The story of creating things that surround us. The story of ordinary things

Olga Anatolyevna Saltanova
Project "The story of things that surround us"

Information card Project.

In the modern world, fewer people are set question: Where did things come from who surround us in everyday life. Our life is convenient and comfortable. What did it make it? Who and how did things come up with which We use every day without thinking about their significance? Try to do without spoon, plates, combs and other household of things. What happens if one of us of things will disappear from our everyday? It will make us think, find ways to solve the problem, fantasize, create.

Create curious thing - this is the main task of this project. No need to put complex tasks to encourage the child to show interest in stories, creativity. Every thing, which we keep in your hands - history of mankind.

View project: Cultural and value.

Time spending: 1 month, February.

Participants project: Children of the senior group and teachers, parents.

Educators: O. A. Saltanova, A. V. Larionova

Children's age: senior group.

Main idea: To acquaint history of household appearance.

Setting problem question: Conversations with children "How did things come up with who surround us?»

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Project:

1. Objectives project: expand and consolidate the presentation of children about how a person in the process of evolution created household items (mirror, dishes, furniture, clothing); How these subjects changed during stories, give the concept that surrounding We are things are the result of many generations.

2. Tasks:

1. To summarize and systematize knowledge of the subjects of life.

2. Fasten the classification of objects.

3. Develop logical thinking and curiosity.

4. Brigade careful attitude towards things.

3. Expected results:

1. Education of the careful attitude towards things.

2. Expand knowledge about stories of things.

3. Improve the creative approach to use of things in everyday life.

4. Structure of implementation project Taking into account the integration of educational areas

Directions of educational development

objectives and tasks

Cognitive-speech knowledge

Conversation about things who surround us.

Integrate children learn history Inventions of household items.

Consider illustrations of vintage household items.

Communication

Acquaintance S. history inventions of household objects;

Talk about the invention of dishes, furniture, clothes;

Consider

illustrations on the topic.

Presentation on the topic « History of things» .

View m / f "Fedorino Mount".

Reading artistic literature. Acquaintance with the book N. Khodza "The road of life"

Reading chapters from the book T. N. Neddy "Peace of things» About dishes, furniture, clothing.

Reading the story S. Ya. Marshak "Where did the table come from?.

social and personal

Games and work

artistic and aesthetic

Artistic creativity

Drawing on themes: "Khokhloma spoon", "My mirror light, tell me", painting stencils of dishes based on Gzhel painting.

Crafts from a cast material.

Making a collage on the topic "Evolution of things» .

Physical culture to attach children to musical culture, enrich children's musical impressions; Call a bright musical response when perceiving music

different character.

Physical development

To form the need for daily motor activity.

Learning of physical attacks on topics.

Interaction with family

Suggest parents with children to make a collage on the topic "Evolution of things» .

Presentation on the topic " History of things, who surround us».

Production of crafts from the cast material.

Open occupation.

5. Products project.

1. Scenario of the final event.

2. Presentation and video materials used during implementation project.

3. Open lesson for parents.

4. Public photo report on the course of the GDOU website.

5. Album collage on the topic.

6. Crafts from the cast material.

Publications on the topic:

An abstract classes "The story of things. Russian shawl" Purpose: familiarity of children with the history of the Russian handkerchief. The acquisition of children to Russian folk culture sounds record of the song "Corobeinists", Screensaver.

An abstract classes in the preparatory group on the topic: "History of ancient things" Educator: Taranova L. V. Purpose: Organize pupils.

Consultation for parents "The sounds that surround us" The world of sounds surrounds the child from the moment of birth (and rather, he lives in him even before birth). In the boundless sound sea musical sounds.

Music lesson for the older group "Rhythms and sounds that surround us" Objectives: learn to navigate music; introduce a new repertoire, develop rhythmic perception of music; Maintain cheerful.

Project "Games that are treated" The word "game" is magical. It attracts, fascinates and fascinates a new world, who has not yet disabled the child of the surrounding space. When.

Project "History of My Family" Project "History of My Family" Municipal Budgetary Preschool Educational Institution Children's Garden №21 of the overall view of ST Azov.

If you think about it, you can see that there are many things in our life that we perceive as of granted phenomenon, without thinking about where they came from and how they became part of our daily life. Every day we are confronted with things that are melted in their history amazing and exciting moments.

1. Metric system

All over the world there are only three countries that do not use the metric system: Myanmar, Liberia and the USA. Liberia, however, has already partially accepted it, Myanmar is also currently in the transition process, only the United States continues to remain in its positions.

For all other countries, the metric system is a necessary part of everyday life. It was introduced in France in 1795 and soon gained popularity throughout Europe, extending ultimately to countries of Asia, Africa and the rest of the world. Creating the concept of "meter", the French Academy of Sciences sent to the special expedition of Astronomers Pierre Messeni and Charles Messier to accurately measure one millionth share from the distance between the equator and the North Pole. Having made the necessary measurements and sending them to the French colleagues, the disturbed fell into an accident and could not arrive back. While he recovered, war broke out between France and Spain, which also made it impossible to return. At this time, the scientist discovered his horror that the error crept into calculations. However, returned finally in France, he realized that it was too late to change something.

2. Spices, seasonings and other flavors

Salt in the past was extremely important to preserve raw meat and other food for a long time, so it was impossible to be high. Caravans loaded with salt, crossed the harsh desert of sugar, focusing only on the stars and the direction of the wind. West Africa, one of the poorest regions in the modern world, was inconceivably rich in 800-1500 AD. Thanks to the abundance of salt deposits.

Over time, salts began to distinguish even more important positions, since it became aware of its significance for the human diet. The need for it was so relevant that the word "salt" (SALT) itself served as the basis of the modern English word "salary" (Salary), since the word "Salarium" Roman soldiers called money for which they bought salt portions.

Sugar, most likely, originated in New Guinea 10,000 years ago, where people loved to chew reeds. In the area of \u200b\u200b500 AD. Indians began to produce powder from it. The ancient Greeks mentioned the "kind of honey, a similar salt," counting sugar medicine. When the Crusaders returned to their villages and castles in Europe, they told about the magnificent "sweet salt."

Black pepper, which could only afford rich, was also used in the process of the ritual of the Mummation of Pharaoh. Pliny complained that Rome spends too much for the purchase of peppers. Pepper was such a valuable product, which was called "Black Gold", functioning as a convertible currency.

3. Selfie

In the 19th century, the passion for the mirrors led to the popularity of self-portrait. The first "selfie", as they believed, were made in 1839 by Robert Kornilily, a chemist-amateur and enthusiast photography from Philadelphia. Using Dagerrotype - the newest technology at that time - Cornelius got up to the camera, looking directly to the lens, and took a picture.

Decades later included collective "selfie", as evidenced by the photo of Joseph Bairon and his buddies made in 1909. This passion in 1914 did not go around the great princess of Anastasia Romanova.

4. Cutlery

Initially, the forks were used only for cooking, and there are people preferred with their hands. However, to 1004 N.E. In the Middle East and in the Byzantine Empire, representatives of the nobility have already begun to use plugs for dinner.

After the wedding of the Byzantine Princess and the Son of the Venetian Digest, all subjects were shocked by the habit of the bride to use the instruments. They considered a similar practice to the insult of God, who gave the person to the fingers for these purposes. However, the centuries later practicing the use of devices in Europe still passed, but in some places to the latter, her opponents were preserved. Even in 1897, the British sailors still preferred not to forks, believing that it was not male.

In China, the eating sticks were already 5,000 years ago. About 400 years BC. The Chinese began to cut food into smaller pieces, so there was no need to use large knives at the table. The use of sticks rapidly spread throughout East Asia.

5. Playing cards

The deck of 52 cards, as believed, has Arab roots. The ancient system of playing cards was very similar to modern: four masters and images of the royal family. However, the cards did not turn on the ladies. Original suit representated cups, swords, coins and bats for polo. The latter ultimately turned into a double, as Europeans had difficulty understanding the term. Later, the masters evolved into familiar peaks, trees, worms and tambourines. The practice of using masters could come from China, where playing cards were played earlier in their shape earlier.

6. Toilet paper

The use of toilet paper dates back to China 6th century AD. When Muslims visited China in the 9th century, they were stunned by contemplation of such practice, noting with the disgust that the Chinese "are careless with respect to purity, do not wash with water, wiping themselves with paper!".

In 1391, the Chinese emperor ordered the mass production of toilet paper. The task of producing 720 thousand sheets was delivered to the Imperial Supplies Bureau every year, each sheet was supposed to have a size of 0.6 m at 0.9 m, and was intended for personal use of the emperor.

About 300 years later, Joseph Gates began in the USA Production of goods "Healing Paper". Sheets were covered with aloe juice, designed to calm skin damage. Each package for 500 sheets was sold for 50 cents.

7. Objects of women's hygiene

In ancient Egypt, menstruation was associated with the River Nile, a symbol of updates and fertility. The ancient Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans used a wide variety of materials to make tampons, for example, papyrus, wool, skins and even grass.

In 1896, Joseph Lister, a man who inspired millions to rinse his mouth and wash his hands, together with the brothers Johnson created gaskets, known as "Lister Napkins". Unfortunately for Johnson & Johnson, this product has not received due popularity, because at that time women were simply not ready to buy such things in the public.

In 1998, Arunacham Muruganant, sympathizing with his wife, forced to use uncomfortable or extremely expensive hygiene funds, decided to come up with a more affordable product, but he had one problem: he had no idea how the menstrual cycle was arranged. In the desire to understand the mechanism, he created the "uterus" from the chamber of the football ball filled with goat blood, and hid it under clothes to check the ability of his invention to absorbs. Whenever he walked her clothes, the neighbors thought that he became a pervert, went crazy or even was obsessed with demons, but the hygiene gaskets created by him ultimately brought him a reward for innovation from President of India.

8. Bra

The modern bra began its history in 1910. It was then that 19-year-old Mary Phelps Jacob, planning an outfit for the upcoming party, chose a dress that highly emphasized her figure. However, the corsets of that time, the girl considered too limiting freedom. Instead, she asked the maid to bring her two nasal scarves and tape, creating the predecessor of the modern bra.

Ladies from the Supreme Society were mowed by the ability of Young Mary to move freely and dance, interested in seeking her secret. Four years later, the inventors received a patent to the "bra with open back". In the following decades, the configuration of the bra has passed through a series of transformations. By the way, recent archaeological finds have shown that women wore something like bras from the 1400s.

9. Divorce

In ancient Egypt, the Institute of Marriage had no importance, the family was considered a man and a woman, simply living under the same roof, so the cases of divorce and re-marriage were quite common. In Greece, the issue of termination of marriage was made to the court for objective consideration. In Japan, if the husband refused to provide a divorce, the wife could live in the temple for three years, after which the marriage was automatically canceled. In the culture of Viking, women could freely leave the husbands if they were unable to provide families.

In medieval England, the divorce was a matter of strictly church. Changes in the official relations to the broken-separation process were possible only thanks to the efforts of Caroline Sheridan, the wife of a member of the George Norton Parliament. Sheridan suffered from cruel treatment from his husband, finding consolation only in children and writing. Once in 1836, Norton forced his wife to be "friendly" with Lord Melbourne with the aim of subsequently submit to her to court and blame Sheridan in married treason, but lost his business. Nevertheless, he continued to crack his wife and children, which forced Sheridan to perform for the rights of married women in the UK. She lobbied bills, published pamphlets and even wrote the Queen of Victoria. The heartfelt words Sheridan had a significant impact on the adoption of Bill on the rights of children of 1839 and the law on marriage and divorce 1857.

The objects of Russian life are a special world. We are all talking about the history of the country, about her greatness, about great accomplishments. And for the pathos of words somehow forget that the story begins with us at home with simple things, small items that we do not notice. Meanwhile, just look back around, look at things that surround you in the apartment. If you have an old cottage, the house inherited from the grandmother, do not be lazy to look at the attic or in the barn. You will open an amazing world of things - the history of the family in detail. After all, it is interesting to trace how our life changed for several generations. And this can be done on a simple example - well, the same irons, for example.

Russian life objects are not unique. In each country you can find something similar. But there are differences. For example, samovars. This item of life was popular in 18th and in the 19th centuries. Now they are almost forgotten about them and if they are in the dwelling, then only as exotic. But how great was to sit for a samovar, which was melted, and was not only a big electric kettle.

Pathetones and gramophones. We have long forgotten what analog sound is. Electronics. Of course there are still vinyl players, but it is for gourmets. And a hundred years ago, the pattephone or gramophone was the prestigious subject of Russian life.

In the 50-70 years, receivers with players were popular - pretty bulky items, but if anyone remembers, how great it was at night to seek with a wave with a foreign pop melody - nostalgia.

And such a little thing as a turk. By the way, this household items have not changed for how much hundred years. As was the Turk in the 18th century, she remained in 21. The coffee grinders were changed and electrical came to replace the manual, but how pleasant to grind coffee itself. The point is not in convenience, but the process itself.

The 19th century household items are the little things that are talking about many. For example, simple sacqued. You did not think about the fact that the shape of the saczoy did not change from those times. This is what distinguishes household items of the 19th or 18th century - the thoughtfulness and completion of all forms.

This is exactly what distinguishes the objects of the past - thoughtfulness. After all, the form of these objects was worked out by centuries. Hence their versatility and completeness - their authors were thousands of people throughout generations. Now, many things have one author or several, but not the fact that the form of life of life will attract everyone.

Objects of Russian life 19-20 century photos from the exhibition

Entertaining stories of creating brands, books, architectural structures, social phenomena, mythological creatures, cosmetics, transport, food, dishes and drinks, household belongings surrounding us in everyday life and much more than any other.

Boris Pasternak is considered to be one of the brightest Russian poets and literators of the 20th century. It is he who owns the idea to combine in one product prose and poems that caused a flurry of criticism from contemporaries, but it was appreciated by descendants.

This, in particular, is about the famous Roman "Dr. Zhivago", the last part of which is devoted to the poems of the main character. The fact that Yuri lived is a thin lyrics and an amateur of rhymed phrases, the reader will know in the first chapters of the novel. However, Boris Pasternak tries not to distract readers lyrical retreats, therefore it decides to combine all the poems of Yuri Zhivago in a separate collection.

The first poem attributed to the authorship of the main character, is called the "Winter Night". Later, it was often published as an independent literary work called "Candle" and even was shifted to music, replenishing the repertoire of Alla Pugacheva and the ex-leader of the Gorky Park of Nicholas Noscova.

John Dunlop veterinary doctor (John Dunlop) was a person inventive and observant. He also loved his son very much, who, in turn, was very loved to ride a bike, which gave him his father. That's just when it was necessary to travel to the cobbled streets, the ride became a real torment for the boy, because the cyclist was subjected to hellish shaking - the solid tires provided a good clutch, but no comfort. And then, Dunlopu and came to mind simple, but an effective idea - he took off the litter tire and instead wrapped the wheel with a particular shape of a chamber glued from several rubber bands and filled with air - a prototype of a modern tire. Ride immediately became more comfortable.

Specialists from France calculated that the woman for his life "eats" from 4 to 6 kg of lipstick. A man "eats" from the lips of a woman twice as much. Let's try to find out how harmful it is for the body and in general, we will learn about the path of the evolution of lipstick.

Many mistakenly believe that this type of decorative cosmetics appeared only in ancient Egypt and was the invention of the famous queen Cleopatra. In fact, the desire to make your lips more brighter has arisen in primitive women. Already in the layers of the ice age, the archaeologists find red sticks pointed by a characteristic cone. This cosmetics of prehistoric coquettes. Eduar Taylor in the famous book "Primitive culture" noted that lipstick is a secondary product in relation to the colors of the primitive artist.

As soon as women saw stone women and primitive figurines with warm-up lips, they immediately moved artistic experience on the original. The lipstick was made as follows: the hollow stalks of the plants were filled with a red-colored substance. From time immemorial for cosmetics, three types of natural dyes were used: minerals - cinnabar (mercury sulphide) and Surik (iron oxide); Biological dye Carmine and vegetable - saffron and henna.

"Max Factor - Father of Modern Cosmetics"

Max Factor is the famous cosmetic empire, named after its founder of Max Factor (real name - Maximilian Abramovich Factors), who was born on September 15, 1877 in the city of Zdunskaya-Wola. This city enters the Lodz Voivodeship, hence the confusion and incorrect indication in many articles in the birthplace of Max of the city of Lodz. Then it was the territory of Tsarist Russia, and now - modern Poland.

Maximilian grew in a large family (more than 10 people), and he since childhood had to go to work to help parents feed the family. At seven years, he first met the world of the theater - he was sent to sell oranges and lollipops in the lobby. At 8 years, the factor became an assistant pharmacist, and at nine years - a student of a beautician, performing small orders. At the age of fourteen, he moved to Moscow and entered the service at the Bolshoi Theater as an assistant to Grumer. The skills acquired in the theater helped a factor in the future. Then he had to undergo a mandatory military service in the Russian army.

After demobilization, in 1895, factors opens its own store in Ryazan, where the blush, cream, perfume and wigs sell - mostly all its own manufacture. One day the theater troupe stopped in Ryazan and a few weeks later, the products of the Polish Jew had already known for the courtyard. "All my time occupied individual counseling, I showed them how to emphasize the merits and hide the shortcomings of their persons". Later, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he began to work at the Opera Theater, while working in costumes and grima. Removed Max factor Actors played before Nikolai II, and soon the name of the talented grimer became widely known among the nobility. For several years he worked as a specialist in cosmetics at the court of the Russian king and in the imperial theaters.

For the kingdom of Polish

Reprint. Maps were produced by the Imperial Card Factory specifically for the Polish provinces attached to Russia at the beginning of the XIX century and were called "Maps Distributed for the Kingdom of Polish". The most important differences between these cards are drawings of German type cards, as well as the other composition of the card figures in which there are no ladies, but there are, in addition to the king, two more "men's" persons - Roshnyh and Nizhnik (as applied to Russian cards, it was like a senior currency And the junior currency).

Nevsky

Reprint of the famous deck released in 1992 at the Leningrad Color Print Plant in honor of the 175th anniversary of the foundation of the Imperial Card Factory.

The most popular kind of cards in the USSR were "satin cards", the drawing of which in Russia has not changed for more than 150 years. The drawing itself was created in the mid-19th century by Academician of Painting Adolf Josephovich Charlemman. The concept of "satin" belongs to the method of manufacture - printing on the "satin" paper, a sterling talc. Maps printed on such a paper were well inspired, no moisture was afraid, unlike simple paper that did not possess such advantages. Over time, no longer-quality cards have ceased, and the name "satin" fixed precisely behind the drawing of the Chalmemanny academic card. The production of cards was deployed in the suburb of St. Petersburg, on the stateless Alexandrovskaya manufactory, at which the imperial card factory began to work since 1819. In the second half of the 19th century, the satin deck was widespread in the Russian Empire.

A. I. Charleman did not create a fundamentally new card style. Satin cards were the result of the processing of already existing card drawings, which were used in the 17th and early 18th centuries at Moscow card factories, which are also based on the so-called "North-German picture", which came from the ancient folk French card deck.

In Germany, north of Schönbuch Natural Park (Waldenbuch) is located in the middle of a wonderful town of Aiktal.

It can be assumed that Waldenbuch was named so because of his beautiful forest. However, it was the German word "Walto", a brief form of the word "Waltheri" means the "warrior", from which the name of the Waltenbuch region ("Wood Warrior") was named after the Germans who were expelled from here the Romans.

However, the first to whom it liked this place was Celts. They inhabited Valdenbuch district at 8-7 century. BC. Also, waldencuch wade in the heart and others, even those who were here very short time.

History

Each family has its own traditions. The Ritter family has been kept for almost a hundred years. Sweet mystery: a recipe for the success of good chocolate. The company, begun by Alfred Ritter and his wife Klara in 1912 as a small family firm, increased to an international successful company. Today, Ritter Sport chocolate is sold in 80 countries of the world. The story of success is written by the third generation - Alfred T. Ritter and his sister Marli Hoppe-Ritter.

A large German enterprise Ritter to this day remains primarily a family business, so the concern for the quality of products for the company is in the first place. The family meets their name for the quality of each chocolate tile, which is exported from their enterprise. We invite you to cover the most chocolate milestones20-guests!

The story of the Chocolate "Ritter Sport" begins where the films about love usually end: from the wedding. In 1912, Condryer Alfred Eugen Ritter (Clara Göttle), the owner of sweets store, are combined in 1912. Together, they are based on a confectionery factory for the production of chocolate and sugar products "Alfred Ritter Cannstatt" - love for good chocolate has, as we see, our roots in our family history.

After the purchase of Uniroyal Goodrich Tire (USA) in 1990 The year, Michelin reached the necessary sizes for stable development in North America. IN 1991 The year Francois is resigned, and Francois Mishalin appoints his son, 28-year-old Edward Mishlin, manager of the partner. IN 1993 Mishalin is inventing a new production technology - "C3M". It saves electricity, it is better to automate production processes, etc. Test testing of the C3M technology is carried out at the factory in Clermont-Ferran.

IN 1994 The world saw the tires "Michelin Energy" - the first tires, one of the main qualities of which has become improved fuel efficiency. After an almost 80-year break, the representative office of Michelin opens in Moscow. Polish tire company STOMIL - OLSZTYN has become part of the Michelin group 1995 year. In the Philippines, in Manila, a new plant opens. For the first time on the space shuttle, Michelin tires are used.

1900 The year in the history of the company is significant in that the first guidebook called "Red Guide Guide" ("Michelin Red Guide") was published. The guide was initially a list of different places that a traveler could come in handy, for example: hotels, repair workshops, snack bars or paid car parking. He applied for free and had very moderate demand. However, he was waiting for a great future. In the first 35 thousand copies of the guidebook were printed prophetic words Andre Mishlen: "This guide is born at dawn of the new century, and will exist as long as the century itself."

FROM 1904 by 1906 There is an active development of the company. The first warehouses of products in the Russian Empire - Moscow and Warsaw appear. The Michelin plant in Clermont-Ferrand is already almost 30 hectares and almost 4 thousand people work on it. The new model of MICHELIN SOLE tires is coming out, equipped with special metal pins. This invention is now universally known as "studded rubber", which provides the best grip of the wheels with a road surface.

The subsidiary of Michelin Tyre Co. is founded in London. Ltd. ". Michelin is building its first plant outside of France in Turin (Italy). IN 1907 year Michelin company crosses the Atlantic and builds the first plant in the United States in Miltown, New Jersey (the plant was closed in 1931 year). Another plant is built in Clermont Ferran. In honor of the first international automotive exhibition in St. Petersburg, the Moscow-Saint Petersburg race was organized. The winner becomes A. Dure by the Lauren Dietrich car, equipped with Michelin tires. The average winner speed on the route reaches 70 km / h. In addition to the winner of the competition, several more participants started on the tires of Michelin.

IN 1908 Mishlen declare awarding the Grand Prix to the winner of the aviation racing. This was done to develop aviation. The race was in the flight from Paris to Clermont-Ferran with a landing on the extinct Volcano Puy de House, which is located about 15 km from Clermont Ferran. This feat three years later made two Frenchmen - Renault and Satuk (Renaux, Senouque).

The French company "Mishalin" ("Michelin"), the manufacturer of road tires is usually associated with the logo of the company. This is the so-called "bibendum", which looks like a stack of tires in the image of a person. This trading mark is one of the most recognizable in the world. The history of the company has deep roots - it exists for more than one and a half centuries. Initially, the company was called "Barbier Dubre and Co." - According to the names of the two founders. The modern name company will receive a little later when the Michelin Brothers will come to the family business and Eduard. As for the logo - Mischlen's "man", the idea of \u200b\u200bits creation came only 65 years after the first steps in this direction.

And the first steps were made in the distant 1829 The year, when Edward Daubre (édouard Daubree) married the plaid Elizabeth Pugh Barker, a nestless nesting scientist Charle Macintosh. Makintosh created a waterproof raincoat from a rubber fabric, named afterwards him, and received a patent for his invention in 1823 year. Cloak McIntosh was incredibly popular in the middle of the XIX century, he was preferred to wear celebrities such as Frank Sinatra and Din Martin.

Tea party for residents of the East, especially China and Japan, is an ancient tradition. Tea culture is inseparable from art, culture of these countries, the entire lifestyle. The ancient culture of Japan is saturated unusual for us symbols and traditions, mysterious as hieroglyph. One of these traditions is the tea ceremony famous for the whole world.

Tea brought to Japan from China in the VII century. In the origins of the spread of tea in the country there were Japanese monks. In China, it was valued as a medicinal plant that helps with fatigue, eye disease, rheumatism. Then, as a sophisticated pastime. But such a cult of tea, as in Japan, probably was not in any country. This ritual over the centuries in almost unchanged form performed in almost every Japanese house. Girls still remember the basics of antique art. Conduct a tea ceremony and many men.

It was then that in Japan "Sanrio" appeared. Her founder, Sintaro Tsuji, decided to give people to people at least a bit of joy after heavy and long years of war. The motto of the newborn firm was the "little gift - a big smile," and Tsuji really managed to realize him into practice - from the store almost no one left with empty hands: buyers carried out as a gift to their favorite and close little gifts - postcards, inexpensive toys and other such pleasant little things.

Have you ever thought about who came up with the favorite delicacy of children and adults, popular, and such delicious chocolate-nut under the name "Nutux"? The name of this inventor is Pietro Ferrero. His last name was not in vain seemed familiar to you - this man founded one of the largest firms for the production of food, mainly confectionery - Ferrero. This company is familiar to us by such products as: Raffaello sweets, "Mon Chéri" and Ferrero Roshen, Mint Dragee "Tik-So", a chocolate egg with a toy "Kinder Surprise", as well as a series of products "Kinder" (Kinder Chocolate, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Bueno, Kinder Pingui, Kinder Country, Kinder Maxi King and others).

At the "novella", a gentle chocolate cream with a nut flavor, an interesting story. As often happens with many grandiose inventions, the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a sweet paste has arisen due to the accident. But we will start our narrative from afar. In 1946, Piether Ferrero, the native of the Italian province of Cuneo, inherited from his parents, was transferred to a small bakery in the city of Alba in the north of Italy. Due to irrepressible fantasy and love for experiments with products, Pietro turned his shop into a confectionery shop with a tiny workshop. In her, he spent all his free time, experimenting with various ingredients to please his buyers with fresh and diverse pastry. In this, he helped Pierre's spouse and brother Giovanni.

After a millennium of human history, we came to understand that our daily life revolves around certain things. In fact, there are many things that we consider to go about granted without thinking about where they came from and how they became part of our routine. Nevertheless, for some things that we face every day, amazing stories are licking.

1. Metric system

There are only three countries in the world that do not use the metric measurement system - Myanmar, Liberia and the United States of America. Liberia has already partially accepted it, and Myanmar is in the process of transition, which leaves the United States alone. Recently, the proposal to move to the metric system was presented by the Legislative Assembly of Hawaii, but was rejected because it did not receive sufficient support.

For the rest of the world, the metric system is a necessary part of everyday life. For the first time, it was represented in France in 1795 and soon became popular throughout Europe, ultimately reaching Asia, Africa and the rest of the world. Its origin can be traced to an explosive atmosphere of the Great French Revolution, when angry peasants demanded a unified system of measures and scales. The government wanted to make the system of "natural, eternal and perfect", describing the whole land.

The French Academy of Sciences sent its most authoritative astronomers, Pierre Francois-Andre Messenie and Charles Messa, accurately measure one ten millionth part of the distance between the equator and the North Pole. This distance should have been known as the "meter". To make it Messier, it was necessary to go to the north in Dunkirk, and Messenger - south to Barcelona.

Their journey did not cost without dangers, because they were often accepted for spies. After arriving in Barcelona and sending the results of his data, an accident occurred with a disturbance. While he was restored, the war began between France and Spain, and he became the enemy of the nation, placed under house arrest. From nothing to do the bias began to carefully examine all 10,000 of his records and, to his horror, I found a mistake. Astronomer returned to France and found that it was already late to do any fix, but he still intended to find the most accurate entry. Unfortunately, by returning to Barcelona, \u200b\u200bhe infected with malaria and died.

2. Spices, seasonings and other flavors

In the past, each pinch of salt or pepper or a spoon of sugar demanded tremendous efforts to mining. The salt was necessary to preserve raw meat and other food for long-range swimming, so it was more valuable than now. Caravans with salt crossed the Sahara desert, finding the way on the stars, wind and sand dunes. West Africa, one of the poorest regions these days, flourished in the 800-1500 years of our era, thanks to the abundance of salt deposits in this region.

However, the soldier trade began much earlier. The city of appropriate in modern Bulgaria, the most ancient famous city in Europe, was a complex for the production of salt, which all the Balkans envied. It is believed that in 4700-4200 before our era, the city flourished due to the import of salt.

Civilizations rose and collapsed, but salt was always present in the human diet. She had such importance that the English word "Salary" ("Salary") is excreted from the Latin "Salarium", which meant the money that was issued by Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt.

In the meantime, the use of sugar in food probably began in New Guinea 10,000 years ago, where the reed chewed like lacquer wands. Knowledge about this sweetener reached the Asian continent, where the Indians began to make a powder from it after the 500 year of our era. The ancient Greeks mentioned "the form of honey, similar to salt" and thought that sugar was a medicine. Later, when the Crusaders returned to their villages and castles, they told about the delightful "sweet salt."

European travels in both America and Asia spurred the promise of enormous wealth and mountains of spices, especially black pepper, who could only afford the rich. Black pepper was also used in the ritual of the Mummification of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs, and Ramses II, as it is known, the nose was packed with black pepper. Pliny once complained that Rome spends too much money for pepper: in fact, 50 million sesterges were spent on the import of pepper from India. Pepper was such a chassis that became known as "black gold" and used as a convertible currency. For example, Alarich, the first King of Westprens, and Han Attila demanded more than one ton of spices for the world.

3. Self

Technological achievements of photographs allow us to keep wonderful moments on film or digital media, but the process of their creation lasted thousands of years. The idea of \u200b\u200bphotography is first mentioned in the Chinese philosopher of the Mo Tzu in the V-M. BC, it is also known that even Aristotle used the "Camera-obscura" to observe the eclipse of the century later.

Hobbating mirrors in the Middle Age of the Middle Ages led to the creation of self-portraits, and the first Self, as it was believed in 1839 by Robert Cornelius, an amateur chemist and photographer enthusiast from Philadelphia. Using Dagerrotype, the technology that acted only for several months, Cornelius stood a little on the side of the center, looking into the mechanism before making a photo. On the reverse side of the snapshot there is an inscription "The world's first light picture." Decades later, group Selphi was included in fashion, which is evidenced by the photo of Joseph Byron and his friends of 1909. Even the Great Princess Anastasia, the unfortunate daughter of Romanov, has fallen under the influence of fashion in 1914.

4. Cutlery

Initially, the forks were used only during cooking, and during the meal everyone used fingers and knives. However, by 1004, our era in the Middle East and in the Byzantine Empire during the reception began to use both forks, although they were served only for the rich.

After the Byzantine Princess married the Dadge of Venice, his subjects were shocked when she waved up with cutting devices during a pyr. The use of the fork, they considered the insult of God, because "Why does a fork need, if God gave us fingers"? They mocked the princess for "luxury in habit" and the refusal of "touching food". When a few years later, the princess died, it was called God's punishment.

Practice slowly stuck in some parts of Europe century later. In 1608, the English traveler Thomas Corios described how the Italians "cut meat with a knife, holding his fork on the other hand, and those who relate to the dish with their hands violate the rules of good manners." Corias tried to spread these rules of the table etiquette in England, but the British rejected him, calling Corimate "Wilsifer" ("Furcifer") and the "fork".

The British remained indifferent to the fork even after it became popular in France during the reign of the Sun King Louis XIV (Louis XIV), which declared pointed knives illegal. Even in 1897, the British sailors preferred to eat without the help of forks, because they considered them "alone".

On the other side of the globe, the Chinese used chopsticks for food more than 5,000 years ago, when the branches were used to pull large pieces of food from pots. Around 400 years before our era, the Chinese began to cut food into small pieces, so the use of large knives no longer had the need. Even the Confucian teaching advised to use sticks instead of knives, because "noble and honest husband ... should not have a knife at the table."

The use of sticks spread throughout East Asia. The ancient Japanese used them for ceremonial purposes, so sticks cannot be left sticking in a rice bowl, as they resemble aromatic sticks used during funerals. Similarly, Koreans believed that the closer you keep the tips of the sticks, the longer you will idle. And while the villagers enjoyed wooden chopsticks, members of the royal family used silver, believing that they were blackfriended if the food was poisoned.

5. game of cards

It is mostly believed that the deck of 52 cards has Arab roots: it appeared either from Egyptian Mamlukov or from Spanish Arabs. The playing card system was very similar to modern: four suites and senior cards, otherwise known as pictures. However, at the time men dominated the male in the royal courtyards, so, oddly enough now, the decks did not turn on the ladies.

Initially, the masters were such: Cups, swords, coins and wands. Later they evolved into familiar peaks, trees, worms and tambourines. The practice of using masters could come from China, in which since the 800-900s of our era, there was a variant of playing cards.

Since the popularity of cards grew, there was a need to regulate their practical application. In 1674, Charles Cotton published his "finished player", and ten years later, paper money was released in America in exchange for playing cards that served as debt receipts. Maps even reflected a political situation: in the era of the revival, they were decorated with bright images of Christian or philosophical content.

In the meantime, revolutionaries in France began to play the game "Ace above!", Representing a man triumph over the monarchy. They also replaced kings, ladies and currencies on "freedom, equality and fraternity" due to contempt for royal individuals. The arrival of Napoleon to power later canceled many radical changes adopted by revolutionary.

6. Toilet paper

The use of toilet paper rises, at least to China by the VI century, when a scientist named Yang Zhitui said: "Paper on which there are quotes of five classics or the names of the wise men, I do not dare to use in toilet purposes." When Muslims visited China in the 9th century, they were stunned by Chinese practice, with disgust noting that the Chinese "do not care about purity - they do not wash water, but wipes with paper!"

The history of the toilet paper did not develop several hundred years, until in 1391, the Chinese emperor ordered to organize its mass production. The Bureau of Imperial Supplies was tasked to produce annually 720,000 sheets of paper with a size of 0.6 × 0.9 meters for personal use by the emperor.

After about 300 years, Joseph Gayetti presented a packed toilet paper called "Healing Paper". Sheets were covered with aloe to soften inflammation, and each package of 500 sheets was sold for $ 0.50. Joseph's name was printed on each package to remind people who were the source of their relief.

7. Women's hygiene

In ancient Egypt, menstruation was probably considered in a positive key. It was associated with the Nile, which was a symbol of renewal and fertility, and possibly used for therapeutic purposes. For example, it was believed that if you smear with menstrual breasts, they will become more raised. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used a wide variety of materials to create tampons, for example, papyrus, wool, animal skins and even herbs.

Only in 1896, Joseph Lister, the very person who convinced millions to rinse the mouth and wash his hands before treating patients, inspired the Johnson brothers to create packed menstrual pads, known as "Lister Towels". Unfortunately for Johnson & Johnson, as their company is called today, this project failed, because women were not yet ready to buy such things in public.

In 1998, Arunochemu Miruganantam was tired of listening to his wife's complaints about using "nasty rags" during menstruation instead of hygienic pads. After the wife stated that such things brutally, the Miruganant decided to come up with cheaper gaskets, but he had one problem: he had no idea how menstrual cycle passes. In the desire to find out, he made the "uterus" filled with goat blood, and hid it under clothing to test the absorption of his invention. Every time he wasged clothes, the villagers thought that he became a pervert, went crazy or was obsessed with demons, but his hygiene gaskets ended up brought him a reward for innovation from the Indian president.

8. Bras

The ancestor of the modern bra was created in 1910, when 19-year-old Mary Phelps Jacob prepared a dress for the upcoming Bala. She chose a dress that emphasized her rather wide figure, but considered the corsets too limiting. Instead of the corset, she asked the maid to bring two nasal headscarves and tape.

Ladies from the highest society were interested in Young Mary, as she got the opportunity to move and dance so freely, and four years later she received a patent for a "bra without back." Although historically it is believed that the Mrs. Jacob bra was invented, the recent archaeological finds testify that women wore bras in the 1400s.

In the next decades after a breakthrough, performed by Jacob, the bra went through a number of transformations. The "Wonderbra", created in 1964, created in 1964 by Louise Pool for the Canadelle brand occupies a special place. However, contrary to the general opinion, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Push-Up bra emerged much earlier. For the first time, he was developed by Frederick Mellinger in 1946 and soon became the latest fashion peak in Hollywood. But, of course, the most strange thing is "Nipple Bra", a bra leaving open nipples created in the 1970s, when visible nipples were considered a riding sexuality. © www.surgpu.ru.

The percentage of divorces in modern society was unprecedented high, and old-fashioned people consider the couples, broke down after marriage hours due to such landlined causes, such as snoring, mockerying over this institution. Nevertheless, the divorce was quite common practice in ancient civilizations.

In ancient Egypt, marriage did not have legal consequences: a man and a woman who are alive under one roof were considered her husband and wife. Thus, divorce and re-marriage were widespread. In Greece, it came to judges and thoroughly understood. In Japan, if the husband refused to give a divorce, the wife could choose life in the temple for three years, after which the marriage was automatically terminated. Wikinov women could easily leave the husbands if they could not provide a family.

In medieval England, the divorce was strictly church affairs. Ironically, the Anglican Church, which was created as a result of the refusal of Pope to give a divorce by Heinrich VIII with his first wife, became even more rigid than the Catholic Church she tried to overpower. Changes were possible only thanks to Caroline Sheridan, the wife of a member of the George Norton Parliament.

Sheridan was brutally handling her husband and found consolation only in taking care of children and writing. Norton once advised her to become "friendlier" to Lord Melbourne, just to blame her in adultery in 1836. Norton lost the case, but continued to live with children and pick up the revenues of his wife, which forced Sheridan to agitate for the rights of married women in the UK. She lobbied statesmen, published pamphlets and even wrote the Queen of Victoria. Sheridan's heartfelt words concerning hard and unequal marriage laws influenced the adoption of Bill about custody over babies and the 1839 year and the law on marriage and divorce of 1857.

10. Crime and punishment

About the crime and punishment as a tool of the state is written back in the "Code of Chammurapi laws", which was announced by the "Law of Retribution" for those who break it. The Greeks, for example, Plato prescribed imprisonment for such crimes as state treason or debt to the government. Since the poor were unable to pay, they were often deprived of their freedom, which led to the imposition of maximum penalties.

However, in most cases, justice was achieved easier and in a rapid way. In Rome, if you were rich, you were waiting for a home arrest, and if the Poores are the Palace blade or the slave market. In some cases, criminals offered to voluntarily leave their homes and go to exile. Criminals who were captured in anticipation of the trial were called Publica Vincula or Carcer (Cake).

By the 1570s, rampant houses were the usual phenomenon, which was sent to the workforce as a labor force, which replaced more cruel punishment. In the 1680s, quackers began to agitate for the introduction of imprisonment as a replacement for the death penalty. A century later in Pennsylvania, the death penalty for some crimes was canceled, while many called for reform, arguing that "an indiscriminate system of punishment encourages criminals to be equally unintelligible." Currently, in the United States, only in the 32d states there is still a death penalty.

Practice of public alert about the offender, perhaps goes back to the Bible. After Cain killed his brother Abel, he was marked by God to stand out among other people and forever become disgraced in his crime. By the 1700th, the practice of the allocation of criminals spread. For example, the adulsion should have been to wear the letter "A" (from "adulterer"), blasphemy - "B" ("Blasphemy"), drunk - "D" ("DRUNK"), guilty of an uninforced murder - "M" (" Manslaughter "), and thieves -" T "(" Theft "- theft).