Essay How to stay man in war. Essay "Man in War"

Only that worthy of life and freedoms,
Who every day goes for them to fight.
I. V. Goethe. "Faust"
The Great Patriotic War is the hardest test that fell into the share of the Russian people. This is the most tragic period of Russian history. It is in such difficult moments that the best human qualities appear. The fact that people were able to withstand this test with honor are not to drop their dignity, protect their homeland, their children, is the greatest feat. The ability to commit the attachment is the most important quality of this person. To make it, you need, first of all, to forget about yourself and think about others, to forget about the death and fear of death, challenge the nature of your renunciation from the life of the whole living thirst I life. Therefore, one of the most important topics of our literature is the theme of the human feat of a person in war. Many writers themselves went through a difficult soldier's way, many of them witnessed a great tragedy and a great feat. Do not leave indifferent-1st works K. Simonova, V. Bykov, V. Nekrasova, B. Vasilyeva, Baklanov and many other writers. Each writer is trying differently to understand what allows a person to make a feat where the moral origins of this act.
Vasil Bulls. Tale of "Sotnikov". Winter in 1942 ... Partisan detachment, burdened with women, children, wounded, surrounded. Two - Centulties and Fisherman are sent to the task. Fisherman is one of the best soldiers in the partisan detachment. His practical grip, the ability to adapt to any circumstances
Life is invaluable. His opposite - Sotnikov. A modest, imperceptible person, without obvious external signs of the hero, a former teacher. Why, being weak, sick, did he go to the responsible task? "Why they, and not I have to go, what I have the right to refuse?" - So thinks the centuries before leaving for the task. When centuries and fishermen are captured, then they are truly their moral qualities. Nothing said that a strong and healthy fisherman of Stroke and will become a traitor. And exhausted by the disease, injury, beatings to the last minute will be kept courageously and will take death without weakness and fear. "I am guerrilla ... - Sotnikov said very loudly. - The rest has nothing to do with it. Take one me. "
The origins of his courage are high morality, the conviction is right in their business, so he was not ashamed to look into the boy's eyes. "That's all over. Finally, he found a glance of a boys in Budenovka frozen. "
In the story of V. Bykov there is no abstract person. In one case, the fear of death is destroyed in man all the human, as happened to the fisherman; In other cases, in the same circumstances, a person overcomes fear and straightens into all its moral growth. Such a centurion showed themselves and the elder of Peter, and the peasant of Dymcha.
War is always a difficult time in the lives of people, but most of all with her weight she puts on the shoulders of a woman. During the Great Patriotic War, women challenged in nature, abandoning the "female" life and starting living not inherent in the "male".
In his work, "The war is not a female face" S. Aleksievich describes the heroine of the Great Patriotic, famous and unknown, thanks to which we now live. They departed the descendants from the enemy, putting all the victory on the altar: his life, his happiness is all that they had.
Woman sniper ... combination unnatural. It was difficult to cross the line between life and death and kill in the name of life.
The sniper of Maria Ivanovna Morozova recalls: "Our scouts took one German officer, and he was extremely surprised that many soldiers were chosen in his location and all injured only. Simple, says the shooter can not make so many ways to mind. "Show," I asked, "I killed this arrow, which so many soldiers killed, I got a big replenishment, and every day to ten people dropped out." The regiment commander says: "Unfortunately, I can not show, this is a sniper girl, but she died." It was Sasha Shlyakhov. She died in a sniper duel. And that it failed - this is a red scarf. And the red scarf in the snow is noticeable, Demask. And so when a German officer heard that it was a girl, he lowered his head, did not know what to say ... "
Immortal feat during the war did doctors, providing assistance to millions of wounded, helping people without sparing themselves, their forces, their lives.
Ekaterina Mikhailovna Rabachev recalls, Sannastructor: "The first wounded dragged, the legs had a swap. I whisper and whisper: "Although it would not die ... Khrtya would not die ..." I bandage him, and I cry, and I say something sorry ... "
"The wounded was delivered to us directly from the battlefield. Once two hundred wounded in Saraj, and I am alone. I do not remember where it was ... in which village ... so many years have passed ... I remember that I didn't sleep for four days, I did not sat down, everyone shouted: "Sister ... sister ... Help, nice! .. "I ran from one to another, and immediately fell asleep. I woke up from the scream, the commander, the young lieutenant, also wounded, raised himself on a healthy side and shouted: "Silent! Silent, I order! " He realized that I was without strength, and everything is called, it hurts them: "Sister ... sister ..." I jumped up, how I ran - I don't know where, what ... And then I first just came to the front , cried ... "
The book "The war is not a female face" ends with a call: "I will bow to her, until the earth. Her great mercy. " This is a call for us - young.
There are a lot of exploits in the war, but enough to read the story B. Vasilyeva "did not mean in the lists," to begin to understand the origins of this heroism, which proceeded from selfless love to the Motherland.
This is a work about what the path of maturity takes place in a short term defense of the Brest Fortress, nineteen-year-old lieutenant Nikolai Plugs. Nikolai just graduated from a military school. At their request, he received an appointment in one of the parts of a special Western commander of the platoon. Late at night on June 21, 1941, he arrives in the fortress, intending to appear to the commander in the morning to enroll in the lists and proceed to the duties. But war began, and the Plugs remained outside the list. Hence the name of the story. But the main thing is to show the heroism and the inner beauty of our warriors.
After the first three days of violent fighting, the days and nights of the defense of the fortress merged into one single chain of shafts and bombings, attacks, shelling, wandering on dungeons, short fights with an enemy and short, similar to fainting, forgotten minutes. And constant exhausting, not passing even in a dream of the desire to live. "
When the Germans managed to break into the fortress and break her defense into separate, insulated resistance foci, they began to turn the fortress in ruins. But at night, the ruins came to know again. "WATCHED, OSED, exhausted raised from under bricks, crawled out of the basements and destroyed those who risked to stay for the night in the bayonet attacks. And the Germans were afraid of nights. "
When at the end of the Plugs remains the only defender of the fortress, he continues to fight alone. Even when he was trapped, he did not surrender and came out only when he learned that the Germans were broken near Moscow. "Now I have to go out and last look into your eyes." He hides a combat banner to not get enemies. He says: "The fortress did not fall: she simply bleed."
The people who died in the defense of the Brest Fortress are called heroes from the heroes, who, remaining surrounded, not knowing whether the country is alive, fought with the enemy to the last.
The history of the war is full of facts of the courage and dedication of millions of people who defended their homeland. Only people who have a strong spirit who have solid beliefs who are ready to go for death can be defeated in war. During the war, all these qualities of the Russian people were manifested, his willingness to perform feats in the name of freedom. Returning to Goethe's words, it can be concluded that every day of war was a battle for life and freedom. Victory, with such difficulty conquered by the Russian people, was a worthy award for everything committed by him.

The topic of war sounds in trilogy about Timur A.P. Gaidara , the end-to-end topic of which is the preparation of young men to the upcoming war. During the Great Patriotic War on the sample-invented writer of a children's organization that helped the families of Frontovikov, numerous real "Timurovsky teams" arose, who continued the noble beginnings of the fictional heroes of the trilogy. In July 1941, A.P. Gaidar went to the front of the Komsomolsk Pravda correspondent; In September, he refused to fly out the last aircraft from the Nazis of Kiev and, remaining in the partisan detachment, the heroic died during a brief fight.

The ideas of humanism and patriotism embodied in the images of the "beautiful world of Russia", which must be relocated from the enemy, are embodied in the Liriko-philosophical epic poem MM, written on the eve of the war. Privain "Facelia".

Its seal left time and the image of a person in the literature of the military years. In the center of her stood character heroic - attractive and bright. In his psychologism, she is almost entirely

asked to show the psychology of the struggle, the feat, clashes, by passing the many difficulties of public and human life, its contradictions and shades. The moral and psychological life of the heroes focused on one and reveals in one - on a feat, in preparation for the feat, in determining it. And all other feelings, attachment, conflicts are subordinated by this tough certainty of characters. The writers created a gallery of collective images that embody Russian National Character: Vasily Terkin at A.T. Tvardovsky, Ivan Sudakov, A.N. Tolstoy, Alexey Kulikov U B.L. Gorbatova, Ignatiev at V. S. Grossman.

In the best works of war years, we feel the tragedy of human destinies, the depth of dramatic experiences. But the tragedy of the people did not obscure faith in his power, in his immortality, in his invincibility. KM Simonov wrote in the preface to their military diaries: "No matter how hard atmosphere in the front of the front, where we were, we were collected in a handful of everything that we told us about the hope of the future, about the immutability of faith in the final victory. ... Find the facts confirming our faith in the victory was not only our civil debt, but also a mental need. "

Military reality with its unique richest material required a speedy artistic understanding, and because the main place in the literature of the military years was taken by "operational" genres: essay, a journalistic article, a story, a lyrical poem, to which almost all writers turned, regardless of their preceding creative experience.

First of all, the Genuine heroic of frontal events needed in the lighting. "The enemy is at that memorable day when he attacked us, for many was abstraction ... Writers helped to see the enemy," wrote I.G. Ehrenburg. The whole course of war, its episodes and facts, the appearance of people protecting their homeland, received wide coverage in documentary essayrs that occupied one of the leading places in the literature of military pore. At the same time, the war sharply crystallized the events and characters that it was often not necessary to form a figurative reaction to reveal the meaning of real episodes and biographies. Following the strict documentary, the writers sought to give genuine facts an artistic interpretation and psychological motivation. The first step on this path was literary records of a genuine story or imitation of such a story, which introduced the image of a storyteller.

Four hundred years Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg(1891-1967) I wrote about one and a half thousand articles for the newspaper "Red Star", more than three hundred articles for foreign agencies. One of the main directions in his publicism of the military years was the exposition of the fascist ideology, the protection of universal values. The main weapon of the writer was the power of ideological-emotional subtext, bright metaphoricity.

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy(1882-1945) owns more than sixty articles and essays created for the period from 1941 - 1945 year, among which "What we protect", "Motherland", "Russian warriors", "Blitzkrieg", "Why Hitler should suffer defeat."

National history addressed his essays "Slava of Russia", "Your brother of Volodya Kurilenko", "Rage", "Relax"Leonid Maksimovich Leonov(1899-1994).

The main object of essays Vasily Semenovich Grossman(1905-1964) was Stalingrad. Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and before her end, V. Grossman worked as a special correspondent for the Red Star newspaper; He retreated with the army to Stalingrad, the victory met in Berlin. A durable place in the literature about the war is occupied by the harsh, deprived of the essay pathers.

A wide range of historical associations and philosophical inflatable properties Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov(1905-1984).

The publicistic genre influenced the artistic prose based on genuine facts and events of military reality. A.N. Tolstoy, KM Simonov, VS Grossman and other authors only expanded genuine circumstances, complementing the details and biographies of heroes. "The storytellor began to look back. Auditable questions, today's heroes in a dense ring surrounded him. The story became more and more modern. The reader used to feel a reliable bone of life truth in his core and recognize himself "1. The consequence of the influence of journalism on the artistic prose was the emergence of a new genre form of an essay-story: "Science of Hate" M.A. Sholokhov, "Stories Ivan Sudarov" A.N. Tolstoy, "Sea Soul" L.S. Sobolev.

Among the prose written during the war years, the "Philosophical Epos" occupies a special place Andrei Platonovicaplaton(1899-1951). At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was evacuated to Ufa with his family, but in 1942 he voluntarily went to the front ordinary. Then became the Military Correspondent of the Red Star newspaper. At this time, the writer publishes collections of stories "Candicate people", "Stories about the Motherland", "Armor", "in the direction of sunset".

The works of A. P. Platonova of the military years are marked by special philosophical saturation: in stories "Mother", "Flower on Earth", "Aphrodite"the writer reflects on the connection of times, about the immortality of the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof the people. Heroes of his military stories - "Defense of Semidvory", "spiritualized people", "in the direction of sunset", "Rose Girl", "Little Soldier", "Inanimate Enemy"- Feel your connection with the people; Personal for them turns out to be synonymous with folk. In the artistic fabric of works created during the war, A.P. Platonov Detailed description of parts of military life connects with eternal philosophical issues of life and death. So, in the story "Three soldiers"the symbols of eternity are the child and abandoned grain in the ground, which should grow. Through in Prose A.P. Platonova Motive "Dead Souls" appears in the new military Ipostasi: in the story "Candicated people"when meeting with the "killer of workers" - the enemy - the desire to "wean the fascists from life" reaches the limit of the heat.

During the war years, when the danger of the destruction of Russian culture and the Russian language arose, the problem of a national character was of particular importance. Interest in the idea of \u200b\u200bthe development of national self-consciousness was already reflected in the title of the works: "Russian Character", "Russian Strength", "Enchanted Russia" A.N. Tolstoy, "We are Russian" V.V. Vishnevsky, "Slava of Russia" L.M. Leonova, "Duma about Russia" D.B. Kedrina and others. The aggravated feeling of compassion the homeland acquired a patriotic color:

Three times believing that life is already all, I still had proud for the most pretty, for Russian land, where I was born.

For the fact that it was given to me that the Russian mother gave us to light that, in battle, I wish us, the Russian woman in Russian hugged me three times.

(Km Simonov "You remember, Alyosha, Roads of Smolensk region ...")

The first stories about the war began to appear since 1942. In their close-ups, concrete people were depicted - participants in the fighting, defenders of Moscow, Stalingrad, other cities and villages.

Researchers note that the preference in military prose was given to the heroes, which presented not so much the quality of the individual, how many universal, typical properties of the wide popular masses. The characters of the literature of the time outlined largely, sharply, generalized, without psychological conditionality and individualization. An epitically elevated and generalized image corresponded to the figurative and stylistic system of the heroic story of the military years, which takes the heroic and romantic and pathetic forms. The prose of military years is widely used by symbolic images and motifs, penetrating lyrics and epic epic. The authors do not separate themselves from the heroes and events, their direct speech is organically entering the story, giving it an emotional excitement and lyrical saturation.

In one of the first epic works of military years - a story V.S. Grossman "The people are immortal"- reveals the spiritual and moral power of the Soviet people, who joined the deadly fight with fascism. This power is also manifested in the epic scenes of the description of fighting, and in lyrical devices containing the philosophical reflections of the author, and in the image of the chief hero of Ignatiev - a warrior endowed with the features of the epic hero.

An attempt to show the psychological state of a person who is in the most severe conditions of war is implemented in the story A.A. Beck "Volokolamskoe highway".The feat of self-sacrifice in the conditions of everyday military days is depicted in the story KM Simonov "Days and Nights."

In 1943-1944, several unfinished heads of novel appeared MA Sholokhov "They fought for their homeland."The war in it is shown through the eyes of a simple Russian soldier who experienced the bitterness of the retreat, the feeling of hatred for the fascists, a vast desire to win.

Already during the war, the need for life in the rear, the grand work, which his workers managed to be able to felt acutely. Among the works of this subject - novels F.I. Panferov "Fighting for Peace", A.A. Karavaeva "Lights", A.A. Pereninseva "Test".

The first completed novel about the Great Patriotic War became "Young guard"Alexandra Alexandrovich Fadeeva(1901-1956). During the war of A.A. Fadeev, who held a governing post in the Union of Writers of the USSR, made a lot to involve writers in the patriotic movement. He himself often went to the front as the correspondent of the Pravda newspaper and Sovinformbüro. Meetings with participants in the movement of the resistance of fascism in the city of Krasnodone inspired by A.A. Fadeev to work on the novel "Young Guard". The book caused controversy: Some declared her masterpiece, others criticized the author for creating a work on the basis of a fictional plot about never existing in the reality of an underground organization. In fact, the writer was repelled from real facts, rethinking the actions of the prototypes, sought to the artistic synthesis of various visual funds: in the novel there are epichetic, psychologism, lyrical beginning, and a romantic pathos.

Despite the fact that the novel "Young Guard" enjoyed great popularity (in honor of the tragically dead young heroes, there were signs on the basis of the novel, a feature film was filmed, the study of the work entered into a mandatory school curriculum), he was sharply criticized also for It was not sufficiently covered by the guidance role of the Communists. The writer was sharply worried about criticism, but ultimately agreeing with her, prepared the second editorial office of the novel, adding the images of Krasnodon's communist. In general, Roman A.A. Fadeeva sounds like a sorrowful requiem on the young who died from the hands of the fascists.

From the very beginning of the war, exceptional mobility showed dramaturgy inserting into one row with the most operational literary genres - journalism, patriotic lyrics, mass song. Throughout the war, she followed the hottest traces of the front-line reality, depicting unreasonable heroes capable of maintaining humanity in the most inhuman conditions.

Dramatic works created during the war years were enriched with elements of various kinds and genres of literature. In the best plays of the military pores, passionate journalism with thin lyricism was intertwined, a wide epic scale with a deep psychologist, the image of paintings by the military days was painted deeply by tragedy pathos. But the main in the drama of the military years was the beginning of the heroic, in which the greatness of the soul of the warrior-liberator was revealed.

In plays LM Leonov "Invasion" and "Lenuska", KM Simonov "Russian people", A.A. Krone "Fleet Officer" was depicted complex fractures in the consciousness and psychology of people who happened during the war years, the transition from the first illusions to the bitter truth of the real historical situation.

The works of fiction, created in the early postwar years, were devoted to the tragedy of the only war, and primarily the great victims that were brought by the country for the sake of victory.

The sorrowful motive of farewell with the dead permeates the lyrical works of A.T. Tvardovsky, A.A. Surkov, S.S. Orlova, O.F. Berggolts, MA Dudina, A.A. Prokofiev, M.V. Isakovsky, E.M. Vinokurova, Yu.V. Drunk.

In poem S.S. Orlova the image of a soldier who was buried in the "Mausoleum" of the Earth, grows to the universal image of the symbol:

He was buried in the globe,

And he was only a soldier,

Total, friends, simple soldiers,

No titles and awards.

To him as a mausoleum Earth -

Per million centuries

And Milky Ways Dust

Around him with sides.

On the red rods of clouds sleep,

Metelitsa sweep

Thunder thunder thunder,

Wind runs take.

Long time has long been completed.

Hands of all friends

The guy is put in the globe, as if in the mausoleum ...

("He was buried in the globe ...")

Until the end of the life, military topics and motifs did not leave A.T. Tvardovsky.In masterpieces of his post-war lyrics "I am killed under Rzhev", "That day, when the war ended ...", "I know no of my guilt ..."the poet managed to express the feelings of deep grief and sadness for the dead, who worried a whole generation.

Piercing sadness fills the lines of poems Evgenia Mikhailovich Vinokurova(1925-1993) about the Moscow "boys not returned from the war:

In the fields above the hangout lie in the ground of the raw earrings with a small armor and vitka with moss.

And somewhere in the crowded world, which year in a row, one in the empty apartment of their mother do not sleep ...

("Muscovites")

EAT. Vinokurov entered poetry when the older generation poet front-line - MA Dudin, S.S. Orlov, SP. Goodzenko, by whose shoulders were a huge tragic experience of war. He was called into the army after the end of the artillery school and in incomplete 18 years old became the "father-commander."

This poem in the magazine "New World" paid attention to the famous film actor and artist M. Bernes, who asked the composer A.Ya. Ashpaya Write music on his words. AND I. Ashpai recalled that the poem was struck by his "strange coincidence": "Everything that was said in beautiful verses E.M. Vinokurova "Earrings with small armor"<второе на­звание стихотворения было у меня в жизни. Фронт начался у ме­ня с Вислы, откуда я с боями дошел до Берлина; моя мать до сих пор ждет старшего брата, пропавшего* без вести в первые дни войны, и жили мы на Бронной (правда, Большой)».

Music A.Ya. Eschema Poem E.M. Vinokurov performed by M.N. Bernes was one of the favorite songs - "Muscovites",or "Earrings with small armor."

The Great Patriotic War could not not have a huge impact on public consciousness. However, this has not been unequivocal. On the one hand, in the atmosphere of universal education, the triumph of the Soviet people was regarded as evidence of the wisdom of Stalin's leadership and as a confirmation of the correctness of the policy of the Soviet system. Against this background, the tendency of the embellishing, "varnish art", which attached a recent war, a distorted, parade face (works of P.A. Pavlenko, A.A. Perentsev and some other writers and poets and some other writers and poets was encouraged. On the other hand, many of those who had the courage to take responsible decisions at the front, who blood was paid for the leaders' miscalculations, a sense of self-esteem has increased, a certain liberation of psychology and self-consciousness occurred. Such people believed that after the victory they would have a completely different, unlike pre-war, life. But these hopes were not destined to come true: after the victory, the people again turned out to be in the atmosphere of fear, in the power of the totalitarian system. Talented works of literature, which revealed the truth about the war, a difficult fate was prepared.

In the first postwar years, the authors did not have to invent the heroes - the actual people of the works became the real people who committed a feat in the name of frayment, and writers are recent participants in the war. A documentary prose - diaries, essays, notes, letters and memories have advanced to the fore, which captured the events of the military years: "In the forests of Smolensk region" T. Logunova; "War in the rear" Hero of the Soviet Union of Linkov; "French notes", telling about the liberation struggle in France, A.N. Rubakina. In the late 40s - early 50s of the 1950s of the memoir-essay genre of "unseen-minded stories", the leaders of the partisan movement became most often the leaders of the partisan movement - S.A. Kovpak ("From Putivly to Carpath"), pp Verchaigor ("underground obligation acts"), D.N. Medvedev ("It was at exactly").

In the genre of memoirs they wrote "Pages from record books" A.T. Tvardovsky. The presence in his essays "Motherland and Alien" of the lyrical hero anticipated the style of lyrical prose about the war created in the late 50s.

The moral origins of the human feat of a man who defended his homeland was investigated by relying on documentary material, B.N. Fielding in "Tale of this man" and V.F. Panova in "satellites". In these works, the documentary base of the plot is combined with the heroic and romantic pathos.

The event base moves to the second plan of powerful lyrical elements in the story Emmanuel Henrikhovich Kazakiewicz(1913-1962) "Star".Being a state of health unbearable, the writer voluntarily went to the army, served in intelligence, was a platoon commander. The story "Star" withstood over 50 editions in more than 20 languages. The work, heweded by light sadness, tells about the feud of the scouts who died in the rear of the enemy, so that at the cost of their lives to get information about the SS Tank Division. Despite the tragic final, the work is imbued with the joyful premonition of the ambulance.

The fate of the story published in 1946 Viktor Platonovich Nekrasova(1911-1987) "In the trenches of Stalingrad."Since 1941, he was in the army; Fucked in Stalingrad, in Ukraine and in Poland. The story "In the trenches of Stalingrad" turned out to be the highest achievement of a writer and a plot for all Soviet literature on the Great Patriotic War. "The first obvious advantage of the book is that, deprived of externally plot, head bastard, she forces himself to read Himself with one spirit. The big reliability of the testimony of the serious and majestic days of struggle on the eve of the "great fracture", simplicity and distinctness of the narrative, precious details of the equal life, etc. - All these qualities that prevent the undoubted success of the reader's reader ... This is a truthful story about the great victory, which made up of thousands of small, inconsistent acquisitions of combat experience and the moral and political superiority of our soldiers long before she, victory, sounded on the whole world . And this story is a literary, a full, peculiar, artisticly convinced ... "- wrote A.T. Tvardovsky about the story V.P. Nekrasov. However, all these features of the Nekrasovsky work requested as an official criticism as dangerous, the writer was accused of "discrepancy", "degeneration", in the commitment of "abstract humanism" and "Equal Pravda". Claimed by multi-million editions translated into 36 languages \u200b\u200bof the world, the story shortly after the first publication was actually prohibited for the "lack of ideas".

Psychological naturalism "In the trenches of Stalingrad" with a piercing clarity depicts the terrible reality of the war, its tragic experience.

The writer was the first in our literature on the moral responsibility of the commander, sending fighters to the faithful death for the sake of the unlawful order. Subsequently, this topic will be the main in the work of V.V. Bykov, G.Ya. Baklanova, Yu.V. Bondarev. V.V. Bykov wrote about Prose V.P. Nekrasova, which is primarily expressed in it, "honest, unmandant, human look at the war with German fascism ... It is extremely important that Nekrasov (maybe the first in our literature) revealed the world and the high essence of individuality in the war, approved her right and its meaning as a carrier of spiritual value in conditions, so little contributing to any spirituality. Of course, he was ahead of his time and was severely punished for it. It remains to be relied on his immortal art prose about the war. On his once shook world performed by the special, Nekrasovskaya Pravda "Stalingrad Troops".

The works about the Great Patriotic War were the most significant genre-thematic course in the "thaw" 1950-1960s. Front-line writers who have entered into literature, due to the similarity of biographical experience, the proximity of the views and the perception of modernity, were tightened into some creative unity, expressing not only in the community of military themes and exciting authors of the problems, but also in parallelism of quest in the field of poetics. And at the turn of the 1950-1960s from a large massif of their works, a whole artistic course was formed, which began to call "lieutenant prose".

Lieutenantic Prose has opened a new type of hero. Writers were interested in the process of becoming a character in the tragic circumstances of the war, which was described as severe everyday work. The confessional intonation of the authors made images of warriors alive. The moral aspect was published on the work on the fore. These are the stories "Battalions are asked for fire" and "Latest Slopes" Yu.V. Bondarev, "Cravery Creek", "Third Rocket" V.V. Bykov, stories and tale K.D. Vorobiev, G.Ya. Baklanova, Yu.D. Goncharova, V.P. . Astafieva, V.O. Bogomolov.

Development of a new original "search" genre in journalism laid the beginning Sergey Sergeevich Smirnova(1915-1976) "Brest Fortress".Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War S.S. Smirnov as part of a group of graduate students of the Literary Institute entered a volunteer into a fighter battalion, from January 1943 he was commanded by the platoon of the anti-aircraft artillery division, then he was an employee of the editorial board of the army "courage", with which the front roads went from Kursk Arc to Austria.

In the literature S.S. Smirnov entered as the chronicler of the Patriotic War (books "In battles for Budapest", "Stalingrad on the Dnieper", "in the fields of Hungary", "Fortress on the border").Overcoming the resistance of those who did not want to publish the truth about the tragedy of the 41st year, S.S. Smirnov told first on the radio, and then in telecasts about people who assumed the fight on June 22, who courageously fought in full surroundings, at the limit and even outside the possible. They fully fulfilled their duty, they were captured, and after the war they were declared traitors. Speeches S.S. Smirnova struck in a previously forbidden region - behind them the whole stream of memoirs and collection of memoirs of the former prisoners of concentration camps. Parallel writer worked on books "In search of the heroes of the Brest Fortress"and "Heroes of the Brest Fortress",a new big book has grown "Brest Fortress".She resurrected the names of the forgotten fallen, returned a good name alive - former prisoners of the fascist and Soviet concentration camps.

About generation of front-line, whose youth coincided with the years of the Great Patriotic War, Poet D.S. Samoilov wrote: "... I appeal to the war not only because I try to translate my civic concepts in the work. There is another side of the case: lyrical. We were very young then - in forty-first and forty-fifth year. This time was our youth, and everything is fine, which is connected with youth, we have attributed at the time. "

One of the poets of the post-war generation, with the enthusiasm who took the baton from the Frontovik writers was Robert Ivanovich Christmas(1932 - 1994). In the "thawing" years, trying to find a civil ideal, able to defend the challenge, doubts, nihilism, he turned to the heroic era of the Great Patriotic War. The theme of the war is devoted to such bright poems as Mamaev Kurgan, "When the war ended ...",as well as a lyric-dramatic poem "Requiem".The lyric hero of "Requiem" is a contemporary poet, to no avail trying to overcome pain from what was experienced by the people. Through all the work passes the motives of memory-loyalty, memory-learning, debt memory, caution memory:

Remember! Through the century

after years, - remember!

Do not Cry! In the throat

hold the moans, bitter moans. Memory

distinity!

Always worthy! Bread and songs, dream and verses, life

spacious, each

second, each

dyhany Be decent!

In the late 50s, for the first time in front of a broad audience, together with the Poets "Thaw", one of the front-generation poets made Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava(1924-1997). The poet's talent was formed in brutal tests, under artillery and mortar shelling. B.Sh. Okudzhava was seventeen years old when he volunteered went to the front. His first song "We were not slept in cold warm-up ..." he wrote in war and about war. Subsequently, throughout the creative path, the military theme held a central place both in his poetic heritage and in prose.

In songs about war "First day on the front", "Song about soldiers' boots", "Goodbye, boys", "Song about infantry"and others reveals the spiritual world of man who has passed the test of fire and preserved faith in his heart, hope, love to everything

living on earth. The poet and his lyrical hero is inherent in the rejection of the "subsection" of the war, which brought the "separation and smoke", which ruined the humanity of the whole generation. They are characterized by the statement of life, faith in her celebration and victory over death.

In 1961, the first, large-scale autobiographical story B.Sh. was published in the collection "Tarusk Pages" Okudzhava "Be healthy, Scholyar!",telling about the fate of the young man who fell to the front. Orders are truthfully showed ordinary military weekdays. Immoved by hatred of war, the story was sharply criticized for "hypertrophing of fear", "degeneration of events" and for the pacifist sentiment expressed in it. In 1965, in collaboration with the director V.Ya. Motale B.Sh. Okudzhava wrote on this story to the movie Splanter "Zhenya, Zhenya and Katyusha,in which the lyrical diary of Scholyar goes "to the comedy-adventurous story".

The theme of the Great Patriotic War occupies a significant place in the work of another wizard of the author's song - Vladimir Semenovich Vysotsky(1938-1980) who dedicated her one of his song cycles. He possessed the talent to listen to the interlocutor and to creatively rethink his story. And although the heroes and plots of his songs about the war are fictional, but written by an unusually alive and first-person, they left the impression of complete, reliability. When the war began, the poet was a three-year-old child, but readers who took part in her, in letters addressed to the poet, asked him if he fought. Through the whole cycle of military songs V.S. Vysotsky passes through the motive of memory of heroic and tragic military time:

And we will take a long time for fires for fires, we will have a long sinister seemingly to us the creak of your boots, about the war there will be kindergarten games with the names of old, and people will share for a long time on friends and enemies.

And when it dismisses, when he contradicts and pays away, and when our horses will be tired of galloping under us, and when our girls replace the bosses on a dress, - not to forget then, not forgive and not lose ...

("As a Conscious Nabat ...")

The first large success of the epic tradition of the post-war years has become a trilogy "Live and Dead"K.M.Simonova. The writer said that it was "attracting events, significant for the lives of many people, widerly speaking - people and countries, events relating to all characters and somehow defining their fate." Although the effect of the trilogy is limited by the events of the 41st year, it has absorbed a lot of events: retreat, battle on the Volga, fighting for Belarus. The book is written in the genre of the historical chronicle; Only with rare exceptions in it are fictional characters.

The novels expressed public sentiment of the 60s. His appearance was largely determined by the awareness of the moral debt of the writer in front of millions of people who were the first victims and the first heroes of the Great Patriotic War. But unlike the simple chronicle of events, in the Roman K.M. Simonova questioned: "How did it happen, why was it possible, as it happened, what are we retreating?"

The highest criterion of historical feasibility in the Roman K.M. Simonova performs humanity. The most significant achievement of the writer is the image of Serpilin, which combines the talent of the commander and passionate human-loving nature. Even in the inhuman war, he remains himself, never neglecting the life of soldiers or their personal advantage.

Through a long-term hobby of "Lieutenant" prose passed a writer Boris Lvovich Vasilyev(r. 1924). He went to the front with a volunteer in the fighter Komsomol regiment. He was surrounded in battles near Smolensky. Under these conditions, all responsibility for decisions had to take over. So the story appeared "And dawns here are quiet ...",received enthusiastic responses of readers and critics. Work by B.L. Vasilyeva painted repeated reissues and received scenic and musical interpretations, among whom are the movie of the film director Si. Rostotsky, awarded many premiums.

In the story "And the dawns here are quiet ..." depicted extreme conditions for a tiny closed space, which turns out to be a foreman of Vaskov with several girls. B.L. Vasilyev unexpectedly changes the plot rotation of the arrival of the "virgin girls", translating the story into the tragic framework. "And the dawns here are quiet ..." - the work is deeply lyric, received by romantic pathos, filled with descriptions of nature, memories of girls, their forebodings. Thanks to this, its main moral-philosophical aspect is highlighted: the incompatibility of the war carrier, death, and the nature of man, especially the female, designed to give life, and not take it away.

In the 1970s, the military realities actually disappear from the works of fiction - more and less pages are given in them descriptions of hostilities; Psychological conflicts are in the spotlight of writers. The most severe consequences of war are depicted in the story "Live and remember"Valentina Grigorievich Rasputin(r. 1937). The writer approached the military topic from an unusual side: he explores the psychology of Deserter - the former peasant who escaped from the front and hiding from the fellow villagers. The origins of moral gang hero will go up to his childhood, when civil war cruelly destroyed his whole family. The story sounds against war, crumbles human life and fate.

The brutal frontal reality remains outside the actual reality in the story of the Great Patriotic War "Usarian Schemets"Evgenia Ivanovich Nosov(r. 1925). The writer was born in the family of rustic masters and brought up in the atmosphere of peaceful - bashing and crafts - the traditions of the Russian village. The front went in 1943, served as an artillers. The feature of the artistic thinking of the writer in the development of military topics affects the consecutive approval of the thought of the original peacefulness of the Russian people. The key to understanding the idea of \u200b\u200bthe story can serve as the words E.I. Nososa: "The essence of the man of labor, and especially Hlebobod, this is that he is not ready for war ... the appeal of the agriculture in a soldier is always a difficult psychological threshold, always heavy inner break" 1. The story "Usarian Slempors" is built on the antithesis of war and the world: it tells about several days of hay pore, the last moments of family and labor idyll after the news of the beginning of the war.

Thanks to the support of KM Simonova in February 1979 in the journal "Friendship of Peoples" saw the story "Sasha"Vyacheslav Leonidovich Kondratieva(1920-1993). V.L. Kondratyev began writing late when he was in fifty, and the path to the seal of his works was not easy: told in them the truth about the war scared the editors.

"Sasha" - higher achievement V.L. Kondratieva, the deepest, most perfect his work. His main luck, genuine discovery - the character of the main character. With external simplicity and clarity, he trays and depth, and complexity, and significance. The inquisitive mind and simpleness, vitality and active kindness, modesty and self-esteem, hardness of moral principles and a critical look at what is happening the hero is distinguished. The writer reveals the highly moral character of a person from the people formed by its time and embodied the best features of his generation (this is also explained by the proximity and mutual understanding, which are so natural and easily arise from Sasha - a rustic guy and his regular, ex-student, Lieutenant Volodya, who grew up in intelligent Moscow family).

The routine form of the narrative, usually used for the image of a folk nature, providing a person from the people the opportunity to speak of his own behalf, allowed V.L. Kondratyev through the system of speech Hero to reveal from the inside of his character, the course of thoughts, the world of feelings. Appeal to the skate indicated that the story "Sasha" arose at the intersection of the most influential and fruitful literary trends of the pore: she absorbed the experience not only V.P. Nekrasov and "Lieutenant" prose, but also the "rustic" prose, as well as the "one day of Ivan Denisovich" A.I. Solzhenitsyn.

One of the through passing throughout the whole work VL. Condratyev's motifs is in vain shedding blood, meaningless, on the silent of high bosses and for dull military servants, ruined lives. He conducts the idea that for victory over a very strong, well-trained and armed army, it is necessary to exceed it not only by military skill. This army, distinguished by the extraordinary cruelty, the monstrous appeal with the enemy and the civilian population, could only defeat the warriors, protecting those simple and great values \u200b\u200bof human life, without which it deprived of meaning. Refusing to shoot the captive, Sasha explains it simply: "People we, not the fascists ..." It was humanity and was the line, which fascists could not overcome, she became a spiritual foundation difficult to win the victory. Pros V. Kondratieva, in which the terrible face of war is so mercilessly painted - dirt, lice, blood, corpses, are imbued with faith in the celebration of humanity. Anti-fascist, anti-war pathos is implemented in her Pafos Humanistic 1.

In 1986, a story written in 1943 was published in 1943 Konstantina Dmitrievich Vorobyova(1919-1975) "This is us, Lord!",based on documentary entries experienced by the author of events. The main theme raised in it is the fate of Soviet prisoners of war - was under the ban of Soviet chodder until 1956.

K.D. Vorobyov was called to the front, soon he captured and passed several camps; In 1943, he made a bold escape from captivity and created a partisan group.

Brutal naturalism of the image of inhuman suffering - interrogations, torture, hard labor - combined in the story K.D. Vorobyva with a surrealistic description of the visions of the main character in the tragic situation of violence and a constant threat of death. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work was already expressed already in the epigraph elected to him from "The Word of the Regiment of Igor": "Captivity is worse than death." The story center of the story is the tragic fate of the Russian warrior, Lieutenant Sergey Kostrov, who did not conquer the circumstances and not broken spiritually. According to V.L. Kondratieva, the work of K.D. Vorobyva immerses the reader "in the pitch-forty first year, in the most Creshevo war, in the most nightmarish and inhuman pages."

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Lessons 74–75
A man in war is true about him. Brutal realities
and romance in military prose

Objectives:recove the features of prosaic works of war, paying attention to the deepest moral conflicts, special tension in the confrontation of characters, feelings, belief in the tragic situation of war.

Stroke lesson

And the dead, lackless,

There is an even one:

We fell for your homeland,

But she is saved.

A. Tvardovsky

I. Checking homework.

Students read by heart, analyze the poem of the military pore or represent the work of one of the front-line poets.

Poetry of the Great Patriotic War. These are the rows of joy of victories and pain of losses of loved ones and relatives, they reflect the history of our homeland and the fate of the Russian man in those terrible years.

Over time, there are less and less among us those who met the fatal dawn on June 22, 1941. Those who were harsh in 1941 defended Moscow, who knew the bloody snow of Stalingrad, who "Floor-in Europe walked" ... they did not stand at the price, getting victory, did not believed, "to whom the memory, whom Glory, who is dark water" .

The memory of the war ... The truth about the war ... She is alive and in prosaic works.

II. Introduction.

War is tough there is no word.

War - sad there is no word.

War - No Word!

For some reason, these lines of A. Tvardovsky are remembered when reading or reread books about the war.

- Try to record your impressions of our conversation, taking the epigraph these words.

Probably, everyone had to hear the phrase: "There is good books about the war, but the truth is not all." And it seems to me, it's not about some personal, only you know about the battle, a commander, an event, without which there can be no complete truth, - we are talking about the truth of the general one, the most important thing - about the truth of the people.

This Talent is looking for this truth not in the wide epic scope of many people, events, years, not in global philosophical generalizations, but in specifics of life, in its real manifestations. As if the writer convinces himself: nothing of the fact that they fell on the scales of good and evil, not missed, not forgotten ...

"I didn't know then and could not know that from our entire class, from those guys that went to the front, I was the only one destined to return from the war ..." - it will write to the city of Baklanov.

"I looked at the killed in stereotrub. Fresh blood glitters in the sun, and the flies are already sticking to it, sinking over him. Here, on a bridgehead, the great many flies, "is also the city of Blanov.

"I still have a child's cry in the ears, which flies to the well. Have you ever heard this cry? You could not hear it, you could not stand it. The child flies and shouts, shouts like from somewhere from under the earth, from the next world, "he will write S. Aleksievich, and as if in response to her, this shout, forever in the soul, will hear another, from the barn, which is already dealt Straw, pour gasoline: "Mommy, sweet, ask and you, burn us ..." - this is A. Adamovich.

And requiem on its generation will be the rows of the Frontovik poet:

Snow minami is exist around

And he painted from dust mine.

Gap - and dies friend

And death passes by again.

Now my turn will come,

For me one goes hunting.

Be cursed forty first year

And frozen in the snow infantry.

This is about those who died by fulfilling their soldier's debt, the debt of defender of the Fatherland, the native home.

Reading books about war, you understand that the feat is not romantic adventures, but work with risk and dangers. For example, one of quite frequently described events is capturing the prisoner. It is possible to recall the restrained, wise life of Captain Herkina E. Kazakevich, who will achieve the most important information about the preparing tank breakthrough, and Sintsov with a comrade on the company from the trilogy of K. Simonov "live and dead", when they promise to General Orlov to take a "language", And the general overtakes the rupture of mines, and now the word given to the dead, especially firmly, is even holy, and they will kill the German at the cost of heavy injury and the loss of partner's foot on the night search ...

And it will risk Kuznetsov, from the story of D. Medvedev "it was at exactly", painting the German colonel with its super secret documents.

Terrifying the cruel truth about the war Book A. Adamovich "Punliars". In her - about those former prisoners of war, who made their choice, retaining their lives, breaking out of the concentration camp, became in the rows of punitive detachment. The essence of this choice will open when Nikolai White, one of those who put on someone else's uniform, is tested: a gun is thrown into the hand, the German rests on your trunk - and the march to a huge, seemingly endless RBU, the edge of which are people doomed To death, and you, you should shoot. And how many times will you shoot, so many cigarettes you will get into encouragement, and hears the former lieutenant of the Red Army, White Nikolai Afanasyevich, as his neighbor shocked:

- Yes, you are, people, I can't!

You can not - then got there, in this pit, let only those who can press the trigger will remain.

In order for this a great test to whom the soul of a person is exposed, it has become particularly visible, the author brings it to the tragic peak. In Russian literature, the measure of human value was attributed to the child, probably, therefore, following the classic traditions, Adamovich gives her hero Higher test: White sees how the boy "sits on a frog, beats all the verteons and asks, crying:" Uncle, Hutchey , Uncle, Most! " He is so unbearably scared that he shot hurts how to get rid of inhuman horror! So can the white shoot or not?

The author stops the description, there will be no continuation, but the next scene will begin with the words: "Lieutenant White led his zug on the street ..." Zug - this is a platoon in German, and the former lieutenant is his commander. So he could, and even increased the increase, and they go to work - to kill the village of Borki.

Adamovich does not hide the incredible severity of the choice of such "former lieutenants." But remembers the ants, that was the tenth who stepped out of the gate of the camp to the tables with sausage and bread, the last, and his comrades, the semi-bodied, who became angry, watched "on white slice with a red sausage" and did not make one step that he did. And so simple and terribly the parents will say their son, who came to the house in German form: "It would be better to kill you ..."

There is nothing more dangerous, said Adamovich, than to forget about what was with people. Reminister painfully, but forget - deadly. For all mankind. Because the world can stand only on the principles of humanism, love, mercy and conviction that, besides your priceless life, there are still values, those that make this world the world of people and retain a person what makes him a man, even in an inhuman atmosphere of war.

III. Discussion of independently read Tag K. Vorobyov "killed near Moscow."

You independently read the story Vorobiev "killed near Moscow" about the fate of 239 Kremlin cadets who died near Moscow in five days of November 1941. So asks to say: "innocently killed." V. P. Astafyev's rights: "The story" killed near Moscow "just do not read it, because from her, as from the war itself, the heart hurts, the fists are squeezed and I want the only thing: so that never happened that happened to the Kremlin cadets who died after inglorious, convulsive fight in ridiculous solitude near Moscow ... "

The naked truth of the writer who fell in December 1941 under the wedge in captivity, opens the People's Tragedy of 1941. According to the wife of K. Vorobyva, the memories of the war burned his mind, I wanted to shout about it in the whole voice. To say what a witness was needed, it seemed to be some kind of superhuman language, and K. Vorobiev finds such words that transfer us a merciless, the terrible truth of the first months of the war.

- Who is in the center of events of the story of Vorobyeva?

It is a young man from the company of the Kremlin cadets, driven by the captain by Rumyn to the front, which "drew cadets with a visible and majestic constructions from reinforced concrete, fire and human flesh."

"- Two hundred forty people? And all one growth?

"Height of 183," said Captain. "

They are warriors: and outwardly similar to epic heroes, and internally. Probably, this is what I felt in them "the little, exhausted lieutenant colonel", which "for some reason brought to the socks of boots."

Cadets are young, and in youth so tend to imitate.

- Who and why was the ideal and idol for cadets, the subject of admiration, worship?

This is Captain Ryumin: He embodied the dignity and honor of the real Russian officer. He "imites the cadets, stubbornly wearing a face of a little bit shifted on the right temple." Having rejoicing "his flexible young body in the Static Commander Shinel", the main character of the story, Alexey Yastrebov, thinks about himself: "To ak our captain."

Rota is doomed, the death of cadets is inevitable - they are surrounded ...

- Why did Captain need a movie with a night battle with the enemy's motomethbalon?

"... He finally matured and clearly imposed that genuine, in his opinion, the combat decision is the only right decision. Cadets should not know about the environment, because to go with this ago I just had to escape, stealing in advance. Cadets must believe in their power before you know about environment. " Ryumin casts cadets to the attack so that they could feel like soldiers, and not even died, not even awarding the battle: "Ryumin seemed for the first time I saw my company, and the fate of each cadet - his own too - suddenly appeared in front of him the focus of everything that could end Motherland - death or victory. " It was important for him that the Kremlin residents retain all the human.

- Why did Ryumin decided to suicide?

I understood the tragity of the situation: "For this we can not forgive us. Never!" Realized the inability to change anything.

- What did this suicide for the hawk?

When Alexey saw the death of Ryumin, "he discovered an unexpected and unfamiliar phenomenon to him of the world, in which there was nothing small, distant and incomprehensible. Now everything that once has already had and could still be, has acquired a new, huge significance, proximity and intimateness, and all this - former, present and coming - demanded extremely careful attention and relationships. " Thus, Captain Ryumin is a representative of the older generation, a person, by K. Vorobyev, who retained the best traditions of the Russian army, features and qualities of the Russian officer.

- And what is the identity of a young man in war? What qualities do the author in Alekny Jastreb? What is most expensive to us in it?

Hero K. Vorobyva is endowed with the author's ability to deeply feel all living things. He rejoices "light, blue, untouched pure" snow, who gave "the smell of overwhelmed Antonovsky apples." "A little frosty, through and fragile, like glass", morning ("Snow is not glittered, but shining a light, iridescent-rosy and blindly") Causes "some irrepressible, attached happiness - the joy of this fragile morning, joy is unreasonable , proud and secret with which I wanted to be alone, but that someone saw it from afar. "

Human and conscientious Alexey Hawbs workers in a big way and thinks of everything that happens to him and his comrades. "All his being opposed what happened - he did not want that he did not want, but he simply did not know where, in what corner of the soul, to put at least temporarily and at least a thousandth of what was committed ... There was no place in his soul, Where the incredible reasons would be easy. "

- What role is played in the work of Vorobyev landscape sketches?

Nature and war. Landscape backgrounds even more sharply emphasize the fragility of life in war, uninstalistic of the war.

- What sense helps cadets armed with only self-loading rifles, grenades and bottles with gasoline to resist the enemy?

The indestructible high sense of patriotism in the heroes of the story, inexhaustible their love for the Motherland. They assumed the burden of responsibility for the fate of the dedication, without separating their fate from her, herself: "As a blow, Alexey felt suddenly the painful feeling of kinship, pity and intimacy that was around and nearby."

The sense of responsibility for the fate of Fatherland forces Alexey Jastreb to be particularly demanding towards himself ("No, first I myself. I must first ...") This feeling helps him to win over himself, above his weakness and fear. When Alexey learned about the death of six guys, his first thought: "I will not go." But he looked at the cadets and realized that he had to go there and see everything. Everyone to see that there is already there and what else will be.

Konstantin Vorobyov highlights the highest humanity of the hawk, "whose heart stubbornly stubbornly to believe in the stupid animal cruelty of these very fascists; He could not force himself to think about them otherwise, as the people he knew or did not know - indifferent. But what are these? What kind?"

It is humanity and these painful questions forcing him, "exhausted, confused by a cold inner trembling", approach the German killed by him: "I will only look. Who is he? What? " In the Vorobyev diaries there is such an entry: "He could call them with executioners and geeks, and the heart stubbornly believed in their cannor, because in physical look everything was from ordinary people." Alexey wins victory because in a tragically cruel world, where "the host now the war is now. Everything! ", Preserved the dignity and humanity, blood, inseparable communication with childhood, with a small birthplace.

- What are your impressions from the read work?

The faithful troops truth of the war, K. Vorobiev, having talked about the death of young, beautiful, complete lives of unarmed people abandoned under German aircraft and tanks set in inhuman conditions, told how it really was there.

The story was published in the February issue of the New World magazine for 1963, then I saw the light in the Publishing House "Soviet Russia". The first version of the writer has been preserved in the writer's archive: "There may be a few hours, and maybe only a few minutes, and Alexey heard the alien language at himself:

- Herr Lieutenant, yes East Ain Russice officer!

From the collapsed grave, they dragged him sharply, together and strong, and he found himself sitting by the Germans. One of them was in yellow boots with wide rabbits. Alexey long and stupidly looked only on these boots - he saw them a long time ago, and, obeying something secret and power, that, in addition to crumpled will, convulsively sought ways to save lives, he looked almost hopefully in his face The owner of these acquaintances boots. The German laughed and slightly pushed his foot in the side:

- Es East Aus Mit Dir, Rus. Caput.

Alexey understood and began to rise. The back and the place on the body, where the German boot was drunk, it was already warm and gladly, and, leaned into his arms, he looked around and saw the braveing \u200b\u200bskids "...

K. Vorobyev offered to change the end of the story, make it optimistic.

- Think of what option does logically flow out of its content? Why did the writer agreed to change the end of the story?

The first option is more organic (and it is convincingly and brightly shown in the story), he expresses the tragedy of the first months of war. But K. Vorobiev believed that from the point of view of the historical truth, both options are legitimate and truthful. He wrote about this in one of his letters in 1961: "The ending in the" killed near Moscow "can be different: the hero, Alexey, is alive and comes from the environment."

- What do you think, what is the meaning of such books like a story Vorobyov?

The book "killed near Moscow", like other honest and truly talented works, not only retains our historical memory, strengthened deep, sincere experience in the tragic history of the Kremlin cadets, but also becomes a warning story: why is blood flowed today? .. and that then Depends on us?

IV. Creative work (or can be given as a homework).

Write the reasoning by taking the epigraph of the Words proposed at the beginning of the lesson:

War is tough there is no word.

War - sad there is no word.

War - No Word!

The taskfor a separate group:

Before you, the poem of the poet who fell at home during the Great Patriotic War.

Dreamer, dreamer, lazy-envious!

What? Bullets in a helmet cheat?

And riders rush with a whistle

Sabel ridding propellers.

I used to think: "Lieutenant"

Sounds "pour us",

And, knowing the topography,

He grows in gravel.

War is not at all fireworks,

And just - hard work,

black from sweat -

Glides on the smelting of the infantry.

And clay in chasing tops

To the brain of bones of the freezing feet

Versted on chobot

Weight of bread in the monthly paks.

On fighters and buttons like

Scales of heavy orders.

Not to the Order.

Would be homeland

With daily Borodino!

- What is the meaning of the fate of the young pre-generation, what it appears in the story of K. Vorobyov and poem M. Kulchitsky?

(One of the works of modern literature.)

The Great Patriotic War was the greatest of the wars, which only had to go through our people for their centuries-old history. The war was the greatest test and verification of the forces of the people, and this inspection, our people ended up with honor. The war was also a serious test for all Soviet literature, which on the days of the war showed to all the world that she had no and could not be of interests above the interests of the people.

Wonderful works were written by M.Sholokhov, A. Fadeev, A. Tolsty, K. Simonov, A.Partovsky and many other writers.

A special place among the works of the period of the Great Patriotic War occupies the story of M.Sholokhov "Science of Hate", published in June 1942.

In this story, the author shows how it takes and stronger in Soviet people a sense of love for his homeland and the people, as contemplating contempt and hatred for the enemy. The writer creates a typical image of the participant of the war - Lieutenant Gerasimov, in which embodies the best features of the warring Soviet people.

Sholokhov in the previous works painted the amazing paintings of the Russian nature, which he never had a background for action, and always helped to reveal deeper and more and more human character, psychological experiences of heroes.

The story begins with the description of nature. The first phrase of Sholokhov brings together a person with nature and this seems to emphasize that she did not remain indifferent to the heavy struggle: "In war, trees, like people, have every fate." A symbolic importance in this story the image of an oak shell, which, despite the gaping wound, continues to live: "Ripped, the gaping slope drained Polterev, but the second half, nailed to the gap to the water, in the spring wondered and covered with fresh foliage. And until today, probably, the lower branches of the crippled oak are bathed in current water, and the top - still greedily attract the juicy tight leaves to the sun ... "A broken Oak shell, but preserved life juices, it makes it possible to better reveal and understand the character of the main character of the Lieutenant story Gerasimova.

Already the first acquaintance of readers with the hero, it allows us to conclude that this is a courageous man with a huge power of will, moved a lot and changed his mind.

Viktor Gerasimov is a hereditary worker. Before the war, he worked at one of the plants of Western Siberia. The army was called in the first months of war. The whole family instructs him to fight enemies to victory.

Herasimov's labor man from the very beginning of the war has covered the feeling of hatred of the enemy who destroyed the peaceful life of the people and who surrendered the country in the Bloody War Bay.

Initially, the Krasnoarmeysians were pleased with the prisoners of the Germans, called "cameras", treated with papiots, fed from their butchers. The then Sholokhov shows how our fighters and commanders during the war with the fascists were a kind of hatred school.

The terrible traces of the fascist commander found our troops, casting the Nazis from the temporarily occupied territory. It is impossible to read the descriptions of the monstrous atrocities of the enemies without shudder: "... ... burned down the villages, hundreds of shot women, children, old men, the worried corpses captured redarmeys, raped and brutally killed women, girls and teenage girls ..." These atrocities shook the fighters who understood these atrocities That the fascists are not people, but the well-minded blood from the blood.

Heavy, inhuman tests fell to the share of Lieutenant Gerasimov, who was captured. Describing the behavior of the hero in captivity, the writer reveals new character traits inherent in the Russian person. The wounded, who lost a lot of blood, Gerasimov retains self-esteem and full of contempt and hatred against the enemy.

One desire owns lieutenant - do not die. In the column of prisoners, barely moving his legs, he thinks about shooting. Huge joy covers Gerasimov and makes him forget about the thirst and physical suffering, when the fascists do not find a partbilet from him, it gives him the courage and perseverance in the hardest days of captivity.

The story shows the camp in which the Germans held the prisoners, where "they were subjected to severe torment, where there were no restroom and people were practiced here and stood and lay in the mud and in the ominous fat. The most weakened at all did not get up. Water and food were given once a day. Another day completely forgot to give anything ... "But no atrocities writes Sholokhov, could not break the mighty spirit in the Russian man, redeemed the stubborn thirst for revenge.

Much made a lieutenant, he watched death many times, and death, defeated by the courage of this man, retreated. "The fascists could kill us, unarmed and weakened from hunger, could be tortured, but we could not break our spirit, and never break!" This persistence of a Russian man and disadvantaged courage helped Gerasimov to make a shoot from captivity. Lieutenant picked up partisans. Two weeks he restored the forces, participated together with them in combat operations.

Then he was crushed into the rear, in the hospital. After treatment, he soon gets to the front.

"The science of hatred" ends with the words of Gerasimov about hatred and love: "... And they learned to fight truly, and hate, and love. On such a rash, as a war, all feelings are perfectly honed ... hard I hate the Germans for everything that they have caused my homeland and I personally, and at the same time I love your people with all my heart and I don't want to suffer under German ig. That this makes me, and all of us, fight with such a fierce, it is these two feelings embodied in action will lead to us victory. "

The image of Lieutenant Gerasimov is one of the first summarizing images in the literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War.

The peculiarity of his character is that he always feels the son of the people, the son of the Motherland. It is this feeling of belonging to the Great Army of the Russian People, a feeling of selfless love for his homeland and responsibility for her fate give Gerasimov forces not only to postpone all the horrors of captivity, but also to run to join the ranks of the Avengers for all the atrocities that the fascists brought our country .

And it is quite convincingly given in the story of a comparison of the fate of Lieutenant with the fate of mighty oak, crippled by the shell, but who preserved strength and will to live. And as a majesticly beautiful, the image of a Russian man who has passed through hard tests, which fell into his share, and preserved the inexhaustible faith in victory and the desire to continue the war to the victorious defeat of fascism!

Bibliography

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A lot of books are written about the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. K. Simonov, B. Vasilyev, V. Bykov, V. Astafyev, V. Rasputin, Y. Bondarev and many others were treated to the topic "Man in War". At the same time, it is impossible not to mention that this topic was affected and before them, because in the history of Russia there were a lot of wars, and they all were reflected in literary works. The war of 1812 - in the Roman L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", the First World and Civil War - in the novel M. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". For the two authors, a peculiar approach to the topic "Man in War" is characterized. Tolstoy considers mainly the psychological side of the phenomenon, both from the point of view of the Russian soldier and from the enemy. Sholokhov also gives an image of a civil war through the eyes of the White Guards, that is, essentially, enemies.

But usually the topic of "man in war" implies precisely the Great Patriotic War. One of the first works about World War II coming to the mind is the poem "Vasily Terkin" A. T. Tedodovsky. The hero of the poem is a simple Russian soldier. His image is the embodiment of all soldiers, all their qualities and properties of character. The poem is a series of sketches: terkin in battle, terkin in a hand-to-hand fight with a German soldier, Terkin in the hospital, terkin on vacation. All this consists in a single picture of front-line life. Terkin, being a "simple guy", nevertheless, performs feats, but not for the sake of glory and honors, but for the sake of performance of their debt. Having endowed terkina with many people who have the features of the Russian national nature, the Tvardovsky emphasizes that this person is only a reflection of the people. Do not terkin makes feats, but all the people.

If the Twardowsky turns the widespread picture of the war in front of us, Yuri Bondarev, for example, in his own reports ("Battalions are asked for fire", "the last salts") is limited to a description of one fight and a very short period of time. At the same time, the fight itself does not matter much - this is just one of the innumerable fights for the next settlement. This was told all the same Tvardovsky:

Let that fight not mention

In the list of Glory Golden.

The day will come - still sneak

People in memory lively.

It does not matter whether the battle is a local or general value. It is important how a person shows himself. This is written by Yuri Bondarev. His heroes are young people, almost boys who come to the front right with school bench or from the student audience. But the war makes a man with an adult, immediately olds him. Recall Dmitry Novikova - the main character of the story "last salts." After all, he is at all young, young so much that he himself is hesitated, and many envy that at such a young age he achieved such military successes. Indeed, unnaturally to be so young and have such powers: dispose of not only actions, but also the fate of people, their lives and death.

Bondarev and himself said that a person in war finds itself in the position of unnatural, since the war itself is an unnatural way to resolve conflicts. But, nevertheless, being delivered to the conditions, Bondarev's heroes show the best human qualities: nobility, courage, determination, honesty, resistance. Therefore, we experience pity when the hero of the "last volunteers" of Novikov dies, just gaining love, feeling life. But the writer just seeks to approve the idea that victims are paid by victims. Many many laid their lives that the victory day still came.

And there are writers who have a completely different approach to the topic of war. For example, Valentina Rasputin. In the story "Live and Remember", it is the war that moves the development of the plot. But it seems to be a party, only indirectly affecting the fate of heroes. In the story "Live and Remember", we will not meet the descriptions of fights, like Tvardovsky or Bondarev. There is something different here ^ is the topic of betrayal. Indeed, deserters existed in the Great Patriotic War, as in any other, and cannot be covered with eyes. Andrei Guskov is arbitrary from the front, thereby separating herself from people forever, because he betrayed his people, his homeland. Yes, he remains to live, but his life is bought too expensive: he will never be able to openly, with a high head-raised head in the house of his parents. He cut off for himself. Moreover, he cut it off for his wife's wizard. She cannot rejoice at the Victory Day with other residents of Atamanovka, because her husband is not a hero, not an honest soldier, but a deserter. This is what the Iasten is gnawing and tells her the last exit - to rush in the hangar.

Woman in war is even more unnatural than a man. The woman should be a mother, wife, but not a soldier. But, unfortunately, many women in the Great Patriotic War had to wear a military uniform and go to battle on a par with men. This is stated in the story of Boris Vasilyeva "And the dawns here are quiet ..." five girls who would have to learn at the institute, flirt, nursing children, are face to face with the enemy. All five die, they are all five heroic, but, nevertheless, the fact that they have done everything together is a feat. They died, putting their young lives to get closer to the victory. Should there be a woman in war? Probably, yes, since the woman feels that it is obliged to protect his house from the enemy on a par with men, it would be wrong to prevent her. Such victims are cruel, but necessary. In the end, not only a woman in war is an unnatural phenomenon. Unnaturally, generally man in war.