What folk crafts in Tatarstan. Folk crafts and crafts of Tatarstan and Tatars in diaspora

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Folk Crafts Performed: Educator I category of Khakimzyanian Lilia Gabdraufovna

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History of national costumes Tatars clothing is the most significant attribute of a particular nation. In the Middle Ages, one ridden glance per person was enough to determine who he was on the nation, he is rich or poor, married or not. Of course, over time, clothing loses its national "color", but still remains one of the main and vital things in a person's life. Traditional clothing Tatars Tatars Middle Ages - Swing shoes, women's dresses, hats, bathrobes, shoes - both in ordinary people and the aristocrats largely coincided. Generic, tribal, social and clan differences in clothing were mainly in the cost of the materials used, the richness of the decor, and in the amount of wardrobe items. The clothing created by the centuries was very beautiful, and more than it is necessary. This impression was created due to the finishing of clothing expensive furs, traditional embroidery, decorated with beads and Lurex, and pussy ribbons.

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It is worth noting that a great influence on traditional clothing of Tatars had, first of all, a nomadic lifestyle. Tatar craftsmen came up with and sewed clothes so that it was convenient for riding a horse, was warm enough in the winter season and was not hot and severe in summer. As a rule, for sewing clothes, materials such as leather, fur, thin felt of camel, or wool rams, cloth, which they themselves made themselves were used. In a word, everything that was constantly at hand was used as a material, the time of time spent by cattle breeding.

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Let's see how Tatar's clothing changed from his birth and in the process, the varnash was put on no earlier than six months later. And only at the age of 3-4 years old, children began to wear in clothes very similar to the clothes of adults. Children's clothing of boys and girls looked like. There was no "girl" and "boy" clothes, and the difference in the floors was manifested in decorations and accessories and colors. Clothing girls and women, as a rule, was bright tones of blooming nature: red, blue, green. As for the boys, as well as men, - in their clothes were mainly used black and blue colors. Girls from three years old and the very marriage wore simple silver earrings and modest smooth rings. In 15-16 years old, that is, reaching the marriage, girls on holidays put on a complete set of silver jewelry: earrings, chestrooms, bracelets and rings. Leaving the marriage, the modest maiden's tide was replaced by numerous massive risks, earrings and waist plaques.

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The period of maturity of Tatar men and women was noted not only by the maximum set of decorations, but also changes in the costume. Changed the cut of shoes, bathrobes, dresses, hats. Women aged 50-55 years, as a rule, again put on simple decorations, and their dear ornaments were distributed to daughters and young relatives.

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The traditional headdress of men had a tubeette (tubyatay), which is a small hat, on top of which all sorts of plain and fur caps (Burek), felt hats (Tula Eshlyap), ritual jackets (Chalma) were put on top of which. The earliest and widespread type of tubette was crumbled from four wedges and had a hemispherical shape. For the preservation of the form and from hygienic considerations (method of ventilation), the tubette fell, laying the twisted horse hair or cord between the lines. When sewing a variety of tissues and ornamentation techniques, it has provided the possibility of artisans to create an infinite set of their variations. Bright embroidered jackets were intended for young people, and more modest - old men. The later type (Klyapush) with a flat top and solid shake - initially received distribution from the city Kazan Tatars, probably oh, under the influence of Turkish-Islamic traditions (faste).

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The upper hats were round "Tatar", the cone-shaped design of the caps, crowns from 4 wedges with a fur necklace (Kamala Burek), which were also worn by Russian, in particular in the Kazan province. Cylindrical hats with a flat riding and solid are common from the black doodle (Kara Burek), from the gray Bukhara Merlushki (Danadar Burek). The headdiers of Tatar women, in addition to the main purpose, also indicated the marital status of the hostess. In married women, they differed in different tribes and clans, but the maiden were the same type. Unmarried girls were taken to wear "Takia" - a small hat from the fabric, and the "Burek" - a hat with a fur shame. They sewed them from bright fabrics and necessarily decorated with embroidery or various stripes from beads, corals, beads, silver.

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Tatars's national shoes are leather boots - Ichigi. It was their Tatars who were worn everywhere and all-season. For winter, it was high boots, with a wide balance, for the summer, the boots did from raw soft skin with high heels and a curved toe. Women's shoes decorated with embroidery and appliqué. An important element in Tatars clothes was a belt. For his decoration, Tatars used wide, decorated silver and gold buckles. The belt was considered the inseparable thing of a living person, symbolizing his connection with the world of people.

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Jewelry women's decorations are an indicator of material wealth and social position of the family. As a rule, the decorations were made of silver, golden and stoned stoned. Preference was given to a brown carnelian and a bluish-green turquoise, showing a magical force. Often used lilac amethysts, smoky topases and mountain crystals. Women wore rings, rings, bracelets of different types, a variety of clasp gate "Yak Chylbyra", Aviations. Even at the end of the XIX century, breast cancer was obligatory - the synthesis of the overag and decorations. The decorations were transferred to the family by inheritance, gradually complementing with new things. Tatar jewelers - "Komesche" - it was usually worked by individual orders, which led to a wide variety of items that had reached our days. Traditionally, Tatarka simultaneously put on several items - all sorts of chains with quarms, clock, and necessarily one with a suspended corantern, was supplemented by beads and broots.

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Traditional clothes of nomads remained until the beginning of the 20th century. After the conquest of the Moscow principality of Tatar Khunni, the introduction of Russian culture began. Fashion came to round felt hats with a flat riding - fez. The wealthy Tatars wore a fez, and a more shortened fezc - a tubette, wearing poor population. To date, modern Tatars wear European clothes. True, modern Tatar folklore and amazing ensembles of the song and dance wear European clothes, mixed with Islamic clothing XVIII century. And the beginning of the XIX century, on the head - a tubette and dancing, dance, sing songs, convincing people that they act in national Tatar clothes.

Are you interested in history, culture and traditions of the Tatar people, of our region? Do you know how traditional Tatar shoes were made - Ichiga boots and shoe shoes? What is the difference between Tatar lapties from Russian? Why is the Women's Head Upora - Calfak - Different Sizes? To find out all this, you need to visit our exhibition "Unan Khalkimnun Before Kullara: Tatars Halyk һөnərləre" - "Golden hands of masters: Tatar folk crafts."

For many centuries, traditional Tatar fishers are jewelry and zero sewing, leather mosaic, tambourine embroidery and mortgage weaving, woodworking and felt fishing. Thanks to the traditions and preserved products made by the hands of the masters of the past, the development of crafts, known for their originality and popularity.

In the National Museum of the Republic of Tajikistan, one of the largest collections of products and tools of Tatar masters have been preserved. Many of them represent traditional fisheries, the secrets of skill of which were transmitted from generation to generation. Creating a new work, the real master not only relied on the experience of past centuries, but also tried to find his original decision.

Nowadays, the best traditions of folk art crafts are regenerated in Tatarstan. Saving continuity, folk masters create works of art that meets new forms of life, widely using national ornaments and traditional techniques.

At the exhibition you can see rarities crafts and fishers of the XIX-XX centuries. and products of modern masters.
Among them - paintings on the velvet, made by Louise Faschrutdinova, elegant products of masters on the leather mosaic of Sofia Kuzmini, Ildus Gainutdinova, Nai Kathers and others.

The creators of the exhibition hoped that it would be interesting to the visitor not only by its content, but also interactive zones. The exhibition hosts master classes on a gold coaling case, leather mosaic, wood thread, calligraphy; Museum classes "We do not miss tea", "Visiting the stove"; Interactive theatrical excursions "revived exposure".

Tatars (self-calf, tattar, tatar, mn. Tatarlar, Tatarlar) - Turkic people living in the central regions of the European part of Russia, in the Volga region, Ural, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Afghanistan and the Far East .

They are the second most people in the Russian Federation after the Russians. They are divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: the Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan, sometimes allocate Polish-Lithuanian Tatars. Tatars make up more than half of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (53.15% of the 2010 census). Tatar language belongs to the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages \u200b\u200band is divided into three dialects: West (Mishar), medium (Kazan-Tatar) and East (Siberian-Tatar). Believers of Tatars (with the exception of a small group of Kryated, confessing Orthodoxy) - Muslim Sunnis.

Kazan Tatars. Lithography G.-F. H. Pauli.

Family and household traditions and rites

The family-related Tatars relations passed a difficult path of development. By the XVIII century, large families began to disappear, there was a tendency to form small families. However, between relatives continued to practice a broad mutual assistance in economic affairs during weddings, on holidays on the occasion of the birth of children. Traditionally, a family based on patriarchal principles with some elements of female maitimius dominated.

The most significant family events from the Tatars, like other peoples, were the wedding and the birth of a child.

There were three types of marriages. Either the girl was watched, or she went to his beloved without the permission of his parents, or she was abducted without her consent. The most common was marked wedding.

The selection of the bride was engaged in the parents of the groom, then Schat was sat down. After a collusion, the relatives of the bride began to prepare for the wedding. The day before the wedding, the parents of the groom sent the bride to the redemption and gifts. During the marriage and at the wedding dinner, the bride and groom were not present, their fathers were represented. The wedding of the feed of Sherbet to relatives of the bridegroom was ended, which served as a sign of collecting money for the bride.

The Tatar wedding always preceded a conspiracy, in which the side of the groom was represented by the Swat and any of the senior relatives. If the parents of the bride gave consent to marriage, during the collusion, questions were solved on the sizes of Calym and the Depth of the Bride, the time of the wedding and the number of invited guests were discussed. After that, the bride was already called a crown girl. Young people whose parents decided to marry their children, could often meet for the first time at their own wedding.

Wedding suit of townors. End XIX - early XX century.

Cooking for the wedding lasted 3-5 weeks. At this time, the groom collected Kalym, bought gifts to the bride, her parents and relatives, and the bride completed the preparation of the dowry, which began to collect from 12-14 years. It usually consisted of household dresses, underwear, as well as gift clothing for the groom. These were embroidered shirts, pants, woolen socks, etc. Relatives on both sides were engaged in the organization of the upcoming wedding.

The marriage ceremony itself and the first wedding feast took place in the bride's house. Guests and close relatives of the bride and groom gathered to noon. The groom at that time was in the house of her parents, and the bride surrounded by girlfriends spent the day in the so-called newlywed house, which was arranged either in the summer house of the girl's family, or in the house of the next relatives.

In the wedding collection, Mullah performed the ritual of marriage, which opened by the corresponding case of a prayer. After that, the marriage was considered prisoner.

At that time, the bride accompanied her girlfriends and sisters, after which the rite of consecration was committed by the laboratory bed. Guests from the bride came to a marriage house, and each of them had to touch her hands with his hands or sit on the edge of bed, and some even allowed themselves to lie down. Guests threw several coins in a special saucer. After leaving guests, the bride remained in a house with one of the older women who taught her how to accept the groom.

In the evening, it was elegantly dressed groom, accompanied by friendships sent to the place of marriage. The groom and his accompaniment met ritual draws. The side of the bride checked the groom into modesty, the sharpness of thinking and other qualities. After the ritual treating the groom, the guests visited him to the bride, but before getting into her house the bridegroom was supposed to pay a ransom.

The next morning of the newlyweds was invited to the bath, then the parents of the groom went there. After noon, the rite of caressing on the back was committed. In the hut, where there were only women, were invited to the bride and sat on her knees face into the corner. The girl sang sad songs about submission to fate. The mother of the groom, her sisters, the older sister of the groom alternately approached the bride, stroked her back, said affectionate words and instructed how to behave with her husband. After that, they gave the bride gifts or money.

In the evening, guests traveled around the houses, before this, members of the breeding families exchanged gifts. The relative of the bride was given to the guests of the handkerchief and other small items, in response invited with money.

But this is just the first stage of the wedding. The groom lived with the bride, after which he returned to the house of his parents, and the young wife continued to live with her relatives, and her husband came to her every night. So it could continue from several months to several years. During this time, the young husband was supposed to pay the full size of Calma, if he could not make it before the wedding, or build a house for his family. It often happened so that by the time of moving to a new house, a couple had already several children.

When a young wife moved to a new home, satisfied the second wedding feast. On the appointed day, the groom sent a ride with horses decorated with ribbons and bells. In this wagon there were dowry, a young wife was sitting here, children (if they were already), the younger brothers or children of relatives. Parents of the young, then the matchmaker and to sit down in other dressed carts, and the tuple went to the new home of the young.

Here the spouses and their guests met relatives and her husband's parents. His elder sister and mother kept the freshly baked loaf and a cup of honey. One of the men led to the carriage wagon, symbolized well-being. On the ground put the pillow. The daughter-in-law came down from the wagon, leaning on the calf, and stood on the pillow. Then she laid out a piece of punitive and, having saved him in honey, eaten. Sometimes a girl was fed with honey from a spoon mother of her husband. This tradition expressed a good attitude towards the daughter-in-law and wishes of a well-friendly life of a young family. Then the young wife made a ritual of sanctification of the dwelling, sprinkling the corners and the foundation of his new home. It was believed that after that she would be good to get along with new relatives.

And finally, a wedding feast began, in which a young husband served invited men, and a young wife - women.

A joyful event for the family was the birth of a child. On the feast about the birth of the baby, men and women were invited separately. Tatar enlightener and historian Kayum Nasyari describes this rite: "When all invitations are assembled, the child on the pillow is brought to Mulle. He asks his parents, how to call the child. Mullah puts the child with his feet in the direction of Kaaba and reads a prayer, then pronounces three times: "Let your precious name be so". Each of the guests make honey with butter. Having treat, invited puts money to a tray as much as it can. "

Bright and interesting and to this day in some families are wedding rites: getting a repurchase for the bride (calm), giving the bride (BIRNE), a religious wedding rite (nicknames) and other rites.

 
Public traditions and rites

Kitchen, traditional etiquette traditions

Tatar national cuisine, which developed not only on the basis of its ethnic traditions, is also interesting. The cuisine of neighboring peoples took great impact on it. Katyk, Ball Mai, Cabartle, supplemented by Tatar Chuck Chuck, Ech Carable, Chinese cuisine gave dumplings and tea, Uzbek-pilaf, Tajik - Pakhlev, remained inherited from the Bulgarian.

Numerous travelers who visited Kazan called the national cuisine satisfying and delicious, simple and exquisite, they were surprised by a variety and a rare combination of products, as well as hospitality, who worried a long time. On the ancient Tatar custom, in honor of the guest, a festive tablecloth was spread and the best treats were exhibited on the table: Sweet Chuck Chuck, Sherbet, Lime Honey, and, of course, fragrant tea. Hospitality in the East has always been valued high. "The non-smart man is defective," said Muslims. Guests were accepted not only to treat, but also give the gifts. According to custom and guest answered the same. The people said: "Kunak Ashu - Kara Karshe", which means "guest treats mutual".

The hospitality was considered one of the main virtues of the Bulgar. This was fully manifested during the reception of the embassy of the Baghdad Caliph, who arrived at the request of the Bulgarian king Almusha in the summer of 922 to promote the adoption of Islam in the Volga Bulgaria. Even in the path of the sons and the brothers, the king gave guests with bread, meat and millet. Especially struck by Sustana Ambassador a welcome official reception in the Tsarist Yurt. After an abundant table, guests were invited to carry out the remaining dishes in their home.

In May 1722, the latitude of the Kazan hospitality experienced Russian king Peter I, heading for a trip to Prussia. In the house of the rich Kazan merchant Ivan Mikhaeva, Peter celebrated his fiftieth anniversary. A lot of servants with a bow of the king in the belt introduced "First, cold dishes from meat and fish, then hot, then the roast, followed by the cakes, then the cakes were served between liquid dishes."

Special norms and food taking rules appreciated Islam. On the Sharia, it was forbidden to use pig meat, as well as some birds, for example, falcon, swan - the latter were considered sacred.

In the ninth month of the Muslim lunar calendar, Ramazan, when Kranazan was sent to Earth, all Muslims over 12 years old were obliged to keep 29-30 days post-Uraz - a complete abstinence from food and drink in a bright day of day. Shariyat urged to observe moderation in food not only during uraces, but also in everyday life.

One of the main food prohibitions concerned wine and other alcoholic beverages. The Quran notes that in wine, as in a gambling game, there is a bad and good, but the first is greater. "Wine is a clear root and source of sins, and who drank him, loses the mind. He does not know God, does not respect anyone ... "- said the Prophet Mukhamad.

According to Adaba - Islamic Ethics - any food began with hand washing. Before starting the meal, Muslim pronounced: "Bismillah Arra Khman Arrakhim" ("In the name of Allah of Mercy and Merciful"), the food ends also a prayer. Ate men and women separately. The famous Tatar enlightener and the encyclopedist kayum of the minting in his book about the upbringing described a number of rules, mandatory during meals: "Sit down at the table immediately, as soon as I come down, do not make yourself wait. Eat with your right hand, if you gathered the venerable people at the table, do not pull your hand before they are an uncompatory. In moderate food is a great use - you will be healthy with a body, clear mind, silent memory. "

The basis of the nutrition was meat and vegetable food. Lady of Tatars was considered lamb, a poultry was appreciated. Powes and dumplings were popular meat dishes, which were treated by the custom of a young son-in-law and his friendships.

Milk was used mainly in the processed form. After sludge, cream was obtained, then the oil. From the sauas milk was preparing a favorite Tatar drink - Katyk, who was going on the preparation of Syuses - Tatar cottage cheese. Another type of cottage cheese - Eroxchek, Court.

Of the variety of dishes are most characteristic, firstly, soups and broths (Shulpa, Tokmach), meat, dairy and lean. Secondly, the Tatars common are flour baked products - Baylesh, drums, backens, ech-paintings, soils and others with stuffing from meat, potatoes, or porridge. Thirdly, the presence of a "tea table - the soul of the family," as Tatars say, emphasizes its significance in the Pating Ritual. Tea with baked products is sometimes replaced by breakfast or dinner, tea is an indispensable attribute of the guest meeting. Praised tea and folk Tatar Baitov legends: "In this world, Allah has many different tasty yokes, do not compare them, but with tea, the main of the drugs. So much valuable and healing properties you will not ourselves, others will turn the hungry, in young - old and patients. "

A treat from a sweet dough was served to tea: Catlama, Kosh-Tele, Chuck Chuck - Mandatory treats at the wedding, which brought the bride, as well as her parents. With tea eagerly drank honey. It was preparing compulsory treats in honor of the birth of a child - a puree alba and a wedding delicacy - the ball Mai. Sherbet is a sweet fruit-honey drink - also used during the commission of a wedding rite, the bride sent him to guests who, having drunk a sorbet, put money for her a gift to the tray.

Kazan cuisine, which absorbed the culinary traditions of Bulgar, Tatars, Russians, the influence of the East and Europe, is rich in the most diverse dishes of the daily and festive table. And to this day, not only the wonderful recipes of the national cooking are preserved, but also in the centuries the welcoming hospitality of the people.

Expressions of the emotional and aesthetic life of the people are rituals and holidays. Traditionally, the celebratory culture of Tatars included both religious (Kurban-Bayram, Uraza-Bayram, Ramazan) and secular holidays, celebrated at a certain time of the year.

The calendar cycle of national holidays and rites of the Tatar people begins with the Nauruz, which was celebrated on the Spring Equinoxy Day (March 21) on a sunny calendar. Shakirds (students of Madrasa) managed at home with the songs-wishes of well-being and health and responded from the owners.

Soon after the Nauruz, the Spring Seva was coming, the very beautiful time of the year, Sabantuy's holiday was arranged. The history of Sabanta is the same ancient as our people himself. Already in 921, the ambassador arrived in Bulgaria from Baghdad, the famous researcher Ibn Fadlan, described this Bulgarian holiday in his writings. Already two weeks before the holiday, gifts began to collect for the winners, preparation for the holiday. "The SABANTUY SABANTA is in advance," says the Tatar saying. The culmination of the holiday was Maidan - competition in running, jumping, national struggle (kersh), and, of course, horse racing, enemia in verses and songs, causing admiration and delight - decorating the Tatar holiday.

At the beginning of the summer, it was time for the special holidays of the meeting of relatives - Gienes, who came the day before and remained for 3-4 days. In the evening, youth walking with songs and dances, dances and fun games were held, dating guys and girls were set up, there were future marriage couples.

Muslim holidays were considered particularly revered. The most significant of them is Kurban-Bayram.. Kurban-Bayram, or, as it is also called, ID al-Adha (sacrifice) is one of the most important Muslim holidays. This is a day of memory of the mercy of Allah, when he kept the hand of Ibrahim at her own son's throat, which he was going to sacrifice the creator.

Rembrandt. Sacrifice of Abraham

Instead of Son Ibrahim, I sacrificed the Creator of the Lamb. This sacrifice and became the basis of the holiday. On holidays, all believers focus their thoughts and aspirations on the idea of \u200b\u200bself-sacrifice, which is expressed in the rite of the sacrificial animal.

The word "Muslim" means submitted. This word for the first time used Ibrahim, he called himself an indulgence will of Allah. And the word "Islam" occurred from "Aslyam" - "subjugate". All Islam professions are completely subordinated and subordinate to the Divine Will.

Animals, who prepared for sacrifice, are usually decorated with bells and necklaces, sometimes paint. This is done in order for every Muslim on the day every Muslim, who personally sacrifice themselves. The road to Paradise, as teaches Islam, leads through the bridge over the abyss - Sirate, he is thinner than a woman's hair, the sharper blade of a sword and a hot flame. It is possible to move on it only on sacrificial animals that will stand at the bridge, and every Muslim on coloring and decorations will quickly find their animal.

Sacrificial animals should be without the slightest flaws: a camel must be at least five years old, bull or goat - one year, sheep - seven months. After the sacrificial animal is cut, be sure to feed the poor and hungry. No guest should go to this day without treat.

There are a number of rules to make a rite:
You can not shift knives near the sacrificial animal, they should be prepared in advance.
Eyes An animal must be tied with a handkerchief, put henna on his head, and in his mouth a lollipop.
You can not cut one animal in the presence of others, they must stand as far as possible.

Meat sacrificial animals do not wash, it is thoroughly cleaned and cut into small pieces. Meat is boiled in water, where the onions and salt should be added.

Within three holidays, the family can eat only a third of meat, treating neighbors and guests, the rest is supposed to distribute the poor. The more meat is distributed in this holiday, the easier it will be a Muslim pass through the bridge over the abyss.

Before the holiday, almost all cities are arranged fairs on which you can buy a sacrificial animal. In some Muslim countries, more than a million cattle heads are scored.

Eid al Adha

This is a holiday of talking after the completion of the post in the month of Ramadan. The post lasts 30 days. During the post all day before sunset, it is impossible to drink and eat, are categorically forbidden to entertainment, you can not dip your head into the water. During Ramadan, the paradise gates are open for each, and if the faithful strictly observed the post, then all his sins burn.

The beginning of Ramadan in different countries is announced in different ways: a shot of a gun, drumbo, raising flags over minarets. After the signal, Muslims will definitely go to the mosque on prayer. Throughout the post, each believer must repeat such words: "I was removed from fasting the month of Ramadan from the morning dawn to sunset the only sake of Allah!"

During the post, it is impossible to gloom and make wicked deeds. A post for Muslims - a favorable time for reconciliation. By forgetting the offense, you can invite a person with whom it has fallen a long time, and make up with him. It is absolutely necessary to reconcile with those who offended.

Uraza Bayram begins on the first day of the month following Ramadan, - Shavvala. The holiday lasts 3-4 days, which in Muslim countries are non-working. These days, the prophet bequeathed to distribute alms to the poor, treat them. The obligatory festive treats are sweets: dates, sweet fruits, etc. On the eve of Uraza-Bayrama, believers try to collect together all family members and not to release anywhere from home. It is believed that on this day the house is visited by the soul of the dead ancestors.

On the end of the post after visiting the mosque, people go to the cemetery, and men of the village or quarter visit the families of those who have died relatives during the year to express condolences again.

The remainder of the holiday day is dedicated to fun: Music sounds everywhere, everyone sings and dance, fairs are arranged. The holiday lasts to a deep night.

The topic of national holidays is widely covered in folklore, legends and Baita, in the works of Tatar writers, composers and artists.

Since 1992, two religious holidays Kurban-Bayram (Muslim) and Christmas (Christian) are included in the official festive calendar of the Republic of Tatarstan. To this day, the tradition of the celebration of Sabantua is alive. Traditional folk holidays have been enriched with new ones, which reflect social and political changes in society. The main of them was the Day of the Republic, August 30. It was on this day that in 1990 Tatarstan adopted a declaration of state sovereignty. The Day of the Republic reflects both ancient tradition and modernity. This is the memory of the past and aspiration into the future. On this day, the cities and villages of the republic are blooming, the entire Multiethnic people of Tatarstan are going to see a festive theatrical representation of an open-air presentation with historical customs and traditions, horse racing, national struggle, performances of ancient tools and folk groups.

Embroidery, weaving

Embroidery is one of the oldest and popular species of female fine art. The development of this type of art was associated with the positiveness of women who rarely come out of the house and their leisure was used for needlework. Unlike Russian, Ukrainians, Marie and other peoples, Tatars did not use embroidery in clothes, but decorated household items: towels, napkins, tablecloths, bedspreads and window curtains, namazli (prayer mats). Most of these things are associated with the design of the interior of the dwelling.

The situation and decoration of the Tatar house had a number of features. The house was not customary to divide on the rooms, as well as load extra furniture, so they appeared skillfully embroidered curtains and gentlemen. The most valuable from the embroidered works were kept on the bottom of the chests, got on the occasion of large holidays.

A particularly colorful house became during wedding celebrations - everything was decorated with stitched and woven products of the newlywed. This custom, demonstrating the diligence and mastery of the bride, is alive now in some rural areas.

The traditions of the folk embroidery are preserved on the village also in connection with the Sabantuy holiday - young Snohy give their products to the winners of sports and games.

Embroidery plays a big role in the rite, which marks the birth of the firstborn: a young mother gives towels to his loved ones and neighbors.

Embroidery was usually done on a bright saturated material - green, yellow, purple, bordeaux. Embroidered with twisted silk, gilded or silver cord, beads, pearls. Of great importance was paid to the ornament, which consisted of geometric and plant motifs. In the composition of the blooming garden created by the craftsmen, it was possible to learn red poppies and yellow-eyed chamomile, tulips and pansies.

Gold Sewing on Velvet

A special beauty was famous for the Kazan towels, embroidered with a tambour silver-gold thread on white silk, they were known far beyond the limits of the edge.
Patterned weaving was also widespread, also associated with the life and wearing the nature of the home craft. The ornament discovers similarity with the Central Asian and Azerbaijani carpets, while the color structure (the predominance of the red and different shades) has no analogies. Weaving technique owned most of the tatar, but tissue with complex and multicolor patterns were usually made by special masters existing in each village.

Calfal friezes. Velvet, golden threads. XIX century

Gold Slow Towels - "Kazan Ling". XIX B.

Patterned towels

Muslim religion with a more abstracted concept of God did not cultivate its image and in this respect was different, for example, from Christian or Buddhist. According to the ban of the Prophet Mohammed, it was impossible to portray any living being: a man, bird, an animal. In this regard, Muslims have developed a calligraphic ornament, as well as Shamail.

Shamail - a picture with the image of the Saints of Islam, containing along with the suras (chapters from the Quran) philosophical sayings, aphorisms, quotes from the poetic masterpieces of the East, performed by the beautiful Arabic tag. Shamayila was drawn to blue, blue, green paints on glass or paper with decorative velvet or foil inserts.

Shamail served simultaneously the source of information on the philosophical foundations of Sharia and the universal rules of life, expressed folk ideas about beauty and spirituality, contained folk wisdom along with religious instructions.

Aphorism adopted in the east: "The beauty of a person in the beauty of his letter, and even better, if it was wise," represented the ethical basis of this unique phenomenon of the visual art of a known only from Kazan Tatars.

Calligrapher Ali Makhmudov. Shamail. Lithograph with a handwritten original. 1851

The traditions of building houses of Kazan Tatars were developed by centuries under the influence of the religious, aesthetic and cultural characteristics of the region's population. Most often, residential buildings from the facade side struck the fence. The houses were defended from the red street line by 2 meters. On the one hand, this location was associated with the influence of Islam and the positiveness of women, and on the other, this tradition goes to Bulgarian times when the deep location of the buildings proceeded from defense tasks. A characteristic feature was also dividing the dwellings on the men's and female halves.

Fronton niche rural house

The decorative decoration of the Tatar house is different from the traditional decoration of Russian dwellings. Russian masters used mainly wood threads, Tatars, on the contrary, used mainly rich palette of paints. The historian of Kazan M. Khudyakov in his "essays on the history of Kazan Khanate" in the 20s of the 20th century, wrote: "Color is the main element of Tatar art, and in this application of decorative coloring the most commonly affected by the kinship of the Tatar with the East. On the coloring of the gate of Tatars pay special attention. Nowhere, the difference in decorative decoration between Russian and Tatars is not manifested so abruptly, as in the color of the gate, which among Russians are decorated only with wooden carvings ... "The main range of colors is almost always the same: green, blue, white and yellow. All colors were pure, without halftone, which is why the drawing of the gate became juicy and bright.

However, not only color, but also patterned carving was an important element of home decoration. Images of the sun and geometric signs, birds, colors and mythological symbols can be seen on old houses and gates.

Interior of the rural house. End XIX - early XX century.

The original was the inner decoration of the house. Special painting the interior of the dwelling attached to the decoration of the walls by cloth decorations with a bright color flavor, woven and embroidered towels, cannings, tablecloths, napkins, nappy (rugs for prayers), shamail. Sleeping places were covered with the curtain (Charshau), a canopy (Chueddyk). According to the ethnographers, the main features of the Tatar interior are imprinting a distant nomadic past.

The middle of the XVIII century became the beginning of a new stage of development of Tatar architecture. Its characteristic feature was entry into close contact with Russian culture and, as a result, the perception of elements of Western European culture. The architecture of Tatar bayan houses and mosques gained the style characteristics of baroque and classicism, while maintaining the traditional features of the planning and form of Bulgarian architecture.

The music of the Tatar people, like another type of art, has passed the centuries-old path of historical development. Lado-intonational (pentatonic) and rhythmic features have general features with musical traditions of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga region, which makes it possible to assume the relationship of lyrical Tatar jackets with the historical musical epic of the pagan era.

All variety of Tatar musical folklore can be divided into song creativity and instrumental music. It was in the song that the emotional life of the people, his sorrow and joy, holidays and customs, life and historical development were brightly reflected. The song creativity Tatars includes ritual (calendar, wedding), historical (Bait) and lyrical songs. In folk musical art, only solo singing has developed, traditionally one-haired.

In the ancient songs and folk dance girls with their plasticity and grace, there are no shy movements with all hints on scope, 90th or ramp. Monotonous movements with small chambers in almost one place in the people's Tatar dance, as well as long sad songs, eloquently talk about the modest novel life of Muslim girls.

The most common tools of Tatar musical folklore - Harmon-Tagalyanka, Kurai (like flutes), Kubiz (violin), Surnai (Eastern musical instrument).

Part of the musical culture was spiritual music. Islam as official religion influenced not only for culture as a whole, but also on the development of musical art. There is no direct ban on music in the Quran, so it is present in Muslim cult, helping the believers to comprehend the content of this sacred book, which has been read by the Naraspev. Tunes of Court Recutations (parts of the Quran) were orally transmitted from generation to generation in the walls of religious educational institutions.

The formation of professional Tatar music and school composers takes place by the middle of our century. It was then that such names appear as S. Sydashev, N. Zhiganov, M. Muzafarov, D. Fayzi and others. They managed to create a new original style, creatively combining folk traditions with forms and genres of European professional music.

The Republic of Tatarstan has a richest historical and cultural heritage. The combination of at least four types of cultural mutual influences (Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Bulgarian and Slavs-Russian), as well as two religions (Islam and Christianity) determines the uniqueness of these places, the originality of art, as well as cultural and historical values.

In the art and cultural heritage of the people, as in the mirror, reflected the life and life of our ancestors, national characteristics, ideals of beauty and religion, a change in socio-economic conditions and contacts with other peoples.

Speaking about historical heritage and culture, it should be borne in mind that along with common cultural traditions there are various ethnic groups of Tatars with their features inherent in them. Kazan is the spiritual center of the main ethnic group of the Tatar people - Kazan Tatars who have become the basis in the formation of the Tatar nation.

Historical aspects

Bright original art and culture of Tatars inherits the traditions of the state of the Volga Bulgaria, the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate. Significant was the influence of Islam adopted in 922. The people who existed in the people was replaced by Arab, which gave impetus to the development of science, philosophy and literature. Islam created and strengthened the main traditions of Tatar-Bulgarian culture. Muslim spiritual relationship allowed Volzhsky Bulgaram to maintain trade and diplomatic relations with the huge world of Islam, opened the road to the east: to the Sacred Mecca, Egypt, Turkey, Iran. Images of associate pagan mythology - the image of birds, animals and humans is replaced with floral and vegetative and geometric ornament, which becomes dominant. At this time, biblical-Christian visual motives are approved in Russia, and patternsity and decorativeness becomes in the art of Bulgarian decorative arts as in the Bulgarian decorative art. Until our time, the amazing works of Bulgarian masters reached - samples of jewelry, bronze, silver and gold work.

A new stage in the development of culture and art is associated with the inclusion of Bulgaria to the composition of the Golden Horde in 1236, the imperial culture of which was the symbiosis of the Turkic, Mongolian and Central Asian cultural traditions with the characteristic of them the magnesium of the ornament and the richness of the decor, using various precious metals of stones and gems. Of particular importance is the creation of objects associated with the decoration of the horse and the origin of the warrior, the production of weapons and other inherent in the Turkic nomadic environment, articles.

The town-planning traditions of the Volga Bulgaria continue to develop. Travelers and rich merchants, diplomats and politicians hit the beauty of the majestic Khansky palaces, cathedral mosques with high minarets, mausoleums decorated with white and blue flowers, covered with glass glaze and tinted gold. The Bulgarian city in the XII-XIV centuries represented a huge town-planning complex for that time, from which, even in 1722, the time of visiting it by Peter I, about 70 white-named buildings were preserved. At the same time, the king commanded his decree to protect them as historical and architectural monuments. The area of \u200b\u200bthe second largest city of Bilyar Bilyar reached 530 hectares (Kiev in those days occupied 150, Paris - 439).

A number of independent Tatar states appear with the collapse of the Gold Horde: Astrakhan, Kazan, Siberian and Kasimovskoe Khanate. Kazan Khanate played a special role in the fate of the Tatar ethnos, since it was the Kazan Tatars that were the consolidating core in the process of forming the Tatar nation. The capital of the state continues to develop the best traditions of architecture and architecture. A lot of white-named and brick structures are being built on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin. Prince Andrey Kurbsky, one of the conquerors of Kazan, wrote: "There is a fortress, the royal palace and high stone mosques, where their deceased kings are laid on Mount. Ivan Grozny was also surprised at the "extraordinary beauty of the Grand Fortress ..." characteristic of that time was the appearance of stone tombstones with rich carved ornamentation, products made of metal and jewelry, in which there are features of the "Eastern" baroque - style spread in arts of Azerbaijan and Asia.

In the second half of the XVI century, Kazan Khanate joins the Russian state. We have arrived in Kazan Migrants from Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov and other Russian cities bring some elements of Russian culture, which in turn did not remain free from the influence of the culture of the East. This manifested itself in partly the changed architecture of churches (decorative techniques, oriental ornamental parts), the emergence of lush oriental patterities, polychromicity, not peculiar to Russian art, but ingrained in it as a consequence of borrowing artistic samples of Tatar culture. The unique work of the architecture is the Cathedral eight-minute mosque Kul Sharif, destroyed in the territory of the Kazan Kremlin in 1552. The ninth central dome of this temple, towering over the rest of the eight, personified the victory of the cross over the crescent. The architecture of the temple has no analogues in Russian architecture of that time, but it has a lot in common with the architecture of the East.

In the architecture of one of the Orthodox churches of Kazan - Petropavlovsky Cathedral - there are also not only Russian and European, but many oriental elements.

The famous "Kazan Cap" and "Momomaha Cap" are a bright example of the historical and cultural interaction between Russia and Kazan Khanismia - two preserved crown of Russian kings. Both, and the other fell to the Russian kings from Tatar khans and are classic examples of Tatar decorative arts, they are richly inlaid by gems and gems, decorated with folk vegetation patterns inherent in the Tatar folk ornament. The Kazan Cap, as well as the Khan Tron, brought from Kazan Ivan Grozny and called the Tron of Boris Godunov, is currently being kept in the Foundations of the Moscow Kremlin's Armory Chamber.

No less noticeable Tatar influence manifested itself in consumer culture. This refers to the Turkic names of the objects of Russian clothing. For example, the ancient Russian shoes - chobs, shoes - was borrowed from the Tatar, like Kattan, Cossacks, Kushak, Tulup. There were also many words related to trade and home resources: Altyn, Ambar, Arshin, Bazaar, Grocery, Balagan, Barysh, Money, Caravan and others. Many names in Russia have originated from Tatar childbirth: Aksakov, Derzhavin, Karamzin, Turgenev.

With some basics of state culture, Russians also met through Tatars. The entire population was taken into account by census. A slender supply system, duties and taxes was introduced.

By the XIX century with the advent of manufactory production, decorative art is experiencing a heyday. It is then that classic samples of a gold-wide and tambour embroidery with rich ornaments, jewelry with elegant scan, colorful women's headwear of Caltack, ornamental towels with finest patterns. During this period there is a classic Tatar costa, a single national style is formed in the exterior and the interior of the dwelling, in ritual and household products.

Nowadays, the distinctive traditions of Tatar folk art acquire special artistic importance. Research work is underway with the organization of expeditions, thanks to which the Museums of Kazan and other cities of the republic are replenished with products and exhibits that have cultural and historical value. In the form of folk artistic classes, there is the production of patterned mosaic shoes (Arsa Association) and artistic weaving (Alekseevskaya Factory). Professional artists create unique samples receiving recognition at the global level (in 1994 at the exhibition in Pakistan, the Tatar artist I. Fazulzynov received the first award for the jewelry - Hasita). Having learned the products of folk art, modern artists create jewelry in the technique of a tubary scanning, a tablecloth and towels, embroidered with a tambour, leather inlaid shoes, national souvenirs and memorable gifts.

Turkic writing has ancient tradition. Already in the V-VI centuries, the General Runic Runa Graphics is widely used. Samples of ancienturk writing well preserved on stone steles of the time.

In the twentieth century, together with Islam, Arab writing penetrates into the Volga Bulgaria. Literacy was trained in Mectebe (elementary school) and Madrasa (secondary school). The adoption of Arabic graphics has contributed to the establishment of close cultural ties with the East, the development of literature and enlightenment. As the scientist G. Davletshin: "Islam, in contrast to paganism, was a religion with a developed written culture. The literature, in particular, poetry became a means of spreading scientific and theological ideas. Often, scientific and theological treatises were written by verses. " The sample of the work in which the material was used, hoped from the Quran, is the famous "poem about Yusuf" the Great Bulgarian poet of the XIII century Kul Gali. Only lately this poem was published in Kazan about 80 times. In 1983, the decision of UNESCO was held the 800th anniversary of this largest representative of Eastern poetry.

The next centuries of the development of literature gave a number of outstanding names and works, such as Gulis-Tan Bittürca, Saif Sarahi, Tuzhuz-Mardan and Nursions of Satura Muhamedyar and many others. All these works indicate a high level of development of written literature and overall spiritual life, being the most valuable monuments of medieval Eastern poetry and philosophy.

If only a poetic genre knew Tatar literature in the first seven centuries of its existence, then from the XVIII century, the prose receives great development. The XIX and the beginning of the 20th century were marked by the appearance of a variety of pleurades of outstanding writers, such as G. Tukai, K. Nasyari, Kamal, M. Gafuri, Ishaqi, F. Amirkhan, Ibrahimov and others.

The first book in Tatar language was published in Leipzig (Germany) in 1612, and in Russia the first Tatar book edition appeared in 1722.

Until 1928, Tatars used Arabic graphics. In 1928-1938, writing based on the Latin alphabet was introduced, and since 1938, on the basis of the Russian alphabet (Cyrillic). Russian graphics do not reflect the entire manifold of phonetics of the Tatar language, so the question of returning to the Latin schedule is currently.

In the oral folk creativity of the Tatars presented fairy tales, legends, Baita (works of an epic character), songs, riddles, proverbs and sayings. The Epos has been preserved about itege, which has many Turkic peoples. He recently was published again after the ban in 1944.

According to the latest census of 2010, 143,803 Tatars live in the Sverdlovsk region, which is 2.7% of the total number of Tatars living in Russia.

On the territory of the Sverdlovsk region operate:

National and cultural autonomy of the Tatars of the Sverdlovsk region.
Deputy Chairman: Bakirova Saria Hamathanovna
620077 Ekaterinburg,
+7 343 377-64-09
fax +7 343 377-53-75
+7 343 377-53-76

Yekaterinburg City Tatar National and Cultural Autonomy.
Safiullina Eliza Alpautovna
620073 Yekaterinburg, ul. Schwartz, D.6, Corp. 2, square. 40.
ul. March 8, 33 A, home of the peoples of the Urals
+7 343 239-69-52
+7 912 68-39-949
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Sverdlovsk regional Tatar and Bashkir society. M. Gafuri.
Nadyrov Sufhat Lutfulovich
620085 Yekaterinburg, ul. Krestinsky, d. 23, square. thirty
ul. March 8, 33 A, home of the peoples of the Urals
+7 343 218-49-30
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Public organization "Local national-cultural autonomy of Tatar Yekaterinburg"

Chairman: Yakhin Vladislav Fidusovich

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Popular art and art crafts Tatar Kama.
South. regimes. oblast - Bardym, Kungursky, Osinsky, Ordinsky, Oktyabrsky - Large group t. N. Bartyet or Guininsky Tatars leading their origin from the Kazan Tatars settled here to con. 16th century
In Tatar villages were developed by Nar. Crafts and crafts: weaving and embroidery, manufacture of hats and shoes, wooden carving and pottery, jewelry fishery.
One of the most common types of homemade crafts at Tatars Icestari was weaving. Women cloth tablecloths, curtains, towels (tastomals) with ornamented ends. On a red-brown background, a pair of large-step sockets in the filling technique. Tables Bright patterned and striped palaces in traditional mortgage technique. The traditions of wests of festive tastomals, the palas are preserved to the present.
Significant place in the needlework of Tatar women occupied embroidery. Mainly household items were embroidered: towels, tablecloths, bedspreads, special mats (namazlyk) curtains, wedding onuchi. Embroidered most often with a tambourine, less often, smooth. Currently, of all kinds of nar. Art embroidery is most developed. In everyday life of Tatar families - embroidered pillowcases, curtains, seats, napkins, etc. The most common technique is smooth, the floral ornament is popular.
Women were engaged in embroidery gold and silver thread, aquieper, pearls and beads, which launched women's hats (Calfak, Tubette, Shawls, Tastar), velvet shoes (shoe), men's tubets (Caepush) and others.
Traditional for Tatar masters was the manufacture of so-called. Asian shoes. Men's and female characters sewed out of pieces of multicolored thin skin (Safian), whose seams were expanded with silk. Characteristic skin colors for Ichegov - yellow, dark red, green, blue, blue. Popular was the manufacture of patterned felt boots with ornamented top.
Tatar masters were engaged in jewelry, creating decorations, which are details of dresses or hats (buttons, fasteners) and independent decorations (bracelets, accesses). Tatar decorations were made of metal, precious stones and fabrics. Most often used silver, owned gilding technique. The decorations were performed in the technique of casting, chasing, the filigree received widespread. The masters were decorated with works by engraving, inlay, notch. Most often a floral ornament was applied, less often - geometric. The ornament of Tatar jewelry was distinguished by archaic, attached centuries, motifs and details of the ornament were transmitted from one master to others. A significant place in the jewelry of the costume was occupied by coins that were used in the form of suspension or sewn to decorations.

The most ancient writing of the Turkic Rug. From the X century to 1927, there was writing on the basis of Arabic graphics, from 1928 to 1936, Latin graphics were used (Yanalif), since 1936, the writing on a Cyrillic graphic basis is used, although there are already plans for the transfer of Tatar writing to Latin. Tatars speak the Tatar language of the Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic group of the Altai family. Languages \u200b\u200b(dialects) of the Siberian Tatars detect a certain proximity to the Tatars language of the Volga region and the Viurala. The tatar literary language was formed on the basis of the Middle (Kazan-Tatar) dialect.

The traditional housing of the Tatars of the Middle Volga region and the Viurala was the cutter hopping, fenced off from the street by the fence. The external facade was decorated with multicolor painting. In the Astrakhan Tatars, which preserved some of their steppe cattle products, yurt's summer housing was told as summer housing.

Kuzykmyaki is hot fresh dough cakes, folded twice, with any filling: whether it is potatoes with onions, wheat porridge with butter, pumpkin puree, poppy and many more options! Chuck-Chuck Eastern Sitstick, which is a test of a dough with honey Tatar pilaf - a particular popularity of the Tatars uses Plov Echpochuk-in stuffing lamb

The clothes of men and women consisted of a sharovar with a wide step and shirts (in women were supplemented with an embroidered bib), for which sleeveless camisole was put on. Casakin served the upper clothes, and in the winter, Steghana Besht or fur coat. Headdress Men Tubette, and on top of her hemispherical hat on fur or felt hat; In women embroidered velvet hat (Calfak) and handkerchief. Traditional shoes Leather Ichigi with a soft sole, out of the house on them put on leather kelos. For the costume of women, an abundance of metal jewelry was characterized.

Like many other peoples, rites and holidays of the Tatar people largely depended on the agricultural cycle. Even the names of the time of the year were designated by the concept associated with one or another work: Saban Spring, the beginning of the Svorov; Oven the summer, the time of hay.

His time after the end of spring field works and the beginning of the hay. In this holiday, residents of some villages became guests of others. We sent to visit the sewing outfits, baked cakes, carried a carcass with them dried geese. They came on the decorated fees, drove into the village with music and songs, the children opened the guests a decorated field gate. For every new arrived guests, the hosts recently covered the table. In the evening organized a common dinner. In all days of the guests of the hosts, the baths were treated: Kunakna Khmesh Muncha Banya Higher honors for the guest. So it is considered to have the Tatars. Viene's holiday strengthened relatives and friendly relations, ragged Aul and the adjacent district: People felt in the days of this holiday in one family

According to the old-prestary tradition, the Tatar villages were located on the banks of the rivers. Therefore, the first Bairem "Spring Celebration" for the Tatars is associated with ice-frequency. This holiday is called Boz Karau, Boz Bug "Watch Loda", Boz Ozatma Wires Ice, Zin Whale Icewater. Watching the ice carrier on the bank of the river went out all the inhabitants from the old people to children. The youth went dressed up with harmonists. On floating floes they laid out and lit off the straw. In the blue spring twilight, these floating torches were visible far away, and the songs rushed.

Tatars wedding rites are so diverse that it is impossible to tell about everything. Every marriage was preceded by a conspiracy, in which the groom participated in the groom (Swat) and any of the older relatives. If the parents of the bride gave consent to marriage, during the collusion, questions were solved on the size of Calym, about the depth of the bride, about the time of the wedding, the number of invited guests. After the conclusion of the "marriage contract", Bride called Yarasylgan Kyz - a crown-wall girl. Within 3-5 weeks, the parties were preparing for the wedding. The groom collected Kalym, bought gifts to the bride, her parents and relatives, pillows, parins and other Skarb. The bride has completed the preparation of the dowry, to collect which began with years. It was the named dresses, underwear, as well as gift clothing for the groom: embroidered shirts, pants, woolen socks, etc. Relatives of both parties were engaged in the organization of the upcoming wedding.

Vera existed in various hosts - the hosts: Water - Sanasa, Forests - Shuraile, the Earth - Fat Anas, the Brownie Oyasha, Chille - Abzar I Syasha, ideas about the nozzles - loss. Praying was made in the groves, which were called Keremet, it was believed that they had an evil spirit with the same name. There were ideas about other evil spirits - Gayns and Peri. For ritual assistance treated Yechchi - so called Snagraine and Sadharok. Believers Tatars, with the exception of a small group Kryated (including Nagaybakov), which were addressed in the XVI XVIII centuries in Orthodoxy, Muslim Sunni.

At the heart of the search fishery as a mass production of products of Tatar patterned leather boots (Chittek, Ichigi) and shoes (shoe, Sailing) lie traditions of artistic skin processing in the mosaic technique of Caul Coon, rarely embossing. Footwear is created from patterned multicolored pieces of leather (safyan, yuft), stitched jack, using unique manual seam equipment, which rushing and simultaneously adorning the product. Mass distribution from the Tatars received a jewelry craft. It was associated with a high level of its development, starting with the era of the Middle Ages, the preservation of traditions both in the production technology and in the design of jewelry. Jewelers worked with gold (Altyn), silver (commesh), copper (Bakyr) and their alloys.

Tatars have a school education in Tatar. Leads on the All-Russian Program and textbooks translated into Tatar. Exceptions: textbooks and lessons of Russian language and literature, English and other European languages, OVS, teams in physical education lessons can be in Russian. There is also a tatar-language education in some faculties of Kazan universities, and in kindergartens. A secular school with a ten-year training period began to exist with the Tatars with the introduction of mandatory secondary education for all citizens of the USSR. Prior to this, the role of educational institutions was performed by the madrasa.

National Music of the Tatars - the people of Eurasia with a centuries-old history and distinctive culture - is an integral part of world civilization. Emotional content and musical stylistics of it in the most concentrated form are manifested in a lyrical pulmonary song, presented here in the interpretation of recognized masters of popular musical execution. But the traditional song is not only a monument of the folk song; She and today sounds in radio and telecasts, concert programs. Meeting with Tatar music will allow you to better understand the spiritual culture of the people with a rich historical destiny.