Genetically close peoples. Genetic features of different peoples

Reconstruction of the genetic and linguistic history of balto-Slavic populations

This most complete work on the gene pool of Slavic and Balt peoples sums up long-term research. An interdisciplinary approach was applied to reconstruct a long-standing history of peoples that speak related languages. Genetics and linguists traced the ways of forming a gene pool of all groups of Slavs and Balts at the same time in three genetic systems: on the Y-chromosome (father's heads), by mitochondrial DNA (inheritance maternal lines) and overwater data on autosomal markers (where father's and maternal lines are presented Equally). Considered which local populations absorbed Genofond Slavs when they are resettlement in Europe: it is this deep substrate that formed the main differences in the gene fluids of various branches of Slavs. The correlation of genetic diversity with linguistic turned out to be great, but even more - with the geographical neighborhood of populations. The result of the study was the clarification of the Tree of Balto-Slavic languages.

Responses for research in the media and in popular science sites - at the end of the text

The formation of a gene pool of balto-Slavic populations was examined by a large international group of genetics and linguists. An article with the results of their work is published in the magazine Plos One. The study was conducted under the guidance of Dr. Biol. Science O.P. Balanovsky (Institute of General Genetics and Medical Genetic Scientific Center) and Academician of Richard Villems (Estonian Biocenter and Tartus University). It was attended by researchers from many countries in which Slavic and Balt peoples make up the majority of the population - Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as scientists of Estonia, Great Britain and the consortium of the international project Genographic. This is the most complete work on the gene pool of Slavic and Balt peoples summarizes the long-term studies of numerous authors of the article and takes into account the data of other scientific groups.

About a third of the modern population of Europe speaks at Balto-Slavic languages, and about half of Europe occupy the Balt and Slavic peoples. Linguists agree that the Balt and Slavic languages \u200b\u200bare not only relative, but also have a common root in the family of Indo-European languages. According to them, the proto-balto-Slavic language separated from other Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bin the range from 7,000 to 4500 years ago, and it happened most likely in Central Europe. The discrepancy between the Balt and Slavic language branches dates back to time 3500-2500. Further division of Slavic languages \u200b\u200boccurred relatively recently - 1700-1300 years ago. With an early medieval (approximately 1400-1000 years ago), the so-called "Slavic of Europe" is associated - a period of rapid spread of Slavic languages \u200b\u200bin vast territories. In Eastern Europe, Slavs applied to the territory where the Balt, Finno-Ugric and Turkic populations lived, in Western Europe - on the territory of the carriers of Germanic languages, in the Balkans on the territory of local multiliate populations.

But how are these changes in the culture of Europe, fixed by the spread of Slavic languages, influenced the Europe Genofound? That is what has become the main issue of research. After all, the genetic history of the Balto-Slavic populations was not yet sufficiently studied, and their interaction with the gene pool of populations who spoke in other languages \u200b\u200b- Finno-Ugric, German, Turkic.

What studied

For the maximum full study of the Balto-Slavic populations, scientists used all three genetic systems that are currently the most informative for the study of the gene pool.

1) Y-chromosome, which is inherited by the father's line: 6078 samples from 62 populations were studied;

2) Mitochondrial DNA (MTDNA), which is inherited by the maternal line: 6876 MTDNA samples from 48 populations were studied;

3) Broadmand-class (full-beam) markers: 1,297 samples from 16 populations. These are points of genetic diversity (single-tech polymorphism, SNP), which are scattered throughout the gene, and are located on autosomes - non-treat chromosomes.

For Admixture Analysis, 200 thousand SNP markers were used, which are common to the three used Illumina panels (610K, 650K and 660K) and unhapened with each other; For the analysis of common fragments, all 500 thousand markers were used, which are common to the three ULLUMINA panels (including markers linked to each other); To analyze the main components and calculating genetic distances, 57 thousand markers were used, which are common to the Illumina and Affimetrix panels, and at the same time not adhesive with each other.

A significant part of these impressive data arrays was obtained by the authors for the first time - 1254 samples along the Y-chromosome, 917 samples on MtDNA, 70 samples on broad-class markers. The remaining data is taken from previously published works. For comparison, all data accumulated by this time for other European gene pools are used.

For all three genetic systems, almost all modern peoples who spell in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Balto-Slavic Group were studied - sixteen peoples on a single extensive marker panel:

balt peoples - Latvians and Lithuanians;

eastern Slavs - Belarusians, Russians, Ukrainians;

western Slavs - Kashuba, Poles, Slovaks, Sort, Czechs;

southern Slavs - Bulgarians, Bosnians, Macedonians, Serbs, Slovenians, Croats.

Such detailed and versatile data on any group of peoples (coverage of all ethnic groups, and even in all major genetic systems) are highly rare in population studies. Therefore, they allow us to solve not only a specific, but also a more general methodological problem. The specific task is a description of the gene pool of the Slavs themselves and Balts, and the common one - in their example, to study, as related to each other, various signs are usually characterized by the populations: Y-chromosomal diversity, mitochondrial diversity, full-hegeneous diversity, linguistic relationship, geographical location of populations .

Genetic landscape of Slavs through three prisms

Genetic relations with each other of all studied populations established as a result of the study are shown in the drawings.

Fig. And represents the results for broad-class (autosomal) SNP markers. These markers are called autosomal because they are on non-treat chromosomes (autosomes). And they are called wide-friendly because evenly scattered throughout the genome.

Fig. In presents the results on the Y-chromosome obtained on the basis of the frequencies of its haplogroup.

Fig. C reflects the results obtained by the frequencies of mitochondrial DNA haplog groups (MTDNA).

To show the relative proximity and remoteness of different populations on two-dimensional graphics, two methods borrowed from multidimensional statistics are used in population genetics: Method of the main component and method of multidimensional scaling. In essence, they are close, but their advantages and disadvantages are opposite. The method of the main component shows the position of populations mathematically, but sometimes loses a significant part of the genetic information contained in the source data. And the method of multidimensional scaling, on the contrary, uses all genetic information, but the geometric distances between populations on the chart can be somewhat distorted relative to the calculated genetic distances between them. In this case, the main component method was applied to autosomal data, and for y-chromosomal and mitochondrial data - the method of genetic distances.

As can be seen, both through broad-class markers, and on the Y-chromosome (A and B), most balt-Slavic populations are built along the north-south axis.

East Slavs - Russian, Belarusians and Ukrainians are clearly grouped, they form their cluster, although the Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians are completely overlapped with each other. The exception is the northern Russians, which are genetically distant from the rest of the Eastern Slavs and are in neighboring Finno-Ugric populations.

From Western Slavs. Czechs and to a lesser extent of the Slovak differ from the eastern Slavs and are shifted towards the Germans and other Western European populations. But Poles are closest to the eastern Slavs. In fact, on the charts of the Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians form a common cluster, and Slovaks and especially the Czechs are somewhat removed from him.

South Slavs They form a dispersed group on the graph, which is internally divided into West (Slovenians, Croats and Bosnians) and East (Macedonians and Bulgarians) regions with Serbs in the middle. At the same time, Slovens are genetically close to the Hungarians (geographically close, but not the Slavic people), and the eastern branch of the South Slavs is also grouped with non-Slavic, but geographically close Romanians and to some extent with the Greeks.

Balt peoples - Latvians and Lithuanians - reveal genetic proximity to the Estonians speaking in the language of the Finno-Ugric Group, and to some Eastern Slavs (Belarusians). It turned out that the Balt populations are close to the Volga Group of Finno-Ugric Peoples (especially for Mordve). The authors clarify that this can reflect historical events - in ancient times the area of \u200b\u200bbalto-paternal populations extended far to the east and almost reached the current Arala Mordva.

It is important that all the listed patterns are detected by independent and, it would seem, completely different genetic systems - Y-chromosome and broad-class autosomal markers.

According to MTDNA (Figure C), as usual, the degree of structure of the gene pool is much less, which is associated with a lower phylogenetic resolution in the available MTDNA data. But, although not so clearly pronounced, in the results of MTDNA, the same patterns are predicted. For example, and on the MTDNA chart, most of the East Slavic populations overlap with each other, the northern Russians are separated from them, and the Southern Slavs are genetically similar to their non-depth-speaking neighbors in the Balkans.

Comparing the degree of severity of the same patterns in the results in various genetic systems, the authors emphasize that the Y-chromosome often identifies regularities in more detail than not only MTDNA, but also more fashionable broad-class markers.

Search for deep ancestors

To compare the populations in the composition of their ancestral components, the Admixture program is often used ("mixing" or "Composition"). It contains broad-generated data for a large number of populations and set the number of hypothetical ancestral populations, of which all these modern populations have been formed. The program calculates what should be the genetic composition of these ancestor populations (ancestral components), and draws a color spectrum for each modern population indicating the shares of these ancestors in its gene pool. It is clear that such a model is sufficiently conditional - in reality, modern gene pools are unlikely formed as a result of mixing a fixed specified number of ancestral populations. But such a simplifying model is often useful, and the detectable ancestor components usually have real meaning. For example, when analyzing data on the scale of the world, the African component is always the first, which is almost 100% in African populations south of the Sahara, and its share in other populations of the world well corresponds to the degree of their direct or indirect mixing with Africa populations.

In this paper, the AdmixTure method was also applied - the authors set a different number of ancestral populations and published all the corresponding graphs, but the special test showed that the statistically most reasonable results were obtained in the case when the number of the ancestral components was set to six (K \u003d 6). In this case, the authors received this picture.

At balto-Slavic populations, almost the entire spectrum is represented by two colors: blue (ancestor component K3) and blue (ancestral component K2), although in different proportions. If you look at Europe as a whole, it can be seen that K3 (blue) makes a great contribution to all European populations and decreases from the north-east to the south. This ancestral component is maximum at the Balt populations, prevails in the Eastern Slavs (80-95%) and decreases in the South Slavs (55-70%). On the contrary, K2 (blue) is more characteristic of populations of the Mediterranean and Caucasus regions and is reduced to the north of Europe. At the South Slavs, it accounts for about 30%, in Western Slavs it decreases to 20%, and in the northern Russians and Balt populations - up to 5%.

It can be seen that the Slavs still have a lemon yellow color in the ancestor spectrum, this is a component of K5, which is presented to any significantly in the Eastern Slavs, and of them are more pronounced among the northern Russians. By origin, this component of Siberian, since, as can be seen on the schedule, it constitutes the main part of the spectrum for Siberia populations. But the component of K6 (dark yellow), which dominates China, Mongolia and in Altai, among the Russians almost at zero. This means that the East Track in the Genelofand of the Northern Russians is connected, rather, with ancient migrations from forests and TundR Siberia than from the steppes of Central Asia (a new refutation of a breaking idea of \u200b\u200bthe great impact on the Russian gene pool of Tatar-Mongolian yoke). The dark green component K4 characterizes the population of South Asia, is also common in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Therefore, it is not surprising that he, even with a small frequency, but meets the southern Slavs and other peoples of the Balkan Peninsula, but almost comes to not at Western and Eastern Slavs.

From consideration of the composition of the ancestral components, the conclusion of the significant genetic similarity of most Western and Eastern Slavs in a large area is from Poland in the West to the European part of Russia in the East. And the Southern Slavs, geographically limited to the small Balkan peninsula, differ significantly from Western and Eastern.

But how did these differences arise?

General fragments of the genomes of the Slavs and their neighbors

To answer this question, the authors spent a subtle analysis of the gene pool for two groups of Slavs: the first western and eastern Slavs entered (after all, they genetically turned out to be very similar), and in the second - South Slavs. The comparison was carried out by the presence of the same chromosome fragments in people originating from these groups of populations. This method is called an IBD analysis - its name comes from the classic concept of population genetics "Identical by Descent", that is, the search for genetic fragments identical by origin. These fragments are in different people, representatives of different populations, are inherited from the same general ancestor for them. It is clear that almost one descendant of the representative of the Western and Eastern Slavs can be found almost in any population of the world, and, on the contrary, among Eastern Slavs can be found at least one descendant almost any people in the world. But these are single coincidences - therefore population genetics and exploring the population, and not individual representatives. Those populations in which there are many such coincidences are found in significant relationship with each other, more precisely, have a significant number of common ancestors. These common fragments are essentially haptotypes similar to MTDNA hapotypes and Y-chromosomes by the fact that they also have one ancestor, but excellent in that it is broken by recombinations - the exchange of sections between chromosomes who came from the father and from the mother, division cell. And the haplotypes provide dating and on autosomal markers - knowing the speed of recombination, it is possible to estimate how much time from common ancestors, that is, whether there was a generality of gene pool.

The number of common haplotypes between the "West Eastern" Slavs was calculated (the authors had to use this clumsy term for the absence of the best) and eight other groups of the peoples of Europe:

1) Southern Slavs (Bulgarians, Bosnians, Macedonians, Slovenians, Croats);
2) populations of Western Europe (Italians, Germans, French);
3) Balt populations (Latvians, Lithuanians);
4) populations of Northeastern Europe (West Finnish peoples - Veps, Karelia, Finns, Estonians);
5) populations of Central Europe, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is between the West Eastern and Southern Slavs - their authors are conventionally called "between Slavic populations"; These are surprisingly multilingual populations: Gagauzi speak in the language of the Turkic group of the Altai language family, Hungarians - in the language of the Ural language family, and Romanians - the language of the Romance group);
6) Greeks;
7) populations of the Volga region and the Urals (Bashkirs, Komi, Mordva, Tatars, Udmurts, Chuvashi);
8) North Caucasian populations (Adygi, Balkarians, Nogai).

If you take the number of common haplotypes between the West Eastern and South Slavs for the standard, the part of the surrounding non-Slavic populations will (according to the number of common haplotypes) above this reference, part below, and the part is equal to it. Below is the standard (that is, there are smaller relationship with West Eastern Slavs than the Southern Slavs) were the peoples of the Volga region, Western Europe, the Caucasus, as well as the Greeks.

It would seem that we can talk about the greater kinship of Slavic gene pools with each other than with the surrounding non-Slavic peoples. In part, it is so, but everything is not so simple - the relationship of the Balts and Northeastern Europe's Populations (Veps, Karelia, Finns, Latvians, Lithuanians, Northern Russians, Latvians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Northern Russians, and Estonians) was twicest. It is possible to fall into the opposite extreme and assume that the "West-Eastern" Slavs are genetically related to non-Southern Slavs, but only their geographical neighbors are probably due to the assimilation of the people's relatives. But the picture further complicates the fact that with the peoples living in the territories in the middle between the "Western Eastern" and Southern Slavs - that is, with Hungarians, Romanians and Gagauzes - in the Western-Eastern Slavs, the number of general fragments of the genome is the same as with southern Slavs (these "between-Slavic" populations are at the level of the reference).

Therefore, the authors spent another similar analysis, but now putting the consideration center of the Southern Slavs in the Center. The number of general genetic fragments and surrounding groups of populations compared. It turned out that the number of common fragments in the Southern Slavs with the "Western-Eastern" Slavs approximately the same as the number of their common fragments with "between Slavic" populations (Gagauz, Hungarians, Romanians). But the number of common fragments with geographically neighboring Greeks is much smaller. We take into account that the West Eastern Slavs are geographically further from South Slavs than "between-Slavic", so in terms of geography, the number of common fragments with the "West Eastern" Slavs would have to be less. And since this is not the case, it means that the Language relations of the "West-Eastern" and South Slavs are partly manifested by the analysis of common genome fragments. Moreover, although the general fragments of the genome, found between the two groups of Slavs and differ in length, fragments about 2-3 centimorganide long more than others, namely such a length fragments and should have been preserved since the Slavic expansion of the second half of the Millennium AD

These results on the Slavs, of which cannot be made of unambiguous conclusions, should be compared with a recent similar study of Turkic-speaking populations (Yunusbaev et al., 2015). It would seem that in both cases there is a quick distribution of speakers of languages \u200b\u200b(respectively, Turkic or Slavic) in extensive territories, which cannot be accompanied by the assimilation of local (Dotuurk or Dlavyansky) population. But in the case of Turks, the method of analyzing common fragments revealed - let a very small component of the genome, which the Turks brought with their probable Altai pranodine. And in the case of Slavs, the picture turned out to be much more complex. It may be due to the fact that the Turks during the resettlement were often assimilated genetically sharply different from them and from each other of the population, and the Slavs spread through the territory of Europe with its relatively homogeneous gene pool, and a part of the assimilated populations was relative, at least Balt Groups.

In general, two outputs can be made from this analysis of common fragments. First of all, the results of mixing the gene pool of West Eastern Slavs with other populations of the northern part of Eastern Europe are clearly visible. Secondly, albeit is not so expressive - a somewhat large degree of kinship of the Western and Eastern and South Slavs is visible, which one could expect, based on the geographical distance between them.

Scheme and results of the analysis of general fragments of the genome (IBD)

Reconstruction of the tree of languages.

The authors team included not only genetics, but also leading Russian linguists. This made it possible to use in this work a refined tree of kinship of balto-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bthanks to updating and rechecking the lexicostatic data array. Lexicostatism is engaged in identifying the speed of language changes and the determination of the time of separation of related languages \u200b\u200band the degree of kinship between them. The source material was lexical lists (listing lists) of 20 modern balto-Slavic languages \u200b\u200band dialects.

After the separation of the Balt and Slavic branches, the first fork in the Slavic branch was Triple - the division of the Slavs to Western, Eastern and South branches - and dated about 1900 years ago. Further division of Slavic languages \u200b\u200bbegan in the V-VI centuries (about 1300-1500 years ago): the eastern branch was divided into Russian and Ukrainian / Belarusian, Western branch - on Czech / Slovak, Protosorbskoluzhitsky and Polish / Kashubsky, Southern Branch - to Serbian-Croatian , Bulgarian, Macedonian. The allocation of modern languages \u200b\u200boccurred 1000-500 years ago. Such a dating of a tree corresponds to historical and archaeological data, which are told about the rapid spread of Slavs in Europe in the second half of the 1st millennium AD.

Genetic diversity at different levels of linguistic wood

Since the linguistic tree of Slavic languages \u200b\u200bis so accurately built, it became possible to analyze how the genetic diversity of Slavic populations is distributed on this tree, estimated by the frequencies of the Y-chromosome haplog groups. This analysis is carried out using the standard AMOVA test procedure.

It turned out that the genetic differences between populations speaking in the same language, although they vary from almost zero values \u200b\u200b(for speaking in Czech or Macedonian) to a value of 0.05 (for speaking northern dialects of the Russian language), on average, 0.01.

Further, the frequencies in all these populations of one people were averaged and the middle ethnic frequencies of haplogroup were obtained. And then the genetic differences between these midnish characteristics of peoples within each branch of Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwere calculated. These differences were not quite the same for different branches: for example, for Western Slavs, the differences are more than for the eastern, but this could be expected, looking at the graphs of their genetic relationships. However, on average, the differences between ethnic groups turned out to be more - 0.03.

Finally, the average frequencies of the haplogroup were calculated for the three branches of Slavic languages \u200b\u200b- Western, Eastern and South - and the differences between them increased by another twice - about 0.06.

According to the principle of equidistance developed by the Patriotic School of Genogeography, if the population system develops in itself, without greater external influences, the gradual separation of populations leads to a linear accumulation and linguistic, and genetic diversity. As a result, the genetic diversity is approximately the same at all levels - that between the populations of one people, which is between the ethnos of one branch, which is between different branches (their averaged characteristics). Indeed, because the ancestors of different groups of the Slavs were once only close to each other with the populations of one people, and their languages \u200b\u200bwere no longer more than the dialects of one language. And averaging frequencies in all modern branch populations, we, as it were, we find her center of gravity, point of origin, reconstruct the gene pool of this ancestral population.

But all this, as mentioned above, it works only when the populations are provided by themselves and interact with neighbors themselves. However, for the Slavs of genetic diversity in different hierarchical levels, it is not the same: with equidistance, they should be 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, and they differ sharply - 0.06, 0.03, 0.01. This suggests that the populations of Slavs were just actively mixed with the surrounding peoples. And the fact that the greatest variability comes from the most ancient level (the differences between the three branches of Slavic languages) indicates that these interactions were particularly strong in the early stages of the history of Slavic populations.

Rodality or neighborhood?

Compare the roles that played geography and languages \u200b\u200bin the formation of the genetic diversity of balto-Slavic populations, with the help of a master dough. Geography plays a double role. Of course, this is a geographical neighborhood factor that brings the gene pool through mixed marriages between neighbors. But on the other hand, geography can reflect the origin when the related peoples do not leave far from each other, but settle on neighboring territories. Languages \u200b\u200bare a factor in the initial relationship of gene pools or parts of gene pools inherited from common ancestors together with the general language (or not inherited if the language was changed, and the gene pool remained almost the same).

The test was independently carried out for three genetic systems: Y-chromosome, MTDNA and autosomal markers. All three test options showed an extremely high correlation between the genetics and the geographical position of populations (0.80-0.95). But a very high correlation was also detected between genetics and linguistics (0.74-0.78). Since linguistic indicators themselves highly correlate with geography, the authors considered a private correlation to distinguish the direct and indirect influence of geography into two other systems. In the exclusion of the geographical factor, the private correlation with linguistics has become much lower (0.3 for MTDNA and 0.2 for the remaining two systems), while for all three genetic systems correlation with geography when excluding linguistics factor, remains large (0, 5 for MTDNA and 0.8 for the other two systems). This indicates that the connection with the geographical factor is the main, and high bond with linguistics is often determined by the fact that peoples speaking related languages \u200b\u200bare both geographic neighbors.

Two substrates in Slavic Genofonds

Genetics believe that, spreading through Europe, the Slavs assimilated local populations that lived in these territories in the Dlavyansky times. This is the genetic substrate they have absorbed into themselves, and this substrate varies in different territories. The results of the work allowed to highlight two main substrate. The Central Eastern European Substrate accepted Western and Eastern Slavs (on the spectrum of the ancestral components, it is expressed in blue, and in the data on the Y-chromosome, these populations carry high frequencies of the haplogroup R1A). Another, "South Eastern European substrate", has absorbed the Southern Slavs (this is blue in the spectrum of the ancestral components, and the feature of the Y-chromosomal gene pool is high frequencies of the I2A haplogroup).

In favor of this conclusion about the importance of the substrate in the formation of the gene pool of Slavs, there are three arguments.

Firstly, the fact that the combined group of Western and Eastern Slavs has fewer general fragments of the genome with southern Slavs than with populations of Northeastern Europe, including Balt and Finno-Ugric peoples. The special genetic proximity of the Finno-Ugra with the Balta is visible on the schedules of the main components, and on the graphs of multidimensional scaling. And just the peoples of the Balt and Finno-Ugric Language Groups and were resettled on that part of the Eastern European Plain, which then entered the area of \u200b\u200bSlavs.

Secondly, the AMOVA test also indicates the important role of the substrate, since the genetic diversity between the different branches of Slavs is much higher than the diversity within the branches; Such a picture should have been formed if the eastern and southern branches of Slavs assimilated genetically different populations.

Thirdly, the prevailing role of geography in the formation of a gene pool of Slavs speaks about the same. After all, if there was no inclusion of the substrate, then the overall origin fixed in the language could not but affect the similarity of the gene pool, even when some groups of Slavs migrated for a distant distance from their relatives. But such a role of linguistic kinship was found not. Almost: the genetic similarity between the Dlavyan populations, who lived in the territory of half of Europe, should have been approximately proportional to the geographical distances between them, but in no way associated with the language relationship between the Slavic groups, which then came to these lands. Then, if the substrate prevails in modern Slavic gene pools, the similarity of these gene phones should follow geographic distances. What was revealed.

Synthesis of data on different genetic and non-genetic systems.

In genetic work at every step, the word "analysis" is found, and very rarely "synthesis". Here, "Synthesis" is made even in the name of the work. What does it mean?

It has already been said that this study is unique in that every person has been studied almost for a large group of related peoples, and studied in all three modern genetic systems, but in addition, linguistic relationship between them is quantitatively rated. And this allows the example of Slavs to see how three different genetic systems, linguistics and geography are connected with each other - and synthesize these heterogeneous data into general conclusions. It is even more important that the comparison of genetic and linguistic reconstructions with geography has a long tradition in population genetics.

The correlations of all five systems (three genetic, linguistic and geographical) are shown on each other. The very high similarity of all five systems is striking: None of the correlation coefficients fall below 0.68 - that is, in fact 0.7, which is considered in population genetics a very high correlation. And the highest odds reach the maximum possible ceiling (correlation 0.95). Special compliance is noted for y-chromosomal and autosomal markers and geographical position. It can be said that these three characteristics of balt-Slavic populations form a interconnected triad (correlation coefficients above 0.9, dark red color in the picture).

Compliance of the results on different systems of signs confirms the reliability of such results. It also indicates the prospect of the so-called polysisystem approach. This approach consists, firstly, in a parallel analysis of different systems of signs; secondly, in unconditional trust, only those regularities that are not detected on some one system, but for most systems; Thirdly, in attentive consideration of cases when some system is knocked out of the general pattern. In this article, the authors were widely used by a polysisystem approach. Formulating the statements about the genetic similarity or difference of certain peoples, the authors were checked every time, whether they are confirmed by most of the systems used. And the fact that linguistics comes out of the general pattern, served as one of the arguments in favor of the hypothesis of the predominance of the substrate.

Such a pattern of almost complete coincidence of three genetic systems with each other, their coincidence and with geography, but only partial similarities with linguistics can serve as a lighthouse and for future studies of the gene pools of other regions of the world. At the same time, this pattern is not universal for the whole world: For populations with contrasting the origin of the male and female parts of the population, data on the Y-chromosome and MTDNA can vary greatly (which is shown, for example, in the Quintano-Murci et al., 2008), And for populations in which the processes of gradual growth and crushing prevailed over the mohethisation, genetics can be more correlated with linguistics than with geography (as shown, for example, in Article Balanovsky et al., 2011).

History of Slavic Genoons: Research Results

First of all, it is a predominance in the Slavic populations of the Dlavyan substrate - two asymalized genetic components - Eastern European for Western and Eastern Slavs and South European for South Slavs. (Too long names "Central Eastern European" and "South-Eastern European" for brevity is more convenient to call Eastern European and South European, remembering that they do not extend to Western Europe, but are in the eastern half of it with dichotomous division of Europe).

But, despite the fact that in the gene pool of the Western and Eastern Slavs, the assimilated component of their neighbors in the Eastern European Plain, these Slavic populations form a genetically rather holistic group, distinguished both from their Western neighbors (German-speaking populations) and from the neighbors of Eastern and Northern (Finno-Ugric peoples). Of course, this rule can be found a couple of exceptions, but they are focused on the periphery of the range of Western and Eastern Slavs. For example, a peculiar gene pool of Chekhov has a certain genetic similarity with their German neighbors in the West, but other West Slavic populations (Poles and Sortes) are genetically clearly separated from their neighbors-Germans. Similarly, at the other end of the Slavic range, the northern Russians have a pronounced similarity with the Finno-Ugric and Balt populations, but there is no such obvious similarity for the central or southern Russians, not to mention other Slavic peoples.

Therefore, it can be assumed that after the main stage of the distribution of Slavic languages \u200b\u200band the assimilation of the Dlavyansky substrate has passed, the formation of local features of the gene pool began. It proceeded differently for different parts of the extensive range of Western and Eastern Slavs, but the initial relationship (the general substrate plus the general Slavic superstand) and, probably, the intensive subsequent exchange of genes inside the Slavic range, serticated Western and Eastern Slavs into a single genetic community.

The work is made a cautious assumption that the assimilated substrate could be presented by the advantage of motivated populations. Indeed, archaeological data indicate the very widespread of the Balt Group before the start of the settlement of the Slavs. Anthropologists revealed both the Balt Substrate in the Slavs (though, the anthropologists revealed with Finno-Ugric). Genetic data obtained in this work - and on graphs of genetic relationships, and at the share of general fragments of the genome - indicate that modern Balt peoples are the closest genetic neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. At the same time, the Balts are linguistically closest relatives of Slavs. And it can be assumed that by the time of assimilation, their gene pool was not so different from the gene pool began their widespread settlement of Slavs. Therefore, it is assumed that the Slavs spread to East assimilated in the advantage of the Balt, this can explain the similarity of modern Slavic and Balt peoples with each other, and their differences from the surrounding non-balto-Slavic groups of Europe.

As for the southern Slavs, the story of their gene pool could proceed a similar way, although independent of Western and Eastern Slavs. Southern Slavs assimilated a significant part of the Dlavyan population of the Balkan, which possessed a different gene pool than the population of East European Plain as assimilated by the eastern and Western Slavs. Therefore, South Slavic populations also discover the greater similarity with non-Slavic populations of the Balkans (Romanians and Hungarians) than with other Slavic peoples.

A source:

Genetic Heritage Of The Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis Of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data

Alena Kushniarevich, Olga Utevska, Marina Chuhryaeva, Anastasia Agdzhoyan, Khadizhat Dibirova, Ingrida Uktverite, Märt Möls, Lejla Kovačević, Andrey Pshenichnov, Svetlana Frolova, Andrey Shanko, Ene Metspalu, Maere Reidla, Kristiina Tambets, Erika Tamm, Sergey Koshel, Valery Zaporozhchenko , Lubov Atramentova, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Oleg Davydenko, Lidya Tegako, Irina Evseeva, Michail Churnosov, Elvira Pocheshchova, Bayazit Yunusbaev, Elza Khusnutdinova, Damir Marjanović, Pavao Rudan, Siiri Rootsi, Nick Yankovsky, Phillip Endicott, Alexei Kassian, Anna Dybo, The Genographic Consortium, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska, Mait Metspalu, Toomas Kivisild, Richard Villems and Oleg Balanovsky

http://lenta.ru/articles/2015/09/15/balto/

Radio transfer:

Oleg Balanovsky in the transfer of "Motherland of Elephants" (the radio station "says Moscow")

http: //xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/wp-conpttent/uploads/2015_09_15_rodina_slonov.mp3

Oleg Balanovsky in the program "Science in Focus" (Radio Station "Echo of Moscow")

http://1.cdn.cho.msk.ru/snd/2015-09-18-naukafokus-1605.mp3

Oleg Balanovsky on the radio station "Satellite" (the Voice of Russia), agency "Russia today"

http: //xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/wp-conpttent/uploads/151008_interview_balanovsky_genofond_researches.mp3

Transmission on television:

Oleg Balanovsky in the program "Hamburg Account", Public Television of Russia (OTP)

Double Study Double Continent Two articles that came out almost simultaneously in Nature and Science are devoted to the genetic reconstruction of America's settlement by the methods of analyzing full genomes. Their conclusions are similar. In the article by David Raikh (Nature), in addition to the main migration from Siberia, the beginning of all the indigenous populations of America, found - while the mysterious - "Australo-Melanesian trail" in some populations of South American Indians. The article of the Esk Willersleva (Science) is found, although his source could include, except Australo Melanesia, also East Asia.

Origin of Slavs, Biochemical version We publish the review of the archaeologist and philologist, doctor of historical sciences L.S. Klein on the book A. A. Klesovova "Origin of Slavs", published in the journal "Russian Archaeological Yearbook".

How to build trees? Check on Lezghian languages For the first time, a full-fledged test of modern phylogenetic methods at the lexical material of the Lezghinsky language group was carried out.

The Great Britain's Genetic Map opened the window to the past Researchers first created a detailed map of the genetic structure of the UK populations. In the gene pool of the modern population, it was possible to see the reflection of the most important events in the history of the settlement of the British Isles.

Genetics clearly showed: who ARIET and who is not. We are ancient arias.
For us ancient God.
Here are our expanses
And our sky.
(Kolovrat)

It is believed that grandfather considered the Aryans only the Nordic Ras (Norwegians, Swedes, Danes and Germans), he considered all other Europeans to be the second varieties, except for Slavs, Jews and Roma. Jews and Roma should have been completely destroyed - well, dick with them, no conversation about them. But the Slavs were to be destroyed by 2/3, the Slavs, he considered Nedochlochki, Der Untermenschen. Let's see what the genetics will tell us who Ariana, and who is untermenha.

And we will come back to the question on races. And then the grandfather was not right: the focus of origin and the range of propagation of the Nordic race is an accurate copy of the focus of origin and the distribution range of R1a-haplogroup. And, in general, this is a very popular error - to consider blue-eyed blondes of the Nordic Race. Blonde (white albinism) is a sign of cricks, the ancient Poary population of Northern Europe. And the Aryans were Rusyi, and they were not white albinism, but yellow (golden) is like this Russian child.

And we will return to the question on races.

The Y-chromosome is transmitted from the Father to the Son almost unchanged and does not experience "mixing" and "dilution" by maternal heredity. This allows it to be used as a mathematically accurate tool to determine the origin of the paternal line. If the term "dynasty" has any biological meaning, then this is the inheritance of the Y-chromosome. But from time to time there are neutral mutations, ignored by natural selection. Some of these mutations turned out to be comfortable markers to designate ancient ancestor populations that settled on the ground. This marker is called a "y-chromosomal haplogroup" and it determines the set of men united by the presence of such a marker, i.e., originating from the general ancestor. In total, these haplog groups 18, they are reviewed by codes consisting of Latin letters from A to R. There is not a single people consisting of only one haplogroup. Each modern people consists of 2 hplogroups at a minimum. The Russian gene pool consists of 7 major haplogroups, the leading place (on average, half) in which it belongs to the R1a-haplogroup, called "Aryan".

R1A, Aryan Gaplogroup.

The first overall ancestor of modern Aryans lived in South Russian steppes several thousand years ago. Russian average percentage of this haplogroup - 47 than north - the smaller (because of the impurity of Finno-Ugrome genes) than south - the more, in small old cities and rural outback, according to scientist Clasov, Max. The percentage of the Aryan haplogroup reaches 85%, but we will take only the average numbers applicable to Central Russia, or the middle lane of Russia.

according to different data (different scientists, different years, different parts of the country, different sampling)

Indo-European in the Peoples of Europe:

luzhic 63.
poles 49-63.
belarusians 39-60
russians 47-59
ukrainians 42-54
slovaks 47.
lithuanians 36-45
latvians 38-41
czechs 29-41
norwegians 18-31
germans 6-31.
greeks 5-25
romanians 6-20.
swedes 9-19
serbs 14-16
bulgarians 15.
italians 0-10.
british 3-9
spaniards 1-2.
french 0.

So the grandfather was a pizdobol! As you can see, true Aryans are Slavs (Western and Eastern) and Balts. And that's all! The Germans and Scandinavians smoke, but about the Britain, Makaroknikov and Frogs, I generally keep silent. And the Southern Slavs are the Slavs only in language and history. History was, only here from the Aryan genes remained little.

Neunity European peoples of Europe:

mordva 22-39
estonians 27-37
tatars 24-34.
hungarians 20-30 (in one source I even saw 60 - what it is not particularly believed)
finns 2-19

And we will come back to Mordve and Tatars.

Indo-European peoples of Asia:

ishkachi (Pamir Tajiks) 68
tajiks Khujand 64.
pashtun 45.
also a very high percentage of Brahmanov (but only Brahmanov!) India's India-Aryan

That Tajiks Indo-European (Aryan people) on race, genes and language, it is so, but not all. The high percentage of Aryan genes is only at the Khujand and Mountain Pamir Tajik peoples, in other Tajiks in their mass, it within 19-25%. But what is bad: Tajiks burned under the southern sun, mixed with the surrounding non-Russian peoples, including the Mongoloid, and that the worst and decisive: they are Muslims. Therefore, at least we are relatively related, but they have not been brothers for a long time.

Non-invo-European peoples of Asia:

kyrgyz 64.
altai 38-53
as well as Uzbeks, Uigurs and some peoples of Western China (! How not to mention about Yuezhei)

And this is completely fucking! I will try to explain. Ancient Arias lived throughout the steppe from the Black Sea in the West to Altai Mountains in the East. In the East, adjacent to the ancient Turkic tribes. It turns out that part of the Aryan tribes went east and mixed with them, since every two of the three Kyrgyz had an ancestor was an ancient Ary. In addition to the data of genetics, this is confirmed by archeology: Aryan burials on the steppe spaces of Asia, and even for a long time after Ariyev, the ancient Kirghiz and the Altaians also poured the mounds, as learned from Ariev. Why are the descendants of Ariyev and Kyrgyz women picked up? Further, the descendants of Arii were constantly married to the Lunolic Eastern beauties - so from the generation to generation all the subsequent descendants and pussy, plus the stubbaze's constant with sepotees asia asia from the expanses of Central Asia and Siberia. Maybe it is so though, xs. Strange, of course, aware that every two of the three Kyrgyz had an ancestor an ancient Aria, and these diagonal insidious Asians our relatives for genes ...

Genofund Russian

(Middle values, in relation to the center of Russia)

1) R1A, Aryan Gaplogroup

Percentage: 47.

Where did the ancestor lived: South Russian steppes

Ancient media: Aryans

Modern media: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Luzhian, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Latvians, etc.

As I got into the Genophobe of Slavs: We, Russians, and there are direct descendants of the ancient Ariyev-Praslavan + asymalized by the Slavs of the Ancient Environment (Scythians, Sarmatians, Roxolants) and the ancient Balt tribes.

Distribution: everywhere. Decreases to the north (Astrakhan, Vologda, Kostroma region - drops to 35%), increases to the southwest (Chernozem, Rostov region - more than 60%).

2) N1, Finno-Ugric Haplogroup

Percentage: 17.

Where the ancestor lived: initially - Siberia, later - north, northeast of the Vost.-European Plain

Ancient carriers: Chud, all, measuring, Meshreir, Murom, etc.

Modern media: Finns, Estonians, Mordva, Marijah, etc.

As I got into the Genofund of Slavs: the assimilation of the Finno-Ugric population when expanding the territory of Russia to the north and east.

Distribution: increases to the north (in the northern regions of Russia to 36%), decreases sharply to the south (4-6%).

I, the prehistoric doaric population of Europe, the descendants of Cryanons - the first people of Europe after the departure of the glacier

3) I2, Balkan Gaplogroup

Percentage: 11.

Where did the ancestor lived: the Adriatic coast of the Balkan

Ancient media: unknown. In already historical time, it is Thracians, Illyrians, etc.

Modern media: Southern Slavs (Bosnians, Croats, Slovenians, Serbs, Montenegrin, Macedonians, Bulgarians), Sarda

As I got into the Genofund of Slavs: the assimilation of the most ancient population of the Balkan in the process of ethnogenesis of the Old Slavic tribes, migrations from the Balkans in ancient times, the expansion of Slavs to the Balkan ps in the already historical time (VI-X century), contacts with Bulgarians, part of the Balkan peoples probably joined To the army of the Slavs in the fight against Byzantium and left them on Russia, migration with the Balkans in the already later time.

Distribution: decreases to the north (~ 5%), increases by the south, southwest (up to 16-18%).

5) I1, Scandinavian haplogroup

Percentage: 5.5

Where did the ancestor lived: the south of the Scandinavian p-ov

Ancient media: unknown. In the already historical time - these are Normans (Vikings)

Modern media: Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders, Danes, Germans, etc.

As the Slavs Genofund hit: the assimilation of the oldest population of the North of Europe, contacts with the ancient German tribes.

Distribution: slightly increases to the north (~ 6%, and in some areas it reaches 18%), decreases to the south (~ 4%).

4) R1B, Celtic haplogroup. The relatives of the Aryan Celtic branch of the peoples spared early from the proto-indescenes (protoaryans) and developed by their way.

Percentage: 7.7

Where did the ancestor lived: Iberia

Ancient media: Celts

Modern media: Portuguese, Spaniards, French, British, Scots, Welsh, Irish, Bretonians, Germans, Danes, Dutch, Basque (Basis - Celtic on genes, but non-invo-European in the language, people are probably the most ancient people of Europe), Italians, Population of Switzerland, etc.

As Slavs got into the gene pool: contacts with Celtic and the ancient German tribes of Central Europe (on the Western borders of the settlement of Slavs), assimilation of the sharp.

Distribution: increases south.

6) E1B1B, Mediterranean Haplogroup

Percentage: 5,2

Where there was ancestor: Initially - East Africa or Front Asia (Golden Crescent region), later - the Mediterranean region, Balkans

Ancient media: Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Ancient Greeks

Modern media: Berbers, Arabs of North African countries, Greeks, Portuguese, Italians, Albanians, Serbs, etc.

Distribution: uneven. Not at all is characteristic of the North of Russia. More found in the center.

7) J2, Eastern Mediterranean Haplogroup

Percentage: 3,3.

Where there was an ancestor: initially - Front Asia, later - the pool of the Aegean Sea, Balkans, Malaya Asia

Ancient carriers: Midway (residents of ancient Crete), Phoenicians, Ancient Greeks

Modern media: Arabs, Kurds, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks, Italians, Turks, Ossetians, Armenians, Albanians, Romanians, Bulgarians

As I got into the Genofund of Slavs: the assimilation of the most ancient agricultural tribes that moved to the Balkans from the Golden Crescent region, migration with the Balkans, contacts with Byzantium.

Distribution: uneven, in many regions of Russia almost does not occur, and individual foci with centers in Vologda (7.5%), Smolensk (7%), Belgorod (4%) and Kuban (4%).

Other haplogroups (with an insignificant fraction of impurities).

G, Caucasian haplogroup. Detected by half of the Trench Cossacks. Also occurs in some way in a very small number of Russian south of Russia (in Kuban - 1%).

Mongoloid haplogroups. FROM, Mongolian haplogroup, and Q., East Siberian, Russians, can be said, do not meet (there are only in some way and in microscopic quantities: 0.2% -0.3%). Only in the Cossacks there are about 1% haplogroup q - traces of the Cossacks of Turkic Peoples (Torka, Berendeia, Black hoods) traces of the ethnogenesis of the Cossacks. Therefore, the saying "Dark Russian - you will find Tatarin" incorrect. Tatar-Mongolian IHO did not affect the GenoFond Russians. But the Russians still found 1.5% of the mongoloid genes - on the mother line (according to mitochondrial DNA), the rest of the same maternal lines are purely European.

Of course, the Russian gene pool is not the "Salonian team", but the synthesis with the formation of a new unity. Genetic sets of source groups were completely mixed, except for those signs that are transmitted through Y-chromosomes and talk about who was your ancestor in a straight father's line.

It is worth noting that the Russians are homogeneous (homogeneous, internally pure) nation. For example, Russian from Moscow, from Stavropol and from the Far East, have the same, the same structure of a set of haplogroup. What can not be said about other people's peoples - for example, German from Meclander and German from Bavaria or Englishman from Essex and Englishman from Sussex or Italian from the north of Italy and Italian from the south - this will be very highly distinguished by the structure of a set of hplogroups.

Mordve alignment:

E1B1B \u003d 0; N2 \u003d 2.4; N1 \u003d 16.9; R1a \u003d 26.5 (Erzya R1a \u003d 39.1, Moksha R1a \u003d 21.7); R1B \u003d 13.3; I1a \u003d 12; I1B \u003d 2.4; J2 \u003d 0.
N2 Also, the Finnoangian haplogroup (Western Siberia), data on the Mongoloid Haplogroups C and q did not find. A significant percentage of the Aryan haplogroup is explained by the influence of Aryan blood, not otherwise. And the fact that Erzya always puts herself above Moksha, considering Moksha with the back of the 2nd grade, now finds his confirmation :)
Russian Mordovia - R1A \u003d from 50 to 60%.

Photorobote of a typical Russian man
Created by artists "Power" on
The basis of images is typical
Representatives of the population
of different regions of Russia

Russian Genofund

Russian scientists completed and prepare for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. Power correspondents Daria Laan and Sergey Petukhov got acquainted with the results of this study and realized that their publication may have unpredictable consequences for Russia and world order.

The self-identification of the Russian people has long prevented the Soviet state ideology of internationalism. An additional obstacle was the defeat in the Soviet Union of Genetics as the science and substitution of its Michurinskaya Lzhenauka, according to which heredity did not exist at all in nature. The situation began to change only in the late 1960s, when American scientists have published sensational results of the study of the genotype of a typical American. The result of the genetic screening of the US population really went beyond the scope of academic science and caused real shock from American citizens. It turned out that for incomplete 200 years of American statehood, its reference citizen - White, Anglo-Saxon origin and Protestant religion - became genetically by 30% Negro. The results of the Americans were interested in the Soviet officials, so the first laboratories on the population genetics of the person were created in the USSR. They were engaged exclusively to study the heredity of small peoples, and most of the results obtained immediately received a vulture "for official use." Studies of the title nation could be carried out only by anthropological methods.

Entertaining anthropology

Typical representatives
Vologdo Vyatka Zone

Anthropologists managed to identify the appearance of a typical Russian man in several dozen years of tense studies. To do this, they had to translate all photos from the photomet of the Museum of Anthropology with images of the Afas and to the profile of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them on the pupils of the eyes, impose on each other. The final photographs turned out, naturally blurred, but they gave an idea of \u200b\u200bthe form of reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts of French scientists led to the result, which they had to hide from citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the photos of reference Jacques and Mariannes were watched by gray faceless ovals of individuals. Such a picture Even the most distant from the anthropology of the French could cause an unnecessary question: is there any French nation?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further the creation of photographs of typical representatives of the Russian population of various regions of the country and did not put them on each other to get the appearance of an absolute Russian person. "The authorities" they explained this allegedly scientific non-informativeness of such work, but in the end they were forced to admit that they could have trouble at work for such a photo. By the way, the "regional" photographs of Russian people were published in broad printing only in 2002, and before that were published with small circulations only in scientific publications for specialists. Only in this issue "Power" fills this gap of Russian anthropology and first publishes photographs of absolutely Russian people, obtained by us by overlaying the "regional" Russian people on each other. Now you yourself can judge how much they look like typical cinematic Ivanosh and Marry.

Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of people of Russian people do not allow to transmit growth, physique, skin color, hair and eyes of the Russian man. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. It is a medium-sized body and medium-sized light shaws with bright eyes - gray or blue. By the way, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained during the research. The reference Ukrainian is distinguished from Russian color, hair and eyes color, he is a dark brunette with the right features of the face and brown eyes. The drunken nose was absolutely not characteristic of Eastern Slavica (only 7% of Russian and Ukrainians are found), this feature is more typical for the Germans (25%).

However, the anthropological measurements of the proportions of the human body are not even a past, but a last century of science, which has long received at its disposal the most accurate methods of molecular biology, which allow you to read all human genes. And the most advanced DNA analysis methods today are sequencing (reading by the spellers of the genetic code) of the mitochondrial DNA and the human y-chromosome DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted through the female line from generation to generation almost unchanged since the time when Eva tears the aid man in East Africa. And the Y-chromosome is only in men and therefore, it is also practically unchanged to male offspring, while all other chromosomes when passing from the father and mother their children are touched by nature, as a deck of cards before distributing. Thus, in contrast to indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and DNA Y-chromosome is undoubtedly and directly indicate the degree of human relationship.

Entertaining genioography

In the West, the population genetics of a person has been successfully used by these methods for two decades. In Russia, they were applied only once, in the mid-1990s, - when identifying royal remains. The fracture in the situation with the use of the most modern methods for studying the title nation of our country was only in 2000. The Russian Foundation for Fundamental Studies allocated approximately half a million rubles from state budget to the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with this financing. But it was rather a sign than just a financial decision talking about changing the country's scientific priorities. The scholars from the laboratory of the population genetics of the medical and genetic center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences for the first time in domestic history were able to fully focus on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small nations for three years. And the limitations of financing only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies by analyzing the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but his informativeness exceeded all expectations: comparison of geography of surnames with geography of genetic DNA markers showed almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, the interpretation of the family analysis, which appeared in the media by this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal), could create an impression of the goals and results of the huge work of scientists. As the project manager of the project, Dr. Science, explained the "authorities" of the project, the main thing was not the fact that Smirnov's name was more common among Russian people than Ivanov, and the fact that the first list of truly Russian surnames was compiled on the regions of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend the mass of time, collecting Russian names with their own forces. The Central Election Commission and Election Commissions at the places flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, motivating this by the fact that only subject to the secrecy of voters lists, they can guarantee the objectivity and honesty of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for inclusion in the list of surname was very soft: it turned on, if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region in the region. At first, lists were drawn up on five conventional regions - the Northern, Central, Central West, Central Eastern and South. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames broke through all regions, most of whom were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When you impose regional lists to each other, scientists allocated only 257 so-called "community names". Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add to the southern region of the souls of the inhabitants of the Krasnodar Territory to the list, expect that the predominance of the Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, sent here Catherine II, will significantly reduce the community list. But this additional restriction has shrunk the list of community surnames only 7 units - up to 250 (see List). What came out obvious and not for everyone a pleasant conclusion that Kuban inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did Ukrainians have been going to and whether there were a big question.

For three years, project participants
"Russian Genofund" (in the photo - his
Head Elena Balanovskaya)
bypassed the syringe and the test tube a little
Is not the whole European territory of the Russian Federation
and did a very representative
Selection of Russian blood

Analysis of Russian surnames generally gives food for thinking. Even the simplest action that has committed "power," - the search for the surnames of all the leaders of the country - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them entered the list of carriers of 250 top community names - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). Surname Brezhnev occupies 3767th place in the overall list (found only in the Belgorod region of the South region). Surname Khrushchev - at 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko ranked 4749th (only the southern region). Andropova - 8939th (only southern region). Putin took 14 250th place (only the southern region). And Yeltsin did not get into the general list at all. Surname Stalin - Jugashvili - for obvious reasons were not considered. But the pseudonym Lenin fell into regional lists under the 1421th number, lifting only the first president of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev.

The result was amazing even the scientists themselves, who believed that the main difference between the carriers of South Russian surnames lies not in the ability to lead the huge power, but in the increased sensitivity of their fingers and palms. The scientific analysis of the dermatoglyphic (papillary patterns on the skin of the palms and fingers) of Russian people showed that the complexity of the pattern (from simple arcs to the loop) and the sensitivity associated with them increases from the north to the south. "A man with simple patterns on the skin of the hands can have a glass of hot tea in his hands," Dotor Balanovskaya Dr. Balanovskaya explained the essence of the differences. - And if there are a lot of looping, then unsurpassed pocket pockets were out of such people. " However, the "power" in an interview with the main geneticist of the country by Academician Sergey Inge-Evenomov (see # 24 for 2004) has already warned that the underestimation of the human genetics in his vocational guidance brought and continues to bring huge losses to the country. And again draws attention to this: after all, it is absolutely clear that in terms of improving labor productivity it is more profitable to place thin high-tech assembly production in the south of Russia, where the fingers of the population are most adapted to assemble microprocessors, and hot and not requiring fine motility of the groves of production (steel mills and Similar type) - in the north.

Escaling genuofund

However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (according to the names and dermatoglyphik) were only auxiliary for the first student of the Genoford of the title nationality in Russia. Its main molecular genetic results are now preparing for publication in the form of a "Russian Genofund" monograph, which will be released at the end of the year in the Luch publishing house. Unfortunately, part of the study due to the lack of state funding scientists had to be carried out in conjunction with foreign colleagues who many results were made a moratorium to the exit of joint publications in the scientific press. The reason for respectful, and "power", unfortunately, can not bring the original graphs and flowcharts of the DNA analysis of Russian people and their neighbors across the Russian Federation, CIS countries and some European countries. But describe this data (which are available in the disposal of "power") with words nothing prevents us. Thus, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russian and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between the Russian man and the so-called Finnish peoples (Mari, Vepsami, etc.), living in the territory of the Russian Federation, is 2-3 units. Simply put , genetically they are almost identical. And the rigid statement of the Estonian Foreign Minister on September 1 at the EU Council in Brussels (after denunciation by the Russian side of the State Border Treaty with Estonia) on discrimination of allegedly related Finnish peoples in the Russian Federation loses meaningful meaning. But because of the western scientists, the Russian Foreign Ministry could not be reasonably accused Estonia in interference in our internal, you can even say nearby, affairs. Under the same moratorium, the results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA are also falling, according to which the Russians from the Tatars are located at the same genetic distance in 30 conventional units that separate us from the Finns, but between Ukrainians from Lviv and Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time ukrainians from the left bank of Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians, like Komi-Zyryan, Mordva and Mari. It is possible to achieve as you react to these strictly scientific facts showing the natural essence of the reference electoral electorates of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. But to blame Russian scientists in falsification of this data will not be able to: then the charge will automatically spread on their Western colleagues, who have been slowing for more than a year with the publication of these results, every time the moratorium is extended.

The only thing that today can make "power" for the Russian people is to publish a map with an indication of the range, on which truly Russian genes are still preserved. Geographically, this territory coincides with Russia, the times of John Grozny and clearly shows the conventionalness of some state borders.

In conclusion, Russian scientists asked to publish their appeal to President Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. "Huge megalopolises are, in fact, black holes that suck the gene pool of the Russian people and destroy it without a trace," he says Dr. Balanovskaya. "The borders are now known, inside of which in the villages and small cities are still preserved by the original Russian genes. But there, due to the lack of money, the mother give birth less and less children. Meanwhile, against the background of huge spending of states to other needs, the target direction of material assistance for children can save the Russian gene pool from further degradation. "

250 most Russian surnames

1 Smirnov
2 Ivanov
3 Kuznetsov
4 Popov
5 Sokolov.
6 Lebedev
7 Kozlov
8 Novikov
9 Morozov
10 Petrov
11 Volkov
12 Solovyov
13 Vasilyev
14 Zaitsev
15 Pavlov
16 Semenov
17 Golubev
18 Vinogradov
19 Bogdanov
20 Vorobev
21 Fedorov
22 Mikhailov
23 Belyaev
24 Tarasov
25 Belov
26 Komarov
27 Orlov
28 Kiselev
29 Makarov
30 Andreev
31 Kovalev
32 Ilyin
33 Gusev
34 Titov
35 Kuzmin
36 Kudryavtsev
37 Baranov
38 Kulikov
39 Alekseev
40 Stepanov
41 Yakovlev
42 Sorokin
43 Sergeev
44 Romanov
45 Zakharov
46 Borisov.
47 Kore
48 Gerasimov
49 Ponomarev
50 Grigoriev
51 Lazarev
52 Medvedev
53 Erschov.
54 Nikitin
55 Sobolev
56 Ryabov
57 Polyakov
58 flowers
59 Danilov
60 Zhukov
61 Frolov.
62 Zhuravlev
63 Nikolaev
64 wings
65 Maximov
66 Sidorov
67 Osipov
68 Belousov
69 Fedotov
70 Dorofeev
71 Egorov
72 Matveyev
73 Bobrov
74 Dmitriev
75 Kalinin
76 Anisimov
77 Petukhov
78 Antonov
79 Timofeev
80 Nikiforov
81 Veselov
82 Filippov
83 Markov
84 Bolshakov
85 Sukhanov
86 Mironov
87 Shiryaev
88 Alexandrov
89 Konovalov
90 Shestakov
91 Cossacks
92 Efimov
93 Denisov
94 Gromov
95 Fomin
96 Davydov
97 Melnikov
98 Scherbakov
99 pancakes
100 kolesnikov
101 Karpov
102 Afanasyev
103 Vlasov
104 Maslov
105 Isakov
106 Tikhonov
107 Aksenov
108 Gavrilov
109 Rodionov
110 cats
111 Gorbunov
112 Kudryashov
113 Bulls
114 Zuev
115 Tretyakov
116 Saveliev
117 Panov.
118 Rybakov
119 Suvorov
120 Abramov
121 Voronov
122 Mukhin
123 archups
124 Trofimov
125 Martynov
126 Emelyanov
127 Gorshkov
128 Chernov
129 Ovchinnikov
130 Seleznev
131 Panfilov
132 Kopylov
133 Mikheev
134 Galkin
135 Nazarov
136 Lobanov
137 Lukin
138 Belyakov
139 Potapov
140 Nekrasov
141 Khokhlov
142 Zhdanov
143 Naumov
144 Silov
145 Vorontsov
146 Ermakov
147 Drozdov
148 Ignatiev
149 Savin
150 Loginov
151 Safonov
152 Kapustin
153 Kirillov
154 Moiseev
155 Eliseev
156 Koshelev
157 Kostin.
158 Gorbachev
159 Orekhov
160 Efremov
161 Isaev
162 Evdokimov
163 Kalashnikov
164 Kabanov
165 socks
166 Yudin
167 Kulagin
168 Lapin
169 Prokhorov
170 Nesterov
171 Kharitonov
172 Agafonov
173 Muravyov
174 Larionov
175 Fedoseev
176 Zimin
177 Pakhomov
178 Shubin
179 Ignatov
180 Filatov
181 Hooks
182 Rogov
183 Kulakov
184 Terentyev
185 Molchanov
186 Vladimirov
187 Artemyev
188 Guriev
189 Zinoviev
190 Grishin
191 Kononov
192 Dementiev
193 Sitnikov
194 Simonov
195 Mishin
196 Fadeev
197 Commissar
198 Mamontov
199 nose
200 Glyaev
201 balls
202 Ustinov
203 Vishnyakov
204 Evseev
205 Lavrentiev
206 Bragin
207 Konstantinov
208 Cornilov
209 Avdeev
210 Zykov
211 Biryukov
212 Sharapov
213 Nikonov
214 Schukin
215 Dyachkov
216 Odintsov
217 Sazonov
218 Yakushev
219 Krasilnikov
220 Gordeev
221 Samoilov
222 Knyazev
223 Bespalov
224 Uvarov
225 Shashkov
226 Bobyl
227 Doronin
228 Belozerov
229 Rozhkov
230 Samsonov
231 Myasnikov
232 Likhachev
233 boots
234 Sysoev
235 Fomichev
236 Rusakov
237 shooters
238 Gushchin
239 Tetherin
240 Kolobov
241 Subbotin
242 Fokin
243 Blochin
244 Seliverstov
245 Pestov
246 Kondratyev
247 Silin
248 Merkushev
249 Lykin
250 tours

Magazine Kommersant "Power" No. 38 (641) of September 26, 2005: Face of Russian Nationality: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid\u003d611986.

Nature, genetic code for all people is designed in such a way that everyone has 23 pairs of chromosomes in which all hereditary information taken from both parents. The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of MEIOS, when in the crosslinker process, each accidentally takes about half of the maternal chromosome and half of the paternal, which genes will get from mom, and which of the dad is not known, everything solves the case.

In this lottery, only one men's chromosome - Y does not participate, it is entirely transmitted from the father to his son as a relay wand. I will clarify that women have this y-chromosome at all.
In each subsequent generation in certain areas of Y-chromosomes, called loci, mutations occur, which will be transmitted to all subsequent generations of male genus. It is thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genus. On the Y chromosome, only about 1000 loci, but for a comparative analysis of haplotypes and the reconstruction of labor is used only a little more than a hundred.
In so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, it happens from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the overall picture of which is unique for each person. Through a certain amount of generations, mutations occur and the amount of tandem repetitions changes in a large or smaller side and thus on the general tree will be seen that the more mutations, the oldest overall ancestor for a group of haplotypes.

The haplogroup themselves do not bear genetic information, because Genetic information is in autosomas - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. The haplogroups are just labels of the long-lasting days, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups of Russians are most often found?

Peoples	Count Human	R1A1	R1B1,	I1,	I2,	N1c1,	E1B1B1,	J2	G2A,
Eastern, Western and South Slavs.
Russians (north)	395	34	6	10	8	35	2	1	1
Russians (Centre)	388	52	8	5	10	16	4	1	1
Russians (south)	424	50	4	4	16	10	5	4	3
Russians (everything Velikoporsi)	1207	47	7	5	12	20	4	3	2
Belorus	574	52	10	3	16	10	3	2	2
Ukrainians	93	54	2	5	16	8	8	6	3
Russians (together with Ukrainians and Belarusians)	1874	48	7	4	13	16	4	3	3
Poles	233	56	16	7	10	8	4	3	2
Slovaks	70	47	17	6	11	3	9	4	1
Cheri.	53	38	19	11	12	3	8	6	5
Slovenians	70	37	21	12	20	0	7	3	2
Croats	108	24	10	6	39	1	10	6	2
Serbs	113	16	11	6	29	1	20	7	1
Bulgarians	89	15	11	5	20	0	21	11	5
Balts, Finns, Germans, Greeks, etc.
Lithuanians	164	34	5	5	5	44	1	0	0
Latvian	113	39	10	4	3	42	0	0	0
Finns (East)	306	6	3	19	0	71	0	0	0
Finns (West)	230	9	5	40	0	41	0	0	0
Swedes	160	16	24	36	3	11	3	3	1
Germans	98	8	48	25	0	1	5	4	3
Germans (Bavarians)	80	15	48	16	4	0	8	6	5
British	172	5	67	14	6	0.1	3	3	1
Irish	257	1	81	6	5	0	2	1	1
Italians	99	2	44	3	4	0	13	18	8
Romanians	45	20	18	2	18	0	7	13	7
Ossetians	359	1	7	0		0	1	16	67
Armenians	112	2	26	0	4	0	6	20	10
Greek	116	4	14	3	10	0	21	23	5
Turks	103	7	17	1	5	4	10	24	12

The 4 most common haplogroups among Russian haplogroups are especially drawn to:
R1A1 47.0%, N1C1 20.0%, I2 10.6%, I1 6.2%
Speaking with simple words: genetic composition russian By direct male lines Y-chromosome looks like this:
Eastern Europeans - 47%
Baltets - 20%
And two guinalo groups of original Europeans since Paleolithic
Scandinavians - 6%
Balcans - 11%

Conditional names and are given in accordance with territorial maxima european Subclauses for haplogroup R1A1, N1C1, I1 and I2. The principal moment is that the descendants of the Mongols after the two-year-old Tatar-Mongolian yoke did not remain. Either left, but a very small number of direct genetic heirs from such connections. I don't want these words to question historical sources about the Mongols in Russia, but only to pay attention to the expected genetic influence on the part of the Mongol-Tatars on the Russians - it is not, or it is slightly. By the way, in the genome of the Bulgarian Tatars also a large number of carriers gaprogroup R1A1 (about 30%) and N1C1 (about 20%), but they are mostly not European origin.

Another important point, the southern Russians within the error do not differ from the Ukrainians, and the northern Russians having one of the prevailing the same haplogroup R1A1 also have a higher percentage of the haplogroup N1C1. But% N1c1 haplotypes on average 20% among Russians.

Emperors. Nikolay 2.
The first famous ancestor of the Oldenburg Great House was, referred to in the annals for 1091, Egilmar, Graph Lerigau (Mind 1108).
Nicholas II turned out to be a carrier of a haplogroup R1B1A2. - representative of the Western European line, from the Dynasty of Holstein-Gottorpov. For this German dynasty, the terminal SNIP U106 is characterized, which has the greatest distribution in North-Western Europe in places of resettlement of German tribes. It's not quite typical for russian nation DNA marker, but its presence among the Russians could also be connected with the early contacts of the Germans and Slavs.

Natural princes. Rurikovichi
Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants, referred to as "Monomashi" belong to the haplogroup N1C1-L550.which is widespread in the South Baltic region (subclace L1025) and in Fennoscandia (sub-ships Y7795, Y9454, Y17113, Y17415, Y4338). For the Rurikovsky dynasty, the terminal SNIP Y10931 is characteristic.
Some of those historians call Olgovichi (named after Oleg Svyatoslavich - the main rival of Vladimir Monomakh in the feudal struggle - and, as all the sources, his cousin) are assured) to Rurikovichs from the family of Monomashic do not have a related relationship (in a straight line male line). These are descendants of Yuri Tusk

Russian, Slavs, Indo-Europeans and Gaplogroups R1A, R1B, N1C, I1 and I2

In ancient times, about 8-9 thousand years ago there was a linguistic group, which marked the beginning of an Indo-European family of languages \u200b\u200b(at the initial stage, most likely it is haplogroup R1a and R1b). Indo-European family includes linguistic groups such as Indo-Iranians (South Asia), Slavs and Balts (Eastern Europe), Celts (Western Europe), Germans (Central, Northern Europe). They may have both general genetic ancestors, which were about 7 thousand years ago, due to migrations were in different parts of Eurasia, part of the south and east (R1A-Z93), putting the beginning of Indo-Iranian peoples and languages \u200b\u200b(in many respects by taking part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples), and the part remained in Europe and laid the formation of many European peoples (R1B-L51), including Slavs and russian in particular (R1A-Z283, R1B-L51). At various stages of formation, there were already intersections of migration flows in antiquity, which caused the presence of a large number of haplogroups in all European ethnic groups.

Slavic languages \u200b\u200bstood out of the once unified group of balto-Slavic languages \u200b\u200b(presumably archaeological culture of late cord ceramics). According to the calculations of the Starostin Linguist calculations, this happened about 3.3 thousand years ago. The period from the V century BC. By IV-V Century AD. can be considered conditionally Praslavyansky, because Balts and Slavs were already divided, but the Slavs themselves were not yet, they will appear somewhat later, in 4-6 centuries AD. At the initial stage of the formation of Slavs, about 80% was the haplogroup R1A-Z280 and I2A-M423. At the initial stage of the Balts formation, about 80% was the haplogroup N1C-L1025 and R1A-Z92. The influence and intersection of migrations of the Balts and Slavs was from the very beginning, because in many respects this division is conditionally, and in general reflects only the main trend, without details.

Iranian languages \u200b\u200bbelong to Indo-European, and the dating is the next - the oldest, from the 2nd millennium BC. According to IV century BC, medium - from the IV century BC. According to IX century AD, and a new one - from the IX century AD. Until now. That is, the oldest Iranian languages \u200b\u200bappear after the care of a part of the tribes that spoken in Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bfrom Central Asia to India and Iran. The main haplogroups were probably R1A-Z93, J2A, G2A3. The West Iranian group of languages \u200b\u200bappeared later, about the V century BC.

Thus, Indo-Aria, Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science became Indo-Europeans, this term is most adequate for such a vast and diverse group. This is completely correct. In the genetic aspect, the inhomogeneity of Indo-Europeans is striking both by Y-hplogroups and autosomas. For Indo-Iranians is characterized to a greater degree of the overall genetic effect of BMAK.

According to the Indian Vedas, it was India who came to India (in South Asia) from the north (from Central Asia), and these are their hymns and legends formed the basis of Indian Vedas. And, continuing to touch linguistics, because it is Russian (and the Baltic language related to him, for example, Lithuanian as part of the existing balto-Slavic language community) is relatively close to Sanskrita on a par with Celtic, German and other languages \u200b\u200bof a large Indo-European family . But in the Genetic Plan of Indo-Aria was already a greater extent of the overalls, as the conducted influence increased to India.

So it became clear that haplogroup R1A. In DNA genealogy, this is a common haplogroup for part of Slavs, parts of Turks and parts of Indo-Ariii (because naturally in their environment were representatives and other haplogroups), part haplogroup R1A1 With migrations along the Russian plain, the Finno-Ugric peoples were included in the composition of the Finno-Ugric peoples, such as Mordlov (Erzya and Moksha). Part of the tribes (for haplogroup R1A1 This subclose Z93) during migrations brought this Indo-European language to India and Iran about 3,500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the II, thousand to our era. In India, he was produced by the works of the Great Panini to Sanskrit in the middle of the i-th thousand BC, and in Persia-Iran, Aryan languages \u200b\u200bbecame the basis of the group of Iranian languages, the oldest of which are dated the II-M MOLODUCE BC. These data are confirmed: DNA genealogy And linguistics here correlate among themselves.

Extensive part haplogroup R1A1-Z93 In antiquity, they joined the Turkic ethnic groups and marked today in many ways to the migration of Turks, which is not surprising due to antiquity haplogroup R1A1, while representatives haplogroup R1A1-Z280 included in the Finno-Ugric tribes, but at the settlement of Slavic colonists, many of them were assimilated by the Slavs, but even now in many nations, for example, Erzya still dominant haplogroup is R1A1-Z280.
All these new data could provide us DNA genealogy, in particular, exemplary dates of migration carriers of haplogroups on the territory of modern Russian plains and Central Asia in prehistoric time.
So scientists to all Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. They gave the name of Indo-European, which corresponds to reality from the point of view of linguistics.
Where did these Indo-Europeans come from? In fact, Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bwere long before migrations in India and Iran, throughout the Russian plain and to the Balkans in the south, and to the pyreas in the West. In the future, the language was distributed to South Asia - and Iran and India. But in the genetic plan of correlations is much less.
"The only justified and adopted in science is the use of the term" Aria "only in relation to the tribes and peoples who spoke in Indo-Iranian languages."

So in which direction is the Indo-European stream - to the West, to Europe, or vice versa, east? According to some estimates of the Indo-European language family of about 8,500 years. The Pranodina Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but according to one of the versions it could be the Black Sea and Northern or Northern. In India, as we already know the Indo-Aryan language, it was brought about 3,500 years ago allegedly from the territory of Central Asia, and the Arias themselves were a group with various genetic y-lines, like R1A1-L657, G2A, J2A, J2B, H, and others.

Gaplogroup R1A1 in Western and Southern Europe

Analysis of 67-marker haplotypes haplogroup R1A1 Of all the countries of Europe, it has made it possible to determine the approximate path of migration of the R1A1 ancestors in the direction of Western Europe. And the calculations showed that almost all over Europe, from Iceland in the north to Greece in the south, the overall ancestor at the haplogroup R1A1 was one approximately 7,000 years ago! In other words, the descendants as the baton passed their haplotypes to their descendants from the generation to generation, to disperse in the process of migrations from the same historical place - which were supposed to be presumably a Ural or the Black Sea lowland. On a modern map - these are countries mostly eastern and Central Europe - Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia. But the area of \u200b\u200bmore ancient haplotypes of the haplogroup R1A1 He takes to the east - to Siberia. And the lifetime of the first time, which indicates the most ancient, the most mutated haplotypes is 7.5 thousand years ago. In those days, there was no Slavs, nor Germans, nor Celts.

Lack of method
If you have done a test, and he has greatly pleased you, he has hurried to make his midnight tar. Yes, y chromosome is transmitted from the Father to the Son almost without changing, but there is no genetically useful information in it, in other pairs chromosome genes much more.
And these other 22 are touching very randomly, while there are no traces on y of this mixing.
Imagine. The Anglo-Saxon Savior seized the Negroan state. Women in such campaigns do not take, and you have to make contact with the local population. What options are possible?
1) Anglo-saks have children from black women, but nationality is transmitted only by boys. In this case, the Y chromosome will be transferred to European, but the share of actually significant European genes will decrease. The first generation will be at half the blacks and the "aristocracy" in this case will quickly dissolve, although Y will be from this ethnic group. Only a sense will be enough. Perhaps something similar happened to the Finns and Indians. The highest percentage of the N1C1 characteristic of them is Yakuts and Finns, but genetically, these are completely different peoples with various subclades of the N1C1 haplogroup with their unique history, separated by more than 6 millennia ago. And on the contrary, Hindus - having a high percentage haplogroup R1A1 Genetically have very little common with European representatives of this haplogroup, because Also, various subacares with their history split over 6 millennia ago.
2) Indo-Arias arrange a caste system. The first generation will also be a half-German, but then, if the aristocracy will be cross each other, the percentage of initial genetics will float in the area of \u200b\u200b50%. But in practice, marriages will be mainly with local women, and the more impossible to obtain the original gene pool of conquerors. And the like in the history of the land was. Higher Castes of Hindus from 20% to 72% have haplorroup R1A1 (on average 43%), but they genetically have very little common with European or Turkic representatives of the same haplogroup R1A1, and again the reason is various subacares with its special history.
Such a situation probably occurred in Cameroon - the Central African Country, where up to 95% haplogroup R1b.-V88, but at the same time among the typical anthropologically African Negroid population.
It can be concluded that the presence of a marker and a haplogroup is an important condition for determining nationality, but not sufficient. To determine the national-territorial origin of a person in the company Family Tree DNA exists an autosomal test called Family Finder

Alexey Zorrin

Genetic studies have shown that the Russians are one of the most purebred peoples in Eurasia. The recent joint studies of Russian, British and Estonian genetic scientists put a large and fat cross on the Upgrades of the Russophobian myth, dozens of years introduced into the consciousness of people - they say, "Prytroy Russian and be sure to find Tatar."
The results of a large-scale experiment published in the scientific journal "The American Journal of Human Genetics" are completely unequivocally say that "Despite the situation about the strong Tatar and Mongolian impurity in the blood of the Russians, which took their ancestors in the time of the Tatar-Mongolian invasion, the haplogroup of the Turkic peoples And other Asian ethnic groups practically did not leave a trace in the population of the modern North-Western, Central and South regions. "

Like this. In this long-term dispute, you can safely put the point and consider further discussions on this occasion are simply inappropriate.

We are not a Tatars. Tatars are not us. No influence on Russian genes of the so-called. "Mongol-Tatar Igo" did not provide.
There were no impurities of the Turkic "Ordane Blood", the Russians, no.

Moreover, genetic scientists, summarizing their studies, declare the practically complete identity of the genotypes of Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians, thereby proving that we have been and remain in one people: "Genetic variations of the Y-chromosomes of residents of the central and southern regions of ancient Russia were practically Identical as such among Ukrainians and Belarusians. "

One of the project managers, the Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky recognized in an interview with Gazeta.ru that the Russians are almost a monolithic people from a genetic point of view, destroying another myth: "Everyone was mixed, the pure Russians are no longer." Just the opposite - the Russians were and the Russians are. One people, a single nation, monolithic nationality with a clearly pronounced special genotype.

Further, exploring the materials of the remains from the oldest burials, scientists found that "Slavic tribes have mastered these lands (Central and South Russia) long before the mass relocation on them in the VII-IX centuries of the main part of the ancient Russians." That is, the lands of central and southern Russia were populated by the Russians (Rusichi) already, at least in the first centuries on R.Kh. If not earlier.

This allows you to promote another Russophobic myth - that Moscow and the areas around it are allegedly, ancient times were populated by the Thro-Finnish tribes and Russians there - "Aliens". We, as genetics proved - not aliens, and completely autochthonous residents of Central Russia, where Rusichi lived from time immemorial. "Despite the fact that these lands were settled before the last glaciation of our planet about 20 thousand years ago, evidence directly indicating any" original "nations living in this territory is not" - indicated in the report. That is, there is no evidence that there were some other tribes on our lands, which we supposedly ousted or assimilated. If you can put it in this way - we live here from the creation of the world.

Scientists and distant borders of the habitat of our ancestors were determined: "Analysis of bone remains indicates that the main zone of contacts of European views with people of the Mongoloid type was located on the territory of Western Siberia." And if we consider that the archaeologists, who excavated the oldest burials of 1 millennium to R.Kh. On the territory of Altai, they discovered the remains of pronounced European views (not to mention the world-famous arcama) - the conclusion is obvious. Our ancestors (Ancient Rusichi, Protoslav Communion) - Iovofully lived throughout the territory of modern Russia, including Siberia, and quite possible and the Far East. So the campaign of Yermak Timofeevich with comrades for the Urals from this point of view was a completely legitimate return of previously lost territories.

So, friends. Modern science destroys Russophobic stereotypes and myths, knocking out the soil from under our "friends" -liberals.

General Mogeographer Oleg Balanovsky: "Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians at the level of the gene pool sometimes and it is not possible to distinguish

Five years have passed since "KP" in the article "The Sensational Opening of Scientists: Revealed the Mystery of the Russian GenoFond" spoke about the works of General Geographic Oleg Pavlovich Balanovsky with colleagues and their studies of the Genofand of the Russian People.

"I want to know how the Russian Genofond is arranged, and try to restore his story in modern features," the scientist said then. Today, in the light of new science data, we will return to this conversation.

Do not squish Russian

- Oleg Pavlovich, where did the Russian people come from? Not ancient Slavs, but Russian?
- Regarding Russians, it is precisely possible to argue that the Mongolian conquest of the XIII century, contrary to the common opinion, did not affect the gene pool - in Russian populations, Central Asian gene options are practically detected.
- That is, the famous expression of the historian of Karamzin "Prytroy Russian - will find Tatar" with science not confirmed?
- Not.
- To the genetics, the Russian people investigated anthropologists for a long time. How coinciding or do not coincide the results of your and their research?
- Genetic studies of peoples are often perceived as the final word of science. But it is not so! We worked mainly anthropologists. Studying the appearance of the population (as we study the genes), they described the similarities and differences between the population of different regions and from this reconstructed ways of their origin. Our whole area of \u200b\u200bscience has grown from ethnic, racial anthropology. Moreover, the level of classics in many ways remains unsurpassed.
- What are the parameters?
- For example, according to the details of the study of the population. Anthropologists examined more than 170 populations within the historical territory of the resettlement of the Russian people. And we are in our studies - while 10 times less. Perhaps that is why Viktor Valeryanovich Bunak (an outstanding Russian anthropologist, one of the founders of the Soviet anthropological school. - Ed.) And was able to allocate as many as 12 types of Russian population, and we are only three (north, southern and transitional).

Anthropologists, linguists and ethnographers collected information almost about all the peoples of the world. Huge arrays of information accumulated on the physical appearance of the Russian population (the science of somatology is engaged in this) and the skin patterns on the fingers and palms (dermatoglyphic, which detects differences from different peoples). Linguistics has long been studying data on the geography of Russian dialects and the spread of thousands of Russian surnames (anthroponymics). You can list many examples of coincidences of the results of modern genetic studies and classical research of anthropologists. But insurmountable contradictions can not be called any.

That is, the answer of scientists is unambiguous - Russian as a nation exist.
- This is not a question for scientists, but to those people who identify themselves with the Russian people. While there are such people, scientists will fix the existence of the people. If these people from generation to generation are also talking in their own language, then funny attempts to declare such people with non-existent. So, for example, the Russians and Ukrainians do not have to worry.

Slavs - not a genetic concept, but linguistic

- And yet, how much is the Russian genotype of uniform?
- Differences between populations of different regions within one of the people (in this case are Russian) almost always less than the differences between different peoples. The variability of Russian populations was higher than, for example, the populations of the Germans, but less than the variability of many other European peoples, such as Italians.
- That is, Russians differ from each other more than the Germans, but less than the Italians?
- Exactly. At the same time, genetic variability within our European subcontinent is much smaller than variability, for example, within the Indian subcontinent. Simply put, Europeans, including Russians, much more similar to each other than the neighboring peoples in many regions of the planet, between European peoples it is much easier to detect genetic similarity and harder - differences.
- Now, many are questioned by the existence of the "fraternal Slavic peoples" - Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian ... Say, different these are very nations, quite unlike.

- "Slavs" (as well as "Turks", and "Finno-Ugry") - this concept is not at all genetic, but linguistic! There is Slavic, Turkic and Finno-Ugric groups of languages. And within these groups, genetically distant peoples are completely rolled. For example, between the Turks and Yakuts, which speak Turkic languages, it is difficult to find genetic similarity. Finns and Khanty speak Finno-Ugric languages, but genetically far from each other. Not yet a single linguist doubtedly in the close relationship of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages \u200b\u200band their belonging to the Slavic group.

As for the similarity of the gene pool of three East Slavic peoples, the initial studies have shown that they are similar that other times and it is not possible to distinguish. True, we did not stand in place these years and now learned to see the subtle differences of the Ukrainian gene pool. Belarusians from the northern and central regions throughout the set of studied genes are not indistinguishable from Russians, it is shown the originality of only Polesia Belarusians.

Where does the Russian nation have two forefathers?

- Are Russian Slavs? What is the actual share of "Finnish inheritance" in Russian Genofond?
- Russians - of course, Slavs. The similarity of the northern Russian populations with the Finns is very small, with Estonians - quite high. The problem is that exactly the same genetic options are found at the Balt peoples (Latvians and Lithuanians). Our study of the gene pool of northern Russians has shown that to interpret its features as inherited from the assimilated Russian Finno-Ugroms would be unreasonable simplicity. There is also a feature, but they associate northern Russians not only with Finno-Ugrons, but also with the Balta, and with the German-speaking population of Scandinavia. That is, these genes - the risk of assuming - they could be inherited by the ancestors of the Northern Russians from such a long time, when neither the Slavs, nor the Finno-Ugroms, nor Germans, nor the Tatar were not even in the world.

You write that for the first time the twist of the Russian gene pool in the Y-chromosome markers is shown (that is, on the male line). What are these two forefans of the Russian gene pool?
- One genetic "father" of the Russian people - North, the other - South. Their age is lost in the centuries, and the origin is in the fog. But in any case, the whole millennium has passed since the inheritance of both "fathers" has become the general heritage of the whole Russian gene pool. And their current settlement is clearly visible on the map. At the same time, the North-Russian Genofond is similar to similarity with neighboring Balt peoples, and the southern traits of similarities with neighboring eastern Slavs, but also with the Slavs Western (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks).

Will political passions raise around the study? Is there pressure? Who and how distorting your data? And with what goals?
- With politics and especially with pressure, fortunately, we never met. But a lot of distortions. Everyone wants to fit scientific data to their usual views. And our data for an honest approach is not customized. That is why our conclusions in all their aggregate do not like both parties - and those who say that the Russian gene pool "most-most" in the world, and those who declare that he does not exist.

In the January issue of The American Journal of Human Genetics, an article on the study of the Russian gene pool conducted by Russian and Estonian geneticists was published. The results were unexpected: in fact, the Russian ethnos genetically consists of two parts - the indigenous population of Southern and Central Russia is relatively related to other peoples speaking in Slavic languages, and the inhabitants of the North of the country - with Finno-Ugrons. And the second is quite amazing and, you can even say, a sensational moment - typical of the Asians (including the notorious Mongol-Tatars) of the gene sets in any of the Russian populations (none in northern, nor in southern) in sufficient quantities. It turns out that the saying "Prshroy Russian - find Tatarina" is not true.

Classified mystery or genus "Russian

The scientific data given below are a terrible secret. Classified secrets.

Formally, these data are not classified, since they were obtained by American scientists outside the sphere of defense studies, and even someone published, but organized around them the conspiracy of silence is unprecedented. What is this terrible mystery, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo?
This is the mystery of the origin and the historical path of the Russian people. Rodality for the Father why information is hidden - about this later. First, briefly about the essence of the opening of American genetics. In the man's DNA, 46 chromosomes, half he inherit from his father, half - from the mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the Father, in a single - male Y-chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides, which is transmitted from generation to generation without any changes for millennia. Genetics call this set of a haplogroup. Everyone who lives now men in DNA is exactly the same haplogroup that his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, Prapraded, etc. in a variety of generations.

So, American scientists found out that one such mutation occurred 4500 years ago at the Central Russian Plain. A boy was born with a somewhat different than his father, a haplogroup, which they assigned the genetic classification R1A1. Father R1a mutated, and a new R1A1 originated. The mutation was very viable. The genus R1A1, who laid this very boy, survived, unlike millions of other clans who disappeared when their family lines were stopped, and was broken in a huge space. Currently, the holders of the haplogroup R1A1 make up 70% of the total men's population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in old Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1A1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic volume. This set of nucleotides is "ruspectious" from the point of view of genetics.

Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form appeared on the European part of the current Russia about 4500 years ago. A boy with a mutation R1A1 became a direct ancestor of all men living now on Earth, in the DNA of which this haplogroup is present. All of them are his biological or, as they said earlier, blood descendants and among themselves - blood relatives, in the aggregate components of the united people - Russian. Understanding this, American genetics, with all emigrants enthusiasm in matters of origin, began to wander around the world, take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and strangers. What happened to them is of great interest to us, because sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many well-established myths.

Now the men of the Russian genus R1A1 are 16% of the total male population of India, and in the highest caustals of their almost half - 47% of our ancestors migrated from ethnic focus not only to the East (to the Urals) and south (in India and Iran), but also on West - where European countries are now located. In the Western direction, statistics in geneticists have a complete: in Poland, Russian (Aryan) Haplogroup R1A1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England - the least (3%).

The resettlement of Russian-Ariyev to the East, South and West (further to go to the north, it was simply nowhere; and so, according to Indian Vedas, before the arrival in India, they lived next to the polar circle) became a biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group - Indo-European. This is almost all European languages, some languages \u200b\u200bof modern Iran and India and, of course, the Russian language and the ancient Sanskrit, the closest to each other for an obvious reason: in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian) they stand next to the original source - Aryan Propulatik, from which all other Indo-European languages \u200b\u200brose. "It is impossible to challenge. Need to silence "

The above - irrefutable natural science facts, besides, mined by independent American scientists. Calculate them - it's like not to agree with the results of blood test in the clinic. They are not disputed. They are just marshed. They are making together and stubbornly, silent, you can say, Totally. And that is, their reasons. For example, you will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongolian invasion on Russia.

Armed conquest of peoples and lands always and everywhere accompanied at that time, mass rape of local women. In the blood of the male part of the Russian population, traces were left in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups. But they are not! Solid R1A1 - and nothing more, the purity of blood is amazing. So, the Horde, who came to Russia, was not at all the fact that it was customary to think about it: the Mongols there, if they were present, then in a statistically minor quantity, and whom they called "Tatars", in general. Well, who from scientists will refute the scientific foundations, supported by mountain literature and great authorities?!

The second reason is incomparable more weighty, refers to the sphere of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences. During the entire new history, the pillars of European scientific and political thoughts proceeded from the idea of \u200b\u200bRussians as barbarians, recently tears from the Christmas trees, from nature backward and incapable of creative work. And suddenly it turns out that the Russians are the same arias that relevant influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and in Europe itself!

That it is Russians that the Europeans are obliged to be very many in their prosperous life, starting with the languages \u200b\u200bon which they speak. What is no coincidence in the latest history a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belongs to the ethnic Russian in Russia itself and abroad. That the Russian people had no accident to repel the invasion of the united forces of continental Europe under the leadership of Napoleon, and then Hitler. Etc.

The great historical tradition is no coincidence, because all this is worth a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten for many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifests whenever the nation is faced with new challenges. It is manifested with iron inevitability due to the fact that it has grown on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which remains unchanged for four and a half millennia. Western politicians and ideologists have something to think about how to make policies regarding Russia more adequate in the light of historical circumstances open genetics. But they do not want to think and change something, hence - and the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan theme. The migration of the myth about the Russian people. The wreck of the myth about the Russian people as an ethnic mixture automatically destroys another myth-myth about the multinationality of Russia.

Until now, the ethnhemographic structure of our country tried to imagine as the vinaigrette from the Russian "mixture will not understand what" and many indigenous peoples and the seed diasporas. With such a structure, all its components are approximately equal, so Russia is allegedly "multinational". But genetic studies give a completely different picture. If you believe Americans (and there are no reasons, they do not believe: the scientists are authoritative, the reputation is in the way, and they don't have a drussine way - they have no causes), it turns out that 70% of the total men's population of Russia are purebred Russians.

According to the penultimate census (the results of the latter are still unknown), 80% of respondents include Russians, i.e. 10% more - these are the Russified representatives of other nations (it is from these 10%, if the "screquisy", you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170 with excess peoples, peoples and tribes living in the territory of the Russian Federation. Total: Russia is a mononational country, although polyethnic, with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. It is here that the logic of Jan Gus begins to work.

About backwardness further - about backwardness. To this myth, the church's hand was presented thoroughly: they say, before the baptism of Russia, people lived in full wildness. Wow "wildness"! Omit polim, built great civilizations, taught the aborigines to their language, and all this long before the Nativity of Christ ... It does not fit, the real story with its church version does not fit in any way. There are in the Russian people. Something original, natural, to religious life is not coordinated. In the northeast of Europe, in addition to the Russians, they lived, and now they live, many nations, but none of them created nothing evenly similar to the Great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of Russian-ary in antiquity. The natural conditions are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore, the civilization built by our ancestors is not the same, but there is something for all of them in common: they are great on the historic scale of values \u200b\u200band far exceed the achievements of the neighbors.