Year of writing a picture Last day Pompeii. Secrets of the "Pompeiy Day": Which of the contemporaries Karl Brullov depicted four times in the picture

Contemporaries seem to be possible to see the picturesque eyes of the last moments of the life of the inhabitants of Pompeii. We must admit that in the hand of the artist, the manner of Rafael and Velasqueza is guessed. Display and detailing, so acutely seized, saturation with crimson and reddish shades, technique of lighting - the master absorbed all the best from the artists of that era. Bullel himself had a very significant impact on the technique and maneru of drawing, Flavitsky, Serov, Moller, and others. He was inherent in a certain academism and magnifier, thicker them shown in the painting "Horseman" and "Osad Pskov".

For the sake of making his idea (and the idea, it is necessary to recognize, it is quite ambitious - on canvas size 465 × 561 centimeter) Bhorlylov had to go to the foot of the Mount Vesuvius, see the city ruins of Pompeii. In the same place, on the spot, he did sketches for the future of the canvas, representing how the busiest Vesuvius will spew hundreds of thousands of tons of ash and lava on the confused people. Writing the work took 3 years in Bryullov, and in 1833 he finished it to write.

Immediately after the completion of the picture, it was brought to review in Rome - critics and viewers were unanimous in the heading reviews. Then the picture was taken to the exhibition in Paris and placed in the Louvre. There she saw a worldwriter with a world name - Walter Scott. He said that the "unusual, epic" canvas. A year later, at the end of the Paris exhibition, the canvas finally arrives in Russia, St. Petersburg. And here, in the homeland, great figures and writers are not tired about it. Forest feedback left Turgenev, and Baratsky and Pushkin immediately hid aphorisms, immediately prohibited by censorship.

The style of the work at that time was considered something extraordinary, innovative, since it was ahead of his time. Now this technique is recognized as neoclassicism.
So popular then plots for historical topics, Bryullov drew into some reality - the pictures are not static, it is all in motion. Their faces are filled with horror and fear. It seems that the artist himself found the crowd at this moment - the reality of the written figures is so great. It is not indifferent to the Countess Yulia Pavlovna Samoylova, Tsarist Freillina, Brullins could not refuse himself in pleasure to capture her several times in the picture.

Here it is in the left side of the cloth on the elevation, in the image of a woman with a jug on his head, then the image of a woman crashed to death - her with a child (he is alive) threw off the staircase stairs, and finally, she is a mother, hugging her daughter. The artist portrayed itself with the same painter on the left in the corner of the picture. Very detailed and exalted outlined the artist of the glowing glow and falling marble statues of the gods, over which zippers are scattered.

People who distraught fear run away from the destruction, but they cannot be saved. "Last Day Pompeii" presents us an image of a captured eternal life.
Currently, the picture belongs to the Russian museum, where in 1895, Nikolai I passed it.

Plot

On the canvas is one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions in the history of humanity. In 79, Vesuvius, who silent before that, so long that he had been extinct, suddenly "woke up" and forced everything alive in the district forever.

It is known that Bromlov read the memories of the Jr. Plane, who witnessed the events in Mizen, who survived during a disaster: "The crowd embraced by panic followed us and ... put on us with a dense mass, promoting forward when we came out ... We froze among the most dangerous and terrifying Scenes. The chariots that we dare to take out, so they were shaking back and ahead, although they stood on earth that we could not keep them, even laying big stones under the wheels. The sea seemed to roll back and deceived from the shores by the convulsive movements of the Earth; The land is definitely expanded significantly, and some marine animals were in the sand ... Finally, the terrible darkness began to dissipate as cloud of smoke; The daylight appeared again, and even the sun looked out, although his light was gloomy, as it happens before the approaching eclipse. Each item that appeared before our eyes (which extremely weakened), seemed to have changed, covered with a thick layer of ash, as if snow. "

Pompei today

A crushing blow to the cities occurred 18-20 hours after the start of the eruption - people had enough time to escape. However, not all were prudent. And although it was not possible to establish the exact number of dead, the account comes to thousands. Among them are mainly slaves who left the owners of the property, as well as elderly and patients who did not have time to leave. There were those who hoped to wait for the element of the house. Actually, they are still there.

In childhood, Bullov oglch on one ear after a father's slap

On the canvas people in panic, the element will not spare either the rich or the poor man. And what is noteworthy - to write people of different classes, used one model. Speech about Yulia Samoilova, her face is found on the canvas four times: a woman with a jug on the head in the left side of the canvas; Woman crashed to death in the center; Mother, attracting daughters, in the left corner of the paintings; Woman closing children and saving together with her husband. Persons for the rest of the heroes artist searched on Roman streets.

Surprisingly in this picture and how the issue of light is resolved. "The artist ordinary, of course, would not fail to take advantage of the Vesuvius eruption to highlight their picture; But Mr. Bullels neglected the sim tool. The genius inspired him a bold thought, as happy as the inimitable: to highlight the entire front part of the picture with a fast, minute and whitish gloss lightning, disperse a thick cloud of ash, facilitated the city, meanwhile To the background is a reddish half, "then wrote in the newspapers.

Context

By the time Brullov decided to write the death of Pompeiyev, he was considered talented, but so far that still gives hope. For approval in the status of the Master I needed a serious job.

At that time in Italy, the theme of Pompeev was popular. First, excavations were very active, secondly, there were still a couple of Vesuvius eruptions. It could not not affect culture: on the scenes of many Italian theaters, the Opera Pachchini "L" Ultimo Giorno Di Pompeia "was successful. There is no doubt that the artist saw her and maybe more than once.

The idea to write the death of the city came to the Pompes themselves who visited Bullylov in 1827 on the initiative of his brother - Alexander architect. The collection of material took 6 years. The artist was scrupulous in detail. So, things that dropped out of the box, decorations and other various items in the picture are copied with those that they found archaeologists during excavations.

Watercolor Brullov were the most popular souvenir from Italy

For a few words, let's say about Yulia Samoilova, whose face, as already mentioned above, is found four times on the canvas. For the picture of Bryullov, I was looking for Italian types. And although Samoilova was Russian, her appearance answered the ideas of Bryullov about how Italian should look like.

"Portrait of Yu. P Selfov with Jovanina Pacini and Arapchonk". Brullov, 1832-1834

They met in Italy in 1827. Bullels gave up the experience of senior masters there and was looking for inspiration, and Samoilova lived life. In Russia, she has already managed to divorce, she had no children, and for the too turbulent bohemian life Nicholas I asked her to go away from the courtyard.

When the work on the picture was completed and the Italian audience saw a canvas, began a boom on the bullov. It was a success! Each at the meeting with the artist considered the honor of say hello; When he appeared in the theaters, everyone got up, and at the door of the house where he lived, or the restaurants where he had dinner, there were always many people to welcome him. With the very era of the Renaissance, no artist was in Italy the object of such worship as Karl Brullov.

In the homeland of the painter was also waiting for the triumph. The total euphoria about the picture becomes clear after reading the Brathantine lines:

He brought peaceful trophies
With you in the father's canopy.
And was the "Last Day Pompeii"
For Russian brush the first day.

Half of the conscious creative life of Karl Brullov spent in Europe. For the first time abroad, he went after the end of the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg to improve the skill. And where, how to do this in Italy?! The first time of Bullov basically wrote Italian aristocrats, as well as watercolor with scenes from life. The latter became a very popular souvenir from Italy. These were small pictures with low-profile compositions, without psychological portraits. Such watercolors were mostly chased by Italy with her beautiful nature and represented the Italians the people genetically preserved the ancient beauty of their ancestors.

An interrupted date (water is completely running). 1827.

Brullov wrote simultaneously with Delacroix and Engrom. It was the time when the topic of the fate of enormous human masses comes to the forefront. Therefore, it is not surprising that for his software canvas, Bryullov chose a story about the death of Pompeev.

Brullov undermined the health when painting St. Isaac's Cathedral

The picture made on Nikolai I such a strong impression that he demanded that Brylov returned to his homeland and took the place of Professor of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Returning to Russia, Bryullov met and sounded with Pushkin, Glinka, Krylov.

Bullov's frescoes in St. Isaquis Cathedral

In recent years, the artist spent in Italy, trying to save the health, undermined during the painting St. Isaac Cathedral. The clock of a long gravity work in the cheese unfinished cathedral did not affect the heart and exacerbated rheumatism.

"The death of Pompeii" can be called one of the little-known masterpieces Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky. The historical event, the tragedy of the ancient city, inspired the painter to approach the plot with new thoughts.

Artist

Ivan Aivazovsky, or Ovanes Awazyan, was and remains one of the most famous marinas of Russia. His marine landscapes love and appreciate all over the world. Works are exhibited at popular auctions "Sothebyis" and "Christis" for millions of sterling.

Born in 1817, Ivan Konstantinovich lived eighty-three years and died calm death in a dream.

Ovasnes was born in the merchant family of Armenians from Galicia. Later, he recalled that his father was first distinguished from his roots and tried even the surname to pronounce on the Polish manner. Ivan was proud of his educated parent who knew several languages.

From his birth, Aivazovsky lived in Feodosia. His talents to art earlyly noticed architect Yakov Koch. It was he who began to teach Ivan painting.

Sevastopol mayor, seeing the gift of the future Matra, also took part in his formation as an artist. Young talent, thanks to the efforts sent to learn for free in St. Petersburg. Like many other well-known Russian artists, Aivazovsky was a leaving from the Art Academy. She largely influenced the preferences of the classic of marinistics.

Style

The Art Academy in St. Petersburg helped to form the style of Aivazovsky, thanks to the studies of Johann Gross, Philip Tanner, Alexander Sauerwide.

Drawing "Stil", Ivan Konstantinovich in 1837 receives a gold medal and the right to go to Europe.

After that, Aivazovsky returns to the Crimea, to his homeland. There, he writes marine landscapes for two years, and also helps the army in battles against the enemy. One of his paintings of that period I bought the emperor Nicholas first.

Upon his return to St. Petersburg, he was honored with a noble title. In addition, he will acquire such famous friends as Karl Bryullov and composer Mikhail Glinka.

Wearing

Since 1840, the pilgrimage of Iivazovsky in Italy begins. On the way to the capital, Ivan and his friend Vasily Sternberg are visiting Venice. There they get acquainted with another representative of the Russian elite Gogol. which has already become famous in the Russian Empire, visited many Italian cities, visited Florence, Rome. For a long time remained in Sorrento.

For many months, Aivazovsky stayed at his brother, who became a monk on the island of Saint Lazar. In the same place, he communicated with the English poet George Bayron.

The work of "chaos" bought from him Pope Grigory Sixteenth. Critics were killed to Aivazovsky, and the Paris Art Academy even gave him a medal for merit.

In 1842, Marinister leaves Italy. After moving through Switzerland and Rhine, rides in Holland, later in the UK. On the way back, Paris, Spain and Portugal visits. Four years later, he is again in Russia.

Aivazovsky, living in St. Petersburg, became an honorary professor of the Academy as this city and Paris, Rome, Stuttgart, Florence and Amsterdam. He continued to write marine paintings. On his account more than 6,000 landscapes.

Since 1845, he lived in Feodosia, where he founded his school, helped to create a gallery, initiated the construction of the railway. After death, an unfinished canvas "Explosion of the Turkish Ship" remained.

Famous paintings

Pictures of Aivazovsky were hotly loved by representatives of all estates of the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union. Almost every modern family, at least one reproduction of Ivan Konstantinovich is stored at home.

His name has long been the highest quality sign among marinists. The most popular are the works of the artist:

• "Ninth Val".
• "Farewell to Pushkin with the Sea", which he wrote along with Repin.
• "Rainbow".
• "Moonlight Night on Bosphorus."
• Among the masterpieces, which was written by Aivazovsky, "the death of Pompeii".
• "View of Constantinople and Bosphorus."
• "Black Sea".

These pictures appeared even on postage stamps. They were copied, embroidered with a cross and stroke.

Confusion

Interestingly, many confuse the "death of Pompeii". The picture, who wrote her, know not everything, has nothing to do with the Brullian cloth. His work is called the name "Last Day Pompeii".

Posted by Karl Pavlovich in 1833. It depicts ancient people running from the erupting volcano. Bryrytov residents of Pompeii are locked in the city itself. "The death of Pompeii", the description of the picture is very different, transmits a completely different idea.

Aivazovsky's landscape was written in 1889, much later than his predecessor. It is likely that, being a friend of Bryullov, a marine could be inspired by the same chosen theme of the antique period tragedy.

Picture history

The most uncharacteristic work of Aivazovsky is considered "the death of Pompeii". The picture was created in 1889. As a basis, he took the plot of history. What happened to the city is still considered one of the largest natural disasters in the world. Pompeii, once an excellent antique settlement, were located near Naples, near the current volcano. In 79, an eruption began, which took with him hundreds of lives. Description of the picture of Aivazovsky helps convey all these events.

If Bryullov showed in his canvas, how the city and people inside it could look, then Aivazovsky focused on the sea.

"The death of Pompeii." Picture: Who wrote and what I wanted to say

Being a marinist, Ivan Konstantinovich focused on the transfer of the plot outside the city. History and so tells us how the death of Pompei ends. The picture is written in very dark scarlet tones, symbolizing all human life, buried alive under the lava layer.

The central figure of the canvas is the sea for which ships float. The city of illuminated by Looy can be seen. Sky dark from smoke.

Despite the whole horror of this event, Aivazovsky gives a certain hope for a lighter future, showing the vessel overcrowded by saved people.

Ivan Konstantinovich wanted to convey despair those who saw the death of Pompeii. The picture is not focused on the faces of dying people. However, about the whole tragidity and horror of the situation says as if hot seas. Bagps, black and yellow colors dominate on the canvas.

On the central plan there are two large ship that fight with marine waves. In the distance, several more, hurrying to leave the place of death, in which residents of the city were forever frightened on the "death of Pompeii" cannon.

If you look closely, at the top, in the rings of smoke there is an erupting volcano, from which they pour on the ancient temples and houses of the Lava River. Aivazovsky strengthened by adding a lot of black points of the ashes of the ashes along the picture.

View picture

"The death of Pompeii" - a picture written by oil paints, on a conventional canvas with a size of 128 to 218 cm, stored in Rostov.

It is an integral part of the collection here take visitors every day from 10.00 am to 18.00 in the evening. Closed museum only on Tuesdays. Address: Pushkinskaya Street, house 115.

The cost of a regular ticket without benefits will cost a visitor in 100 rubles. Children who still do not go to school will need to pay 10 rubles. Schoolchildren can pay input ticket 25 rubles. Students pay 50 rubles, and retirees 60 rubles.

The museum's collection also contains other canvas of Aivazovsky, such as the "Sea" and "Moonlight". Nevertheless, the pearl collection is the "death of Pompeii". Description of the picture gives a clear idea of \u200b\u200bhow formidable nature can be.

Almost 2,000 years ago, the eruption of the Vesuvius volcano destroyed several ancient Roman settlements, including the cities of Pompei and Herculaneum. Futurist presents the chronicle of events on August 24-25, 79 AD

Ancient Roman writer and lawyer Polynia Jr. told that it happened in the seventh hour after sunrise (about half a day) on August 24. His mother pointed out his uncle, a senior slay, on the cloud of unusual sizes and shape, which emerged at the top of the mountain. Pliny Elder, who at that time was a commander of the Roman fleet, went to Mizena to watch the rare phenomenon of nature. Over the next two days, 16 thousand residents of Roman settlements of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Staby died: their bodies were buried under the layer of ashes, stones and pembassades, who chosen by the swirling volcano Vesuvius.

Plowing bodies found during excavations are now exhibited inside the term Stabian on the archaeological site in the pompes

Since then, interest in Pompeyamam does not fuss: Modern researchers draw digital maps of a destroyed city and go to archaeological expeditions to show us the daily lives of people who have fallen from the foot of the volcano.

Pole letters younger to historian Tacitis, the results of excavations and volcanological evidence allow scientists to reconstruct the eruption schedule.

Ruins Pompey on the background of Vesuvia

12:02 Mother Plysta speaks his uncle to the senior, about a strange cloud, which arose over Vesuvi. Before that, a few days the city was shaken by underground shocks, although it was uncharacteristic for the campaign area. Pliny younger will describe this phenomenon as:

"A huge black cloud quickly moved ... From it, it was still a long, fantastic flames, reminiscent of lightning outbreaks, only much big" ...

The wind is transferred most of the ashes in the south-east. Begins the "plynian phase" of eruption.

13:00 East of the volcano ash starts to fall. Pompeiy is just in six miles from Vesuvia.

14:00 At Pompeii, the ashes first, and then a white pemp. The layer of volcanic precipitation covered with the Earth grows at a speed of 10-15 cm per hour. Ultimately, the thickness of the pumice layer will be 280 cm.

The last day of Pompeii, the picture of Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, written in 1830-1833.

17:00 Under the mass of volcanic precipitations in the pompses, roofs are collapsed. Stones with a fist size rolls on a city at a speed of 50 m / c. The sun crashed as an ash peeve, and people are looking for refuge in the pitch darkness. Many are in a hurry to the harbor Pompey. In the evening there comes a turn of gray pumice.

23:15 The "Pelian eruption" begins, the first wave of which hit Herculaneum, boscorely and flalude.

00:00 The 14-kilometer column of ash rose to 33 km. Pumice and ash are included in the stratosphere. Over the next seven hours, six pyroclastic waves (saturated with gases, the flow of ashes, pumice and lava) will form the area. People are overtaken death everywhere. This is how the volcanologist Juseppe Mastrolorenzo for National Geographic describes this night for National Geographic:

"The temperature on the street and indoors rose to 300 ° C. This is more than enough to kill hundreds of people for a split second. When the pyroclastic wave was overwhelmed by Pompeii, people did not have time to suffocate. Distorted poses of bodies of victims - this is not a consequence of long-term agony, this spasm from heat shock has already bent the dead limbs "

K. P. Bullov
The last day of Pompeii. 1830-1833
Canvas, oil. 465.5 × 651 cm
State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg

The last day of Pompeii is the picture of Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, written in 1830-1833. The picture had an unprecedented success in Italy, was awarded the gold medal in Paris, in 1834 she was delivered to St. Petersburg.

For the first time, Carl Bryullov visited Naples and Vesuvius in July 1827, on the fourth year of his stay in Italy. He did not have a specific travel purpose, but there were several reasons for this journey. In 1824, Pompeii visited the painter's brother - Alexander Bullylov and, despite the restraint of his nature, enthusiastically talked about his impressions. The second reason for visiting was the hot summer months and almost always accompanying the outbreaks of fever in Rome. The third reason was the recently rapidly arising friendship with the princess Yulia Samoylova, who also went to Naples.

The spectacle of the deceased city of Oshlomilo Bryullov. He stayed in it for four days, without once bypassed all the catches. "Going out in the summer in Naples, nor the Bullels himself, nor his companion did not know that this is an unknown journey will lead the artist to the highest vertex of his work - the creation of a monumental historical canvas" Last Day Pompeii "- writes art historian Galina Leontiev.

In 1828, during the next visit to Pompeii, Bryullov made a lot of sketches for the future painting about the famous eruption of Vesuvius volcano in 79. e. and the destruction of this city. The canvas exhibited in Rome, where he received enthusiastic feedback critics, and was transferred to the Paris Louvre. This work was the first picture of the artist, which caused such interest abroad. Walter Scott called the picture "Unusual, Epic".

A classic topic, thanks to the artistic vision of the bullov and a plentiful game of lighting, poured into work, a few steps forward to the neoclassical style. "Last Day Pompeii" perfectly characterizes classicism in Russian painting, mixing with idealism, increased interest in the captivity and passionate love of the time to such historical plots. An image of an artist in the left corner of the picture is a self-portrait of the author.

(detail)

On the canvas, Julia Pavlovna Samoilova is also depicted three times - a woman with a jug on his head, standing on the elevation in the left side of the canvas; A woman who broke to death, spread on the pavement, and next to her a living child (both, presumably threw out of a broken chariot) - in the center of the canvas; And the mother, attracting daughters, in the left corner of the picture.

(detail)


(detail)


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(detail)

In 1834, the picture "Last Day Pompeii" was sent to St. Petersburg. Alexander Ivanovich Turgenev said that this picture was the glory of Russia and Italy. E. A. Baratsky composed on this occasion the famous aphorism: "The last day of Pompeii became for the Russian brush first day!". A. S. Pushkin responded to the poem: "The idols are falling! People, persecuted by fear ... "(this line forbade censorship). In Russia, the Bullov canvas perceived not compromise, but an exceptionally innovative work.

Anatoly Demidov presented the picture to Nicholas I, who put it at the Academy of Arts as a guide for beginner painters. After the opening of the Russian Museum in 1895, the canvas moved there, and a wide public was accessible to him.