Latin American literature
Latin America's literature, which exists mainly in Spanish and Portuguese, has formed in the process of interaction between two different rich cultural traditions - European and Indian. The literature of the indigenous population of America in some cases continued to develop after the Spanish conquest. Of the preserved works of pre-aging literats, most was recorded by missionary monks. So, still the main source for studying the literature of the Aztecs remains the work of Fryu B.The Sahagun (1550-1590) The story of the new Spain, created between 1570 and 1580. The masterpieces of the Literature of the Peoples of Maya, recorded shortly after the Conquists: a collection of historical legends and Cosmogonic myths Popol-Wuh and prophetic books of chimam-balls. Thanks to the college activities of the monks, there were samples of pre-columbian Peruvian poetry, which existed in oral tradition. Their work supplemented the two famous chronicists of Indian origin - Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1516) and F.G. Pom De Aiala (1532/1533-1615). The primary reservoir of the Latin American literature in Spanish is diaries, chronicles and relations themselves of the pioneers and conquistadors. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) outlined his impressions of the newly open lands of Christopher Columba (1492-1493) and three letters-relatives addressed to Spanish royal couple. Columbus often interprets American realities in a fantastic key, reviving numerous geographical myths and legends that fill up Western European literature since antiquity to Marco Polo (approx. 1254-1324). The opening and conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico is reflected in the five letters-relatives E. Cornez (1485-1547) sent by the emperor Karl v between 1519 and 1526. Soldier from Cortez's squad, B. Dias Del Castillo (between 1492 and 1496-1584), Described these events in the true history of the conquest of New Spain (1563), one of the most remarkable books of the Konkista era. In the process of opening the lands of the new light in the consciousness of the conquistadors, old European myths and legends were reincarnated and overwhelmed with Indian legends ("source of eternal youth", "seven cities of the sill", "Eldorado" and others). The persistent search for these mythical places has determined the entire course of the conquists and, to some extent, the early colonization of the territories. A number of literary monuments of the Epoch of Conquists are represented by detailed evidence of participants in such expeditions. Among the works of this kind, the famous shipwreck book (1537) A. Cable de Vaka (1490? -1559?), Which in eight years of wandering the first of Europeans crossed the North American mainland in the western direction, and the story of the Novokrojatiy of the adheated Great Amazon River (Rus. Translation 1963) Frya G. Karvakhal (1504-1584) . Another building of the Spanish texts of this period is the chronicles created by Spanish, sometimes Indian historians. Humanist B.The Las Casas (1474-1566) in the history of Indians first subjected to a harsh criticism of the conquistrah. In 1590 Jesuit H.The Etch (1540-1600) published the natural and moral history of Indians. In Brazil, Szares de Souza (1540-1591) wrote one of the most informative chronicles of this period - the description of Brazil in 1587, or the news of Brazil. The origins of Brazilian literature also stands Jesuit Zh.De Anhecheta (1534-1597), the author of the chronicle texts, sermons, lyrical poems and religious plays (AUTO). The most significant playwrights of the period under consideration were E.Pernandez de Eslaya (1534-1601), the author of religious and secular plays, and X.ruison de Alarcon (1581-1639). High achievements in the genre of epic poetry were the poem Majesty Mexico (1604) by B. Baalbuen, Elegy about the adestrated husbands of India (1589) H.De Castellanosa (1522-1607) and Araucan (1569-1589) A.De Ersyli-and-Suniy (1533-1594), where the conquest of Chile is described. In the colonial period, Latin America's literature was focused on the literary modes of the metropolis. The aesthetics of the Spanish Golden Age, in particular Baroque, quickly penetrated into the intellectual circles of Mexico and Peru. One of the best works of Latin American prose 17 V. - Chronicle of Columbian H.Orries Freile (1556-1638) El Carnero (1635) in style is more artistic than a historiographic essay. An even more distinct artistic installation was manifested in the chronicle of Mexican K.Siguens-I-Gongory (1645-1700) of the misadventures of Alonso Ramirez, allegedly genuine history of the victim of the sailor shipwreck. If Prosaiki 17 V. So they could not go to the level of a full-fledged artistic letter, stopping halfway between the chronicle and the novel, the poetry of this period achieved a high degree of development. Mexican nun Juan Ines de la Cruz (1648-1695), the largest figure of the colonial era literature, created unsurpassed samples of Latin American baroque poetry. In Peruvian poetry 17 century. The philosophical and satirical orientation dominated the aesthetic, which manifested itself in the work of P.T. Peralta Barnuevo (1663-1743) and X.Del Valle-I-Kavedeles (1652/1654-1692 / 1694). In Brazil, the most significant writers of this period were A. Viyra (1608-1697), wringing sermons and treatises, and A. Theferandez Brandon, author of the Book Dialogue on the magnificence of Brazil (1618). The process of becoming a Creole self-awareness by the end of the 17th century. acquired a distinct character. Critical attitude to the colonial society and the need for its reorganization are expressed in the satirical book of Peruwan A.Karrod de Lander (1716-1778) a guide of blind wanderers (1776). The same educational pathos claimed Ecuadorian F.H.E.E.De Santa Cruz-I-Especho (1747-1795) in the book New Lucian from Quito, or a worker of the mind written in the genre of dialogue. Mexican H.Kh. Pernanandes de Lardi (1776-1827) began his way in the literature as a Satir poet. In 1816, he published the first Latin American novel - Perikillo Sarnateno, where, as part of the genre, Pikarski expressed critical social ideas. Between 1810-1825 in Latin America launched a war for independence. In this era of the greatest public resonance reached poetry. A remarkable example of using the classic tradition is the heroic side of the song Bolivar, or a victory in Hunin Ecuadorian H.kh.olmedo (1780-1847). A. Belo (1781-1865) became the spiritual and literary leader of the independence movement, which sought in his poetry to reflect the Latin American issues in the traditions of neoclassicism. The third of the most significant poets of that period was HM Encestan (1803-1839), whose poetry became a transitional stage from neoclassicism to romanticism. In Brazilian poetry 18 in. The philosophy of enlightenment was combined with stylistic innovations. The largest representatives were T.A. Antzag (1744-1810), M.I. D. Silva Alvarenga (1749-1814) and I.Zh.Da Alvarenga Peishoto (1744-1792). In the first half of the 19th century. In Latin American literature, the influence of European romanticism prevailed. The cult of individual freedom, the refusal of the Spanish tradition and the updated interest in American themes were closely related to the growth of the self-consciousness of the developed nations. The conflict between the European civilizational values \u200b\u200band the reality of the recently dropped colonial IHOs of American countries has been fixed in the opposition "Barbaria - Civilization". The most acute and deeply of this conflict reflected the Argentine historical prose in the famous book of D. F. Sarmiento (1811-1888) Civilization and barbarism. Livestocking Khuana Facundo Kirogov (1845), in Roman H.Marmol (1817-1871) Amalia (1851-1855) and in the story of E. Hermoreria (1805-1851) slaughter (approx. 1839). At 19 in. In Latin American literature, many romantic writings were created. The best samples of this genre represent Maria (1867) Columbine X. Visaksa (1837-1895), Roman Cuban S.vilverde (1812-1894) Cecilia Waldes (1839), dedicated to the problem of slavery, and Roman Ecuadorz H.L.Moma (1832- 1894) Kumanda, or drama among the savages (1879), which reflected the interest of Latin American writers to Indian topics. Romantic passion for local flavor gave rise to Argentina and Uruguay an original direction - Gaucker literature. The Laro-epic poem of Argentinee H. Hernandez (1834-1886) Gaucho Martin Fierro (1872) became an unsurpassed sample of Gauchatic poetry. The scorpore and the largest representative of the realism in the Latin American literature was Chilean A. Best Ghana (1830-1920), and naturalism found his best embodiment in the novels of Argentinet E.Kambaseres (1843-1888) Puts Salopaya (1881-1884) and no goal (1885) . The largest figure of the Latin American literature 19 V. Cuban H. Marti became (1853-1895), an outstanding poet, thinker, politician. He spent most of his life in exile and died, participating in the war for the independence of Cuba. In his works, he argued the concept of art as a public act and denied any forms of aesthethy and elitism. Marty published three collection of poems - free verses (1891), Ismaelylio (1882) and simple verses (1882). Its poetry peculiar to the tension of the lyrical feeling and the depth of thought with the external simplicity and clarity of the form. In the last decades of 19 century. In Latin America, the innovative literary current - modernism declared itself. The resulting influence of French Parroomans and Symbolists, his Spanish modern modernism for exotic imagery and proclaimed beauty cult. The beginning of this movement is associated with the publication of the collection of poems azure (1888) of the Nicaraguan poet R. Dario (1867-1916). In the pleiad of his numerous followers, Argentine L. Longles is allocated (1874-1938), the author of the collection Golden Mountains (1897), Colombian H.A.Silva (1865-1896), Boliviec R. Haymes Freere (1868-1933), which created the stage for All movement of the book Barquarters (1897), Uruguayans Delmir Agustini (1886-1914) and H. Errera and Rissig (1875-1910), Mexicans M. Gutierres Nahra (1859-1895), A.Nevvo (1870-1919) and S.Dias Miron (1853-1934), Peruvians M. Bogsales Prada (1848-1919) and H.Santos Chokano (1875-1934), Cuban X.Del Casal (1863-1893). Roman Glory Done Ramiro (1908) of Argentina E. became the best example of modernist prose Lartta (1875-1961). In Brazilian literature, a new romantic self-consciousness found a higher expression in Poetry A. Bongsalvis Diaz (1823-1864). The largest representative of the realistic novel of the second half of the 19th century. He became Z. Mashshad de Assis (1839-1908). The deep influence of the Parnassian school in Brazil affected the works of poets A.Da Olweira (1859-1927) and R. Correy (1859-1911), and the influence of French symbolism was noted poetry Zh.Da Cruz and Souza (1861-1898). At the same time, the Brazilian version of modernism is radically different from the Hispanic. Brazilian modernism originated in the early 1920s on the crossing of national sociocultural concepts with avant-garde theories. The founders and spiritual leaders of this movement were M.T. Andrradi (1893-1945) and O.Ty Andrdi (1890-1954). The deep spiritual crisis of European culture at the turn of the centuries made many artists appeal to the third world countries in search of new values. Latin American writers who lived in Europe, absorbed and widely spread these trends, which largely identified the nature of their creativity after returning to their homeland and the development of new literary directions in Latin America. Chilean poetess Gabriel Mistral (1889-1957) The first of the Latin American writers received the Nobel Prize (1945). However, against the background of the Latin American poetry of the first half of the 20th century. Her lyrics, simple thematically and in shape, is perceived as an exception. From 1909, when L. Longles published a compilation sentimental moonarium, the development of Latin American poetry went completely differently. In accordance with the fundamental principle of avant-garde, art was considered as the creation of a new reality and was contlected by the mimetic (i.e. to the imitative) reflection of reality. This idea was the core of Creacionism - the directions created by Chilean V.Uidobro (1893-1948) after his return from Paris. P.Neruda (1904-1973) became the most famous Chilean poet (1904-1973), the Nobel Prize laureate (1971). In Mexico, poets close to the avant-gardeism - H.Trezres butoes (r. 1902), H. Gostis (1901-1973), S.Novo (r. 1904), etc., were grouped around the magazine "Konhendosos" (1928- 1931). In the mid-1930s, he declared the greatest Mexican poet of the 20th century. O.Pas (r. 1914), Nobel Prize laureate (1990). In the philosophical lyrics built on free associations, poetics of TS. Eliot and surrealism, Indian mythology and oriental religions are synthesized. In Argentina, avant-garde theories were embodied in the movement of ultraists who have seen in poetry a set of catchy metaphors. One of the prosecutors and the largest representative of this flow was H.L. Korchès (1899-1986). At the Antille Islands, Puertorikan Choshos Matos (1899-1959) and Cuban N.Gilen (1902-1989) stood at the head of the blacks - general-co-projectile literary flow, designed to identify and approve the African American Plast of Latin American Culture. At the avant-garde basis, the creativity of one of the most distinctive Latin American poets of 20 V was formed. - Peruvian S. Valheo (1892-1938). From the first books - Black Gerolds (1918) and Trils (1922) - before the collection of human poems (1938), published posthumously, his lyrics marked with the purity of the form and depth of content, expressed a painful feeling of human loss in the modern world, a sorrowful sense of loneliness, which Consolation only in fraternal love, concentration on the topics of time and death. The most significant representatives of Brazilian postmodernism are poets K.D.i Andrdi, M. Mendeash, Cecilia Mairelesh, Zh.Di Lima, A.Fr.Smidt and V.Deoras. In the second half of the 20th century. In Latin America, socially engaged poetry is widely developed. Her leader can consider Nicaraguan E. Kardenal. In the course of protest poetry, other famous modern poets worked: Chileans N. Parra and E.Lin, Mexicans X.E.Pacheko and M.A.Montes de Oka, Cuban R.Talton, R. Dalton from El Salvador and O. Ren Castillo from Guatemala, Peruvian X. Eero and Argentine FR.URONDO. With the spread of avant-garde in the 1920s, Latin American drama focused on major European theater trends. Argentine R.Artht (1900-1942) and Mexican R. Ausigley wrote a series of plays, which clearly through the influence of European playwrights, in particular L. Pyardelo and J.B. Show. Later in the Latin American theater prevailed the influence of B.Brcht. From modern Latin American playwrights allocated E. Karbalido from Mexico, Argentica Grislda Gambaro, Chilean E.Volff, Colombian E. Beenaventura and Cuban X.Triana. The regional novel, developed in the first third of the 20th century, was concentrated in the depicting of local specifics - nature, gaucho, latifundists, a provincial scale of politics, etc.; Either he recreated the events of national history (for example, the events of the Mexican revolution). The largest representatives of this area were Uruguan O. Kirog (1878-1937) and Colombian X.E.River (1889-1928), which described the cruel world of Selva; Argentine R.Guiraldes (1886-1927), the successor of the traditions of Gauchatic literature; Famous Venezuelan Prosais R. Gallegos (1884-1969) and the nominator of the Mexican novel revolution M. Asweal (1873-1952). Along with regionalism in the first half of the 19th century. Indichenism developed - a literary direction designed to reflect the current state of Indian cultures and the features of their interaction with the world of white people. The most representative figures of the Spanish American Indichenism were Ecuadoreken H. Iikas (1906-1978), the author of the famous Roman Wasipungo (1934), Peruvians S.aegria (1909-1967), the creator of the novel in the large and alien world (1941), and Kh.M. Arghedas (1911-1969), which reflected the mentality of modern Kechua in the novel of the deep river (1958), Mexican Rosario Casteljanos (1925-1973) and the laureate of the Nobel Prize (1967) Guatemalan Prose M.A. Asseturias (1899-1974). Since the 1940s, F.Kafka, J.Jajs, A. Jid and U.Folkner, began to be a significant impact on the Latin American writers. However, in the Latin American literature, formal experiments were combined with social problems, and sometimes with open political injuries. If regionalists and indilers preferred to depict a rural environment, then in the novels of the new wave prevails urban, cosmopolitan background. Argentine R.Artht showed in his works internal inconsistency, the depression and alienation of the citizen. The same gloomy atmosphere reigns in the prose of his compatriots - E. Malalea (r. 1903) and E.Sabato (r. 1911), the author of the novel about heroes and graves (1961). A messy picture of urban life draws Uruguan X.K.Onetti (1909-1994) in the novels Well (1939), a brief life (1950), Hunt Skeletons (1965). H. L. Kohes, one of the most famous writers of modernity, plunged into a self-sufficient metaphysical world, created by the game of logic, with the shave of analogy, the confrontation of ordering ideas and chaos. In the second half of the 20th century. Latin American literature presented an incredible wealth and a variety of artistic prose. In his stories and novels, Argentine X.ChorTasar (1924-1984) explored the boundaries of reality and fantasy. Peruvian M.Vargas Losa (r. 1936) revealed the inner relationship of Latin American Corruption and violence with the "Machstorm" complex (Iz. Macho - Male, "Real Man"). Mexican X.Rulfo (1918-1986), one of the largest writers of this generation, in the collection of plain stories on fire (1953) and the story of Pedro Pamat (1955) revealed a deep mythological substrate that determines modern reality. The study of a national character dedicated its works by the world famous Mexican novelist K. Fuentes (r. 1929). In Cuba, X.Lesam Lima (1910-1978) recreated the process of artistic creativity in the Roman Paradise (1966), while A. Karpenteer (1904-1980), one of the prosecutors of "magical realism", in the novel of the educational age (1962) connected French Rationalism with tropical sensuality. But the most "magic" of the Latin American writers is considered to be the author of the famous novel of a hundred years of solitude (19 67) Colombian G.Garsia Marquez (r. 1928), Laureate of the Nobel Prize 1982. The Latin American novels acquired wide fame as Hayworth Rita (1968 ) Argentine M.Puiga (r. 1932), three sad tiger (1967) Cuban G. Kabrera infanta, obscene bird of the night (1970) Chilean H. Donoso (r. 1925) and others. The most interesting work of Brazilian literature in the formative prose genre - Certain book (1902), written by journalist E.Da Kunya (1866-1909). Brazilian artistic prose is represented by J. Amada (R. 1912), the creator of many regional novels marked by a deep sense of involvement with social problems; E.Verisima (1905-1975), which reflected urban life in the Romans of the Crossroads (1935) and remains only silence (1943); And the largest Brazilian writer 20 in. J.Roz (1908-1968), which in his famous novel trails of Big Cold (1956) developed a special artistic language for the transfer of psychology inhabitants of extensive Brazilian semi-deserts. From other Brazilian novelists should be mentioned by Raquel di Cayosh (three Maria, 1939), Claris Lypristers (Star Hour, 1977), M.Suses (Galves, Emperor Amazonia, 1977) and Nelida Pinon (Heat of Things, 1980).
LITERATURE
The legends and fairy tales of the Indians of Latin America. M., 1962 Poetry Gaucho. M., 1964 History of Latin America, TT. 1-3. M., 1985-1994.
Kutyushikova V.N. Roman Latin America in the twentieth century. M., 1964 Formation of national literature in Latin America. M., 1970 Mammoths S. Hispanic literature of Latin America in the twentieth century. M., 1972 Torres Rihodekov A. Big Latin American literature. M., 1972 Poetry of Latin America. M., 1975 Artistic peculiarity of Latin America's literatures. M., 1976 Flute in Selve. M., 1977 Constellation Lyra: Selected Pages of Latin American Lyrics. M., 1981 Latin America: Literary Almanac, Vol. 1-6; Literary panorama, vol. 7. M., 1983-1990 Latin American Tale, TT. 1-2. M., 1989 Book of grains: Fantastic pros of Latin America. L., 1990 Cultural Education Mechanisms in Latin America. M., 1994 Iberica Americans. Type of creative personality in Latin American culture. M., 1997 Cofman A.F. Latin American art image of the world. M., 1997.

The encyclopedia of the colley. - Open Society. 2000 .

Watch what is "Latin American Literature" in other dictionaries:

Literature of Latin America, forming a single linguistic cultural region. The emergence of it belongs to the 16th century, when the language of conquerors spread during the colonization on the continent (in most countries Spanish, in Brazil ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Philosophical thought of Latin America countries. A feature of the Latin American philosophy is its peripheral character. After the Conquists, the Phenomenon of Latin (Hispanic-speaking) America appeared, the centers of European education were formed and were ... Wikipedia

Latin American Free Trade Association - (Last; Asociación Latinoamericana de Libre Comercio), in the 1960-80 trade economic association, in which Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Ecuador. Considered as ... ...

Latin American confederation of trade unions - (Confederación Sindical Latinoamericana), unification of trade unions of a number of Latin America (1929-36), adjacent to the Red International Trade Union. Created on May 18-26, 1929 in Montevideo (Uruguay) at the congress of progressive trade unions ... ... Encyclopedic Directory "Latin America"

Science and culture. Literature - develops mainly in Spanish, Portuguese, French and English (about the English-language literature of the Caribbean countries, see West Indian literature and sections literature in articles on the respective countries of Latin America) ... Encyclopedic Directory "Latin America"

Colombia. Literature - Literature develops in Spanish. The culture of Indian tribes on the territory of modern K. was destroyed by Spanish colonizers in the XVI century. The folklore of these tribes (mostly folk songs in local Indian languages) remained only in ... ... Encyclopedic Directory "Latin America"

Argentine literature - Argentine literature, literature of the Argentine people. Developed in Spanish. The literary monuments of the Indian tribes who inhabited Argentina were not preserved. In the literature of the colonial period (the beginning of the XVI - the beginning of the XIX centuries.) Noticeably ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

Argentina. Literature - Literature A. Develops in Spanish, folklore and literary monuments of the Indian tribes inhabited by A. are not preserved. The literature of the colonial period (the beginning of the XVI onset of the XIX centuries) is represented by the poem "Pilgrim in Babylon" L. de Tekey ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Latin America" \u200b\u200b,. In the first volume, the reader meet with such outstanding masters like Cuban Alejo Carpenteer, Mexican Juan Rulfo, Brazilian George Amada, Argentine Ernesto Sabato and Julio Cortasar, etc. ...

• History of foreign literature The second half of the twentieth century, Vera Yatsenko. The textbook on the basis of literary analysis presents the main directions of foreign literature of the second half of the twentieth century. This is: existentialism (J.-P. Sartre, a. Cami, T. Wilder); ... electronic book

The content of the article

Latin American literature- The literature of the peoples of Latin America, which are characterized by the generality of the historical path (colonization after the invasion of Europeans and the liberation of most of them after the overthrow of colonialism in the 19th century) and the general features of social life. For most Latin American countries, the community of Spanish language is also characterized, and from here - the influence of the Spanish cultural heritage. Partly takes place, besides this, Portuguese influence, as in Brazil, and French, as in Haiti, which also affected the language. The complexity of cultural processes occurring in Latin America is the difficulties of self-identification of both individual peoples and the whole region as a whole.

European-Christian tradition brought by conquerors in Latin America came into contact with autochthonous culture. At the same time, a huge gap between the books literature brought from Spain and folk creativity was affected. Under these conditions, chronicles of the opening of new light and conquists, as well as the Creole chronicles of the 17th century, were performed as an epic for Latin American literature.

References of Decolumbov period.

The culture of the peoples of Decumbus America due to the different level of their development was very heterogeneous. If the peoples who inhabited by the Caribbean region and Amazonia did not have written and preserved only their oral legends, the highly developed civilizations of Inca, Maya and Aztec left monuments of writing, very diverse in genres. This is mythological and historical epos, poetic works on the theme of military valve, philosophical and love lyrics, dramaturgical works and prosaic narratives.

Among the epic works created by Aztecs, a partially preserved epic on the cultural hero of Ketzalcoatle, who created people and gave them Mais. In one of the fragments, Ketzalcoatl descends to the kingdom of the dead to get the bones of the dead, of which new generations should grow. In addition, numerous poetic works of Aztecs are preserved: Higher Poetry and the distinguished manifold of the plots of lyrical poetry, for which the well-designed symbols of images are characterized (Jaguar - Night, Eagle - Sun, Ketzal Fees (Pigeon) - Wealth and Beauty). Most of these works are anonymous.

Many Literary Works of the Peoples Maya reached the records of 16-17 centuries. Made by Latin. The greatest fame received historical chronicles Chimpii KorchevelSacred books Chims Bama And the epic work Popol-Wuh.

Chimpii Korchevel - The historical chronicles of the Mountain Maya, a prose art, the first part of which tells about the history of the ethnicity of anyone and KICH to Spanish conquest, the second part talks about the arrival of the Spaniards and the conquest of them.

Popol-Wuh (Book of people) - an epic work, written between 1550 and 1555 rhythmic prose in the language of Guatemalan Maya-Kiche. Popol-Wuh Created by the author-an Indian who wished to take the best qualities of his people - courage, courage, loyalty to popular interests. The author does not mention the events associated with the conquested, consciously limiting the story of the Indian world and the worldview. The book contains ancient cosmogonic myths about the creation of the world and the acts of gods, the mythical and historical legends of the people of Physics - their origin, clashes with other peoples, narration about long wandering and creating them of their own state and traces the chronicle of the Board of Kechi kings up to 1550. The original book was discovered In 18 V. Dominican monk Francisco Himenes in the mountainous part of Guatemala. He copied the text in Maya and translated it into Spanish. Subsequently, the original was lost. Book Popol-Wuh There was considerable importance for self-identification of the peoples of Latin America. So, for example, according to his own recognition, work on the translation Popol-Vukh Completely changed the world extent of such a large-scale author as Miguel Angel Asturias.

Books Chims Bama (books Prophet-jaguar) - Latin recorded in 17-18 centuries. Books of Yucatanian Maya. This is an extensive assembly of prophetic texts, specially written by a foggy language, saturated with mythological images. The obnomen in them is made on twentieth periods (Katunam) and the annual (tuna). According to these books, the predictions of the events of the day were determined, as well as fate of newborns. The prophetic texts are mixed with the texts of astrological and mythological, medical recipes, descriptions of the rites of ancient Mayan and historical chronicles from the time of the appearance of the ICA tribe (10-11 centuries) to the early convection period. Part of the fragments is the recording of ancient hieroglyphic books made on Latin. Currently, 18 books are known. Chims Bama.

The poetic works of Maya were almost not survived, although such writings have undoubtedly existed before the Conquists. The poetic works of the peoples of Maya can be judged according to the Ah-Bam in 18 V. Column Book songs from cytbalce. It has both lyrical love, and cult chants - hymns in honor of various deities, hymns to the rising sun.

The historical chronicles and epic works of the Inca did not reach our time, but many samples of the poetic creativity of these peoples have been preserved. These include the gymnas-chali and chali, who came to the gods-chali and chali, chanting the exploits of the initial military leaders. In addition, the Incas had love-lyrical songs "Arabi" and Elegy songs "Uanka", singing during mourning ceremonies.

Epoch literature Konkista (1492-1600).

It is Columba who belongs to words, which were then repeatedly repeated with Latin American chronicles and subsequently became decisive and for the masters of Latin American literature 20 V., Who tried to take a re-looking at the history and life of Latin America. Columbus said that for "things" they encountered in "India", he cannot find the names, there is nothing like that in Europe.

It is also characteristic that among the heroes of the "new" historical novel, one of the leading genres of Latin American literature in 1980-90, for which the rethinking of the history of the continent, it is a considerable place precisely by Columbus ( Pots in paradise A.Poss, Insomnia Admiral A.RO Bastoza), but the first story of A. Karpenteer anticipating this genre Harp and shadow.

In the composition of the linguist, ethnographer, historian and theological Bernardino de Sauguna (1550-1590) Universal story of new Spain things (publ. In 1829-1831), the information about mythology, astrology, religious holidays and the customs of the Indians is clearly and accurately presented, the state of the state device is clearly stated, the attention is paid to local animals, plants and minerals, as well as the history of the Conquists.

Spanish historian and Dominican monk Bartoloma de Las Casas (1474-1566) Also on his own experience, he was well acquainted with the history of the development of new lands - as Chaellan Diego Diego Velasquez de Cuellar, he participated in conquering Cuba. In the form of a remuneration for participating in this expedition, I received an ekomend, a huge land put on along with its inhabitants. Soon he began to preach among the Indians who lived there. Apologetic history of indiumwhich he started in 1527 (publ. in 1909), The shortest message about the destruction of India (1552) and his main work History Indium (publ. In 1875-1876) - These are works, where the history of the Conquists is described, and the author invariably stands on the side of the enslaved and humiliated Indians. The sharpness and the bezeparity of the judgments are as, according to the author's order, History Indium It should not be published before his death.

Bartoloma de Las Casas, nevertheless, used other sources in his work and other sources, but be it archival documents or evidence of participants in events - they all serve in order to prove: a konkista - dying and human laws and divine Installations, and therefore should be terminated immediately. At the same time, the history of the conquest of America is represented by the author as the conquest and destruction of the "earth paradise" (this image has significantly affected the artistic and historiographic concept of some Latin American authors of the 20th century). Not only the writings of Bartoloma de Las Casasa (it is known that they are created more than eight dozen different works), but its actions are bright and characteristic. His attitude towards the Indians (he refused the ekomenda), the struggle for their rights in the end brought him the royal title "The patron of Indians of all Indians." In addition, he was the first on the American continent, who accepted Holder. Despite the fact that the major works of de Las Casama in the 19th century. There were few known, his letters in a large extent influenced Simon Bolivar and other fighters for the independence of Mexico.

Of particular interest are five "reports" sent by Konkistador Fernal Cortes (1485-1547) Emperor Karl V. In these peculiar reports (the first letter is lost, three publ. In the 1520s, the last in 1842) describes what he seen during the conquest of Central Mexico , On the seizure of territories next to the capital of the state of Aztec Tenochtitlan and the campaign in Honduras. In these documents, the influence of the Knight's novel (the Acts of Conquistadors and their moral appearance are presented as acts of knights with their Knight's Code), while the author considers the conquered Indians as children who are required by the patronage and protection that, in his opinion, can only provide a strong state headed by the perfect ruler). Report, distinguished by high literary advantages and expressive details, were repeatedly used by Latin American authors as a source of artistic themes and images.

In something similar with these "reports" and Letter king Don Manuel (1500), addressed to the monarch of Portugal, the author of which Peru Vaz di Kaminya accompanied during the expedition of Admiral Pedro, Alvarish Kabral, who opened Brazil.

Bernal Diaz Del Castillo (1495 or 1496-1584) as a soldier got into Mexico together with Fernal Cortes, and therefore Genuine history of the conquest of new Spain (1563, publ. In 1632) insisted on his right to speak out from the face of a witness of events. Polemizing with official historiography, he writes about the details of the military campaign, while not overestimating Cortes and his associates, but also not criticizing them for rigidity and greed, as some authors. Nevertheless, the Indians are also not the object of its idealization - dangerous enemies, they, however, are not deprived of the eyes of chronic and positive human traits. With some inaccuracies in terms of titles and dates, the essay is interesting to its specificity, the complexity of the patterns of characters, and in some features (inheritance, the ability of the narrative) can be compared with the knightly novel.

Peruvian Chronist Filipe Guaman Poma De Ayala (1526 or 1554-1615), left the only work - First New Chronicle and Good Boardon which he worked for forty years. The work discovered only in 1908 presents the Spanish text, but with inclusions in the language of Kechua, and half of the extensive manuscript occupy drawings with signatures (unique patterns of pictographic). This author, by the origin of the Indian who adopted Catholicism and was some time in the Spanish service, considers the conquistrah as a fair act: the efforts of Conquistadors the Indians return to the righteous path lost by them in the days of Incan Board (it should be noted that the author belonged to the royal family of Yarovilkov Which Incas pushed themselves into the background), and Christianization contributes to such a return. Genocide against Indians Chronist considers unfair. Pepling in the composition of the chronicle, enormous and legend, and autobiographical motifs, and memories, and satirical passes, contains ideas of social reorganization.

Another Peruvian Chronist Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (approx. 1539-ok. 1616), Metis (his mother was an Incan princess, a father - a highly spanish nobleman), a European educated person, nevertheless, perfectly knew the history and culture of the Indians, became famous as the author Works Genuine comments that are told about the origin of the Incas, the rulers of Peru, about their beliefs, laws and the Board in the Godina of War and Godina of the World, about their lives and victories, about everything that this empire and the republic is before the arrival of the Spaniards (1609), the second part of which was published called Universal History Peru (publ. in 1617). The author who used both archival documents and the oral stories of the priests, believing that the Indians and Spaniards are equal to God and condemning the horrors of the Conquists, while it claims that Christianity bearing the indigenous population is for them, although the culture and customs of the Inca Also extoded by the author. This essay, as some researchers believe, influenced T. Makpanellu, M. Montamy and French enlighteners. Among other works of the same author Translation Dialogues about love Leon Ebreo (publ. In 1590) and Florida (1605), historical essay dedicated to the Expedition of Conquistador Hernando de Soto.

The works of chronicists partly adjoin the works created in the epic poem genre. Such is Poem Araucan (The first part of the publ. In 1569, the second in 1578, the third in 1589) of the Spaniard Alonso de Ersilie-and-Sunigi (1533-1594), who participated in the suppression of the Uprising of the Indians and, based on his immediate impressions, created a work dedicated to the War of Spaniards And the Araukan Indians. Spaniard characters in Araucan They have prototypes and are named with genuine names, it is important that the author began to create a poem in the midst of events, the first part was started on the pieces of paper and even on pieces of wood crust. Indians from the author who idealizes them, something resemble the ancient Greeks and Romans, besides (it is distinguished Araucan From works on the topic of conquists), Indians are shown as a proud people, a high culture carrier. The poem has gained enormous popularity and caused a number of similar works to life.

So, soldiers, and subsequently the priest Juan de Castellanos (1522-1605 or 1607), author Elegy about the adoptive husbands of India (The first part of the publ. In 1598, the second in 1847, the third in 1886), first wrote his work prose, but then, under the influence Araucans, redoned it into the heroic poem written in the Royal Octavas. The poetic chronicle, where the biographies of people famous for the conquest of America were set out (Christopher Columbus) among them, many of the Renaissance era literature. The own impressions of the author of the poem also played a considerable role, and the fact that he was personally familiar with many of his heroes.

In controversy with the poem Araucan Epic poem has been created Tamed Arauko (1596) Creola Pedro de Oneja (1570? -1643?), Representative at the same time Chilean and Peruvian literature. The author who participated in the battles against the rebels of the Indians describes the acts of Vice-King Peru Marquis de Knette. From his other works should be called a poetic chronicle Earthquake in Lima (1635) and religious poem Ignasius Cantabriysky (1639), dedicated to Ignatia Loyole.

Epic Poles Martina Del Barco Centers Argentina and Konkista Rio de la fees and other events in the kingdoms of Peru, Tucuman and the state Brazil (1602) and Gaspara Perez de Villagra History of New Mexico (1610) not as much as poetic works as documentary evidence.

Bernardo de Balbuena (1562-1627), Spaniard, who was brought in early childhood to Mexico, subsequently Bishop Puerto Rico, became famous for the poem in eight chapters Majesty Mexico City (publ. - 1604), which became one of the first works in the style of Creole Baroque. The brilliant and rich city is represented as paradise on Earth, and "Wild Indian" loses next to all this splendor. From the preserved work of this author (much was lost when, in 1625, his personal library was killed in 1625 when the Dutch attack on San José) can also be called a heroic fiction poem Bernardo, or Victory at Ronsevale (1604) and pastoral novel Golden Age In the Terms of Eraphile Dr. Bernardo de Balbuen, in which he reliably recreates the shepherd style of theocrit, Vergil and Sannadzaro and pleasantly imites him (1608), where verses are combined with prose.

Epic poem Expopoeia (publ. In 1601) Brazilian poet Bentu Teixira, related thematically with Brazil, was written under the strong influence of the poem Luisiada Portuguese poet Luisi di Kamoens.

Created chronicle texts and Jose Di Anhete (1534-1597), called the "Apostle Brazil" for his missionary activities. Nevertheless, in the history of literature, he remained as the founder of Latin American drama, whose plays on the plots, hoped from the Bible or from the living literature, include elements of the local folklore.

In general, the chronicles of the 16th century. It is possible to divide into two types: these are the chronicles that are trying with a possible fit to recreate the picture of the new light, while entering it in the context of world history ("universal stories"), and the narrative of the first person, which are created by direct participants of those or other events. The first can be correlated with the "new" novel that developed in the Latin American literature of the 20th century, and the second - with the so-called "literature of evidence", that is, documentary literature, which is partly the reaction to the "new" novel.

A special role was played for modern Latin American literature the work of chronicists of 16-17 centuries. Republished or published for the first time in the 20th century, the works of these authors (except those named above, it is worth mentioning the works of Hernando de Albao Tesosomomok, Fernando de Alba Ishtliestl, Bernardino de Sauguna, Pedro de Cieza de Leon, Hussfa de Akosta, etc.) had a huge impact And on self-awareness, and on the work of almost all Latin American writers, regardless of the genre in which they work. So, Alejo Carpentener noted that he reviewed his creative attitudes after it discovered these chronicles. Miguel Angel Asturias in speech upon receipt of the Nobel Prize called chronicists with the first Latin American writers, and Genuine story of the conquest of New Spain Bernal Diaz Del Castillo is the first Latin American novel.

Pafos discovery of the new world and the name of the things encountered in it, two of the most important mythologies associated with the new light, - the Metaphor of the "Ground Paradise" and the metaphor of "embodied hell", which were manipulated by the followers of utopian or anti-astope thought, interpreting the history of Latin America, as well as the atmosphere of waiting "Miracle", which painted the compositions of chronicists - all this did not just anticipate the search for Latin American literature 20 century, but also actively affected it, determining these searches directed, first of all, on the self-identification of Latin American culture. And in this sense, the words of Pablo Neruda are deeply correct, which in his Nobel speech, speaking of modern Latin American writers, said: "We are chronists who have been late with birth."

The flourishing of colonial literature (1600-1808).

As a colonial building strengthened, Latin American culture developed. The first in Latin America printing the machine appeared in Mexico City (New Spain) about 1539, and in 1584 - in Lima (Peru). Thus, both capitals of the largest vice-kingdoms of the Spanish Colonial Empire, competing not only in pomp and wealth, but also in enlightened, they received the possibility of their own typography. This is especially important for the reason that both cities in 1551 received university privileges. For comparison, in Brazil not only there was no university, but the book printing itself was forbidden to the end of the colonial period).

There were a lot of people who gave their leisure to writing. The theater developed, and although for the entire 16th century. Theatrical action served as one of the funds in missionary activities, there were also plays, telling in the languages \u200b\u200bof the indigenous population about the times preceding the conquest. The authors of these works were Creoles, and in remote corners of this kind, theatrical works were extended to the middle of the 19th century. Nevertheless, a repertoire associated with Spanish or Portuguese theatrical traditions received the greatest distribution. The native of Mexico Juan Ruiz de Alarcon-I-Mendoza (1581-1639) is one of the largest Spanish playwrights of the Golden Age of Spanish literature ( cm. Spanish literature).

He is experiencing flourishing and poetry. In the poetic competition, which took place in Mexico City in 1585, more than three hundred poems participated. An important role was played by the emergence in late 16 and early 17th centuries. and existed until the second half of the 18th century. Creole Baroque is an artistic style for which regional, purely Latin American features are characteristic. This style was formed under the strongest influence of such varieties of Spanish Baroque, as "conservation" of Francisco Kesvedo and "Cultureanism" Luis de Gongor, who was often devoted to the mentioned festivals of poetry in Mexico City.

The characteristics of this style can be distinguished in the poems of Bernardo de Balbuen and Pedro de One, as well as in the poem. Christian (1611) Diego de Obian. There are also in the works of Francisco Brahon Matias de Bokanegra, Fernando de Alba Ishtlilshchitple, Miguel de Gevara, Arias de Villobos (Mexico), Antonio de Leon De Pinela, Antonio de la Calaqu, Francisco De Valverde (Peru), Francisco Gaspara de Villarroel And Ordones (Chile), Hernando Dominghees Camargo, Hasinto Evia, Antonio Bastides (Ecuador).

From Mexican poets, whose works are distinguished by a local originality, Louis Sandoval-I-Sapata, Ambroso Sandov and Agirre, Alonso Ramirez Vargas, Carlos Siguenza-and-Gongor, should be very highlighted by the creativity of Huan Inez de la Cruz poetess (1648 or 1651 -1695). This woman with a difficult fate, who became a nun, also wrote prose and dramatic works, however, it was her love lyrics that had the greatest impact on the emerging Latin American literature.

Peruvian Poet Juan Del Valle-I-Kavedez (1652 or 1664-1692 or 1694) cultured in his verses an image of a low-fledged poem, while masterfully owning a version and perfectly knowing modern literature to him. His collection of satirical poems Tooth Parnas. I could get into the light only in 1862, and in the form, as the author prepared it, in 1873.

Brazilian poet Gregory di Matus Gerra (1633-1696), as well as Juan del Valier and Kuedes, experienced the influence of Francisco Keveda. The poems of the Gerra were widely known to the public, but the most popular was not a love or religious lyrics, but satire. His full sarcasm of epigrams were sent not only against representatives of the ruling classes, but also against the Indians and Mulatov. The dissatisfaction of the authorities caused by these satires was so great that the poet was at 1688 Soslated to Angola, from where he returned shortly to death. But his popularity among the folk masses was such that the "Ruor of the Devil", as they also called the poet, became one of the heroes of Brazilian culture.

Creole Baroque with his central themes of "Creole Motherland" and "Creole Glory", as well as abundance and wealth of Latin America, which affected the metaphorical and allegorical decolation as a stylistic dominant, influenced the concept of the barochness, which was developed in 20 V. Alejo Carpentener and José Lima Lima.

It should be especially noted by two epic poems that were created regardless of Creole Baroque. Poem Uruguay (1769) Jose Basilua da Gama is a kind of report on the joint portuguese-Spanish expedition, the purpose of which is the reservation of Indians in the Valley of the Uruguay River, which is under the control of Jesuits. And if the original version of this essay is frankly Perezaisuit, then the version that saw the light is absolutely the opposite of her, what was the desire for the poet to earn a favor, the power of the property. This is a work that cannot be called in the full sense of historical, however, is one of the most important works of Brazilian literature of the colonial period. Particularly interesting to the survey scenes from the life of the Indians. The work is considered the first essay where the features of indianism, flows in the Creole art of Latin America, for which the interest in the life and the spiritual world of the Indians are characteristic of the Creole Art of Latin America.

Decent mention and epic poem Karamur (1781) Brazilian poet Jose di Santa Rita Dulina, who was hardly the first made Indians with the subjects of the literary work. The epic poem is ten songs, the main character of which Diego Alvarez, Karamur, what his name is his Indians, is devoted to the opening of Baia. The life of the Indians and Brazilian landscapes is given in this work an important place. The poem remained the main essay of the author who destroyed most of their creations due to the fact that they did not receive immediate recognition of the public. Both of these poise should be perceived as a proclaiming that arose soon in the Latin American literature of romanticism.

The novels in Latin America were prohibited, so this kind of literature appeared much later, but their place was occupied by works of historical and biographical character. One of the best writings in this way is Satira Peruvantonio Karryo de La Bandera (1716-1778) Guide for blind travelers (1776). The author, postal employee, because of the danger of persecution, wrote under the pseudonym, chose for his book the form of a travel story from Buenos Aires to Lima.

In late 18 and early 19 centuries. Two most important paradigms of Latin American culture are affected. One of them is associated with the politicization of the artistic and life position of the writers, their direct participation in political events (and in the future such a state of affairs becomes almost obligatory). Brazilian revolutionary Joquin Jose Desilva Javier (1748-1792) was headed by the so-called "conspiracy of poets", in which famous writers took part. The uprising against the Portuguese government in Brazil, at the head of which he stood was suppressed, and his head, after the political process that was continued for several years, was executed.

The second paradigm is a complex relationship of "territoriality" and "extraterritoriality", characteristic of a certain type of Latin American consciousness. Free movement throughout the continent, in which the exchange of creative discoveries and opinions (so, Venezuelan A. Belo lives in Chile, in Chile and Paraguay Argentine D.F. Sarmiento, in the US, Mexico and Guatemala Kubinets José Marty), at 20 in . Transformed into the tradition of forced expanding or political emigration.

Literature of the 19th century.

Romanticism.

Political independence from Spain and Portugal did not marked the end of despotism. Economic instability, social inequality, the oppression of Indians and Negroes - all this was everyday life for the overwhelming majority of Latin American states. The situation itself contributed to the emergence of satirical works. Mexican José Hoakin Fernandez de Lardi (1776-1827) creates a picasy novel Life and acts of Perikillo Sarnateno, described by himself in editing their children (TT. 1-3 - 1813, TT. 1-5 - 1830-1831), which is considered the first Latin American novel.

The war for independence, which lasted in Latin America from 1810 to 1825, not only influenced the patriotic feelings of Latin Americans, it largely caused a surge of Latin American poetry. Ecuadoreken José Hoakin de Olmedo (1780-1847), who wrote an anacontic and bucolic lyrics in his youth, created a lyrol-epic poem Victory with Hunin. Song Bolivaru (publ. In 1825), which brought him wide fame.

Venezuelan Andres Belo (1781-1865), a scientist and a public figure, the author of many works on history, philosophy, philologists and jurisprudence, became famous as a poet, defending classic traditions. Among its most notable works - Poem Appeal to poetry (1823) and Oda Agriculture in the tropical zone (1826) - fragment and not written epic poems America. His opponent who defended in the dispute about the literature of the romanticism position, the Argentine writer and the public figure of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811-1888) is an extremely indicative sample of the Latin American writer. A wrestler with dictatorship Juan Manuel Rosas, he founded a number of newspapers. The most famous essay - Civilization and barbarism. Life-friendly Khuana Facundo of Kiroga. Physical appearance, customs and morals of the Argentine Republic (publ. In 1845), where, the story of Rosas's associate life, he explores the Argentine society. Subsequently, taking the post of President of Argentina, the writer carried out the provisions that he defended in his books.

Cuban Jose Maryae - and-Erdia (1803-1839), a wrestler for the destruction of the colonial dependence of Cuba from Spain, almost all his life lived as a political exile. If in its work On theocalli in cholule (1820) the struggle between classicism and romanticism is still noticeable, then Oda Niagare (1824) wins the romantic beginning.

The same opposition of civilization and barbarism, as in the book of D.F. Sarmiento, is present in the works of other Argentine writers, in particular, in Roman José Marmol (1817-1871) Amalia (journal. - 1851), which is the first Argentine novel, and in an artistic and journalistic essay Slaughter (publ. In 1871) Esteban Echverry (1805-1851).

Among the works of the romantic genre should be mentioned novels Maria (1867) Colombian Jorge Isax (1837-1895), Cecilia Valdez, or Angel Hill (1st ed. - 1839) CubanCyrilo Villaverde (1812-1894), Kumanda, or drama among wild Indians (1879) Ecuadorian Juan Leon Measures (1832-1894), created in the direction of Indichenism.

Gaucho literature, which has no analogues literary genre, born in Argentina and Uruguay, gave such works as Rafael's poem Santos Vega (1887) On the legendary singer and written in the humorous veneer Fausto (1866) ESTANISLAO DEL CAMPO. However, the highest achievement in this genre is the Laro-Epic Poem of Argentine José Hernandez (1834-1886) Martin Fierro (The first part - 1872, the second part - 1879). This poem, just like Facundo (1845) D.F. Sarmiento, became the predecessor who developed subsequently "televuric literature". The first is connected with the concept of tellurism (from the IC. - Earth, Soil) in the Argentine philosophy, represented by the compositions of R.ROhas, R. Slabarini Ortis, E. Malalea , E.Martineza Estrada. The main thesis of tellurism is to maintain the possibility of the secret effect of nature per person, to escape from under the influence of geographical factors on the culture, to go into historical being, and thereby break through from a non-cultural culture - to genuine.

Realism and naturalism.

The natural reaction to the attraction of romanticism to all unusual and brightness was the interest of the authors for everyday life, its characteristics and traditions. Costumebrichism, one of the directions in the Latin American literature, whose name goes back to the Spanish "El Costumbre", which is translated as "knitting" or "custom", has experienced a strong effect of Spanish crutumbrry. For this direction, sketches and moralizing essays are characterized, and events are often shown in a satirical or humorous perspective. Costumebrich is subsequently transformed into a realistic regionalist novel.

Nevertheless, realism itself for Latin American literature this period is not characteristic. The Creativity of the Chilean Prosaika Alberto Brinis Ghana (1830-1920) is developing under the strong influence of the European Literary Tradition, in particular, the novels of Onor de Balzak. Ghana novels: Arithmetic love (1860), Martin Rivas (1862), Ideal Hard (1853). Argentine writer Eugenio Kambasises (1843-188), a representative of naturalism, focused on the novels in the spirit of Emil Zol, created such novels as Putting Shalopaya (1881-1884) and Without a goal (1885).

The combination of realism with naturalism is marked by the Roman Brazilian Manuel Anthony Di Almeida (1831-1861) Memories of sergeant police (1845). The same trends are traced in the prose of Brazilian Alisia Gonzalvis Azeveda (1857-1913), among the most famous works of which novels Mulatto (1881) and Pension (1884). The realism marked the novels of the Brazilian Joacina Maria Mashadi Di Assis (1839-1908), whose work influenced the Latin American literature as a whole.

Modernism (the last quarter of the 19th century - 1910).

Latin American modernism for whom the close connection of it with romanticism is characterized, has experienced the impact of such major phenomena of European culture as the Parnassian School ( cm. Parnas), symbolism, impressionism, etc. At the same time, as well as for European modernism, it is significant that modernism of Latin America is presented in the overwhelming majority of poetic works.

One of the largest figures in Latin America's literature is 19 V., As well as in Latin American modernism - Cuban poet, thinker and politician Jose Julian Marty (1853-1895), which for its national liberation struggle against the colonial dominion of Spain received from the Cuban People Title "Apostle". His creative heritage includes not only poetry - poetic cycle Ismaelo. (1882), collections Free verses (publ. In 1913) and Simple verses (1891), but also a novel Rock friendship (1885), close to the literature of modernism, essays and essays from which should be allocated Our America (1891), where Latin America is opposed to America Anglo-Saxon. H. Marti is also an ideal example of a Latin American writer, whose life and creativity merge together and subordinate to the struggle for the benefit of all Latin America.

As another significant representative of the Latin American modernism, the Mexican Manuel Gutierres Nachora (1859-1895) should be mentioned (1859-1895). During the lifetime of this author, the light saw a collection Fragile stories (1883), which represented him as a prose, while poetic works were collected only in posthumous books Poetry Manuel Gutierres (1896) and Poems (1897).

Columbian José Asuncion Silva (1865-1896) also deserved fame only after his early death (due to material difficulties, and also because a significant part of his manuscripts died during shipwreck, the poet committed suicide). His poetic collection saw the light in 1908, while the novel Packaging conversations - Only in 1925.

Cuban Julian Del Casal (1863-1893), who spoke with newspaper essays, in which the aristocracy was exposed, became famous, first of all, as a poet. In his life, collections were published Leaves in the wind (1890) and Dnah (1892), and posthumously published book Busts and rhymes (1894) combined poems and small prose.

Nicaraguan poet Ruben Dario (1867-1916) became the central figure of the Latin American Modernism. His collection Azure (1887, addition. - 1890), which united poems and prosaic miniatures, became one of the most important milestones in the development of this literary movement, and in the collection Pategory Psalms and other poems (1896, addition. - 1901) became the culmination of Latin American modernism.

Prominent figures of the modernist movement - Mexican Amadonervo (1870-1919), the author of numerous books, among whom - poetic collections Pois (1901), Exodus and Flowers Road (1902), Vote (1904), Gardens of my soul (1905) and collections of stories Wearing souls (1906), They are (1912); Peruanian José Santos Chokano (1875-1934), which actively participated in the political life of Latin America, including fought in the ranks of the Francisco Villa army during the Mexican Revolution. After the overthrow of the President Guatemala Manuel Estrades Cabrera, who had an adviser, was sentenced to death, but he was alive. Returning in 1922 to his homeland, José Santos Chokano was marked by the title "National Poet Peru". Modernist trends affected verses united in collections Soul america. (1906) and Fiat LUX (1908).

It is also necessary to mention Bolivian Ricardo Haymes Freere (1868-1933), the author of the collections Barbaric campaign (1897) and Dreams - this is life (1917), Colombian Guillermo Valencia (1873-1943), author of collections Poem (1898) and Rituals (1914), Uruguayan Julio Errera and Rassiga (1875-1910), author of poems cycles Abandoned parks, Easter Time, Water watches (1900-1910), as well as Uruguayan Jose Enrique Rodo (1871-1917), one of the largest Latin American thinkers who considered the idea of \u200b\u200bcultural synthesis in the essay Ariel (1900) and put forward by the idea that it was Latin America who should carry out such a synthesis.

A mansion stands Brazilian modernism, originated in the early 1920s, whose hedlemen and the central figures of which were Mariu Raul Morais De Anddi (1893-1945) and Jose Dawd Di Andradi (1890-1954).

The positive value of the Latin American modernism has affected not only that this literary course has gathered a lot of talented authors in its ranks, but also that it has updated the poetic language and poetic technique.

Modernism actively influenced those masters who were subsequently able to free themselves from his influence. Thus, the Argentine Poet and Prosais Leopoldo Lougones (1874-1938) began as a modernist, which was reflected in poetic collections Golden Mountains (1897) and Twilight in the garden (1906). Enrique Gonzalez Martinez (1871-1952), pushing out from the provisions of modernism, in the collection Secret trails (1911) broke with this tradition, taking advantage of a new poetic system.

20th century.

Latin American literature 20 V. Not only unusually rich, its situation has fundamentally changed among other national literature. The change was already reflected in the fact that the Chilean poetess Gabriel Mistral (1889-1957), the first of the Latin American writers, was noted in 1945 Nobel Prize.

Avant-garde searches were played a huge role in this high-quality jump, through which most famous Latin American writers took place. The Chilean poet Vicente Widobro (1893-1948) put forward the concept of "Creacionism", according to which the artist must create his own aesthetic reality. Among his poetic books, collections in Spanish Equatorial (1918) and Citizen oblivion (1941), and compilations in French Square horizon (1917), Suddenly (1925).

Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (1904-1973), who received the Nobel Prize in 1971, began to write in the avant-garde poetics, choosing as a poetic form, the most adequate thought, "free verse", with time he moves to poetry, where direct political injuries reflected . Among his books collections Twilight (1923), Residence - Earth (1933, addition. - 1935), Oda simple things (1954), New ODA ordinary things (1955), Chile birds (1966), Heavenly stones (1970). His last lifetime book Movement to the Nickson Bighting and Praise of the Chilean Revolution (1973) reflected the feelings that the poet after the fall of the government of President Salvador Allende.

Another largest figure in Latin America's literature - Mexican poet and Essheist Octavio Paz (1914-1998), Laureate of the Nobel Prize for 1990, the author of numerous books, including collections Wild Moon (1933), Root man (1937), Sunny stone (1957), Salamander (1962).

From ultraism, avant-garde literary flow, the Argentine Poet and Prosisais Jorge Louis Bruges began (1899-1986), one of the most revered and quoted in the 20th century authors. Glory brought collections of stories Universal story dishonor (1935), Garden Diverging Trail (1941), Filty (1944), Aleph (1949), Decorative (1960).

Negro, the literary course, the purpose of which was to develop an African American heritage, as well as to introduce into the literature, the Negroitan worldview, made a significant contribution to Latin American literature. Among the writers belonging to this flow - Puertorican Louis Palsa Matos (1898-1959) and Cuban Nicholas Guillen (1902-1989).

The Peruvian Sison Vallejo (1892-1938) was active on the poetry of Latin America (1892-1938). In the first collections Black Gerold (1918) and Trils. (1922) He develops avant-garde poetics, while the collection Human verses (1938), published after the death of the poet, reflected changes in his poetic poetic.

The plays of Argentine Roberto Arlat (1900-1942) and Mexican Rodolfo Peregigli (1905-1979) were created under the obvious influence of the European Drama Tradition.

Among those who have developed regional novel, Uruguan Orassio Kiroga (1878-1937), Colombian José Eustasio River (1889-1928), Argentine Ricardo Guiraldes (1886-1927), Venezuelec Romulo Gallegos (1864-1969), Mexican Mariano Asouel ( 1873-1952). Ecuadojan Jorge Ikasa (1906-1978), Peruvians Siro Alegria (1909-1967) and Jose Maria Arghedas (1911-1969), Miguel Asturias (1899-1974), Laureate of the Nobel Asturia (1899-1974), contributed their contribution to Indichenism.

Among the largest prosaikov 20 in. - Argentines Eduardo Maliaa (1903-1982), Ernesto Sabato (1911-2011), Julio Cortasar (1924-1984), Manuel Puig (1933-1990), Uruguan Juan Carlos Onetti (1909-1994), Mexicans Juan Rulfo (1918- 1984) and Carlos Fuentes (r. 1929), Cubans José Lesam Lima (1910-1976) and Alejo Carpentener (1904-1980), Brazilian George Amada (1912).

The Nobel Prize was marked in 1982 Colombian Gabriel Garcia Marquez (r. 1928) and in 2004 Peruvian Mario Vargas Lron (r. 1936).

Brenike Vesnina

Literature:

The history of Latin America's literature. From ancient times before the war of independence. Kn. 1. M., 1985
The history of Latin America's literature. From the War of Independence to Completion of National State Consolidation (1810-1870s). Kn. 2.. M., 1988.
The history of Latin America's literature. End of the XIX - the beginning of the 20th century (1880-1910th.).Kn. 3. M., 1994
The history of Latin America's literature. XX Century: 20-90s. Kn. 4. Part 1-2. M., 2004.

We offer the attention of readers a book that includes the works of the founders of the Latin American modernism - Argentine Leopoldo Lugoney (1874-1938) and Nicaraguan Ruben Dario (1867-1916). They met in Buenos Aires in the editorial office of the local newspaper, and friendship began between them, which lasted until the death of Dario.

The creativity of Edgar software was influenced by both creativity, and as a result, a new genre of literary work arose - a fantastic story. In the collection, which you keep in your hands, is presented with a full non-adaptable text of Lugoney and Dario stories, equipped with detailed comments and dictionary.

Incredible and sad story about the simplicity of erender and her tough grandmother (Collection)

The stories of this collection belong to the "mature" period of creativity of the Great Latin American Writer, when he has already reached perfection in his glorified and has become a kind of "calling card" of magical realism. Magic or grotesque can be funny - or frightening, plots are fascinating or very conditional.

But the wonderful or monstrous invariably becomes part of the reality - such are the rules of the game given by the writer, which the reader follows with pleasure.

Spanish tutorial 2nd ed., Act. and add. Study Guide for SPO

The training manual is focused on the formation of communication skills in Spanish in the framework of the main lexical topics of the social and home appliance, the acquisition of grammatical and lexical knowledge necessary for successful communication. Texts made from the works of Spanish and Latin American writers, compiled by radio priority materials, country-house texts are accompanied by vocabulary of active vocabulary, lexico-grammatical commentary and reflect the current state of Spanish.

They will allow you to master the reading technique, to work out grammatical forms, assimilate the main stereotypical replicas and develop speech reactions to certain life situations. The clear structure of the textbook and the system of exercises and test tests developed by the authors will help in the development of basic linguistic competencies.

Exiles. Spanish reading book

Oracio Kirogova (1878-1937) - Uruguayan writer, who lived in Argentina, one of the brightest Latin American writers, master of a short story. We offer readers a full non-adaptable text of the stories with comments and a dictionary.

Daughter guerrilla

Louis De Bernener, the author of Bestseller "Mandolina Captain Korelli", Latin American Magical Trilogy and Roman-epic "Cooling Birds", tells the piercing history of love. He is forty, he is an Englishman, the community is inevitable. His life passes under the news on the radio and snoring of his wife and has imperceptibly turned into a swamp.

She nineteen, she serbka, retired prostitute. Her life is full of events, but she is so tired of them that he wants to fall asleep and never wake up. She tells him stories - who knows how truthful? He saves money, hoping to buy it once.

Shekhriayar and his sheherzade. Looks like they are in love with each other. They are for each other - a rare chance to start all over again. But what is love? "I often fell in love," he says, "but now completely exhaust and no longer understand what it means ... every time you fall in love with a little otherwise."

And then, the word "love" itself has become crowded. And it should be holy and intimate ... The thought came to the idea that love is something unnatural, which is known through movie corrodes, novels and songs. How to distinguish love from lust? Well, lust is still understandable. So, maybe love - a rattling torture, invented by lust? " Perhaps the answer lures on the pages of the new book Louis De Bernera - a writer who has an invaluable property: he does not look like anyone, and all his writings are not like each other.

Mystery of the project WH

Alexey Alexandrovich Rostovtsev - a colonel retired, served in Soviet intelligence a quarter of a century, of which sixteen years old - abroad; Writer, author of many books and publications, member of the Union of Writers of Russia. In one of the deep canyons of the forgotten by God and people of the Latin American country, Auriki, sworn enemies of mankind built a super secret object, where weapons are developed, designed to ensure its owners of domination over the world.

A few hours before his failure, Soviet intelligence officers manage to reveal the mystery of the Double-Yu-Eich object.

Hunter for orchids. Spanish reading book

We offer the attention of readers a collection of stories Roberto Arlat (1900-1942), the Argentine writer "Second Echelon". His name is almost unknown to the Russian reader. Three Latin American Titans - Jorge Louis Bruges, Julio Kortasar and Gabriel Garcia Marquez - hid it with mighty shadows not one dozen names outstanding, sometimes ingenious, writers of South America.

Artists in his work demonstratively breaks with the traditions of the "good literature" of the middle classes. According to the genre of his work - grotesque and tragifars. By the rich language of the proletarian outlet, he describes the life of the urban bottom. The book provides a full non-adaptable text of the novel, equipped with comments and dictionary.

The book is designed for students of linguistic universities and all lovers of Spanish and literature.

Antarctica

"Inspirational preaching of inhumanity." "The amazing ability to see what is not." These words met this book Latin American criticism. Chilean writer Jose Maria Villalara is still quite young and, probably, he deserves not only flattering words, but, anyway, "Antarctica" is a story that made him speak.

"Antarctica" is a classic utopia. And, like every utopia, she is a nightmare. People die from happiness! What could be hopeless? Paradise, in essence, this is also the end of the world. Anyway - paradise on Earth. This is a world where there is no evil, which means there is no good. And where love is indistinguishable from atrocity.

However, is it really fantastic all this? Despite the futurological orientation, the main idea of \u200b\u200bthis story continues the topic, which, in fact, is devoted to the whole world culture: everything around is not what it seems. Everything around only seems to us. And to the real world, the said relates to a much greater extent than to the fictional.

The heroes of this book are asked by a question that drives people crazy since Plato and Aristotle. Why is life just seem to us? From this question, escape from the unreality of being begins.

Spanish language. The overall rate of grammar, vocabulary and spoken practice. Advanced stage 2nd ed., Is

The book is a continuation of the book " [Email Protected] Hoy. Nivel B1. Spanish with elements of business communication for continuing "M. V. Larionova, N. I. Tsareva and A. Gonzalez Fernandez. The textbook will help to understand the intricacies of the use of Spanish words, will teach correctly use them in various situations of communication, will introduce the features of the grammatical style of the language, and will also improve the art of colloquial speech.

A variety and exciting texts will be able to get in touch with modern Spanish and Latin American literature, which gave the world of beautiful writers and poets. The textbook is the third of four books united by title. [Email Protected] HOY, and addressed to students of language and non-language universities, foreign language courses, a wide range of persons interested in the culture of hispanic-speaking countries and mastered the basics of the regulatory grammar of the Spanish language.

On the literature and culture of the new light

In the book of a famous literary criterist and cultural scientist, professor, doctor of philological sciences Valery Zemskova, the founder of the Russian School of Humanitarian Interdisciplinary Latinamers, is still the only monographic essay of the classics of the 20th century classics, the Nobel Prize laureate, the Columbia writer Gabriel Garcia Marqueza.

Further recreated the history of culture and literature "of another light" (the expression of Christopher Columbus) - Latin America from the sources - "discoveries" and "Conquists", Chronicles of the XVI century. , Creole Baroque XVII century. (Juan Ines de la Cruz, etc.) to Latin American literature XIX-XXI centuries.

- Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, José Hernandez, José Marty, Ruben Dario and the famous "new" Latin American novel (Alejo Karpenteer, Jorge Luis Borges, etc.). The theoretical chapters explores the specificity of cultural genesis in Latin America, which occurred on the basis of inter-civilization interaction, the peculiarity of Latin American cultory, the role in this process of the festival phenomenon, carnival, a special type of Latin American creative personality.

As a result, it was shown that in Latin America, literature, endowed with a creative innovation role, created the cultural consciousness of the new civilizational and cultural community, its own special world. The book is designed for literary critics, cultural scientists, historians, philosophers, as well as a wide reader.

Gone towards the sea. Mystery of the project WH

We offer you audiobook for the works of Alexei Rostootseva (1934-2013) - Colonel retired, served in Soviet intelligence a quarter of a century, of which sixteen years old - abroad, writer, the author of many books and publications, a member of the Russian Writers' Union.

"Gone towards the sea" On the night of August 31, as of September 1, 1983, the death of the South Korean "Boeing" over the Japanese Sea put the world on the face of the catastrophe. All Western newspapers shouted about the barbarism of the Russians, shot down a peaceful plane. For many years, a French specialist in aircraft crashes Michel Brun has led an independent investigation into the circumstances of what happened.

The sensational conclusions of this investigation and the Argumentation of Brune Alexei Rostovtsev laid the mainstream. "The Mystery of the WH project in one of the deep canyons forgotten by God and the people of the Latin American country Auriki, the sworn enemies of mankind have built a super secret object, where weapons are developed, designed to ensure its owners domination over the world.

Most of the stories could decorate any anthology, in the best writer reaches Falkner vertices. Valery Dashevsky is printed in the USA and Israel. Time will answer whether he will be a classic, but before us, undoubtedly, the master of modern prose, writing in Russian.

Foreign literature of the twentieth century. 1940-1990: Aleksandr Gennadevich's training manual

Topic 9 Phenomenon of "New" Latin American Prose

The phenomenon of "new" Latin American prose