The largest patrons of modern Russia. Cams bright stars-benefactors origins of Russian charity
Annotation.
The subject of research is the motives, features, the main directions of women's charitable activities in Russia in the XIX - N. XX centuries. The activities of women's charitable societies have been studied by the example of the charitable societies of Empress Mary Fedorovna and the activities of the Society of the Lady Charitability of the Poor "S.S. Stherbatova. Examples of the charitable activities of the governors, merchants, entrepreneurs are given. The charitable activities of the Countess A.D. Bludova and S.V. Panina. A special place in the article is paid to the charitable, educational and patronage of Princess M.K.Tenisheva. Research methods are used: comparative historical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. With the help of psychology methods, the motives of female and male charity are determined. The scientific novelty of the study consists in identifying the value installations and synthesis of the motives of female charity in Russia in the XIX - N. XX centuries. Revealed the difference between the motives and manifestations of female and male charity. One of the conclusions is the presentation of female charity as the self-realization of the spiritual world of a woman. This conclusion is confirmed by specific examples of the activities of the famous chariters S.V. Panina, M.K.Tenisheva, etc.
Keywords: Charity, motifs, features, charitable societies, history, value installations, female charity, Tenisheva, Panina, Vyaltseva
10.7256 / 2306-420x.2014.5.12462.
Direction date:
25-06-2014
Review date:
26-06-2014
Publication date:
06-11-2014
ABSTRACT.
Object of Research Are Motives, Female Charity in Russia of Female Charity in Russia in XIX - N of the XX Centuries. Activity of Women "s charitable societies is studied on the example of Charitable Societies of the Empress Maria Fiodorovna and Activity of Society" Ladies "CONTEMPT POOR" S. S. SHCHERBATOVA. Examples of Charity of Wives of Governors, Merchants, Businessmen Are Given. CHARITY OF THE COUNTESS A.D.BLUDOVA AND S.V.PANINA IS CONSIDERED. In Article It is Featured Charitable, Educational and Philanthropic Activity of the Princess M.K.tenisheva. Research Methods Are Used: Comparative-Historical, Analysis and Synthesis, Induction and Deduction. Motives of Female and Man "S Charity Are Defined by Methods of Psychology. Scientific Novelty of Research Consists in Identification of Valuable Installations and Synthesis of Motives of Female Charity in Russia In Xix - N of the XX Centuries. The Difference of Motives and Manifestations of Female and Man "s charity is revealed. One of Conclusions IS Representation of Female Charity AS Self-Realization of An Inner World of the Woman. This Conclusion IS Confirmed with Concrete Examples of Activity of Famous Philanthropists of S.Panina, M. K. Tenisheva, etc.
Motives, features, directions of women's charitable activities
Charity - the consisting of a phenomenon in the life of Russian society, it reached a special heyday in the second half of the XIX century, when unprecedented support for the Russian entrepreneurship of artists and science was the moral decoration of the cultural history of pre-revolutionary Russia. One of the features in the development of the charity of this period is the fact that charity becomes one of the few permitted by the state manifestation of public activity of citizens. Personal participation in the activities of charitable organizations and a donation of large amounts at hospitals, schools and alone contributed to an increase in the social status of entrepreneurs, besides, the socio-economic conditions for the development of the country had to actively entrepreneurial activities.
Charity - ethical and social norm. The canons of world religions include its main commandments. Therefore, one of the motives of donations is their conditionability of Christian motives. Among the motives of charitable activities were the features of Russian mentality: mercy, compassion, helping neighbor.
Female charity is one of the few problems learned in Russian history. Even S.M.Soloviev highlighted such typical features of a Russian woman as hard work, obedience, religiosity and mercy. N.A. Bldyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, V. Zozhanov said about the feminine mercy. Male charity is rationally justified, its basic motifs are civil debt, the need for social change. Female charity is more emotional, and its main basic motive is mercy.
Female charity in Russia was distinguished by variability, multidimension and diverseness. Economic and social circumstances influenced the value installations of women. For women, for a long time, access to professional implementation was limited, so their activity found an exit in the social sphere. The greatest charitable activity was manifested by representatives of the elite groups and the layers of Russian society. The charity of women of this social group was determined by the synthesis of spiritual, rational, religious, socio-status motives. Researchers of female participation in charitable activities noted that the Church has always encouraged people who filed alms, but for deeply pious and pious women, the filing of alms was considered insufficient. In any Russian region, we will find examples when women built churches for their funds. So, D.I. Golenisheva-Kutuzov is building a Nikolsk Church in Matyushkin Pskov province, the landlord V.N. Reasoningly builds the Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Tvevishi Bryansk County of the Oryol province.
In the motives of charitable activities, Russian women dominated spiritual and moral values, the desire does not just sacrifice having a possibility, but also to engage in the enlightenment of the people, and material support in need was built, first of all, on the motives of compassion. The participation of women in charity, if they did not belong to the highest layer of society measured not how much they donated to charity, but at how much time they spent on the care of disadvantaged. It should be noted the fact that women's charity was at the basis of Humannaya and was self-realization of the rich spiritual world of a woman.
Two main directions of women's charitable activities can be distinguished: public, carried out through women's charitable organizations and private (individual).
Female charity societies
Women's charitable societies took into account the interests and needs of the female population of Russia. Their activity was diverse, but basically it was a social and rehabilitation assistance to those in need of population (benefits, free food, patient care) and moral education related to the distribution of useful knowledge among women. Women's charitable societies were subjected to strict legal regulation.
A vivid example of female public charity is the charitable society of Empress Mary Fedorovna. The activity of which began with the care of educational homes and institutes of noble maidens, has spread to those who need all species: children, old people, cripples. The help was provided by the provision of food, residence, training or cash benefit. Help children becomes the priority direction of this society. By 1901, the total number of all children's shelters owned by Mary Fedorovna, amounted to 428, of which in Moscow and St. Petersburg 219. In addition to educational houses and children's shelters, Maria Fedorovna paid a lot of attention to the development of women's education, especially special secondary educational institutions for girls from Related families. These institutions were supposed to give at the same time general and vocational education. Such institutions were named Mariinsky Schools and by the end of the XIX century. Their in the Russian Empire was more than 70. Maria Fedorovna itself filed an example of submitted, sacrificing in favor of a number of institutions from its own funds, paid the training of students who had lost their fathers, supported financially widows. The main goal in his charitable activities was seen in the following Christian commandment - to help the neighbor, who produced in difficult life conditions.
Maria Fedorovna established a number of scholarships. Scholarship for the maintenance of the student at school for poor girls in Pavlovsk, for the poorest graduates of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Thanks to the monetary assistance, the empress 102 people were able to study in such prestigious institutions as: the Tsarskoyela Women's School of the Spiritual Office, Alexandrovsky Lyceum, the School of Law, Gatchina Orphans, Gymnasium and primary schools in St. Petersburg and Moscow. As a patron, she supported science and culture: allocated benefits to those in need by scientists, writers and publicists. Annual assistance was made by communities of sisters of mercy, hospitals, hospitals, maternity shelters.
During World War II, Maria Fedorovna became an inspirational of the organization of public aid. The means of its charity society held eleven naval institutions: hospitals, lip, sanatorium, hospital. The high moral reputation of the empress combined around its identity activists of Russian charity. Many philanthropic institutions sought to get under her patronage. Maria Fedorovna never refused to those who needed mercy: by 1916, 134 charitable societies and institutions throughout Russia were under its patronage. Maria Fedorovna, by charity, both public and private, has contributed a huge contribution to the humanization of public life in Russia. Due to its tireless energy, the sphere of charity in the Russian Empire in the pureformer period reached a heyday and became an expression of civil self-consciousness.
Another of the oldest female charity societies - the "Lady Poor Charity" was created in Moscow. His origins stood the famous Moscow Charity Sofia Stepanovna Shcherbatova. The purpose of this society was to "open people who truly need help, shy to ask for a chance, and to provide them with such assistance, which would bring them significant benefits." Having gathered around himself with many ladies of Moscow society, S. S. Shcherbatova launched active activities. The Mariinsky School for Girls, Schools, Shelters was carried out at the jurisdiction of the Society, two shelters - for incurablely sick and blind children, hospitals, Nurserie and Alexandrovsky home of the elderly cool ladies. The end of the XIX century became the time of the rapid development of the female initiative in all spheres of life, including at the Niva charity. By the beginning of the 20th century, only in Moscow and St. Petersburg there were more than 40 women's charitable organizations.
Charity in the status and condition of the soul
Private female charity has been manifested in the activities of representatives of high-ranking groups and the layers of Russian society, this is, above all, the charity wives of governors, princes, graphs, merchant and business wives.
The wife of the Moscow Governor Governor Golitsyn, - Tatyana Vasilyevna won the folk love with her charity. First, Golitsyn caught fire for the idea of \u200b\u200bfemale education. Systems of general education schools have not yet existed, and the Smolny Institute was designed for a very small number of pupils. On its initiative, in 1825, the house of hardworking appears in Moscow, which was transformed into the Elizabeth Institute of Noble Maiden. Later, Tatyana Vasilyevna Golitsyn bases a charity society, which is engaged in the device of schools of needlework for girls across Moscow. The princess believed that every girl should not only provide his own family with his mastery, but also to have guaranteed accommodation. The same thought prompts Golitsyn to organize in its birthday estate Large Vyazami handicraft fishing baskets of the rocket
Purpet's spouse TS. Morozova, Marya Fedorovna donated Moscow more than 150 thousand rubles. In the list of her donations, such public institutions as: Moscow State University, the Stroganov School, the Society for the Promotion of Diguring, the Iverskaya community of Sisters of Mercy, Laddle. She was the only one among Russian kupchi, was awarded a Mariinsky distinction for 25 years of exaggeration in charitable establishments.
The wife of the largest textile manufacturer of I.Amin Elizaveta Semenovna in memory of his wife made several big donations: 1895 - decorated the South Podkhai Nikolai Temple in Paws, donated 600 thousand rubles for the creation of a shelter for the incurable patients with them. Metropolitan Sergius.
Another famous benefactress was the singer Anastasia Dmitrievna Vyaltseva. She was born in 1871 in Sloboda Altukhovo Oryol province. Becoming the famous singer, she stepped down the fault of the charity, when the Russian-Japanese war began part of the money from his speeches, she gives in favor of the wounded. Having learned that the royal government refused to help Lieutenant Sedov, who organized an expedition to the North Pole, Vyaltsieva, together with Shalyapin and Sobinov, organized a number of charitable concerts in favor of the expedition and contributed to the beginning of the All-Russian donation collection for this purpose. She did not forget about her small homeland, in Altukhovo, Anastasia Dmitrievna equipment equipped the shelter for the feminine. Two burnt villages restored in the Vilna province. In St. Petersburg University, several talented students studied for her funds. In 1907, the All-Russian fraternal society elected it with his honorary member, Vyaltseva actively participated in his work, sacrificed funds for victims. In his will, she sacrificed Petersburg two own houses with a decor on the Embankment of the River Karpovki d. 22 and 24, with adjacent land plots. She requested in one to organize a female hospital for poor and in another - shelter for children who left their parents. The population of St. Petersburg, Vyaltsiev, showed 567,636 thousand rubles. A peculiarity of the Fenomena Fenomenal Villaged was its simple origin, the absence of a rich husband and the need to make a living itself and generously sharing earned.
Countess Charity
Countess Antonina Dmitrievna Bluudova (1812-1891) entered the history of Russian charity as the creator of the society of mutual assistance of the Kirillo-Methodius fraternity in Ostrog. For the construction of the Church of Saints, Kirill and Methodius, large donations except her introduced Empress Maria Aleksandrovna, Countess A.G.Sheheremetheva and Princess D.A.Golitsyn. In the fraternity, an elementary school and women's Higher School was opened. The main goal of the school is to teach to be a man, following the Christian commandments. The fraternity was a small library, and a peasant guesthouse for boys, a hospital and a stimple house was also opened soon. For 10 years, all the brotherhood schools were kept on the personal money of the Bludovov Countess. Examples of its like-minded people - N.D. Protasova, N.B. Shakhovskaya, M.S. Sabinina, P.A. Sobolev, M.M. Kiselevoy, A.F. Aksakova (Tyutcheva) - show us an impressive picture of the female charity of Russia XIX century. Each of these examples are worthy of our grateful memory.
Another bright example of the female charity Countess - Sophia Vladimirovna Panina (1871-1957), granddaughter S.I. Maltsova. Democratic convictions assimilated from early childhood from the mother of Anastasia Sergeyevna, constituted the main life principles of this wonderful Russian woman. Entering Wednesday, where the meaning of life was looking for ideals to the people of the people, Sophia was brought up in that neither the Spartan situation and since childhood was accustomed to run "on the Menietic outstands of the Volga coast." In 1890, at the insistence of grandmothers, the only heiress of the irrelevant state, the young countess is married. On this occasion, the grandmother of the bride decided to present her a gift and persuaded the relatives of her husband to sell the estate of Gaspra in the Crimea. After a short marriage and divorce, having no children nor other direct heirs, Sophia Vladimirovna gives a significant proportion of their capital to charitable institutions.
Having received an excellent education in a privileged Ekaterininsky Institute, Sophia Countess at the nineteen years met Alexandra Poshekhonova, a school teacher from the working area, who came to ask her about a free dining room for needing students. In 1890, together with the teacher A.V.Poshonovoy in the Alexander Nevsky district of St. Petersburg, Sophia Vladimirovna organized a dining room and library, then a kindergarten for kids. Later, handicraft and needlework classes appeared for adolescents, general educational for their parents.
On April 4, 1903, the solemn discovery of the Ligovsky People's House of Countess S.V. Panina, who became famous for the whole of Russia. It had workshops for boys, reading room, library, zoological museum, restaurant, theater with excellent troupe, touring in summer with great success throughout Russia. In the assembly hall, scientific and popular lectures were conducted, the first mobile Museum of Tutorials was created, the first public observatory in the country. Following the Ligovsky People's House, Panin opens up the national houses in Voronezh province with a botanical station and with. Marino Moscow province. Sophia Vladimirovna provides support to many higher and special educational institutions, especially feminine and establish many scholarships. The main direction in its activities is to benefit people, bring education to the people. In 1901, the City Council officially witnessed a decline in deep appreciation "for the works and donations for the benefit of national education in St. Petersburg."
In 1912, the Folk House of the Panina Countess became a methodological center for all such houses of Russia, and they were 316 by that time. In 1914, with the beginning of the war, most of the people's house on Tambov Street occupies Lazarez, there is a distribution of assistance to families mobilized. In 1917, her political career begins: Sophia Vladimirovna is elected among the vowels of Petrogradskaya Duma, in May becomes a comrade of the Minister of State Charity, and in August - a comrade Minister of Folk Enlightenment, in this post and found her October Revolution. Forced to emigrate from Russia, being away from his homeland, she continues to engage in charitable activities.
Maria Tenisheva: Charity, Enlightenment and Patron
Maria Claudievna Tenishev, whose activities covered Russia, Italy, France, Smolensk and Bryansk Territory, the Special Name of Women's Charity. The circle of its activity over time expanded, including enlightenment, art and art history, science, promotion of Russian culture abroad. As a philanthropist, she not only invests its material funds in support of the creative elite of Russia, the creation and development of sociocultural institutions and museums, at the same time she was engaged in propaganda of Russian art and culture abroad, putting its spiritual forces in this process. The latitude of the soul, the desire to benefit their Fatherland, to demonstrate Europe the best achievements of Russian culture, which is what Mother Mary Tenisheva in her aspirations.
In her charity there was nothing showdown, designed to external effects, everything went from the heart. Generosity and sacrifice - its main life postulates. "Russian Athens" will be called contemporaries Talashkino, the estate of the princes of Tenisian near Smolensky, and the princess to Maria Claudian - "Pericl Russian Peasants", because she built her "Athens" for ordinary people. Fate did not give her light ways, she had to start many times all over again, which was worth it many spiritual and physical strength, but she never betrayed her ideals, her faith was limitless in them, because he was based on the knowledge of the heart.
Charitable activities Mary Claudiyevna began on Smolensk Earth, long before it became the princess Tenisheva. Maria Nikolaev Smolensk society knew as an opera singer, the owner of a wonderful voice, who were greatly successful for the charitable concerts. "Director of the Smolensk branch of the Imperial Russian Music Society Mr. Krotkov and Singer Mrs. Nikolayev go to Paris, where the concert in favor of the M. I. Glinka School Foundation is suggested," Bayan wrote in 1888.
After the second marriage of Tenishev from 1892 to 1896. I lived in Bezhitsa, where the plants of her husband Prince Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Tenishev were located. Bezhnitsa became a truly "place of combat baptism". It was struck by the difficult position of workers, their irresponsive need, complete displacement, darkness and illiteracy. She seeks to improve their lives, organized a national dining room with dinners for a reasonable fee, having troubled for workers in the temporary use of empty lands, established a charitable society to assist orphans and widows.
Tenishev was also interested in the problem of leisure workers, it organizes the theater in the Bezhitsa, opens the house of the public assembly with the theater and reading room, rooms for circle work. The park featured tennis sites, grades for concerts.
Remembering the years spent in the Bezhitsa, in the book "Impressions of my life" Tenishev called her place of her baptism, where she "managed to turn out to turn around, to fulfill all the cherished dreams."
Tenisheva vividly responded to all events that took place in Russia. In 1904, during the Russian-Japanese war, Tenishev and her girlfriend, Svyatopolk-Four-China opened in Talashkino the first Lazaret. During World War I, Lazareza was already open in Smolensk, on the equipment and level of medical care, he did not have equal in the city. Maria Claudiyevna herself headed with Lazaret, equipped it with all necessary to the X-ray apparatus.
On November 20, 1914, the emperor Nicholas II visited Lazaret. Tenisheva wrote: "Remaining them (lazaret) is very pleased, he (the emperor) thanked me, graciously looked and rewarded with my medals of my wounded." It is only great things, and how many "small": donations to educational institutions, museums and publishing houses. Yes, just participation in every specific fate: from the peasant orphans to the artist and the scientist.
Highly appreciated the activities of the shady her companions. Roerich wrote: "I look back with a sense of joy on the activities of Mary Claudiyevna. Recall all schools, workshops, concerns about enlightenment, inspiring performances, fabulous Malyutinsky Teremki, exhibitions, and in Russia, and abroad ... A big man is a real Marfa Posalman. And now I see a grateful memory of the people near Maria Claudiyevna. Many legends will work on the Tenishevskaya street, and the name of the princess Tenisheva is captured among the names of the true creators. "
The scale of the social activity of M. K. Tenisheva, in which the leading began was the reception: it was created a craft school in Bezhitsa, which was named after its founder; several initial folk schools in St. Petersburg and Smolensk are open, drawing schools were organized together with Repin, and courses were opened to prepare teachers; And, finally, here, the center of Russian folk arts and folk crafts has been created in Talashkino, which I wrote on N. K. Roerich: "In the curvists of Smolensk, this spring is in the Greeks. There is a lot more. The matter is widely open everything gifted, all good search. "
In 1911, Smolensk became the owner of the Unique Museum "Russian Starina", created on the means of princess Tenisheva and with almost 12,000 storage units. Russia's first publicly available museum of Russian folk art possessed an extremely valuable collection of objects reflecting the history, culture, life and art of the Russian people. The cost of the museum's collection according to official documents was 3,000,000 rubles. A branch of the Moscow Archaeological Institute was opened on the basis of the museum. Tenisheva financed the institute, collected books for the library, established scholarships. At the celebrations about the transfer of the princes the Tenicheva Museum "Russian Starina" as a gift from the Moscow Archaeological Institute, his director Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky finished his speech with the words: "If the museum is the pride of Smolensk, then a woman who has manifested such a love for enlightenment, is the pride of all Russia." In a grateful address on behalf of Smolensk Duma, appreciation for the generous gift, recognition of the fact as a great event in the history of the city of Smolensk and the characteristic of the donadel as "the embodiment of a Russian woman in the best meaning of the word, the intelligent workers who gave their disadvantaged energy, the love and knowledge of domestic antiquity on The benefit of an expensive homeland ... ". On August 18, 1911, on the command of Emperor Nikolai II, Tenisheva, the title of Honorary Citizen of Smolensk was awarded "For donation to the Moscow Archaeological Institute of the Museum of Antiquities, so that the museum remains for eternal times in Smolensk." And the street on which he was visited by Tenishevskaya. On September 28, 1911, in St. Petersburg, the act of transferring the Museum of Smolensk was certified.
An important area of \u200b\u200bits charitable activities was activities in the field of public education. Back in 1887, she took the first attempt to create a school in Smolensk province, in Talashkino, together with his girlfriend E. K. Svyatopolk-Four.
In Bezhitsa in 1892, Tenishev opened a craft school at 60 people in the building of the former kindergarten. In a short time, the necessary equipment was purchased, the evening classes of drawing were opened. The best teachers from Smolensk were invited for the prestige of the educational institution. M. K. Tenisheva overthrown in St. Petersburg in the joint-stock company of the plant 100 thousand rubles for the material needs of the School, and Prince V.N. Tenishev allocated 200 thousand rubles for building a building. The new two-story building was built in a short time; Machines and machines were discharged from England and America; Electricity, plumbing - everything was according to the latest technology. Prince V.N. Tenishev strongly supported this undertaking, since the idea of \u200b\u200bhis wife quite answered his aspiration to see the worker more competent, introduced to the technique, and this contributed to the growth of labor productivity at the factory. After the new two-story column building was built, not 60, but 200 students were already taken to the first course. Princess M.K. Tenisheva with the director of the school A.M. Smirnov developed a program and charter of the School, which was then transformed into school of craft students with a 3-year training course. At the insistence of parents and students, the school began to wear the name M. K. Tenisheva. After graduating from school, the disciples entered the Bryansk plant.
Subsequently, she recalled: "The main thing that satisfied my pride, is the consciousness that, come there the last, after the twenty-year-old existence of the plant, I managed to create what had already had to do." Individuality appeared, personal taste, they spoke human needs in a cozy, clean setting. This was manifested by the true springs of the Mary of Mary Claudiyevna: to make a maximum possible in order to "speak human needs." Educational and social activities brought a huge satisfaction of the most Tenisheva.
In May 1896, the educational institution celebrated the first issue. In the same year, at the All-Russian exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, the Tenishevaya Craftsman in Bezhitsa was awarded the highest gratitude to the emperor Nicholas II. High knowledge of graduates of the Bezhitsky school of craft students were rated quickly. From different parts of the Russian Empire, applications fought on their own business masters.
The activities of Princess M. K. Tenisheva in the creation of a school of craft students played an important role in becoming lower technical education in Bezhitsa. After putting the task of training specialists - practitioners, on which the task of improving the efficiency of various industries, M. K. Tenisheva laid the basics of vocational training workers, which is a vivid example of a rich experience of preparing young personnel of pre-revolutionary Russia. In addition to the craft school MK Tenisheva left six comfortable school buildings in which a thousand two hundred guys were studied. Thus, a prominent part of the population of the village received education. All schools were created and kept on the capital of Tenishev, and Maria Claudievna was their guardianship. In the village of Hotyleva, where she often had in his estate, she also created a school for rural children.
Surname and Prince Title, the state that she brought to her marriage with Tenishev expanded the capabilities of the application forces and knowledge. Having pushed off from the experience gained when creating a craft school in Bezhitsa, Tenisheva proceeded to form a particular pedagogical system.
Talashkinsky Agricultural School under Smolensk implemented the plan MK Tenisheva on the organization of a reasonable educational process. Pupils of all classes, orphans and snipely took advantage of the princess were taken to school. They didn't just receive knowledge, everything was aimed at refining the soul of a small man, the development of hidden talents and talents in it.
For training purposes, an experienced field, a laboratory, a meteorological station, a garden with a garden and an exemplary apiary were arranged. Thus, educational institutions studied technologies that could be useful to students in the future.
In 1894, Tenishevs buys nearby with Talashkina Flenovo farm and translate school from Talashkin, which was primarily intended for orphans and peasant children. The School program is entirely reflected in the way of peasant life, in addition to general literacy, children received an education in agricultural sciences and craft disciplines. The school has become a kind of experiment, a model of the country's state system with colossal land resources. At the same time, the school has become a cultural center for all local peasants and from the point of view of agricultural knowledge, and from the position of the life of life. The creative development of children was carried out through participation in theatrical activity. The organizer and director of many performances became the princess itself.
A unique project of Maria Claudiyevna has become training art workshops in Talashkin: carpentry, carving and painting on a tree, chasing on metal, ceramic, coloring of fabrics and embroidery, in which Russian crafts have been reborn. All these traditional folk crafts were included in the school learning program. In the workshops, students worked next to S. Malyutin, I. Bushchevsky, N. Roerich. Pupils performed products according to the sketches of artists, many things were developed by Maria Claudian. Made in workshops exhibited at various exhibitions.
Tenishevsk schools solved the task of preserving and continuing national traditions in agriculture, folk art when upbringing in the students of the National Spiritual Character. Russia's salvation Maria Tenishev saw in preserving the integrity of the Russian village as the core of the national defendant, Orthodox world-up -ring and spiritual health. She did not think of folk culture without Orthodox traditions, which is why Tenishevsk schools became a living and attractive center.
Pedagogical activity M.K.Tenisheva shared her husband Vyacheslav Nikolayevich with her. Together they managed to create a slim pedagogical system, which was embodied in programs of various educational institutions opened in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Smolensk. Analysis of the surviving archival documents from the charter and the schedule of lessons to accounting and pedagogical reports makes it possible to allocate four basic principles of the pedagogical system of the princes of Tenishev: the life of a person rich and happy can only make a good education; The individual nature of education is manifested in taking into account the personal abilities and interests of the student, identifying its natural talent; Any knowledge should be applied; Education should be available to any person who wants to learn. The educational institutions arranged by them were advanced for their time.
Maria Claudiyevna creates an art studio to prepare future students to enter the Academy of Arts and gives under the studio his workshop in the house on the English embankment in St. Petersburg. Learning in the studio was free, everything necessary for classes was bought, free teas were arranged, student work was acquired. Among the students of the Tenishevsk studio were I.Ya. Bilibin, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, Z.E. Serebryakova, E.V. Consight and many other artists famous in the future.
Educational projects MK Tenisheva remain an example of the implementation of pedagogical ideas in practice and for modern Russia. The basis of the educational and patron activities of the Tenisisheva "Natural talent, brilliant organizational abilities, a great desire to make a lupe at the enlightenment of their people and the capital of her husband."
The charity of the princes of Tenishevy brought the names of fame, honorary position in society and, can be said, European recognition. Chet Tenishevy was engaged in charity in different directions, having a different program, various methods and principles. The efforts of Maria Claudia in something can be compared with the activities of S. I. Mamontov, S. P. Dyagileva: it was carried out in certain, already developed and tested by the culture framework. Tenisheva gave his strength to collecting, education and education of the people, supporting novice artists, financed the archaeological surveys and the magazine "World of Art". The creative forces and spiritual requests of the princess were implemented in a special approach to public and charitable activities, the ability to give traditional things a new original shade, bring the development of problems to a new point that has other prospects and higher spiritual goals in life. The energy of the prince was aimed at practical, real tasks associated with the upbringing of the younger generation, who managed to adequately apply their knowledge in practical activities.
Having survived bitterness of disappointments and losses, Tenisheva will write: "I told myself that temples, museums, monuments are not built for contemporaries, which they do not understand most of them. They are built for future generations, for their development and benefit. " Aspiration into the future, the ability to get ahead of your time - the characteristic feature of Mary Claudia Tenisheva, who left us the inheritance of the collection and museums that we admire so far.
Bright and socially active women who were engaged in charity in the call of the heart and the town of Soul - an integral, but unfortunately an almost unknown part of our historical and cultural heritage. Historical justice requires restoring the names of Russian women - public actors on the field of patronage, charity and education as a decent example for the current generations. Moral covenant M.K.Tenisheva for descendants "Come and bypass, wise! And create for the benefit of Russia! " - Very relevant today.
Bibliography
| . |
Solovyov S.M. Works in 18 kN. - M., 1988, -KN. 2 t. 3 s. 605. |
| . |
Ulyanova G.N. Charity in the Russian Empire. XIX - early XX century. M., 2005. p.210. |
| . |
Ulyanova G.N. Empress Maria Fedorovna in Russian charity: Maternal care about the suffering // Empress Maria Fedorovna. Life and fate. St. Petersburg., 2006. p.104. |
| . |
Tsgiam F. 357 OP. 1 D. 11 L. 175-176 |
| . |
Entrepreneurship and urban culture in Russia 1861-1914. M., 2002 p. 92. |
| . |
Zhizikova I.N., Kenya I.A. Sergey Maltsov - the benefactor of the Bryanskaya Earth. Bryansk, 2010 pp. 17 |
| . |
Kenya I.A. Lupoyadova L.A. M.K.Tenisheva: Creation for the benefit of Russia. Bryansk, 2013 pp. 5 |
| . |
M. Zablotskaya. I love my people. To the 150th anniversary of the birth of M.K.Tenisheva // http://www.newacropol.ru/activity/tentter/exibitions/maria-tenisheva/tenisheva-150/ |
| . |
Talashkino. Collection of documents. Smolensk, 1995. P. 23 |
| . |
MK Tenisheva impressions of my life. M., 2006. P. 148 |
| . |
Smolensk statements. 1914. No. 184. |
| . |
Tenisheva MK Impressions of my life. M., 2006. P. 385. |
| . |
Roerich N.K. Memory M.K.Tenisheva // N.K. Ryreich. From the literary heritage. M., 1974. P. 17. |
| . |
Roerich N.K. Record sheets of the artist. Talashkino. //Vesti.1904.№ 9. p.36. |
| . |
RGIA. F. 472. Op.43. D. 137. L. 57 |
| . |
Smolensk statements. 1911. No. 118. |
| . |
RGIA F. 1288 OP. 5-1-1911. D. 1A L. 190 |
| . |
RGIA F.225. OP.1. D.796. L.1--3. |
| . |
Tenisheva MK UK. SOCH. Pp. 140. |
| . |
Tenisheva MK UK. SOCH. Pp. 148. |
| . |
Smolensk Bulletin. 1896. № 270. |
| . |
Towns A.V., Dubrovsky A.M., Kenya I.A. Maria Tenisheva: Spiritual heritage in the Bryansk Territory. Bryansk, 2008. C.20. |
| . |
Ponomareva N. Formation of schools of traditional culture in Talashkino and St. Petersburg // Edge Smolensky. 2013. No. 6. P. 85. |
| . |
Dubrovsky A.M., Isachenko T.V., Kenya I.A. V.Tenishev - entrepreneur, scientist, patron. B., 2011. C.10 |
| . |
Skleynova V.I. History of the Museum "Russian Starina". Smolensk, 2012 pp. 6 |
| . |
Tenisheva MK UK. SOCH. P. 257. |
| . |
Kenya I.A. Charity in Russia: traditions and modernity // NB: cultures and art.-2012.-1.-C. 258-275. URL: http: //www..html |
Wealth obliges
(saying, converted by P.P. Ryabushinsky from French - "Reason obliges" - into Russian LAD)
The origins of Russian charity
The history of Russian charity is rooted to those times when the church was the basis of statehood. The monasteries gave the shelter orphaned and sick, shared grain for sowing with poor peasants, taught literacy. It was under monasteries that the first allests and hospitals began to be built. In Moscow, in Novospassky, Novodevichy and Don monasteries, the buildings of the XVII century were preserved, in which the hospitals were once located.
For the Slavs, the support of the near, compassion and human kindness were traditional traits of character at all times. The most common act of charity at that time was a alms, concomitant prayer and repentance. Regardless of the size of aid, whether the contribution of the royal person to the monastery or a penny, the main concern was not maintaining the poor, but the moral improvement of the giving.
By the end of the XVII century, state policy gradually began to replace the primary role of the Church in matters of care for those in need.
An important milestone of this period was the discovery of the first educational houses for children-podkinysh.
Under Catherine II, a special educational program has already been developed in Moscow in 1764, a special educational program has already been developed, which has absorbed the best ideas of enlightenment. The Empress allocated 100,000 rubles for a new institution. Personal Capital, the rest of the money came from voluntary donations. The educational house became the first collective business of wealthy Muscovites.
The wife of Emperor Paul I Maria Fedorovna has already been made by all the educational houses of Russia, driving more than 30 years. She was recognized as contemporaries the most generous and randing benefactor. The Five Capital Institutions of the Empress donated during his lifetime and left to 4 million rubles in a will to 4 million rubles. With her, children in the educational house were trained by crafts, prepared from them teachers and even actors. And in 1806, the first educational institution for children with disabilities appeared in Russia - the School of Dehonomy.
At the beginning of the XIX century, Maria Fedorovna opened a widow house in St. Petersburg for widows of officers, officials and ladies who serve in the court office and government institutions. Widden children were given to study in various educational institutions depending on their origin. This house acquired a special popularity after the cancellation of serfdom when many statements received from the broken landlords. It existed until 1917. Especially made a lot of empress for female education and education.
Until the end of the XIX century, in Russia, the care activity of the needy was concentrated in the hands of the state itself or the imperial name, which in the eyes of the people was the main intercession.
Among the members of the royal families there were many people who make good heart from the pure hearts that give the care case a huge part of the soul. So the spouse of Alexander I Elizabeth Alekseevna out of 200 thousand rubles. Personal content used only 15 thousand rubles, giving everything the rest on the benefits for those in need. And about many of her good deeds, it became known only after her death.
In Russia, between 1860 and 1914, the movement of charity acquired a truly grand scale, which no European state knew. The great reforms of Alexander II gave an impetus to the internal activity of the whole society.
The rapid growth of the population of cities at the expense of the eliminated peasants, the increase in the number of poor and the unemployed became serious socio-economic and psychological problems with which the state has no longer coped.
By this time, merchants turned out to be the most solvent layer of the population, gradually published on the historic arena.
Everything went from business
Famous Russian historian M.N. Poshodin in his speech in Moscow in 1856 spoke of Moscow merchants: "... it serves to be true to the Fatherland with his works ... If you find all their donations for the current only century, they would have accounted for such a figure that Europe would have to bow."
Turning to the history of charity in Russia, we find a lot of confirmation that the path to charity lies through entrepreneurship. These two types of activity are inextricably linked.
It can be said that large entrepreneurship is the basis of charity. First, a considerable capital is made, and then the ability to sacrifice it.
Without opposing good and benefits, it should still be emphasized that charity often helped develop and strengthen the case. Buing a factory and plants, their owners were forced to build housing for workers. From the employee who passed to the factory in the morning 5 - 6 km, it was less than; Ill - need a hospital; A woman having children could only work with a nursery.
Large entrepreneurs led a greater social work. It was the benefit and moral debt. On the question of why residential barracks for workers are free, the owners answered that the cost of covering expenses from the profit from the sale of goods, not the touch of the already small salary of their staff. Build houses for workers, artist canteens, maternity hospitals, nursery for children, alternate for the elderly and embankment, etc. So the whole industrial towns appeared, where even theaters and libraries, not to mention primary schools and craft educational institutions for workers and their children. The towns were in Konovalov, Dreeshyman, Morozovy, Ryabushinsky and other industrialists. Capitalists needed to create conditions for their business, which at that time there was no base. To make profits, they needed healthy, competent, non-drinking workers. The calculation was accurate - improving the conditions for their labor and life, the capitalists contributed to the emergence of the working dynasties, the children of working walked on the same factory.
By the end of the XIX century, hundreds of towns appeared in Russia, which became industrial centers with a developed infrastructure: this is Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Egoryevsk, Kostroma and many others. By the way, the modern Presnya is the former factory settlement of the famous Prokhorovskaya manufactory, called three and now three. The industrialization of Russia began with such working towns that became a sample of charitable activities.
Many industrialists through charity acquired both in their circles and in society wide fame and good reputation. Tens, hundreds of thousands and even millions of rubles, spent on good goals were strong evidence of the prosperity of the case. At the same time, the origin of capital was interested in - in Moscow, for example, neither the usurists, nor ilkoschikov, did not like. Honorable was considered a state by their own difficulty.
Charitable affairs were keenly and economically. All deposits were going through the company's accounting and carefully controlled.
A wonderful feature of the past entrepreneurs was attributed to the object of their charity. Building a new institution, they considered it as if another workshop of their own factory, taking into account the lack of future profits. And in the construction itself, they were directly involved - found designers, bought equipment, equipped indoor premises. After the opening of the Institution, the industrialists were listed in its Board of Trustees, feeling responsibility for the life of a new brainchild.
People of special moral qualities
Large Russian entrepreneurs from merchants, actively engaged in charity at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries, were people of special breeds, special moral qualities. First of all, many of them were leaving the peasants and preached Old Believers.
Strict education in the family demanded strict adherence to the will of the parent, who introduced male children to a matter from the earliest childhood, without making them any concern. With 7 - 8 years old, the boys have already helped in a shop, not only making black work on cleaning, small repair, separation of the goods, but also the accounts in the barn books. Quickly linked in the subtleties of technology and accounting, already at 16 - 17 years old young people could occupy enough serious posts in the family enterprise. So, the son of manufacturer V.I. Prokhorov Timofey took over the leadership of the father's factory at the age of 16. For 2 years, he managed to increase capital 10 times. Tightly putting on his feet, Timofey began to engage in charity.
Each generation also tried to raise moderation in children in the needs, modesty and cauldrawal attitude to the capital, accompanied in the family. Children knew what they would need to earn themselves.
The following generations of entrepreneurs were already highly educated people. The grandson of the serf peasant Savva Timofeevich Morozov, one of the most famous representatives of the Dynasty of Morozov's philanthropists, at the age of 13 owned three foreign languages, subsequently helping the father to conduct foreign negotiations and draw up contracts. Higher education received at Moscow University, and in 25 years he defended his thesis in Cambridge, having received patents for inventions in the field of varnishes and dyes. Son of the famous Moscow merchant A.V. Buryshina - P.A. Buryshin received a brilliant education, after graduating from the Katkovian Lyceum, the Faculty of Faculty of Moscow University and the Moscow Commercial Institute, in 25 years, took the post of director in the Board of the Family Firm.
Cooked, grip, susceptible to everything new, Russian merchants led their business with a scope, but quit. In the goal of an increase in the hereditary state, entrepreneurs felt a huge responsibility for their accurate capital. They were passionately desired, so that the capital worked and after their death. Honesty and decency, respect for the business of a competitor, a strong merchant word, having the power of the document, helped entrepreneurs to find a common language and in social work. Working in the Board of Trustees of Charitable Organizations, they in every way stimulated each other to the fulfillment of donations for good deeds.
Pupils in Christianity, entrepreneurs considered themselves natural and necessary for themselves. Rapidly increasing, charitable capital often played a decisive role in solving the problems of the state.
Wide charity activities brought the state gallery and theaters, schools and libraries, universities and scientific institutions, hospitals and shelters. The famous statement of the main ideologist of this movement of Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov is remembered. He wrote that from the young age he dreamed to "be charged with society (people) would also be back to society (people) in any useful institutions."
The complexity of nature and special thinking demonstrates us the brightest representative of the Russian benefactors Gavril Gavrilovich Solodovnikov (1826 - 1901). The merchant of the first guild, a hereditary honorary citizen, a large home owner, landowner, banker earned his millions thanks to an unusual talent and a business grip.
The legends and jokes went about his stupidity in everyday life. It was rumored that he saves on food and gives a penny tip. But on the charity of the malt workers did not regret money. The unclear glory came to him after death. In a spiritual will, he left Moscow for charitable needs over 20 million rubles. Relatives received a little more than 800 thousand rubles from its inheritance.
Charity in their manifestations and in nature is extremely multi-sided.
Motives of charity could be the most different circumstances, for example, family. Heavy illness or death of loved ones caused a desire to sacrifice for good deeds. So the sanatoriums, hospitals, shelters appeared, educational institutions established.
The impetus for the manifestation of blessing for a Russian man could be a strong emotional impression.
In 1862, the house of the urban head, the merchant-shovel Mikhail Leontievich Korolev visited the Sovereign Alexander II with his wife Maria Alexandrovna. The impression of the event was so strong that the brothers Mikhail and Ivan Queen wished to marry his donation at 8000 rubles. On scholarships in the Meshchansky schools. The Moscow Merchant Society perpetuated the memory of visiting the venance specials by the opening of the Alexander Mariinsky Zamoskvoretsky School for Moscow-River for learning poor children of both sexes. The Board of Trustees of the Institution entered the influential persons of Moscow. Subsequently, M.L. Korolev bequeathed to strengthen the assets of the school capital of 50,000 rubles.
The contributions were made on the occasion of significant dates or events in the royal family. For example, on the occasion of the birth of the daughters of Nicholas II, Tatiana and Olga, 25 additional scholarships were established in women's educational institutions. And in 1907 - 50 scholarships named after the heir of the sovereign Alexey in men's educational institutions. The 300th anniversary of the house of Romanov was noted by the appropriation for charity goals 300 000 rubles.
The strongest motive of donations was the concern for the happiness of children. The brightest example of parental charity left in the history of Vasily Fedorovich Arshanov. Realizing that none of his sons would be able to continue the trading on the destruction of the soul, he decided to give them the opportunity to do a favorite thing. For a son who fascinated with music, a conservatory was built in Saratov. The building still amazes it with its beauty, and she herself is considered one of the best in the world. Another son who occupied geology was given a research institute for studying rocks and minerals. Today it is a research institute of mineral raw materials in an old monomonal alley in Moscow.
An incentive for charity was even science and technical progress. D.P. Ryabushinsky in 1904 at the age of 20 in the parent near Moscow estate Kuchino (now pos. Zheleznodorozhny) built the world's first aerodynamic laboratory to develop issues of aerodynamic and a hydrodynamic laboratory, which was then transformed into the aerodynamic institute, and acquired broad fame of the theory of aeronautics.
F.P. Ryabushinsky, having a tendency to naturally historical and geographic knowledge, became the initiator and organizer of the scientific expedition to study Kamchatka in 1908.
In the Kamchatka expedition he allocated 200 thousand rubles. - a significant part of your condition. He was inspired by the most sincere desire - to benefit Fatherland. The expedition was crowned with success, science and Russian geographical society received the richest data of the Big Kamchatka Expedition.
A charity movement in Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries developed in two directions - support for the social sphere, culture for the wide masses and patronage of sciences and high art.
Representatives of different classes are the people and the poor - given to those who needed what: one state, others - forces and time. These were devotees who received satisfaction from the consciousness of their own benefit, from serving their Fatherland through humanity. Our task is to remember them and follow their example.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, 628 charitable institutions existed in Moscow, 427 of them for adults, 201 for children, including those are virtied, shelters 239.
We can say that charity today is in the trend. I present to your attention the real stories of very wealthy people who donated all their state.
1. Vladislav Tetyukhin (former co-owner of a large metallurgical company)
Sverdlovsk oligarch at 80 years old did not buy a villa in warm countries and did not start the crowd of supermodels. He sold all his shares, and a medical center built a medical center in Nizhny Tagil to the revengeted 3.3 billion.
In the future, the billionaire plans to build a hotel, new homes for clinic staff for 350 apartments, a hostel for students, a transport unit and a helicopter platform. 
Now Tetyukhin occupies the post of Director General and in its 82 to work, it comes strictly on schedule at 9:00 am six days a week! He himself lives in 44 kilometers from Tagil in the city of Upper Salda. And local officials nicknamed business Tetyukhin altruism. The mayor of Nizhny Tagil even promised to call in honor of him to stop public transport near the medical center.
2. Chuck Fine (Creator Duty Free)
In the 1988th Magazine "Forbes" placed Chuck Furnie on the 31st line of his list of rich, and it was partly incorrect - by the time the richness of the Finie actually did not actually belonged to him. The finney anonymously sacrificed his money to all sorts of institutions and organizations - often even the recipients themselves did not know who was their benefactor, and often a word about non-disclosure was taken from them.
Chuck Chook Furni - The Atlantic Philanthropies Foundation, from whose person and all donations are made. In general assessment, this fund has already made donations in the amount of over 6.2 billion US dollars.
It is known that Chuck has five children, and with the first wife he divorced. By the way, the family lives a completely well-safe life of ordinary millionaires, and only Chuck Fini himself prefers the principle of necessary sufficiency.
3. Brain Bernie (had a business in the field of personnel selection and construction)
This millionaire everything went great while the trouble did not come to his house. His wife was diagnosed with cancer. It had a decisive influence on the magnate, who was engaged in a lot of charity. He handed a significant part of his condition for creating a whole column of medical machines. These cars traveled through small villages in North England and provided sick high-tech medical care. Salary doctors Fred Bernie paid from his pocket.
After many years of fighting the disease, his wife recovered. On joys, Brain Bernie sold most of the property and gave everything to charity. Having learned about this, his wife, decided to put on a divorce, because I was not going to live in poverty.
Brain Bernie did not prevent the divorce and gave the necessary funds. After that, he moved to a small apartment over the premises of his charity foundation to completely devote himself to the cause of cancer. Now he lives on a small pension and goes in a used car.
4. Lee Liuan (Successful Investor)
Chinese businesswoman Lee Lijan made a multimillion state in the 1980s on successful investments in the production of clothing and enterprises of the coal industry. However, there are no trace from the old wealth now. Not only is huge debts hang.
All its state of the former millionaire spent 75 orphans, which she adopted. And now she is not even able to feed them independently. At the moment, its debt is more than $ 300,000.
Lee receives donations from charity organizations and individuals, but many children need long and expensive treatment or operations, and the incoming money is disastrically lacking.
Now fashion for charity is gaining momentum.
Here are some rich, which will soon be abandoned from everything.
5. Waven Tun (Norwegian billionaire)
All its state (about 6 billion dollars) he decided to spend on funding for medical research. He decided that the money he had earned during his life was better to spend on a useful case. "Anyway, I can't pick them up with me," he explains.
Wolve himself lives quite modestly. He is married, but he has no children. Therefore, he decided to donate all his wealth. "I have a bike and skis, and I eat a little. So, I think everything will be fine, "he constantly repeats in numerous interviews.
6. Tim Cook (Apple CEO)
His condition is estimated at 800 million dollars. Almost all earned funds 54-year-old businessman plans to spend on charity after granting the formation of its 10-year nephew.
It does not apply to what goals will send funds, although it says that it has gradually began to sacrifice money. Cook said that she intends to develop a systematic approach to charity, and not just sign checks.
7. Saudi Prince al-Valid
Not so long ago, the prince stated that he would donate all his state for charity. First of all, he wants to help organizations that are engaged in the struggle for women's rights, and also sponsor incurable diseases, help the victims of natural disasters and popularize a healthy lifestyle.
Al-Walid's condition, for 2015, is estimated at $ 21.5 billion. The investor takes the 22nd line in the list of the richest people in the world.
As you can see, all these stories are about one, but the junction is always different and ambiguous.
And if you had inconspicuous wealth, how would you deal with them?
At the 1st International Film Festival named after Savva Morozov, who was held in Moscow from September 20 to September 27, 2015, as part of the master class cycle, the chairman of the Morozov club, Ph.D. Stolyarov A.S.
At the greater the 20th century, the concept of "charity" in Socialist Russia was left of the daily lexicon. Therefore, an article about charity will not be superfluous with the encyclopedic definitions of this public phenomenon.
1. Determination of charity and patronage
- Charity is the manifestation of compassion to the neighbor and moral duty of a root to rush to help the poor. (Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, 1891)
- Charity - actions and actions of a gratuitous character aimed at public benefit or to provide material assistance to the poor. (Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Sost. S. I. Ozhegov, N. Yu. Swedov. M., 1983).
- Charity is to provide material assistance to those in need by individuals and organizations. Charity can also be sent to promoting and developing any socially significant forms of activity (for example, environmental protection, protection of cultural monuments, etc.) (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)
Matssenat Guy Tsilnis, who lived between 74 and 64 BC, was an approximate Roman emperor of August. He satisfied the feasts and treats for people of art, patronized poets Vergilia and Horace and supported them financially.
The patronage of the poets made the name of the patron of the patron. Now the patronage is called the direction of charity associated with the support of culture, art.
2. History of charity in Russia
The first historical certificates of charity in ancient Russia is considered to be the contracts of Prince Oleg (911) and Prince Igor (945) with Byzantia about the redemption of prisoners mentioned in the "Tale of Bygone Years".
The beginning of charitable activities in Russia can be considered 998 - the year of the Baptism of Russia. With the adoption of Christianity in accordance with one of his main commandments, "Love the Middle His Middle, as Himself" in Russia, they spoke about the charity of the poor, which was reflected in the distribution of alms.
Kiev Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Charter 996. Officially applied to the clergy to engage in public charity, determining the tithe for the maintenance of monasteries, churches, was cooled and hospitals.
I provided generous assistance to the poor. The people convened to his feours from everywhere, fed, she saw all those who came, taking care of incapable of moving, ordered to take the food on the carts.
The activities of Russian benefactors and patrons in the XVIII-XIX V.V. predetermined by state policies, aid philosophy that existed in Russian society.
Peter I in 1712 was published by the Decree "On the establishment in all Gubripnesium Gumpitles", the main source of financing of all institutions under Peter was private donations: the king for example was sacrificed for these purposes to a third of his salary.
At the Treaty of Queen Catherine II in 1775. A system of state aid, including poor, poor and orphans, was founded. By the end of the XIX century, Russia had already numbered more than 1,000 charitable institutions and organizations.
The charity activities of the state created the basis for the private initiative of a charitable nature. Gradually, following the example of the royal family, charity in Russia has become a very common phenomenon among rich enterprising Russians.
As for private charity, in Russia there were not aristocrats and intelligentsia, as in Western Europe. In Russia, the XIX century there was a different economic basis for charity.
Nobles After the reform of 1861, retaining its wealth in the form of real estate, did not have large cash. Russian intelligentsiaThe imbued with the idea of \u200b\u200bmercy could not realize it in practice, as herself needed material assistance.
Therefore, the history of charity in Russia is closely related to the entrepreneurial activities of the rich people, namely merchants. The intensive motive of the Russian merchant was instinct of practical assistance in need. Charity was perceived by merchants as a godly business. A special role was played by the increased religiosity of the merchant class, which formed the desire to gain grace in the life of eternal through the virtue in the life of the earth. The generosity of Russian merchants for charity hit contemporaries.
3. The flourishing of Russian charity inXIX. Century.
Speaking about charity, it is necessary to understand the driving forces of this phenomenon. Motivation of people to the employment of charity and patronage can be defined by four moments:
1) Religious motifwhich manifests itself in manifestation of manifestations to the poor and disadvantaged and erection of Orthodox churches.
Throughout the thousand-year history, the Russian people had a relation to wealth as a consequence of sinful life. Christ said: "Do not collect a treasure on earth ... but collect yourself treasures in the sky ... because where is your treasure there and your heart." And it became for the Orthodox spiritual basis for incubation.
Many Russian entrepreneurs built temples, which reflected the idea of \u200b\u200bredemption for wealth, which is always connected with sin.
2) Personal Motive Allows a person who is engaged in charity to approve herself as a person.
3) status motive Solves the needs of a person to promote itself in a public hierarchy. (For example, promotion, rewards, titles).
4) Memorial Motive It implies the creation of goodness to preserve good memory about himself in generations of descendants and fellow citizens.
It should be noted that in Russia private charity has always been compensation for an ineffective state model. Charity allowed "to darge those social holes", to which the state "did not reach the hands." Understanding this, the state has always encouraged charity activities.
In the 60-80s of the XIX century, 70% of charitable societies of pre-revolutionary Russia were formed, which helped the development of the Russian people in new historical conditions. So, in 1861-1870. In Russia, 580 charitable institutions were created, in 1871-1880. - 809, etc.
With a full basis, it can be said that Russian merchants and industrialists gave the material basis for the heyday of the national culture, which was observed at the end of the 19th - early 20th century.
The revival of national Russian forms in art at a time when Western European concepts were dominated by the most beautiful, associated with the patrons of merchants. Construction of churches in the Russian style, the revival of Russian spiritual painting, encouraging masters created works in the national spirit, was largely carried out on the money of Russian entrepreneurs. Russian merchants performed the functions that in other countries were preferably on the intelligentsia and the formed layer.
4. Merozular merchant dynasty - a vivid example of charity and patronage in the history of Russia.
Advanced Russian industrialists in the second half of the XIX century began to be comprehensively approaching the organization of their enterprises. Unprecedented until we paid to create the creation of favorable living conditions of factory workers. Stone barracks for living workers together with their families were built, hospitals, schools were erected. All this was aimed at a significant improvement in the labor and life of industrial workers. Such a variety of programs for factories and their families are now called "social policy." But at that time, this term was not applied, and the entrepreneurs themselves preferred to call the institutions created by them by charitable.
With the coming to control the "Association of Nikolskaya Manufactory" Savva Timofeevich Morozov in Orekhovo-Zuyevo began social transformations that allowed to improve the working conditions and life of workers. The relationship between workers and entrepreneurs after the Morozovka strike of 1885 began to rebuild. This allowed for 20 years to preserve social consent and stable work of textile factories.
At the insistence of Savva Morozov, significant changes were made to the working conditions in Nikolskaya manufactory:
- canceled night work of women and children under 12;
- day work of adolescents from 12 years is limited to 8 hours;
- the payment of the absence of pregnant women to 40 days and paid leave after childbirth is 15 days;
- for the care of the child, the employee was provided with additional hours of rest during working hours;
- instead of a 12-hour working day, 10-hour was introduced (the Board did not agree with Savoy Morozov, who demanded the introduction of an 8-hour working day);
- pencies in old age with personnel workers who have worked at the factory for 10 years have been introduced.
Another focus of the social policy of Morozov was the provision of free housing of their workers and employees. At the beginning of the twentieth century The Nikolskaya Manufactory, which was led by S.T. Morozov, had 30 barracks, which lived a total of 14,441 people (data at 1906). In this case, the overwhelming majority of the Kamorok was assigned to one family (91.1%).
Built in Orekhovo-Zueva and equipped with the latest medical equipment Hospital (now the 1st city) was recognized as the best in Europe. Disabled members of families received medical care here for free of charge with workers. All patients were on free portion nutrition. At a special account was the maternity branch that received enhanced nutrition.
In order to create conditions for a healthy lifestyle of workers and cultural development, S.T. Morozov organized in Orekhovo-Zuyevo one of the first society of sobriety society, the first non-professional orchestra, as well as the choir from workers and employees, theatrical troupe.
Savva built three public theaters in Russia, two of them in Orekhovo-Zuev. Summer two-storey theater (not survived) was located in the Patal Walk Park (now "Park May 1") and enjoyed great popularity in families of workers. In the town of Nikolsky, two libraries were organized: one public, the other in the Nikolsky school. Both libraries provided reading books for free.
All this activity S.T. Morozov has deserved a high assessment of contemporaries. Vladimir gendarmesky Colonel N.I. Voronov wrote in their essays: "The life of workers in the factors of Savva Morozov is better furnished. Workers use healthy comfortable apartments, the premises are arranged exemplary, satisfy the necessary hygienic conditions, also the most factories where workers carry out half aim.
As a patron and philanthropes, S.T. Morozov fully showed himself in the capital of Russia, Moscow. He helped individuals and organizations. Donations were always significant: several tens of thousand rubles for the construction of a maternity shelter with an old-skaterinin hospital, 10 thousand rubles "on the" Case of the Charity of the Islestical Trial in Moscow ".
Cultural undertakings of Sava Morozov supported on the basis of his views. So on the museum of elegant arts of frosts did not donate a penny. Passionately loved the theater and often asked to preserve his donations in secret. So it was in the early 90s. 19th century, when he provided funds to the Moscow Private Theater. "You see," he said - commerce is guided by his own catechism. And so I will ask you and your comrades nothing about me. "
Everyone knows the help of S.T. Morozov, the Moscow Art Theater, to whom he not only handed over a total of about half a million rubles, but was the organizer and soul of the team of the creators of this theater. I solved many production problems, I gave all my free time during the construction and even lived in the theater under construction.
The mother of Savva Morozova was widely known among contemporaries - M.F. Morozova (Ur. Simonova). Deep religiousness in combination with enormous financial capabilities allowed Maria Fedorovna Morozova for decades annually annually distribute hundreds of thousands of rubles for charity. According to the testimony of contemporaries, "... In Moscow, there is not a single social and educational or charitable institution that would not use large donations from it." In his house in a three-way alley, she arranged the temple in the name of St. Apostle Timothy. Every Saturday and Sunday and on the holidays there were committed by worship, at which Maria Fedorovna was presented strictly.
Latitude and generosity M.F. Morozova was struck by even famous Moscow merchants-patrons. So, for example, after the death of Timofey Savvich, in his memory, she sacrificed Rogozhsky cemetery of 100 thousand rubles (on the bell tower, a bishop house, alder, school, repair of the temple). Even more significant amounts of M.F. Morozova handed over to church-charitable destination.
On the day of the funeral Maria Fedorovna, according to her death will and in accordance with Orthodox customs, charitable distributions were made by poor money and food, including paid lunches on a funeral day for a thousand people in two Moscow free dining rooms. Money (approximately in the amount of daytime earnings) and "Harci on Pompetion" received more than 26 thousand workers of Morozovsky factories ...
Morozov - millionaires, patterns, public figures ... Many of them became samples of active charitable activities in various areas of culture. Alexey Vikolovich created the Museum of the Porcelain, Ivan Abramovich collected impressionists (now the collection of the Pushkin Museum), Mikhail Abramovich sponsored the Greek Hall of the GMIA, was the director of the Russian Music Society; Varvara Alekseevna created the library to read them. Turgenev, Sergey Timofeevich - Museum of History, Also known Numerous "Morozov" hospitals and schools built in Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuev, Tver, Bogorodsk.
5. The situation with charitable activities in modern Russia and the possibility of its improvement.
This modern stage of charity development has no more than 2 dozen years. We see that the restoration of Russian charity in its traditional for pre-revolutionary Russia does not have to speak.
The traditional charity was based on emotions - the attraction of the heart, compassion, the consciousness of sin, fear of God's court, etc. Now much of the person listed in the structure of modern people or projects or has changed significantly. Religious motive, which has previously dominated, is currently often only an external entourage of other motifs. It is often used in pr-politics to achieve a certain status.
In modern Russian charity, it is the status motive that occupies a leading position. "Charitable activity" becomes a prerequisite for passing into power structures. And there are differences from the status of a status motive in pre-revolutionary Russia.
Fig. Cleaning motives for charitable activities
Previously charitable activities were engaged in a person who had already reached a certain social status. With his actions, he simply strengthened him and sought to realize a memorial motive. Currently practical russian uses charity as a tool for the status position and career growth.
Unfortunately, the Russian state could not ensure the equitable distribution of the Soviet economic heritage between the citizens of the country. Therefore, it should create economic and political prerequisites for the voluntary motivation of the courts to solve the social problems of society. Defined work in this direction is carried out.
According to the newspaper "State Duma" about 2/3 of commercial structures are now engaged in corporate charity. These are mostly representatives of small and medium businesses, which, by definition, closer to the people. But the effective tool for smoothing the monstrous bundle of our society, corporate charity has not yet become.
Fig. 2. Forms of charity commercial enterprises.
It should be noted that the legislative framework of all levels of government is not sufficiently designed to take into account all the motives for the participation of citizens in charitable activities and little encourages it. Ideally, we must strive for such a model at which all layers of society would win from the provision of charity assistance.
Fig. 3. Negative conditions for the development of charity in modern Russia
Thus, as a scientific study shows, there are several serious obstacles to the effective development of charity in the country. The main one:
- unfavorable for benefactors and welfare system of taxation;
- insistently, often negative attitude to charity and its representatives from the Russian society.
To create favorable conditions for the development of philanthropy in Russia, it is necessary:
Improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of charity;
Introduction of a favorable tax regime for donors and recipients of charitable funds;
Ensuring guarantees of property rights and the creation of conditions for the development of entrepreneurship;
Increased openness and transparency of donor structures for society and power
Formation of culture of charity, ethical standards, high professionalism and donor responsibility;
Formation of a positive attitude to philanthropic activities and philanthropy institutions;
Formation of a system of state promotion.
All generations of the family, starting with the grandchildren of the founder of the dynasty, proofing, Grigory and Nikita Demidov, were actively engaged in charity. Much brothers did for the formation of the Moscow University founded in 1755. In addition to cash donations, they handed over the University of Mineralogical Cabinet of 6 thousand items, a famous collection of minerals, a huge herbarium, natural science collections, libraries. The first nominal scholarships, the so-called Demidov Pension, were established at the Depophy of Demidov at the University, the so-called Demidov Pension. The first in Russia of the Department and the Cabinet of Natural History (now Zoological Museum of Moscow State University) and the Museum of Natural History (now the State Geological Museum named after Vernadsky were opened at the university. For the construction and needs of the Moscow educational house of Proophyal Demidov donated over a million rubles with silver. In his own funds, a branch office was opened at the educational house, a house for a binding and hospital for poor births in St. Petersburg. Brother Prophia Nikita Akinfiyevich opens the factory school in Nizhny Tagil, encourages the development of art crafts. His son Nicholas (1773-1828) continued the beginnings of the Father: Built in the lower Tagil school, hospital, shelter, transformed the Gornozavodskaya school to the left school. In 1806, Nikolai created an art school, the most gifted students of which sent to Moscow, St. Petersburg, to France and Italy. In the first half of the XIX century in the Nizhnyagil Mountain District of Demidov, the Gornozavodskaya School, Parish and Craft School, "Practical Classes" for children workers, founded by Nikolai Nikitich Demidov Art School, two libraries, local history museum and theater. After the death of a fire of collections of Moscow University, Nikolai presented the University of the Cabinet of Natural History out of 6,000 items worth 50 thousand rubles. He sacrificed Moscow 100 thousand rubles for the device in the previously "Slobodsky Palace" of the house of hardworking and a stone house in Gatchina, where a charity shelter was located. He sacrificed funds in the Committee of Persons with Disabilities, victims of flooding in St. Petersburg. The total amount of his donations for charitable purposes for incomplete data exceeded 720 thousand rubles. In addition, he built a school in Florence (it still exists and wears the name of the Demidov), the hospital, the house of hard work for the elderly and orphans. After his death, Florence erected Nikolay Demidov Monument, who now decorates the Square of his name (Piazza Niccola Demidoff). The cousin Nikolai Pavel Demidov (1738-1821) initiated and financed the discovery of the School of School in the Yaroslavl to prepare civil officials. He also traditionally for Demidov was a major donor to Moscow University. Pavel Demidov handed over to him in addition to the money acquired abroad, the rarest natural science, numismatic, artistic collections and a huge library. He allocated 50 thousand rubles to the opening of universities in Kiev and Tobolsk. The sons of Nikolai Demidova Pavel (1798 - 1840) and Anatoly (1812 - 1870) continued the charitable traditions of the family. The main areas of their activities in this area were the construction of hospitals, assistance to widows and orphans of officers and soldiers who died during the wars, support for artists and the development of education in Russia. Here, it should be noted the institution in 1830 in the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Demidov Prizes, designed to promote "Deputy Sciences, Literature and Industry in their Fatherland". Demidov Prizes were awarded for achievements in science, technology, art and were considered the most honorable public award of Russia. For the means of Anatoly Demidov, free dinners were distributed in St. Petersburg, and only in 1839-1851 more than three million servings were issued. The brothers donated funds for charitable goals and abroad: to support the house of hardworking for orphans in Florence, based on their father, to finance the activities of Donatello Association and work on the completion of the construction of facades of Basilica Santa Croce and Santa Cathedral Maria del Fjore in Florence , Saint Elizabeth Monastery in Austria, Berlin's poor and Paris, the Paris World Statistical Society, as well as the widows and orphans of the French soldiers who died in Africa. Demidov financed the opening of the first female commercial school in Russia to prepare the counters, Cassis and Document Producers.