A brief biography of Rembrandt and his work. The most famous works of Rembrandt

21.06.2019

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Rembrandt Harmers Wang Rhine (Notele. Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van Rijn [RɛMBRɑNT ɦɑRMə (N) SOːN VɑN Rɛin], 1606-1669) - Dutch artist, Engraver, Great Master of Lights, the largest representative of the Golden Age of Dutch painting. He managed to embody in his works the entire spectrum of human experiences with such an emotional saturation, which the visual art did not know before him. Rembrandt's work, extremely diverse by genre affiliation, open the audience a timeless spiritual world of human experiences and feelings.

Biography

Years of apprenticeship

Rembrandt Harmenszon ("Son Harmen") Wang Rhine was born July 15, 1606 (according to some data, in 1607) in a large family of the wealthy owner of Harmen Gerrtatson Van Raina in Leiden. Mother's family even after the Dutch revolution preserved loyalty to Catholic religion.

"Allegory of Music" 1626 - an example of Lastman's influence on young Rembrandt

In Leiden, Rembrandt attended Latin school at the university, but he showed the greatest interest in painting. At the age of 13, he was given to learn from the visual arts to Leiden's historical painter Jacob Van Svanbühurh, Catholic in faith. Researchers could not find the work of Rembrandt related to this period, so the question of the influence of Svanbühur to the formation of the creative manner of Rembrandt remains open: too little is known today about this Leiden artist.

In 1623, Rembrandt studied in Amsterdam in Peter Lastman, who has passed an internship in Italy and specializing in historical, mythological and biblical plots. Returning in 1627 in Leiden, Rembrandt, along with another Livenz, opened his own workshop and began to recruit students. For several years he gained wide fame.

The influence of Lastman and Karavagist

Lastman addiction to motion and detail performed had a huge impact on the young artist. It clearly stems in its first preserved works - "Breaking the stones of St. Stephen "(1629)," Scene from ancient history "(1626) and" Baptism of Enun "(1626). In comparison with his mature works, they are extremely colorful, the artist seeks to carefully write out every detail of the material world, as possible to transfer the exotic situation of biblical history. Almost all heroes appear in front of the audience dressed in bizarre eastern outfits, shine with jewels, which creates an atmosphere of majority, paradanity, festivity ("Allegory of Music", 1626; "David in front of Saul", 1627).

The final works of the period - "Tovit and Anna", "Valaam and the Oskina" - reflect not only the artist rich fantasy, but his desire as you can expressively convey the dramatic experiences of your heroes. Like other Baroque masters, it begins to comprehend the value of sharply glued lighting for transmitting emotions. His teachers in relation to working with the light were Utrecht Karavadzhists, but even more he focused on the works of Adam Elsheimer - German, who worked in Italy. The most Caravaggist on the execution of the Rembrandt's canvas - "Parable about unreasonable richer" (1627), "Simeon and Anna in the Temple" (1628), "Christ in Emmaus" (1629).

This group adjoins the painting "Artist in his workshop" (1628; Perhaps this is a self-portrait), at which the artist captured himself in the workshop at the time of contemplating his own creation. The canvas, over which work is underway, is brought to the forefront of the picture; In comparison with him, the author himself seems to be dwarf.

Workshop in Leiden

One of the unresolved questions of the creative biography of Rembrandt is his artistic roll call with Livenz. Working side by side, they have repeatedly taken over the same plot as, for example, Samson and Dalila (1628/1629) or "Lazarus Resurrection" (1631). Partly both stretched over Rubens, who then heard the best artist of the whole of Europe, sometimes Rembrandt borrowed artistic finds of Livenz, sometimes the case was exactly the opposite. For this reason, the distinction of the work of Rembrandt and Livenza 1628-1632 represents well-known difficulties for art historians. Among other well-known works - Valaam Ollian (1626 g).

In 1629, the artist noted the secretary of Prince Oransky Konstantin Guygens (Father of Christian Guigens) - a well-known poet and patron. In one of the letters of that time, Guigens exceeds Livenz and Rembrandt as promising young artists, and Rembrandt's canvas "Judas, returning thirty silverings", compares with the best works of Italy and even antiquity. This Guigens helped Rembrandt to contact rich customers and ordered him several religious cauldons for Prince Orange.

Developing your own style

This depicted myself Rembrandt aged 23 years

In 1631, Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam, where the aesthetics of Baroque the dynamic and external patient of the canvas were raised by a lot of wealthy admirers, like a Guigens who saw new Rubens in it. A year later, Livenz closed the Leiden workshop and left for England, where he fell under the influence of Wang Dequean, then, before returning to his homeland in 1644, worked in Antwerp.

The period of moving to Amsterdam was marked in the creative biography of Rembrandt by creating a set of etudes of male and female heads, in which he explores the originality of each model, experiments with mobile facial expressions. These small works, subsequently mistakenly accepted by the images of the Father and Mother of the artist, became a real school of Rembrandt-Portraitist. It was the portrait painting that made the artist at that time to attract orders of wealthy Amsterdam burghers and thereby achieve commercial success.

In the first Amsterdam years, a prominent place in the works of Rembrandt occupies the genre of autoportist; Depicting yourself in fantastic robes and intricate poses, it is planning new ways to develop his art. Sometimes the elderly characters of the etudes, dressed as an artist in luxury oriental costumes, are transformed by his imagination in biblical characters; This is a thoughtful "Jeremiah, mourning of the destruction of Jerusalem" (1630). For the staff of Friedrich-Heinrich Orange, he creates paired cloth "Erecting the Cross" (1633) and "Removing from the Cross" (1632/1633), inspired by the Multifiguric engravings of Rubens.

Success in Amsterdam

Glory about Rembrandte as an outstanding master spread over Amsterdam after the completion of the group portrait of the "Anatomy of Doctor Tulp" (1632), at which attentive surgeons were not built into the parallel rows of heads addressed to the viewer, as it was taken in portrait painting of that time And strictly distributed in the pyramidal composition, which allowed psychologically to combine all the actors in a single group. The wealth of the Mimici of each person and the dramatic use of lighting summarizes under years of experimentation, indicating the occurrence of the artist's creative maturity.

The first years in Amsterdam were the most happy in the life of Rembrandt. The marriage that took place in 1634 with Saskiy Van Eilenburh opens the door of the mansions of allocated burghers in front of the artist, which belonged to her father - Burgomister Leeuwarden. Orders roll to him one by one; At least fifty portraits are dating precisely the first years of stay of Rembrandt in Amsterdam. Conservative mennonites were especially favor of him. Many noise endowed his double portrait of the Mennonite preacher Cornelis Ansello, who melted in verses himself.

Rembrandt's material well-being allowed him to acquire his own mansion (see Rembrandt's House-Museum), which he filled them with antiques of art with antiques. These were not only paintings by Italian masters and engravings, but also an antique sculpture, weapons, musical instruments. To study the great predecessors, he had no need to leave Amsterdam, because in the city then you could see such masterpieces as Tizianovsky "Portrait of Jerolamo (?) Barbarigo" and the portrait of the Balthazar Castiglion Brush Rafael.

The most significant portraits of those years belong to the images of Saskovia - sometimes in the home environment lying in bed, sometimes in luxury robes (Cassel portrait, 1634) and theatrical bleas ("Saskovia in the image of the flora", 1634). In 1641, they had a son of Titus; Three more children died in infancy. An excess of the vital forces of the artist in the years of marriage with Saskius with the greatest bribanity is expressed in the painting "The Blind Son in the Tavern" (1635). The iconography of this glorious work goes back to moralistic images of debauchery of the prodigal son from the biblical parable.

Sasquia died a year after the birth of the Son, and the period of continuous personal losses began in Rembrandt.

Dialogue with Italians

Rembrandt's creative dialogue with great Italian artists indicate not only portrait works, but also multifigure paintings on mythological and biblical topics, which reflected the care of the artist about external effects and in this respect consonant with the works of Masters of Baroque Italy.

As in the years of working with Lastman, the creative imagination of Rembrandt requires biblical plots with relatively uneven iconography. In the "Pira of Valstasar" (1635) on the faces of the character characters, a genuine horror was written, the impression of anxiety is enhanced by dramatic lighting of the scene. No less dynamically "sacrifice of Abraham" (1635) - the knife frozen in the air gives the scene the viability of the photographic image. A later version of this composition from Munich is an example of how the pictures of Rembrandt of his apprentice copied qualitatively.

The effects of light and shadow Rembrandt also developed in the etchings ("Christ in front of the Pilat", 1636), which were often preceded by numerous preparatory drawings. Throughout the subsequent life, the etchings brought no less income to Rembrandt than actually painting. As an etching, he was especially famous for the use of a dry needle, a dynamic stroke and tightening technique.

"The night Watch"

Rembrandt. "Night Watch" (1642)

In 1642, Rembrandt received an order for one of the six group portraits of Amsterdam Musketeers for the new building of the Rowing Society; Two other orders got his disciples. When creating this four-meter pattern - the most ambitious of its works - Rembrandt broke with the canons of Dutch portrait painting, in two centuries, predicting artistic finds of the XIX century - the era of realism and impressionism. The models were depicted quite directly, in motion, which did not like to customers at all, many of whom were corded into the background:

The monumental creation of Rembrandt, who captured a sudden performance at the campaign of a rifle company, headed by her commanders, was decided by them as a mass scene, permeated by the movement of a crowd of concrete and nameless characters and built on the flickering contrast brightly lit color spots and shaded zones. Having creates the impression of the difference and tension, the randomness of the situation captured on the web at the same time is penetrated by solemnity and heroic lifting, it is closer to its sound with the historical composition.

Such a bold combination of a group portrait with military memoirs of the Netherlands Revolution scared some customers. Rembrandt's biographers argue about how noise "Night Watch" (this is the erroneous name later received a picture, to restoration of the 1940s. Hidden under a darkened varnish and soot) influenced the further career of the artist. In all likelihood, a common legend of the failure of this work is not among themselves serious grounds. The conspiramic version of the history of the "Night Watch" is given in the films of the British director of Peter Greenway "Night Watch" (2007) and "Rembrandt. I blame! "(2008).

Whatever the reasons for the cooling of the Amsterdam public to Rembrandt, the result of changes in tastes was the extinction of his fame and gradual impoverishment. After the "Night Watch" in the workshop of Rembrandt, single disciples remain. His former substrursions, borrowing and developing any single line of early Rembrandt, become more successful and sought-after artists than their teacher. It is especially characteristic of the degree of Giatert Flink, who has mastered the external influence of the dynamic Rembrandt cloths of the 1630s. Ledein Herard Dow - one of the first students of Rembrandt - all his life remained under the influence of Lastman aesthetics of the cauldron like the "Allegory of Music" 1626. Fabrichius, who worked in the workshop around 1640, willingly experimented with the prospect and developed the drawn backgrounds, which brought him outstanding success in Delft.

Transitional period

Rembrandt's privacy information in the 1640s in the documents has survived little. From the disciples of this period, only Nicholas Mas from Dordrecht is known. Apparently, the artist continued to live on a wide leg, as before. The family of deceased Saskiyas expressed concern about how he ordered her dowry. Nanny Titus, Hergete Dirks, filed him to the court for violation of the promise to marry; For the destruction of this incident, the artist had to fork out.

At the end of the 1640s, Rembrandt came together with his young servant Hendrik, Stoffex, the image of which flashes in many portrait works of this period: "Flora" (1654), "Bumping Woman" (1654), "Hendrika by the window" (1655). The parish council condemned Hendrik for "sinful cohabitation", when in 1654 she had a daughter of Cornelia with the artist. During these years, Rembrandt departs from those having a grand national or universal sound. The picturesque works of this period are not a few.

The artist is working for a long time on engraved portraits of Burgomistan Yana Six (1647) and other influential burghers. All engraving techniques known for him went into force in the manufacture of carefully developed etching "Christ, healing patients", better known as the "sheet in a hundred guilders," - precisely such a huge price for the XVII century it was once sold. Over this etching, affecting the fineness of the black and white game, he worked seven years, from 1643 to 1649. In 1661, work continued on the "Three Crosses" elaboration (not completed).

During the years of life, the artist's attention attracted landscapes with frowning clouds, squall wind and other attributes of romantically agitated nature in the traditions of Rubens and Segers. Pearls of Rembrandt realism belongs to the "Winter Landscape" of 1646. However, the vertex of the skill of Rembrandt-landscape was not so many picturesque work, how many drawings and etchings, such as the "mill" (1641) and "Three Tree" (1643). He masters and other new genres for themselves - still life (with game and covered carcasses) and horse-drawn portrait (although, by a general opinion, Rembrandt's horses never succeeded).

Poetic interpretation during these years receive scenes of everyday domestic life, what are the two "holy families" 1645 and 1646. Together with the "worship of the shepherds" (1646) and "rest on the way to Egypt" (1647) they allow us to talk about the trends idealizing the patriarchal defendance of family life in Rembrandt. These works are warming up with warm feelings of relatives, love, compassion. The light of them reaches the shades unprecedented before the wealth. Coloring especially warm, with the predominance of flickering red and golden brown tones.

Late Rembrandt.

In 1653, experiencing material difficulties, the artist transferred almost all his property to the son of Titus, after which he declared bankruptcy in 1656. After the sale in 1657-1658 of the house and property (the interesting catalog of the Arembrandt artistic assembly is preserved) the artist moved to the outskirts of Amsterdam, in the Jewish quarter, where he spent the rest of his life. The closest to him in those years, apparently, remained titus; Its images are the most numerous. On some, he appears a prince from a magical fairy tale, on others - woven from the sunlight angel. The death of titus in 1668 became one of the last blows of fate; He himself was not a year later.

"Matthew and Angel" (1661). Perhaps the model for Angel was the titus.

A distinctive feature of Rembrandt creativity of the 1650s is clarity and monumentality of large-burning compositions. It is characterized in this regard, the work of Aristotle with Bust Homer, executed in 1653 for the Sicilian aristocrat Antonio Ruffo and sold in 1961 by his heirs at the Metropolitan-Museum auction for a record at that time in two more than a million dollars. Aristotle is immersed in deep meditation; The inner light seems to comes from his face and from the Bust of Homer, which he laid his hand.

Rembrandt old men

Last works

Rembrandt's artistic genius developed on ascending. His latest works are a unique phenomenon in the history of painting. The secret of their sticky, as if flowing around the canvas of the paints is still not solid. The figures are monumental and deliberately close to the front plane of the canvas. The artist stops on rare biblical plots, the search for compliances in the Bible still takes researchers of his work. It will attract such moments of being when human experiences manifest themselves with the greatest force.

Deep dramatic tension is characteristic of such work as "Artaxerxes, Aman and Esphyr" (1660) and "Reference of the Apostle Peter" (1660). According to the technique of execution, they are consonant with the last paintings, united by a family topic: the unfinished "return of the prodigal son" (1666/1669), a family portrait from Braunschweig (1668/1669) and so on. "Jewish Bride" (1665). Dating of all these works are conditional, the circumstances of their creation are surrounded by a mystery. Researchers with difficulty choose words to describe their thick "overflowing and smoldering in the Golden Millet of the Krasp", applied to the canvas with a spatula, or a masticine:

There is no active action, static, externally restrained characters, sometimes shrouded with the radiance of pachial clothes, protrude from the surround of their shaded space. The dominant dark golden brown tones subordinate to themselves all the colors, among which a special role belongs to burning from the inside, like smoldering coals, shades of red. The thick relief strokes penetrated by the movement of the light-blooded colorful mass are combined in the shaded zones with a thin layer with transparent lescing. The texture of the colorful surface of the works of late Rembrandt seems flickering jewel. The exciting humanity of his images is marked by the seal of mysterious beauty.

In the Cologne Self-portrait of 1662, the author's traits are distorted by bitter smile, and on the last autoports of 1669 (Uffizi Gallery, the London National Gallery and Mauritzheis) he, despite the physical displacement, calmly looks in his face. Rembrandt died on October 4, 1669 in Amsterdam. Buried him in the Amsterdam Church Westerkerk. In total, Rembrandt created about 350 paintings, more than 100 drawings and about 300 etchings. Rembrandt-drawn reaches are not inferior to its achievements in the field of painting; It is especially valued by his late drawings performed by a cane feather.

Attribution problems

One of the unsolvable problems for researcher Creativity Rembrandt until recently there was a huge number of copies and replicas with its webs, which from time immemorial passed in the catalogs under his name. So, for example, ten versions of the painting "Juda returns thirty silverings", which cannot be unambiguously attributed to a specific artist.

In 1968, Rembrandt's research project was started in Amsterdam, who set the purpose of the derived register of Rembrandt's works using the latest attribution methods. The final catalog of the project, published in 2014, contains a list of 346 paintings, while at the beginning of the 20th century it was believed that Rembrandt's brushes belong to about 800 paintings. For example, from 12 paintings that exhibited in the Wallace Assembly under the name of the Great Artist, the project first confirmed Rembrandt authorship only one, although then their number increased to five. As for the paintings of Rembrandt, put in Russian museums, then in the museum named after A. S. Pushkin, according to the catalog, there are only three works of Rembrandt, and in the Hermitage - 14.

pupils

"A hut under the sky foresteering a storm." Figure (1635)

Posthumous Glory

Humanity took two centuries to fully estimate the value of Rembrandt's creativity. Although Giovanni Castiglione and Giovanni Battista Tapolone were inspired by his etchings, the courage of Rembrandt Painter and the accuracy of his observations as a drawrod first received recognition in the XIX century, when artists of the realistic school of the Kourbean (and in Russia - Mobile) opposed his deeply felt poetry of light and shadows Unquestionless clarity and clarity of French Academism.

A hundred years ago, the very large assembly of Rembrandt cloths could boast the imperial Hermitage, however, in the XX century, some of this meeting was sold out, some paintings were transferred to the Pushkin Museum, the authorship of others was challenged. Throughout the 20th century, the Dutch was a painstaking work on the buying of Rembrandt's webs and their return to their homeland; As a result of these efforts, the greatest number of Rembrandt paintings can be seen in the Amsterdam Rexmyseum. One of the central squares of Amsterdam, BoterMarkt.In 1876, Rembrandt Square (Notherl. Rembrandtplein) was obtained in honor of the great artist. In the center of the square is a monument to Rembrandt. In the Amsterdam House of Artist since 1911 also has a museum where they are exhibited mainly. In 2009, the name of the artist was called a crater on the Mercury Planet, which is one of the largest in the solar system.

To the cinema

Rembrandt / Rembrandt - dir. Alexander Korda (United Kingdom, 1936). In the lead role of Charles Looton
"Rembrandt: Portrait of 1669" / Rembrandt FECIT 1669 - dir. Yos Stelling (Netherlands, 1977). In the role of the tone de Coff.
Rembrandt / Rembrandt - dir. | Charles Maton (Germany, France, Netherlands, 1999)
"Night Watch" / nightwatching - dir. Peter Greenway (United Kingdom, France, Canada, Germany, Poland, 2007). In the role of Martin Freeman
"Rembrandt. I blame! »/ Rembrandt's j'accuse - dir. Peter Greenay (United Kingdom, 2008). In the role of Martin Freeman

Notes

German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record # 11859964x // General Regulatory Control (GND) - 2012-2016.
Rembrandt
Benezit Dictionary Of Artists - 2006. - ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7, 978-0-19-989991-3
Rembrandt Harmensz. Van Rhijn - 2009.

What was famous for Rembrandt Harmens Wang Rhine? His name should be known to every educated person. This gifted Dutch artist, engraver, unsurpassed Master of Lights, one of the largest representatives of the Golden Age - an outstanding era of the Netherlands painting, which came on the 17th century. About the life and work of this gifted person and tell the article.

The beginning of the way

Rembrandt Wang Rain came to this world in July 1606. He was born in the family of a wealthy miller. He was a ninth child, the youngest in the family. His parents were enlightened people. They early noticed that the boy is gifted by the nature of the mind and talent, and instead of craft, they decided to give it to "into science". So Rembrandt got into the Latin school, where he studied writing, reading, studied the Bible. At the age of 14, he successfully finished school and became a student of the University of Leiden, who at that time was famous for the whole of Europe. The best young man was painting, and again the parents showed wisdom and foresight. They took the Son from the University and gave to the students to the artist Jacob Isaac Svanbühurh. Three years later, Rembrandt Wang Rhine succeeded in the drawing and painting that Peter Lastman himself was engaged in the development of his talent, who headed the Amsterdam School of Painting.

Influence of authorities

The early creativity of Rembrandt Wang Raina was formed under the influence of such authorities as the Netherlands Master of Painting Peter Lastman, German Artist Adam Elsheimer, Dutch artist Jan Livenz.

Blinds, colorfulness and attention to the details inherent in Lastman, are brightly visible in the works of Rembrandt, as "Breaking the Stones of St. Stephen", "Eunuch's Baptism", "Scene from ancient history", "David in front of Saul", "Allegory of Music".

Jan Livenz - friend Rembrandt, worked with him side by side in the general studio from 1626 to 1631. Their work is in many ways echoes, and styles are so similar that even experienced art historians often confuse the hands of masters.

At Adam Elsheimer, the Hero of our article was focused, comprehending the meaning of lighting for the transfer of mood and emotions on canvas. The influence of a German painter is brightly traced in the works of "Parable about unreasonable richer", "Christ in Emmaus", "Simeon and Anna in the temple."

Manifestation of individuality. Success

In 1630, Harmen Wang Rhine died, his property was divided among themselves the Senior Brothers Rembrandt. A young artist worked for a while in the workshop in the house, but in 1631 he left looking for happiness in Amsterdam.

In the capital of the kingdom, he organized a workshop and began to specialize in portrait art. A skillful use of lighting, characteristic facial character, the originality of each model - all this characterized the formation of a special style of the artist. Rembrandt Wang Rhine began to receive mass orders, achieved commercial success.

In 1632, he received an order for a group portrait. As a result, the light saw the creation of "Anatomy Anatomy of Dr. Tulp". The brilliant work for which Rembrandt received a big fee, not only glorified him, but also finally confirmed the creative maturity of the artist.

Muse

A fashionable young artist during a secular visit is the daughter of Burgomaster of the city of Saskia. Not so much external data of the girl (she did not hear the beauty, although it was a pretty and cheerful), how much her solid dowry attracted Rembrandt, and six months after the acquaintance, young people were engaged, and in a year they were combined with a legitimate marriage. The marriage allowed the hero of our article to enter the highest circles of society.

Newlyweds lived well. Rembrandt Wang Rhine wrote many portraits of his spouse, including she posed him when creating a masterpiece "Dana". His revenues at the time were colossal. He bought a mansion in the most prestigious area of \u200b\u200bAmsterdam, furnished him with gorgeous furniture, created an impressive collection of works of art.

Four children were born in marriage, but only the younger son of the titus of 1641 born survived. In 1642, Saskovia died of illness. With you, she seems to be taken and good luck to the master.

Female fame. Life Nevzpects

Starting from 1642, the artist pursues an evil rock. Reaches the heyday of his talent Rembrandt Wang Rhine. The canvas, however, are becoming less and more popular, it gradually loses customers and students. In part, biographers explain this to the mother of Matra: it categorically refuses to go on the customers and creates as he tells him the heart. The second reason for the fame of the glory of a great painter is called, oddly enough, his skill and virtuosity, which could not understand and evaluate the inhabitants.

Rembrandt's life is changing: he gradually thorns, moves from a luxurious mansion into a modest house on the urban outskirts. But continues to spend huge amounts on the works of art, which leads to its full bankruptcy. Financial affairs take into their hands the graceless son of Titus and Hendrik - Lover Rembrandt, from which he had a daughter of Cornelia.

"Rota Captain France Banning Coca" - 4-meter fabric, the most large-scale painting of the master, "bathing woman", "Flora", "Titus in the Red Beret", "Worship of Pastuchov" is the works of the master, written by him in a difficult period of his life .

Late creations

In recent years, Rembrandt Wang Rhine, whose biography is stated in the article, reached the tops of his work. He was ahead of his contemporaries for two centuries and predicted the development line of the 19th century art in the Epoch of Realism and Impressionism. A distinctive feature of his late work is monumentalism, large-sized compositions and clarity of images. Pictures "Aristotle with Bust Homer" and "Conspiracy Yulia Civilis" are particularly characteristic in this regard. Deep drama permeated canvas "Return of the Prodigal Son", "Arksserks, Aman and Esphyr" and "Jewish Bride". Many self-portraits were written by a master in the last years of his life.

Rembrandt Wang Rhine, whose paintings are true masterpieces of art, died in poverty in 1969. It was quietly buried in the Amsterdam Church Westerkerk. It was appreciated only after a few centuries.

Rembrandt Harmens Wang Rhine: pictures of genius

For its short path on Earth, Rembrandt wrote about 600 paintings, created approximately 300 etching (engravings on metal) and almost 1,500 drawings. Most of his works are kept in Reynxuseum - Amsterdam Art Museum. The most famous his canvas:

"Anatomy Lesson" (1632).
"Self-portrait with Sasquia" (1635).
"Dana" (1636).
"Night Watch" (1642).
"Return of the Prodigal Son (166 (7?)).

Rembrandt is one of the greatest artists in history. It has not been able to repeat his characteristic style yet. The gifted and talented son of Melnik left behind an invaluable heritage - masterpieces of world art.

Rembrandt Harmens Wang Rhine (Notherl. Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van Rijn [RɛMBRɑNT ɦɑrmə (n) SOːN VɑN Rɛin], 1606-1669) - Dutch artist, draftsman and engraver, Great Master of Lights, the largest representative of the Golden Age of Dutch painting. He managed to embody in his works the entire spectrum of human experiences with such an emotional saturation, which the visual art did not know before him. Rembrandt's work, extremely diverse by genre affiliation, open the audience a timeless spiritual world of human experiences and feelings.

This is part of the Wikipedia article used under the CC-BY-SA license. Full text of the article here →

Rembrandt Harmens Wang Rhine is a famous painter, an etching and draftsman of the Golden Age. Universal recognition and fame, a sharp drop and poverty - so you can characterize the biography of the great genius of art. Rembrandt sought through portraits to convey the soul of a person, about many works of the artist, received by the secret, are still rumored and guesses.

The beginning of the 17th century was calm for the Dutch state, which gained the independence of the republic at the time of revolution. Industrial production, agriculture and trade developed in the country.

In the old town of Lyudine, located in the province of South Holland, the childhood of Rembrandt, born July 15, 1607, was held in the house on Vesheteg.

The boy grew in a large family, in which he was a sixth child. Father of the future artist Harmen Wang Raine was a wealthy man, owned mill and malt. Among other things, there were two more houses in the property of Baths, and he also received a significant dowry from the wife of Cornelia Nelty, so a big family lived in prosperity. The mother of the future artist was a daughter of Pecary and disassembled in cooking, so the family table was abused with delicious disasses.

Despite wealth, the Harmen family lived modestly, observing strict Catholic rules. The artist's parents, even after the Dutch revolution, did not change their attitude to faith.

Rembrandt Self-portrait at 23

Rembrandt trembled to his mother throughout his life. This is expressed in the portrait written in 1639, which depicts a wise old woman with a kind and a little sad glance.

The family was alien to secular events and the luxurious life of wealthy people. It should be assumed that in the evenings Wang Raires were going at the table and read books and the Bible: the majority of the Netherlands citizens did in the times of the Golden Age.

The windmill, which Harmen owned, was on the banks of the Rhine: before the boyfriend's gaze, a beautiful landscape of the azure river was opened, which lights the rays of the sun, making their way through a small window of the construction and passing through the fogs of flour dust. Perhaps, at the expense of children's memories, the future artist has learned to skillfully own paints, light and shadow.

As a child, Rembrandt grew by an observation boy. The expanses of Ledidine streets gave the sources of inspiration: in the trading markets it was possible to meet people of different nationalities in each other and learn to throw their faces on paper.

Initially, the boy went to Latin school, but his studies did not interest him. Young Rembrandt did not like accurate sciences, preferring drawing.

The childhood of the future artist was happy, as the parents saw the hobbies of the Son, and when the boy was 13 years old, he was given to study for the Netherlands artist Jacob Van Svanenburg. From the biography of the first teacher Rembrandt, a little is known, a representative of the late mannerism has not been preserved a huge artistic heritage, which is why the influence of Jacob on the formation of the Styles of Rembrandt style is almost impossible.

In 1623, the young man goes to the capital, where the painter Peter Lastman, who studied Rembrandt half a year of painting and engraving becomes the second teacher.

Painting

Training at the mentor was successful, the young man's impressed by Lastman paintings quickly mastered the drawing technique. Bright and rich paints, the game of shadows and lights, as well as the scrupulous study of even the smallest details of the flora - that's what Pyter has passed the misty student.

In 1627, Rembrandt returns from Amsterdam to his native city. The artist confident in his abilities together with another Livence opens his own school of painting, which in a short time gained popularity among the Dutch. Livenz and Rembrandt walked over with each other, sometimes young people carefully worked on one canvas, putting part of their own style into the drawing.

Twenty-year-old young artist managed to acquire Glory at the expense of its detailed early works, including:

"Breaking the stones of the Holy Apostle Stephen" (1625),
"Palamesei in front of Agamemnon" (1626),
"David from the head of Goliath" (1627),
"Abduction of Europe" (1632),

The young man continues to draw inspiration on the streets of the city, walking through the squares, in order to meet a random passerby and capture his portrait of a cutter on a wooden plank. Rembrandt also makes a series of engravings with autoports and portraits of numerous relatives.

Thanks to the talent of a young painter, Rembrandt noted the poet Konstantin Haygens, who admired the canvas Wang Rhine and Livenz, calling them promising artists. "Judas returns thirty Srebrenikov", written by the Netherlands in 1629, it compares the Italian masters with the famous canvases, but finds shortcomings in the picture. Thanks to Constantine Rembrandt's relations, it will soon be built by rich art admirers: due to the mediation of Heygens, Prince Orange orders several religious work from the artist, such as "in front of the pilot" (1636).

This success to the artist comes in Amsterdam. On June 8, 1633, Rembrandt meets the daughter of the rich Burger Sasquia Wang Eilenburh and conquers a solid position in society. Most painted artist wrote, being in the capital of the Netherlands.

Rembrandt is inspired by the beauty of his beloved, so her portraits often writes. Three days after the wedding, Van Rhine depicted a woman with a silver pencil in a hat with wide fields. Sasquia appeared in the pictures of the Netherlands in the cozy home setting. The image of this plump woman appears on many canvases, for example, a mysterious girl in the picture "Night Watch" strongly resembles a beloved artist.

In 1632, Rembrandt glorified the picture of the "lesson anatomy of Dr. Tulp". The fact is that Wang Rhine departed from the canons of standard group portraits, which were depicted with persons turned to the viewer. Extremely realistic portraits of the doctor and his disciples made the artist famous.

In 1635, the famous picture was written on the biblical plot "Sacrifice of Abraham", which was appreciated in a secular society.

In 1642, Wang Rhine received an order from a rifle society on a group portrait to decorate a web-based cloth. The picture was mistakenly called the name "Night Watch". She was blocked by soot, and only in the 17th century the researchers came to the conclusion that the action unfolding on the canvas occurs during the daytime.

Rembrandt thoroughly depicted every detail of Musketeers located in motion: as if at a certain point stopped the time when the militia came out of a dark courtyard so that Wang Rhine would capture them on the canvas.

I did not like customers that the Netherlands painter moved away from the canons, which developed in the 17th century. Then the group portraits were parade, and the participants were depicted by the Father without any static.

According to scientists, this picture and served as a reason for the bankruptcy of the artist in 1653, as they scared potential customers.

Technique and paintings

Rembrandt believed that the true purpose of the artist is to study the nature, so all paintings of the painter were obtained, too photographic: the Netherlands tried to transfer each emotion of the person's depicted.

Like many talented masters of the "Golden Age" era, religious motives are traced in Rembrandt. On the canvas Van Rhina are drawn not simply captured persons, but entire plots with their history.

In the picture "Holy Family", which was written in 1645, the faces of the characters are natural, the Netherlands would like to move the audience with the help of brushes and colors to the cozy atmosphere of a simple peasant family. In the works of Van Raina, you can not trace some pomp. He said that Rembrandt wrote Madonna in the form of the Netherlands peasant. Indeed, throughout the life, the artist screamed inspiration from the surrounding people, it is possible that a woman draws a baby on the canvas, drawn from the maid.

Picture of Rembrandt "Holy Family", 1646

Like many artists, Rembrandt full of riddles: After the death of the Creator, the researchers have long reflected on the ordinance of his canvases.

For example, over the picture "Dana" (or "Eagina") Wang Rhine worked for 11 years since 1636. On canvas depicts young maid after awakening from sleep. The plot is based on an ancient Greek myth of Danae, the daughter of the king of Argos and Mother Persea.

Researchers of the canvas did not understand why Nude Virgo is not similar to Saskovia. However, after the X-ray, it became clear that the initially given was drawn in the image of Eilenburh, but after the death of his wife Wang Raine returned to the picture and changed the features of Danai.

Also among art historians went disputes on the heroine shown on the canvas. Rembrandt did not sign the title of the picture, and the interpretation of the plot made it difficult for the lack of golden rain, according to the legend in the form of which Zeus appeared to Dana. Also scientists embarrassed the wedding ring on the nameless finger of the girl, which was not agreed with ancient Greek mythology. Masterpiece Rembrandt "Dana" is located in the Russian Hermitage Museum.

"Jewish Bride" (1665) - Another mysterious picture of Wang Raina. This name of the canvas received at the beginning of the 19th century, but it is still unknown who is depicted on canvas, because a young girl and a man are dressed in vintage costumes resembling biblical clothes. The painting "Return of the Prodigal Son" (1669), which was created for 6 years, is also popular.

Fragment of the painting Rembrandt "Return of the Prodigal Son"

If we talk about writing style by Rembrandt, the artist used a minimum of paints, while I managed to make pictures "alive", thanks to the game of light and shadows.

Wang Rhina is also successful to portray facial people: all people on the canvases of the great painter are alive. For example, in the portrait of the old man - the father of Rembrandt (1639) is visible by each wrinkle, as well as a wise and sad look.

Personal life

In 1642, Saskovia dies from tuberculosis, the son was the son of Titus (three other children died in infant age), with which Rembrandt supported friendly relations. At the end of 1642, the artist meets with a young special Hergete Dirks. Sasquia's parents were upset by how the widow was ordered, living in luxury. Later, the Dirks sue to his beloved for violating the promise to take her wife. From the second woman, the artist was born daughter Cornelia.

Picture of Rembrandt "Saskovia in the image of the Goddess Flora"

In 1656, Rembrandt due to material difficulties declares itself bankrupt and leaves for a secluded house on the outskirts of the capital.

Wang Raina's life was increasing, but on the contrary, it took a decline: a happy childhood, wealth and recognition was replaced by the past customers and Nishchensky old age. The mood of the artist can be traced on its canvases. So, living with Saskiy, he writes joyful and solar paintings, for example, "Self-portrait with Sasquia on his knees" (1635). On the Wang Rhine canvas laughs sincere laugh, and the radiant light illuminates the room.

If the artist's paintings were previously detailed, then at the stage of late creativity, Rembrandt uses wide strokes, and the sun rays are replaced with darkness.

The picture "Conspiracy Yulia Civilis", written in 1661, was not paid by customers, because the persons of the conspiracy participants were not worked out to scrupulously, in contrast to the previous works of Wang Raina.

Painting Rembrandt "Portrait of a Titus Son"

Shortly before death, living in poverty, in 1665 Rembrandt writes a self-portrait in the image of Zeevxis. ZEVKIS is an ancient Greek painter who died ironic death: the artist cheated wrote the same portrait of Aphrodite in the image of the old woman, and he died from laughter. In the portrait of Rembrandt laughs, the artist was not ashamed to put into the cloth the share of black humor.

Death

Rembrandt betrayed the land of his son of Titus, who died from the plague, in 1668. This sad event dramatically worsened the spiritual state of the artist. Wang Rhine died on October 4, 1669 and was buried in the Netherlands Church Westerkerk in Amsterdam.

Monument to Rembrandt on Rembrandt Square in Amsterdam

Under life, the artist was written about 350 caved and 100 drawings. Humanity took two centuries to appreciate this great artist.

Rembrandt Harmensz Van Rijn (1606-1669) (1606-1669) The greatest Dutch artist painter, etching and draftsman. Born in the family of Melnik in Leiden, where he worked for about 1632, after which he moved to Amsterdam. In 1634, Rembrandt married a girl from the wealthy family of Sasquia Van Eilenburh, whose image was perpetuated by him on many portraits with extraordinary tenderness and love.

From the 1640s, in Rembrandt's works, especially in the paintings on religious topics, the meaning becomes a light of a strained emotional atmosphere. The artist is interested in the captured essence of phenomena, the complex inner world of people depicted.

In 1642, fate causes a heavy strike Rembrandt - Saskovia dies. In the same year, he writes his most prominent and famous picture of the night watch, which has nothing to do with a traditional group portrait.

His recent works are striking the deposit of skill. At the last autoports of Rembrandt, who had a vertex of his no analogues of the portrait gallery, a man appears before the viewer, steeply carrying heavy tests and bitterness of the loss (in 1668 he lost his beloved Handrikier Stoffrel, and in 1668 - the son of Titus).

Rembrandt created wonderful works in almost all genres, enjoyed a variety of writing technique (painting, drawing, etching). The greatest master, he influenced many famous artists. The halo of fame around the name Rembrandt is not a dead and after his death, he received true recognition as one of the outstanding painters of all time.

Rembrant paintings:

		Dana 1636-1647