Karl Maksimovich Baer: His contribution to biology, brief biography. Karl Baer Contribution to Biology
B. Carl Maksimovich is one of the most multilateral and outstanding natural scientists, the founder of embryology. However, it is known not only as an embryologist, but also as an outstanding ichthyologist, a geographer traveler, anthropologist and ethnographer. One of the founders of the Russian geographical society. Bair was born 17 (29) February 1792 in Estonia, not far from Tallinn. The secondary education received in the Revelsky Noble school. Since 1810, he studied medicine in Derpte (now Tartu) and comparative anatomy in Vyurzburg.
After graduating from the Faculty of Medical Faculty of Derptovsky University, Bair worked in Austria and Germany, since 1819 he is a professor of the University of Königsberg. Here Bare worked first by the prostrator at the department of anatomy and human physiology, and then by Professor and director of an anatomical theater at the local university. During this period, Bair was engaged in the zoology of invertebrates, embryology and comparative anatomy. Especially intense, he led embryology research. In 1819 he was appointed a member of the Imperial Academy in St. Petersburg, but soon Bar returned to the previous work in Königsberg, where in 1826 he received the Anatomy Department. In the same year, Bare returned to Petersburg again, where he took the position of professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
In 1837, Baer headed the scientific expedition to the new land on the schooner "Krotov". The main task of this expedition, in contrast to all previous ones for new land, was to study its geological structure, familiarization with the fauna and Flora. The expedition received excellent scientific results, becoming an important step in the study of the Arctic. Collections were collected up to 90 species of plants and up to 70 types of invertebrates. Geological studies made it possible to conclude that the new land was formed in the Silurian and Devonian era. In 1838, BER published the results of his research. He developed projects of new expeditions to the Arctic, indicating the importance of studying its climate, the need for geophysical observations. Baer Along with F. P. Litke (see) and F. P. Wrangelem (see) was one of the founders of the IRGO. In 1861, he received the Highest Award of the IRGO - Greater Konstantinov Medal. Bair's works had not only purely scientific, but also an applied value. In particular, this concerns his work on the study and rationalization of fisheries on the Church of the Lake, in the Azov and Caspian seas.
Baru was first managed to detect an egg in a person. He came to the conclusion about the germinal plasma and about the similarity of the first stages of the development of germs in all multicellular animals, including a person, which later gave him the opportunity to create the foundations of the new scientific industry - comparative embryology. He opened an egg in mammals, described the stage of Blastuly, studied the embryogenesis of chicken, set the similarity of the embryos of higher and lower animals, the theory of consistent appearance in the embryogenesis of type, class, detachment in embryogenesis, etc. They describe the development of the main vertebral bodies. Baer opened a way to develop the most characteristic body of these animals - spinal column. Comparing the embryos of vertebrate animals of various classes (fish, amphibian, mammals), he found that they are all in the early stages of development similar to each other. BEER is rightfully considered one of the founders of physical anthropology. It expresses evidence-based ideas about the monophyletic origin of man and its races, about the impact on the physical type of environmental conditions. B. The first in Russia was used by the Craniology method for studying the origin of human ethno-territorial groups. Special works are devoted to the deformation of skulls, cranisions of the medieval Slavic population. The program of craniological studies presented by KM B. in 1861 was based on modern techniques.
In 1828, Baru was awarded the title of ordinary professor. At this time, he was already famous as one of the most prominent scientists-biologists in Europe. Bair was also interested in the environment - science on the relationship between the organism and the environment.
Bair's scientific activity was closely related to practice: he made a lot in the field of fishing and fish farming. In particular, K. M. Baer explored the fisheries on the Church of the Lake, the Baltic (1851-1852) and the Caspian seas. Especially important to the expedition to the Caspian Sea (1853-1856) are especially important. Here he explored the local fauna, studied the state of fisheries on the Volga and Caspian. He found out the geological past of the Caspian Sea, its hydrochemical and temperature modes and a number of other issues.
In 1862, the Academy of Sciences chose Bair with his honorable member, and in 1864 the fifty-year-old anniversary of his scientific activity solemnly celebrated. Karl Maksimovich Bair died on November 16, 1876
Bar Karl Maksimovich (Karl Ernst) (1792-1876) - naturalist, founder of embryology, one of the founders of the Russian geographical society, foreign corresponding member (1826), academician (1828-1830 and 1834- 1862; Honorary member since 1862) Petersburg an. Worked in Austria and Germany; In 1829-1830 and from 1834 - in Russia. Opened an egg in mammals, described the staging of Blastuly; He studied embryogenesis of chicken. Established the similarity of higher and lower animals embryos, consistent appearance in the embryogenesis of signs of type, class, detachment, etc.; described the development of all the main vertebrates. He explored a new land, the Caspian Sea. Edited a series of publications in the geography of Russia. Explained the regularity of the rear of the banks of the rivers (Baer's law)
Karl Ernst, or, as he was called in Russia, Carl Maksimovich Ber, was born on February 17, 1792 in the noble family in Germany (Estland). In August 1807, the boy was taken to the noble school with the city cathedral in the roar. In the first half of 1810, Carl graduated from the course of the school and entered the Derpt University. In Derpete Baer decided to elect a medical career. In 1814, BER stood up the doctor's medicine exam. They were presented and defended the thesis "On endemic diseases in Estlandia".
Bare went abroad, choosing Vienna to continue his medical education. As a transcelet of Königsberg University, BEER opened a course of comparative anatomy of invertebrate animals, which was applied, as it consisted mainly of showing and explaining the anatomical preparations and drawings. In 1826, Ber was appointed an ordinary professor at the anatomy and director of an anatomical institution with the release of the inspector who had fallen on it.
In 1828, the first volume of the famous "animal development history" appeared in print. BER, studying the embryology of chicken, observed that early stage of development, when two parallel rollers are formed on the germ plate, subsequently closed and forming the brain tube. Bair believed that in the process of development, each new education arises from a simpler preexisting foundation. Thus, in the embryo, the general foundations appear first, and more and more special parts are separated from them. This process of gradual movement from the total to the special is known under the name of differentiation. In 1826, BER opened the eggs of mammals. This discovery was made publicly in the form of a message in the name of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which chose him with his correspondent member.
Another very important find, made by B., is the discovery of the spinal string, the foundations of the inner skeleton of vertebrates. At the end of 1834, Bair lived in St. Petersburg. From the capital, the scientist in the summer of 1837 made a trip to the new land, where there was not a single naturalist.
Since 1841, he was appointed an ordinary professor at comparative anatomy and physiology at the Medical and Surgical Academy. In subsequent years, made a huge contribution to the development of Russian geography and natural science. Since 1857, Baer was mainly engaged in anthropology. He put in order and enriched the collection of human skulls in the Anatomical Museum of the Academy, gradually turning it into the Anthropological Museum. In 1862 he resigned, while elected an honorary member of the Academy.
On August 18, 1864, the solemn celebration of his anniversary took place in the St. Petersburg Academy of Science. After the jubilee, BER considered his Petersburg career finally completed and decided to move to Derpt. At the beginning of the summer, 1867, he moved to his native university city, where November 16, 1876 Bar died.
Bar K.M. (Karl Ernst) - doctor, traveler, founder of embryology, one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society (1845). 1827 - Corresponding member. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (AN), valid Member of An - from 1828, from 1862 - Honorary Member of An.In 1829-1830 and 1834-1867. - lived in Russia (in St. Petersburg). He explored the moon of lake, the Baltic and Caspian Sea, Volga, Lapland and New Earth. Explained the pattern of rejoicing the banks of the rivers (the law of Baer). Opened mammalian eggs. Studied embryogenesis and formulated 4 patterns that later were named "Baer's laws".
Karl Ernst, or, as he was called in Russia, Karl Maksimovich Baer, \u200b\u200bwas born on February 17, 1792 in the town of PIP, in the Gernesk district of the Estland province. Bearea's father, Magnus Background Bar, belonged to the Estland nobility and was married to His cousin Yulia von Bair.
Little Karl early began to be interested in different objects of nature and often brought home various fossils, snails and the like things. Seven-year-old boy Carl Bar not only did not know how to read more, but did not know any letter. Subsequently, he was very pleased with the fact that "did not belong to the number of those phenomenal children who, because of the ambition of parents, are deprived of light childhood."
Then the household teachers were engaged in Carl. He studied mathematics, geography, Latin and French languages \u200b\u200band other subjects. An eleven-year-old Carl has already become familiar with the algebra, geometry and trigonometry.
In August 1807, Karl took to the noble school at the city's cathedral in the Roer. After the questions of the exam, the director of the school identified it in the senior class (Prima), ordered him to attend junior grades only the lessons of the Greek language, in which Ber was not at all prepared.
In the first half of 1810, Carl graduated from the course of the school. He enters the University of Derpti. In Derpete, Bair decided to elect a medical career, although, on his own admission, he himself did not know well why makes this choice.
When in 1812, the invasion of MacDonald's invalion was followed by Riga, many of the Derptic students, including Bair, went as true patriots, on the Theater of Military Action in Riga, where the title was played in the Russian garrison and in the city population. He fell ill with Tifu and Karl, but suffered a disease safely.
In 1814, Karl Baire resist the doctor's medicine exam. They were presented and defended the thesis "On endemic diseases in Estlandia". But still aware of the lack of knowledge gained, he asked his father to send him to sustain the physical formation abroad. The father gave him a small amount for which, according to Bair's calculations, he could live a year and a half, and the same amount provided him with his elder brother.
Baer went abroad, choosing to continue his medical education to Vienna, where such celebrities such as Guildlands, Rust, Beer and others were taught. In the fall of 1815, Bair arrived in Würzburg to another famous scientist - Dellinger,
To which he was presented, instead of a letter of recommendation, Packing Mukhov, explaining his desire to engage in comparative anatomy. Already the next day, Karl Bar under the leadership of the old scientist began to prepare the peaks of pharmacies. In this way, he studied the structure of various animals. All his life, BER kept his leisurely thanks to Dellinger, who did not regret either the time, no work for his training.
Karl Baer's money between those approached the end, because he was delighted by the proposal of Professor Burdach to come to him by the prosector at the Department of Physiology in Königsberg University. As a transcellane, Ber immediately opened the course of the comparative anatomy of invertebrate animals, which was applied, as it consisted mainly of showing and explaining the anatomical preparations and drawings.
Since then, the teaching and scientific activities of Karl Bair entered his permanent rut. He led the practical classes of students in an anatomical theater, read courses on human anatomy and anthropology and found time to prepare and publish special independent work.
In 1819, Baru managed to get an increase: he was appointed extraordinary (superhighant) professor of zoology with the instructions to make a device at the University of Zoological Museum. In general, this year was happy in the life of Bair: he married one of the residents of Königsberg Augustus background with cop.
Gradually, in Königsberg, Bar became one of the prominent and favorite members of an intelligent society - not only in the circle of professors, but also in many families who did not have a direct relation to the university. Perfectly owning a German literary language, Bair sometimes wrote and German verses, and still very chemless and smooth. "I have to repent," says Bar in his autobiography, - that one day I was not a joke to mind, whether the poet was not sitting in me. But my attempts found out to me that Apollo was not sitting from my cradle. If I wrote not humorous verses, then the ridiculous element still involuntarily inserted in the form of a blank pathos or a breeding elegance. "
In 1826, BER was appointed a real professor of anatomy and director of an anatomical institution with the release of the duties of the transceller who had fallen on it. It was the time of lifting in the creative scientific activity of the scientist. In addition to lectures on zoology and anatomy, reading them at the university, he wrote a number of special work on animal anatomy, made many reports in scientists in natural history and anthropology. The author of the theory of types based on comparative anatomical data, according to the right of priority, is considered to be Georges Cuvier,
Posted by his theory in 1812, Bair independently came to the same conclusions, but printed his work only in 1826. However, the theory of types would have significantly less importance if it was based exclusively on the anatomy and was not supported by the data of the history of the development of organisms. The latter and was made by B., and this gives him the right to be considered along with Cuvier founder of the theory of types.
But the biggest success was brought by Baru Embryological studies. In 1828, the first Tom of his famous "history of animal development" appeared in print. BER, studying the embryology of chicken, observed that early stage of development, when two parallel rollers are formed on the germ plate, subsequently closed and forming the brain tube. The scientist painted the idea that "the type is managing the development, the germ develops, following the basic plan for which the body of this class organisms is arranged." He turned to other spinal animals and in the development of them found a brilliant confirmation of his thought.
The enormous meaning of the "animal development history", published by Bar, consists not only in the distinct clarification of the main embryological processes, but mainly in the ingenious conclusions presented at the end of the first volume of this essay under the common name "Scholia and Korolery". Famous zoologist Balfour
He said that all the studies on the embryogeniology of the vertebrates, which came out after Karl Bair, can be considered as supplements and corrections to its work, but cannot give anything so new and important as the results mined by Bar.
By asking himself a question about the essence of the development, Karl Bar answered him: any development is to transform anything previously existing. "This position is so simple and idle," says another scientist - that it seems almost unwashed. And, however, it is of great importance. "
Travels Karl Baer.
In 1837, Bare headed the scientific expedition to a new land, where there was not a single naturalist, on the schooner "Moles". The main task of this expedition, in contrast to all previous ones for new land, was to study its geological structure, familiarization with the fauna and Flora. In the expedition of Bair, in addition to him, the naturalist Lehman A.A. .
Geologist Reder and Laberant-Preparator Philippov. In Arkhangelsk, it turned out that Schuna "Moles" was so small that he would not be able to accept all the participants of the expedition, and even more the living cow, which Baire intended to take as a reserve of fresh meat. Subsequently, he did not write without humor that "Krotov could be immersed with the same success." Released from the situation, having agreed with one of the Pomorov, heading for a new land, take part of the expedition members to their own way. In mid-June, came from Arkhangelsk, held botanical and zoological studies in its surroundings, then at the same purpose visited several points in Lapland -
natural area in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Murmansk region. Russia And only in the second half of July they threw an anchor off the coast of the New Earth -
western entrance to the Strait Mushekkin Ball ( between the North and South Islands of the New Earth. Strait connects the Barents and Kara Sea). For several days, a variety of natural-scientific research was performed, on July 31, a bowl was included in the Mushekin. Next, they moved to the boat and got to the Kara Sea. Going into the boat campaign, violated one of the main commandments of Polarnikov: "Going on a day, stock all necessary for the month." Interesting to return to the ship by night, travelers did not store anything necessary for a more or less long stay outside the vessel. Cunning Arctic weather immediately provided them with great trouble. Raised strong wind made it impossible to return on the boat. The first few of August had to be carried out in the rain, at a temperature of 4-5 ° C without any roof above the head and the practical absence of food. The return along the shore was impossible due to the impassable naked rocks rising directly from the water. Fortunately, I managed to meet Pomorroe, otherwise the journey could end tragically. By flashing the Mushekin Ball, examined the south of the Western coast of the new land, and on August 31, the archipelago was left and September 11 successfully reached Arkhangelsk. Bair's expedition received excellent scientific results, becoming an important step in the study of the Arctic. It collected collections up to 90 species of plants and up to 70 types of invertebrates. Geological studies made it possible to conclude that the new land was formed in the Silurian and Devonian era. In 1838 Baer published the results of his research.
In subsequent years, BER investigated the islands of the Gulf of Finland (1839), the Kola Peninsula (1840), the Mediterranean Sea (1845-1846), the Baltic Sea coast (1851-1852), the Caspian district and the Caspian Sea (1853-1856) ).
His "Caspian research" in eight parts are very rich in scientific results. In this essay of Baer, \u200b\u200bthe eighth part is most interesting - "On the Universal Law of River Romel Education" - Law Baer.: Rivers flowing in the direction of the Meridian, in the northern hemisphere, wash the right bank, in the southern - left, which is explained by the influence of the daily rotation of the Earth.
In the spring of 1857, Karl Bar returned to St. Petersburg. He felt already too old for long and tedious wanders. Now Baer surrendered mainly anthropology.
In addition to anthropology, Karl Bare did not stop, however, be interested in other industries, trying to promote their development and distribution in Russia. So, he took an active part in the creation and organization of the Russian entomology society and became its first president. Although Ber and used general respect and did not have a shortage of a friendly society, but life in St. Petersburg was not particularly like. Therefore, he was looking for the opportunity to leave Petersburg and go somewhere to live on the rest of the rest of his life, giving out exclusively to his scientific inclies, without any official duties.
Baer was one of the founders of the IRGO, and in 1861 he was awarded the highest award of the IRGO - Big Konstantinovskaya Medal.
August 18, 1864 in St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences held a solemn celebration - 50-year-old anniversary of scientific activity KM Baer.. The emperor complained to the anniversary of the lifelong annual pension of 3 thousand rubles. The Academy of Sciences was established by Barhovskaya Prize for outstanding research on natural sciences, and he himself He presented a large medal with a bas-relief image of his head and the inscription around her: "Starting from the egg, he showed a man - man".
After the anniversary, Carl Ber, considered his Petersburg career finally completed and decided to move to Derpt (Tartu), because, having left abroad, he would be too removed from his children. Bair's family by this time declined strongly: the only daughter of His Maria came married in 1850 for Dr. Lingen, and from six of his sons were alive only three; Bair's wife died in the spring of 1864. At the beginning of the summer of 1867, he moved to his native university city.
The aged scientist continued here, at rest, interested in science. He prepared his unpublished work to print and, if possible, followed the success of knowledge. His mind was still clear and actors, but the physical forces became more and more changed to him. 16 November 1876, Karl Bar quietly passed away, and 1886 a monument was established in Tartu in His honor.
A little later, such a monument was installed in the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg.
Leman Alexander Adolfovich (1814-1842) - Derpt (Tartu). Pcomfortable, candidate of philosophy. Died in Simbirsk at 28 years old. In 1837 received a proposal of prof. Bair, who was his teacher, to join the expedition prepared for the new land and in the spring of 1837 delivered an expedition. According to the eastern shore of the White Sea, the expedition arrived through the snow mountain on June 21 to the Battle shores of Lapland, then, on July 17, on the West Bank of the New Earth in the Strait of the Motokkin Ball. Returning to Petersburg in the autumn of the same year, Lehman in 1838 was invited by V.A. Perovsky explore the Orenburg region. In winter, 1839, he made a trip to Khiva together with Perovsky through almost impassable snow masses, in the spring of 1840 he went to the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Novo-Alexandrovsk, in the vicinity of which he indispensively made various excursions and gathered rich materials; Then he made a study of the southern slopes of the Urals and the steppes until Zlatoust. Winter 1840-1841 Lehman spent in Orenburg, engaging in the order of the collected items. When in the spring of 1841, the mission of mining officials was sent to Bukhara, lemann, as a naturalist, and spent in different areas of Bukhara for more than a year in different locations. Lemman's research, very valuable, they themselves were not published. Part of their materials Lehman bequeathed academy of sciences, he left his botanical collections by Professor Botanists in Derpete Bungj, the rest of the materials and descriptions of travel was published after his death by his academic teammates. His journey to Bukhara introduced a scientist world with an almost unknown life of Bukhara.
The famous naturalist naturalist, the founder of scientific embryology, geographer traveler, researcher of the productive forces of Russia Karl Maksimovich Bair was born on February 28, 1792 in the small town of Pipa of the Iervinsky district of the Estonian province (now the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic).
His parents, nobles, were immigrants from the Meshchansky environment. Early childhood K. M. Bair held in the estate of his childless uncle, where he was granted to himself. Up to 8 years, he was not familiar with the alphabet. When he was eight years old, his father took him into his family, where he caught up with his sisters to read, writing and arithmetic for three weeks. By 10 years, under the leadership of Goverr, he mastered the planimetry and learned to draw up topographic maps; 12 years he knew how to use the determinant of plants and acquired solid skills in the art of herbarization.
In 1807, his father was diverted to his noble school in Revel (Tallinn), where he had taken immediately to the highest class after the test. Perfectly spent in teaching, the young man was fond of excursions, the preparation of herbaries and collections.
In 1810, K. M. Bair entered the medical faculty of Derptsky (Yuryevsky) university, preparing for a doctor's career. Stay at the university was interrupted in 1812 by the invasion of Napoleon to Russia. K. M. Bair went to the Russian army as a doctor, but soon fell ill with a typhoid. When Napoleon's army was expelled from the limits of Russia, K. M. Bair returned to Derpte to continue the teaching.
Derptic University K. M. Bair finished in 1814 and defended the thesis "On epidemic diseases in Estlandia". However, not believing himself sufficiently prepared for the responsible and high role of the doctor, he went to improve abroad, to Vienna. But those medical shines, for which a young doctor came to Vienna, could not satisfy him to any extent. The most famous of them - therapist Guildbrandt - became famous, by the way, because he did not prescribe any medications with his patients, since he experienced the "method of expectant treatment".
Disappointed in medicine, K. M. Bair decided to end the medical profession. It awakens the passion of naturalist, and he intends to become a zoologist, comparative anatom. Having collected the belonging, K. M. Bair went to Würzburg to the famous comparative anneas - Professor Dellinger. At the first date, Dellinger in response to the desire expressed by B. The desire to improve in Zootomy (Anatomy of Animals) said: "In this semester, I do not read it ... But why do you lecture for you? Bring some animal here, then another, anatomy it and Explore its structure. " K. M. Baer bought leeches at the pharmacy and began his zootomic workshop. He quickly learned the technique of research and the content of the creature of a comparative anatomy, - this kind of "philosophy of zoology".
By winter, 1816, K. M. Baer remained completely without funds. The happy case has helped him: he received from the Derptic professor Burdach offer to take the place of the Posal Assistant Anatomy at the Department of Physiology in Königsberg, where Burdah moved by this time. K. M. Baire grabbed his proposal and went to the proposed place on foot.
As Deputy Professor K. M. Baer began to read an independent course with perfectly supplied demonstrations and immediately won fame; Burdah himself has repeatedly visited his lectures. Soon K. M. Baer organized an excellent anatomical office, and then a large zoological museum. Glory him grew. He became a celebrity, and the University of Königsberg elected him by the ordinary professor and director of an Anatomical Institute. K. M. Baer showed exceptional creative fecundity. He read a number of courses and conducted a number of studies on animal anatomy. He not only repeated many of the works of Pantier (later academician of the Russian Academy) on the development of chicken, but also transferred to the study of individual mammal development. These classical studies were crowned in 1826 by a brilliant discovery, "completed the centuries-old work of natural scientists" (Acad.Vernadsky): he opened an egg of mammals and publicly demonstrated it in 1828 at the congress of naturalists and doctors in Berlin. In order to make an idea of \u200b\u200bthe meaning of this discovery, it suffices to say that the scientific embryology of mammals, and, consequently, a person was completely impossible until the initial start - an egg, from which the germ of the higher animal develops . In this opening - the immortal merit of K. M. Baer in the history of natural sciences. Memoir about this discovery, he wrote in Latin in accordance with the spirit of time in Latin and dedicated to the Russian Academy of Sciences in gratitude to the election of him in 1827 by a correspondent member. Many years later, on the occasion of the 50-year anniversary of the scientific activity of K. M. Baer, \u200b\u200bthe Russian Academy of Sciences presented him with a large medal with a bas-relief image of his head and the inscription around her: "Starting from the egg, he showed a person to man."
In Königsberg, K. M. Bair received recognition of the entire scientist, here he got a family, but he pulls him into his native land.
He conducts correspondence with Derptom and wine where the departments offer him. He dreams of a big journey along the north of Russia and in his letter to the first Russian round-the-world navigator, the famous Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenstene asks him to give him "the opportunity to quit an anchor in his fatherland."
Soon he received a proposal from the Russian Academy of Sciences to come to work in St. Petersburg, but the fullest unpleasuit of academic institutions of that time did not allow him to immediately accept this proposal, and he temporarily returns to Konigsberg, where he behaves, in his also expression, the life of "Cancer-hermit" , plunging entirely in science. Stressful perennial classes strongly undermined his health. The Prussian Ministry of Folk Enlightenment came for him literally for each occasion. Minister von Altenstein officially reincrepelled by his scientific research is expensive, since K. M. Baer spent on its immortal studies on the history of chicken development ... 2 000 eggs. Conflicts with "Power by the Prejection" grew. K. M. Baer requested Petersburg on the possibility of his arrival at work at the Academy of Sciences and in response to this in 1834 is elected by its member. In the same year, he leaves Konigsberg with his family. As he himself wrote, "having decided to exchange Prussia to Russia, was only animate only with the desire to benefit his homeland."
What did Bar do in embryology? Despite the fact that in the XVII and XVIII centuries, such largest researchers, such as Gayway, Malpigi, Swamertam, Spallezeni, and others, the actual basis of these studies were extremely insignificant, and theoretical generalizations constructed on it. And messy. It was believed that in the genital cells there is a ready-made embryo with completely developed parts of the body - a kind of microscopic miniature of an adult organism - and that the germinal development is nothing more than a simple increase, an increase in this congenived miniature to an adult state; There is no conversion at the same time, only an increase in the existing one occurs. From here, another step towards the "investment" theory was made; If neoplasses do not occur, and everything is prepared, then not only an adult body contains the embryo, but these embryos contain in themselves, in turn, ready-made embryos of future generations. Such views especially defended the most influential authority of that time Albrecht Galler, and his supporters "calculated" even that in the ovary of our common "the ancestry of Eve" there was to be about 300,000 million such nested one in other congenived embryos.
However, not all embryologists of that time agreed that the body was acknowledged in the egg, but saw him in his surveillance. She walked a long argument about what sex element - eggs or a god grows the embryo. The so-called Ovists (OVO - Egg) believed that the egg is the embryo, and the ledge only performs the role of a push with fertilization; Animalculists (Animalculus - Animal, Animal), on the contrary, believed that the germ was enclosed in the surveillance, and the egg delivers the germ only nutrient material. Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences K. Wolf and X. Panter for the first time in his works sought to show that the development of the individual is not an increase in the preceded elements, but is a development in the true sense of the word, that is, the consistent formation of various parts of the embryo from a simpler homogeneous mass genital cells. But only K. M. Baer presented an exhaustive evidence of these ideas and this finally buried the old scholastic ideas in this area and created a truly scientific embryology. His "Animal Development History", in response to the outstanding associate of Darwin - Thomas Huxley, represents "an essay that contains the deepest philosophy of zoology and even biology in general," and the famous zoologist Albert Kelllier argued that this book is "the best of everything that this book is" There are in the embryological literature of all times and peoples. " K. M. Baer not only clearly and clearly realized that the history of the development of an animal is the process of a neoplasm, the process of consistent formation of various parts of the body from a simpler homogeneous mass of sex cells, but it fully traced this process on a specific material and outlined its basic patterns . All valuable, which was made by embryologists to K. M. Bair, concerned the development of individual details, private. It was not the embryology of the body as a whole, it was the embryology of individual, not all signs of the body, and that were not always traced completely.
Exploring the day around the day, and often an hour for an hour, the development of chickens, K. M. Bar step by step traced the picture of his development. He observed the formation of blastomers - primary embryonic cells in the educational part of the eggs of the egg, their consistent multiplication by crushing and the formation of Blastuly - a single bubble stage in the development of any animal embryo. He significantly deepened and clarified the observations of the pantier about the formation of two germinal leaflets, outdoor and internal; These germs and are the primary tissues, of which all organs of an adult individual are differentiated in the future development process. K. M. Baer traced both the formation of the primary nervous tube, and the formation of the front end of this tube, by expanding it, the brain bubble (future brain), followed by the emphasis of the eye bubbles (future eyes). K. M. Baer traced in detail the development of the heart, which at the beginning of a small expansion of the vascular tube initially, and then turning into a four-chamber formation. He described the occurrence of the primary spinal string - the bases of the axial skeleton of all vertebrate animals, as well as the development of the vertebrae, Röbebe and other bones. He traced the development of the intestinal canal, liver, spleen, muscles, oily-free shells and other parties to the body's development. The germs process for the first time appeared to the amazed distortions of naturalists in all its simplicity and magnitude. Such is the actual side of the content of the "history of animal development" K. M. Bair.
Comparing the development of a number of vertebrates, K. M. Baer noted that the younger embryos of various animals, the more they detect the similarity among themselves. Especially this similarity is amazing on one of the earliest stages - a single-layer embryonic bubble - Blastula. From here, K. M. Baer concluded that the development proceeds so that a simple embryo structure, differentiating, first detects signs of the type to which an adult person belongs, then signs of class, later detachment, family, kind, species and species and Lastly, individual features of individuals. Development is the differentiation process from the total to a specific one.
K. M. Baer, \u200b\u200bimagining the development as a process of genuinely historical, set the question about the unity of the animal world and its origin from the "one common source form", "from which all animals developed, and not only in the ideal sense, but also historically." And if K. M. Baer could not give a satisfactory solution to such a coupling problem, one should not forget that he formulated it back in 1828, i.e., long before the publication of the cell theory (Shleden and Schwann - 1839), Darwin's teachings (1859) and the main biogenetic law (Muller - 1864, Geckel - 1874).
Another fundamental generalization of K. M. Baer is its ideas about the essence and nature of the type and the process of variable species, which at the time played a large role in the preparation of rational interpretation of these basic issues of animal science.
The concept of type as the highest systematic unit was introduced by the founder of comparative anatomy of J. Kuvier and married the building of an artificial animal system, erected by Linnem. Regardless of Cuvier, K. M. Bair came to the same representation. But while Kuwier built his theory of four types (radiant, segic, mollusks and vertebrates) exclusively on accounting of purely morphological signs - the mutual arrangement of parts in the body, the so-called "plans of the structure" and, in particular, the nervous system - K. M. Baer in its constructions proceeded from these development history. The history of development makes it possible to accurately identify the type to which this animal belongs, since already in the earliest stages of development primarily, signs of type are detected. K. M. Baer said that "Embryology is a real light when clarifying the true attitude of animals and plant forms." K. M. Baer came, along with Cuvier, the founder of the theory of types.
But even more K. M. Bair from Kuvier distinguishes his view of the variability of species. Kuvier was one of the "last Mogican" "metaphysical period" in biology, being a pillar of the dogma of the constancy of species. K. M. Baer kept other views. He believed that species could change that they arose consistently and developed gradually throughout the history of the Earth. Just as Later, Darwin, K. M. Baer went to his judgments from the fact that the concept of species cannot be accurately determined, since views in time are transformed and changed, in proof of what it leads a lot of data from various biology areas. It is on the dogma of the constancy of the species founded Kuvier his faith in their creation. K. M. Baer resolutely noted the "Miracle of Creation", as he "cannot and should not believe in a miracle. The admission of the miracle abolishes the laws of nature, meanwhile, as the purpose of the naturalist is just that in" miracles "to disclose laws Nature. " What a contrast in views on the indigenous question of biology between these two greatest scientists of the beginning of the XIX century!
True, the transformists of K. M. Baer were inconsistent and harsh. He believed that the organisms of the former geological eras were developed by a faster pace, and modern forms of each type were gradually gaining "greater stability" and "inviolability." Based on such an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "attenuation" and "conservation" of the evolutionary process, K. M. Baer took the wrong position of the "limited" evolution, recognizing its manifestation against the lower systematic units and denying against the highest. These views of K. M. Baer, \u200b\u200bstated by him in the article "The Universal Law of Nature, manifested in every development", released in 1834, were still progressive for that time. They were expressed exactly 25 years before the appearance of the book of Darwin, when almost all naturalists believed that Kuvye in his famous dispute with St.-Ilher in 1830, the idea of \u200b\u200bevolution was completely "nicknamed".
Despite the fact that after the publication of Darwin "The origin of the species" (1859), K. M. Baer made an opponent of natural selection, opposing the idealistic principle as a determining factor of evolution - a special purposeful beginning (article "On the teachings of Darwin" - 1876), all It should be recognized that its role in the preparation of the perception of Darwin's teachings on the development of the organic world was very significant.
The founder of the scientific socialism of Friedrich Engels so regarded the biological views of K. M. Bara and their importance in the development of the idea of \u200b\u200bevolution: "It is characteristic that almost simultaneously with the attack of Cant for the doctrine of Eternity of the Solar System K. F. Wolf produced in 1759 the first attack on The theory of consistency of species, proclaiming the doctrine of evolution. But the fact that he had only ingenious anticipation took a certain form by the window, Lamarka, Bair and was a victoriously held in science exactly a hundred years later, in 1859, Darwin "(" Dialectics Nature ", 1941, p. 13).
With the move to St. Petersburg, the young academician has dramatically changed both its scientific interests and lifestyle. In a new place, it will be attracted and mounted the boundless expanses of Russia. Huge, but little Russia studied that time required a comprehensive study. Before the biologist, K. M. Bair becomes a geographic traveler and researcher of the country's natural wealth. He saw the meaning of geographical knowledge in the study of the productive forces of nature for the purpose of their more rational and effective exploitation for the benefit of the economic person.
In all his life, K. M. Baer made many travels within Russia and abroad. His first journey to the new land taken by him in 1837, went on only four months. Circumstances were extremely unfavorable for travel. Capricious winds detained swimming. The sailing schooner "Krotov", provided at the disposal of K. M. Bair, was extremely small and not at all adapted for expedition purposes. Topographic surveys and meteorological observations of the expedition K. M. Baer gave an idea of \u200b\u200bthe relief and climate of the new land. It was found that the elevation of the new land in geological relations is the continuation of the Ural Range. Especially a lot of expedition in the field of the knowledge of the fauna and the flora of the new land. K. M. Baer was the first naturalist who visited these islands. He collected the most valuable collections of animals and plants inhabiting there.
In the following years, K. M. Bar made dozens of travels and expeditions not only "in the deceit and weighs" of Russia, but also abroad. This is not a complete list of the most important of these travels. In 1839, together with his son, he made an expedition to the islands of the Gulf of Finland, and in 1840 in Lapland. In 1845, he jested the Mediterranean Sea to study the sea fauna of invertebrates. Over the interval of 1851-1857. An expeditions have taken a number of expeditions to Lake and Baltic, in the Volga Delta and the Caspian to study the state of fisheries in these areas. In 1858, K. M. Bar again went abroad to the congress of naturalists and doctors. In subsequent years (1859 and 1861), he again travels to the continent of Europe IV England.
In the interval between these two overseas travel, it was in 1860 on the Narov River and the Church of the Lake with the aim of experiments on salmon transplant. In 1861, he traveled to the Azov Sea to clarify the reasons for the progressive cringe, and he refuted the version that was inflamed in the mercantilic purposes of the coaming company that it was damaged by the ballast emitted from the incoming ships. Passion for traveling by K. M. Baer was unwanky, and the "habit of changeing places" accompanied him to the deepest years, and, being an eighty-year-old elder, he dreamed of a big expedition to the Black Sea.
The most productive and most rich in their consequences was his big expedition to Caspian, which lasted with small breaks of 4 years (1853-1856).
Painty fishing by private industrialists in the mouth of the Volga and the Caspian region - the main area of \u200b\u200bthe fish products of Russia, which gave 1/5 of the entire fishing of the country, led to a catastrophic fall of fish catch and threatened the loss of this major fishing base. A large expedition was organized for the study of fish wealth of the Caspian, headed by a sixty-year-old K. M. Baer, \u200b\u200bwith enthusiasm that responded to this large national economic case. To fulfill the task, K. M. Baer decided to pre-conduct a detailed study of the hydrological and hydrobiological features of the Caspian, which were completely not studied. By exercising it, K. M. Baer Izbordil Caspian in several directions from Astrakhan to the shores of Persia. He found that the reason for the fall of the catch is not at all in the discovery of nature, but in the plug-in and corebone interests of private fish farms, predatory methods of fishing fish and the irrational primitive methods of its processing, which he called the "mad bruise of the gifts of nature." K. M. Bair came to the conclusion that the cause of all disasters is the misunderstanding of the fact that the existing ways of Lov did not give the fish the opportunity to multiply, as they caught it to spawning (Irmetania) and these were fishery to the inevitable fall. K. M. Bair made the requirement to introduce state control over the protection of fish stocks and their recovery, just as it is done in rational forestry.
Practical conclusions based on the works of this expedition, K. M. Baer outlined in his well-known "proposals for the best device of Caspian fishing", in which he developed a number of rules for the "profitable use of fisheries products". In particular, it belongs to the initiative of the workpiece of the Caspian Reshenka (Chernnestina), which has only passed to the fatty of the fat until now. Rubbermen, being in captivity of old habits, resisted by all the forces of this innovation, but K. M. Bair his own briefly made a mustol of Rainhek and, at the first tasting, convinced the Male believers in its exceptional benignness. This new Caspian herring came to the change of the "Dutch" herring, the import of which ceased to us from behind the Crimean campaign. Taking the preparation of Caspian herring, K. M. Baer for millions of rubles increased the national wealth of the country.
From the geographical discoveries of K. M. Bair, it is necessary to note his famous law - "Baer Law", according to which all rivers of the Northern Hemisphere move their channels towards her right shore, which, because of this, constantly blursts and becomes cool, while the left bank remains gentle , excluding the places of steep turns; In the southern hemisphere, relationships will be reverse. This phenomenon of asymmetry of the banks of the rivers K. M. Baer in contrary to the daily rotation of the Earth around his axis, fascinating and rejecting the movement of water in the rivers to the right bank.
K. M. Baer was one of the initiators and founders of the Russian geographic society, which still exists and in which he was chosen by the first vice president. He organized the publication of the Special Periodic Authority "Materials to Knowledge of the Russian Empire" with the Academy of Sciences, which played an exceptional role not only in the development of the descriptive geography of our Motherland, but also in the knowledge of its natural resources. He was also the organizer of the Russian entomological society and his first president.
K. M. Baer also engaged a lot of anthropology and ethnography. How highly he regarded these sciences - it can be seen from the following words, which he pronounced on his lectures on anthropology: "How can you continue to demand from the educated person to know in a row of all seven kings of Rome, the existence of which is certainly problematic, and not considered shame if he is not It has the concepts of the structure of his own body ... I do not know the task of a more worthy free and thoughtful person, as a study of yourself. "
Like everything that his amazing mind told, K. M. Bair understood the anthropology is widely and comprehensively, - as knowledge of everything related to the physical nature of man, its origin and the development of human tribes. K. M. Baer himself worked a lot in the field of physical anthropology and, in particular, in the field of craniology - the teachings about the skull, and the unified measurement system and craniological terminology proposed by them allows them to be considered "Linnese Craniology". He laid the beginning of the Craniological Museum of the Academy of Sciences, which is one of the richest collections of this kind in the world. Of all the other of his anthropological works, we will only dwell on its studies dedicated to Papuas and Alfurists, who, in turn, inspired our outstanding researcher and Miklukho-Maclay traveler to study these peoples in New Guinea. K. M. Baer was an enemy of the term "Race", considering him in relation to the man of "non-resident" and genting human dignity. He was a consistent monogenist, that is, a supporter of the unity of the origin of the human race. He considered mankind one by his origin and equal in nature. The doctrine of the unequalities of human races and their unequal adaratences to culture, he resolutely rejected. He believed that "the polygenists led to the conclusion about the multiplicity of human types of motivating of another order - the desire to believe that the Negro must differ from the Europeans ... Maybe even the desire to put it in the position of the person, deprivable influence, rights and claims inherent in the European ". As an outstanding anthropologist-monogenist K. M. Bair successfully contributed to strengthening Darwin's teachings.
K. M. Baer was a convinced humanist and a democrat. He matched for a common cultural approach of the wide masses. He lectured on comparative anatomy at the Medical and Surgery Academy (now the Military Medical Academy named after Kirov) and organized with it for the purposes of rational training of doctors Anatomical Institute. As a leader, he is attributed to our famous compatriot, an outstanding surgeon and a brilliant anatoma - N. I. Pirogov. K. M. Baer was an excellent popularizer of science and, in particular, anthropology and zoology. He wrote a number of brilliant popular articles for the general public.
K. M. Baer was an extremely cheerful person, very loved by communion with people and kept this line until the death of death. Despite the universal worship and admiration for its giving, he was extremely modest and many of his discoveries, such as the discovery of mammalian eggs, attributed only acute vision during his youth. The external honors did not care. He was a convinced enemy of titles and never called himself a "secret advisor." During his long life, he had to attend many anniversaries and celebrations organized in honor of him, but he was always displeased with them and felt a victim. "It's much better when you get scolded, then at least you can object, and with praise it is impossible and you have to endure everything that they do", "said K. M. Bair. But he loved to organize the festivities and anniversaries to others.
A caring attitude towards other people's needs, assistance in misfortune, participation in the restoration of the priority of a forgotten scientist, the restoration of a good name is unfairly affected person, up to help from personal funds, were the usual phenomenon in the life of this big person. So, he took under his defense N. I. Pirogov from the attacks of the press and personal means helped Hungarian scientist to complete their scientific work. K. M. Baer was a big enemy of the bureaucracy. It was always outraged by the Barquish condescending and sickly-nassed, a contemptuous attitude towards "Proshirudin". He always used the case to pay the merits of a simple people in the scientific research of his country. In one of his letters to Admiral Kruzenshtern, he wrote: "Sleeps almost always swallow the path of scientific research. All Siberia is open with her shores in this way. The government has always assigned to himself that the people opened. Thus, Kamchatka and Kuril Islands are attached. Thus later They were inspected by the government ... An enterprising people from the simpleness for the first time opened the entire chain of the Bering Sea islands and the whole Russian coast of North-West America. Mobblers from the simpleness for the first time passed a sea strait between Asia and America, they were the first to find Lyakhov Islands and many years visited the deserts of New Siberia Before the Europe knew something about their existence ... Everywhere since the time of Bering, scientific navigation only followed their footsteps ... ".
K. M. Baer loved the flowers and children about which he said that their voices was more beautiful for me than the music of the spheres. " In his personal life, he was distinguished by high scattered, with many anecdical cases in his life. However, in his scientific classes, he was distinguished by exceptional care and demands.
He was a big connoisseur history and literature and wrote even a few articles on mythology.
In 1852, K. M. Baer, \u200b\u200bin connection with the old age, resigned and moved to Derpt.
In 1864, the Academy of Sciences, celebrating the fifty-year-old anniversary of his scientific activity, presented him with a large medal and established Barov Prize for outstanding merits in the field of natural sciences. The first laureates of this premium were young Russian Embiratiologists A. O. Kovalevsky and I. I. Mesnikov - the brilliant creators of comparative evolutionary embryology.
Until the last day, K. M. Baer was interested in science, although his eyes were so weakened that he was forced to resort to the help of the reader and scribe. Karl Maksimovich Bar died on November 28, 1876, quietly, precisely. Exactly 10 years old, November 28, 1886, citizens of the city in which he was born, studied, lived and died the great scientist, erected a monument to the work of Academician of Pokpecin, a copy of which is located in the former building of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad.
K. M. Baer was one of the largest zoologists of the world. He marked his activity began a new era in the science of animals and left the indelible trace in the history of natural sciences.
The main works of K. M. Baer: De Ovi Mamalium et Hominis Genesi, 1827; Animal development history (EntwicklungsGeschichte der Tiere), 1828 (t. I), 1837 (t. II); Speech and minor articles (Reden und Kleinere Aufsätze), St. Petersburg, 1864, TT. I, II and III; Scientific notes about the Caspian Sea and its surroundings, "Notes of the Russian Geographical Society", 1856, t. IX; Reporting essays on the expedition to new land (Tableaux des Contrèes Visitès), St. Petersburg, 1837; Selected works (a number of chapters from the "Animal Development History" and "Universal Law of Nature, manifested in every development"), L., 1924; Autobiography (Nachrichten Über Leben Und Schriften Dr. K. V. Baer Mitgeteilt Von Ihm Selbst), SPb., 1865.
About K. M. Bare: Ovsyannikov F. V., Essay activities K. M. Bair and the importance of his work, "Notes of the Academy of Sciences", St. Petersburg, 1879; Pavlovsky E. N.,K. Bair as Academician and Professor, "Our Spark", 1925, No. 77-78; First Collection of Memory Baer (Articles V. I. Vernadsky, M.M.Solovyova and E. L. Radlova), L., 1927; Solovyov M. M.,Karl Ber, "Nature", 1926, No. 11-12; His Baer on the new earth, L, 1934; His academician Carl Maksimovich B., "Nature", 1940, No. 10; His, Barei on Caspiani, M.-L., 1941; Xolodkovsky N. A.,Karl Bare His life and scientific activities, GIZ, 1923; Rayakov B. E.,The last days of Baer. Proceedings of the Institute of History of Natural Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vol. II, 1948
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Karl Maksimovich Baer, \u200b\u200ba famous scientist who made a lot for the development of embryology.
Bar Carl Maksimovich (at the birth of Karl Ernst Von Baer), the period of life from 1792 to 1876, was born in the family of Germans in Estonia.
Baer is described in biology textbooks as the main founder of science studying the development of nuclei of animals. One of his classes was the similarities of the formation of the embryo inside the womb belonging to various biological species. In his own treatments, he called the main principles of the embryo formation process, after time that will be referred to as "Bair's laws".
Karl Maksimovich first found an egg in a person. During the study of the principle of embryo formation related to various categories of multicellular animals, he noticed concrete similar signs that are inherent in the initial stages of ripening and disappear after some time.
In accordance with his treatises, the embryo primarily forms the features inherent in the type, then the class, then a detachment, genus and, in the end, form. At the initial moments of its ripening, the embryos belonging to various types and even squads have many common features.
In addition, Baer managed to describe the main steps of the embryo formation process in multicellular animals: the time and specifics of the formation and change of the nervous tube, as well as the spinal column, in addition, was engaged in analyzing the specifics of the structure of the remaining vital organs.
Baer was one of the first scientists who made the assumption that all differences of our species, from the point of view of the race, are formed only due to the differences in climate. To analyze the process of changing the ethno-territorial groups of people, the biologist took advantage of the craniology techniques for the first time (science of studying the properties of the skull structure).
Karl Maksimovich for a long time belonged to the group of like-minded people, consonants with the species similarity of people, and was against the theory of racial domination. For your own hard point of view, relatively species similarity, the statements of a biologist set were subject to sharp criticism from the opposite of the configured colleagues.
Speaking of what Karl Maksimovich brought into biology, it is difficult not to say about what its contribution as a scientist and geography. According to the so-called Bair effect - the river that flows through the meridian, its western slope is usually sharper, due to regular erosion. Baer K. M. refers to the founders of the Russian geographical society.
In honor of the great scientist, naturalist were named: Highlands in the Caspian lowland, Cape Baer on the new land and even an island in the Taimyr Gulf.
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