God in the process of creating the universe. Wherever I hurt - in Vitebsk, New York or Paris - he always portrayed almost the same thing. One or two human shapes, twisted in the air ... Cow, rooster, horse or donkey, several musical instruments, flowers, roofs of native Vitebsk houses. Almost nothing else wrote Mark Chagall. The description of the paintings shows not only the repetitive images, but also with almost no other plot lines.

Sleep in reality, or what the paintings of Mark Zakharovich say about

And yet the experts and connoisseurs were amazed. Mark Zakharovich showed ordinary items as if the viewer sees them for the first time. He very naturally depicted fantastic things. For simple, not sophisticated lovers of art, Mark Zakharovich, ordinary children's dreams. They are the irrepressible desire to fly. Dreams in the appearance of something inexpressible beautiful, joyful and sad at the same time. Mark Chagall is an artist who passed in his works that at least once in life feels every person. This is unity with a large universe.

This man is known worldwide.

This rarest MiG of Enlightenment lasted in Mark Zakharovich eighty years. It is so much fate let go of the great artist for creativity. He wrote hundreds of cloths. His painting is located in New York to the Metropolitan Opera and in Grand Opera in Paris. His works are also dozens of stained glass windows in the Councils of Europe and in buildings around the world, where many people live who know who Mark Chagal. Biography and pictures of it are popular today not only in Russia. Even in the United Nations there are elements of painting of this talented artist.

Creative biography. Mark Chagal and World Fundity

When Hitler came to power, began to express the anxiety of the artist about the further fate of mankind. This is "loneliness", where Jewish and Christian characters are mixed with the Nazi crowd, terrorizing the Jews. Mark Zakharovich is evacuated to the United States and already there continues his work.

It is worth noting another period in the work of the artist who describes his biography. Mark Chagall in 1944 lost his spouse, and, of course, it was reflected in his works. Bella appears on the artist's such canvases as "Nocturne" and others: in several forms, with ghosts, in the form of an angel or ghost of the bride.

Return to Paris

In 1948, Mark Zakharovich Shagall settled again in France, on the azure coast. Here he receives many orders, develops scenery and costumes to ballet. In 1960, he begins to create stained glass windows for the synagogue of the Medical Center Hadass.

Later he assumes the creation of large projects in the design of the Cathedral in Zurich, the Church of St. Stephen in Mainz in Germany and in the Church of All Saints in the United Kingdom. The greatest artist Mark Zakharovich Chagal March 28, 1985, leaving after himself an extensive collection of works in a number of industries.

Mark Chagall became one of the symbols of the twentieth century, but not his dark destructive sides, but love, striving for harmony, hopes for finding happiness. His immortality is in the ability to convey the presence of the Divine Spirit in every object of the world.

Mark Chagall is a talented person who wrote verses engaged in graphics and illustration of publications, creating unique mosaics and frescoes. But world glory and recognition brought him painting. Painting was the whole of his life.
I drew Moisha Segal (namely this name was given to him at birth) always. And she always adhered to her style, not trying to imitate famous artists, thanks to which became one of the most vivid representatives of avant-garde flow.
Friend and teacher G. Approliner, to whom he dedicated the picture of the memory of Apolliner, invented specifically for him the name of the style - surnatralism. Surrealists and expressionists called Mark Stegal with their predecessor.
His works are honored for the honor of exposing the most famous museums of the world. Until now, there is no full catalog of his works, but even the earliest paintings are priceless.

The picture is simultaneously realistic, and filled with a variety of characters. At first glance, everything is extremely clear - the grandmother-hanging with a newborn in his arms, a woman who has become a mother who has become a mother, a husband sitting next to them on the floor. Shirma, separating the sacrament of birth from the rest of the picture, red - a symbol of female leave? Several men in another corner of the room are talking, they are brightly illuminated - they have condensed illuminated on them? The feminine, compared to the rest of the characters, is very small, and the baby is altogether small, but they are the center of the whole picture, the look attracts them. This is the main thing in life.

The painting, written by the artist in 1908 while studying in St. Petersburg, is understandable to everyone at first glance. The work is realistic, everything is clear in it: death, grief, the pain is visible immediately in the voting and crying woman. Dark paints emphasize the darkness of the topic. Black road, dead man lying in a coffin, dirty yellow sky, poor houses of urban outskirts.
An individual, a kind of view of the artist on the world gives a violinist on the roof, like an inappropriate sad event, but very organically looking at the picture. He plays, probably, his sad melodies.

The picture from the work cycle made during the study of the artist in France. Perfectly assimiced in Paris, Chagall does not forget his homeland.

In this a little unreal canvas, the countryside is disappeared. Woman milking cow, man with scythe on shoulder talking with girl, in the background Street with multicolored
houses.

An recognizable author in the foreground, opposite him, eyes in the eye, a white lamb. It feels unity with nature, love for his homeland, Vitebsk's city (and it is he). White branch, all such a fluffy and clean - symbol of peace, good. Picture written with cubism elements. The use of receptions of FOVIZMA is evidenced by disturbed perspective and unreal dimensions, colors are natural and bright, which is characteristic of impressionism. A talented artist uses in his work all he sees and what is learning.

This work was made by Chagall under the impression of the old Russian and the Byzantine icons. Cartin is written in the style of non-approximitivism, it is both realistic, and at the same time it makes my mystics from it. Characters and action are easily recognizable, although they look unnatural and imperfect. Christ crucified on the cross, which only visually guess, but the imagination immediately telestes it entirely. Faces of people are more like masks, but the plot is such that each of the characters paintings are easily recognizable. The artist does not change its vision of the world and involves its admirers in this world.

Mark Chagall himself said that the painting sketch was made by them in a matter of minutes. When the wife, having decided to please, brought him flowers, the inspiration immediately overtake the master. He fully finalized the picture later, but the idea, the plan was born in an instant, and this interesting job turned out.
This is another non-standard self-portrait of the artist with his wife and a bouquet of flowers. The usual room, ordinary, everyday things from life of any person. Landscape outside the window is such a friend to everyone who lives in a small town. And an unusual scene of manifestation of love and gratitude.

Bright, sunny painting, it is full of optimism. Picnic on the roof under the very sky. How highly climbed these lovers, they are above all and happy everyone. Without difficulty guessing in a young, widely smiling man, the artist himself. He holds his stippled spouse for his hand, her dream come true. They are good together, at that moment they do not think about the bad. They are so good and easy that they are ready to fly together.

Fabulous painting, bright and beautiful sleep, flying over the city in an embrace with your beloved. They finally walked on their happiness, together, together. The city is small, unreal. They are the reality itself, a happy reality, and everything else is somewhere there. There are small houses, small scenes from the life of the town. And the artist and his spouse in their real unreality of sleep.
Here, the ratio of Mark Stegal to his wife is clearly visible. The artist's love lies in her elegant lines, the harness of the mill, the tenderness of the face. Unlike her, he himself drew angry and awkward.

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In the years preceding the Second World War, anti-Jewish moods, premonition of a close and terrible tragedy impose a print on his work. At this time, the main topic of his creativity becomes crucifix.

"White Crucifixion" is one of the most piercing works of the artist. This is a quintessence of suffering from all people from fascist ideology. In this picture, a crucified Christ is a symbol of the suffering of the Jewish people during the war years. The scene in the background is depicting pogroms and killing Jewish families. In this paper, we found the mapping and the pain of the Jewish people, as I saw one of his sons.

This is a very small part of the artist's works, known all over the world. His paintings are exhibited in the largest museums of Russia, France, USA. The most famous collectors argue at auctions for the right to possess the works of the Master.