Amedeo Modigliani: Fall in Eternity. Amedeo Modigliani: Unrecognizable Genius Modigliani Pictures Watch

05.03.2020

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His personality

Amedeo was brought up in the Jewish family of Kommersant Flaminio Modigliani and Evgenia Garsen. The genus Modiliani comes from the countryside of the same name to the south of Rome. The Father Amedeo once traded coal and firewood, and now owned a modest broker office and besides that was somehow connected with the exploitation of silver kits on Sardinia. Amedeo was born just when officials were in the house of his parents, the property was already described for debts. For Evgenia Garsen, it was a monstrous surprise, since the property of the feminine is inviolable in Italian laws. Before the arrival of the judicial household hurriedly, all that was most valuable in the house. In general, there was a scene in the style of the Italian film miners of the 50s and 1960s. Although in fact, in the events that shook the house Modigliani before the birth of Amedeo, there was nothing funny, and the mother saw in them a bad omen for the newborn.

In the Mother's Diary, a two-year Dedo received his first characteristic: a bit of discharge, a little capricient, but is good, as angelokf. In 1895, he suffered a serious illness. Then the next entry appeared in the mother's diary: Uu Dedo was a very strong pleurisy, and I have not recovered from the terrible fear for him. The nature of this child is not yet enough formed that I could express a certain opinion about him. Let's see what it will develop from this cocoon. Maybe the artist? F is another significant phrase from the mouth of the observation and hotly loving his son Evgenia Garsen.

In early 1906, among young artists, writers, actors who lived in Montmartre, a kind of colony appeared and immediately attracted attention to the new figure. It was Amedeo Modigliani, who had just arrived from Italy and settled on the street of Colancur, in a small shed-workshop in the midst of the wasteland shrub. He is 22 years old, he is dazzlingly handsome, a quiet voice seemed to be hot, the gait - flying, and the entire appearance is strong and harmonious.

In communicating with any person, he was aristocratically polite, simple and benevolent, immediately placed his sincere responsiveness. Some talked then that Modigliani is a beginner sculptor, others - that he is a painter. Both were true.

Bohemian life quickly delayed Modigliani. Modigliani in the company of their friends-artists (among them - Picasso) was addicted to drinking, he was often seen cluttered on the streets, and sometimes naked.

He was called homeless vagabol. His accuracy rushed into the eyes. One seemed to be an attribute of a newless lifestyle, a characteristic feature of Bohemia, others saw here almost the rally of rock, and it seems that everything was converged on the fact that this eternal homelessness was for Modigliani Blessing, because he unleashed his wings for creative attacks.

His fights with men because of the ladies entered the folklore of Montmartre. He used a huge number of cocaine and smoked marijuana.

In 1917, the artist's exhibition containing in the main image of the naked nature was closed by the police. It so happened that this exhibition was the first and last in the life of the artist.

Modigliani continued to write while tuberculous meningitis did not reduce him in the grave. While he was alive, he knew about him only in the Paris community of artists, but by 1922 Modigliani received worldwide fame.

Sexy life

Modigliani loved women, and those loved him. Hundreds, perhaps thousands of women visited the bed of this elegant handsome.

As a school, Amedeo noticed that girls pay special attention to him. Modigliani told that in 15 years he was seduced by a maid working in their home.

Although he, as many of his colleagues, was not averse to walking along the brothels, yet the bulk of his mistresses were his own simulators.

And during his career, he changed hundreds of simtors. Many posed him naked, during a session several times interrupted in love classes.

Most of all moduliani liked women simple, for example, bars, peasants, waitresses.

These girls were terribly stolen the attention of a beautiful artist, and they mowed themselves.

Sexual partners

Despite the many sexual partners, loved modiliani in his life only two women.

The first was Beatris Hastings, the English aristocrat, poetess, five years older than the artist. They met in 1914 and immediately became inseparable lovers.

They drank together, entertained and often fought. Modigliani in a rage could carry her hair on the sidewalk, if he suspected his attention to other men.

But, despite all these dirty scenes, Beatrice was his main source of inspiration. During the heyday, their love moduliani created his best works. Yet this stormy romance could not exist long. In 1916, Beatris escaped from Modigliani. Since then, they have not seen anymore.

The artist burned in his wrong girlfriend, but not long.

In July 1917, Modigliani met a 19-year-old Jeanne Ebüern.

A young student came from the French family of Catholics. The subtitle pale girl and the artist settled together, despite the resistance of the parents of Zhanna, who did not want a son-in-law Jew. Jeanne was not only a model for the works of the artist, she experienced years of severe illness with him, the periods of rudeness and frank debrief.

In November 1918, Zhanna gave birth to Modigliani daughter, and in July 1919 he offered her to get married, "as soon as all the papers come."

Why they did not get married, remains a mystery, since these two were, as they are called, created for each other and remained together until his death 6 months later.

When Modigliani lay at death in Paris, he suggested Zhanna to join him in death, "so that I could be with my favorite model in Paradise and enjoy eternal bliss with her."

On the day of the funeral, the artist Zhanna was on the verge of despair, but did not cry, but only all the time was silent.

Pregnant with their second child, she rushed from the fifth floor and crashed to death.

A year later, at the insistence of the Modigliani family, they were connected under one gravestone. The second inscription on it read:

Zhanna Ebutern. Born in Paris in April 1898. Died in Paris on January 25, 1920. The faithful companion Amedeo Modigliani, who did not want to survive the separation with him.

Modigliani and Anna Akhmatova

A. A. Akhmatova met Amedeo Modigliani in 1910 in Paris, during a wedding trip.

Her acquaintance with A. Modigliani continued in 1911, at the same time the artist created 16 drawings - portraits A. A. Akhmatova. In his essay, she wrote about Amedeo Modigliani: In the 10th year I saw him extremely rarely, just a few times. Nevertheless, he wrote to me all winter. (I remembered several phrases from his letters, one of them: Vous Etes En Moi Comme Une Hantise / You are in me like obsession). That he composed poems, he did not say me.

As I understand it now, it was most struck in me the property guess the thoughts, see other people's dreams and other little things to which I have been accustomed to me for a long time.

At this time, Modigliani lost Egypt. He led me to the Louvre to watch the Egyptian department, assured that everything else was not focused. I drew my head in the decoration of the Egyptian queens and dancers and seemed completely captured by the great art of Egypt. Obviously, Egypt was his last passion. Already soon he becomes so distinctive that I don't want to remember anything, looking at his canvas.

He drew me not from nature, but at home, - these drawings gave me. They were sixteen. He asked me to shake them and hung in my room. They died in the Tsarsko Selo house in the early years of the revolution. Alone survived, in him, unfortunately, less than in the rest, his future prefers. "

Amedeo Modigliani - a representative of expressionism, an artist whose biography is comparable to Roman. Master's paintings inspire the public no less than a love story that made a painter with an object of chanting in the creative environment. Modigliani had a unique author's style and did not refuse the calling, despite the infancy of fate. Fame came to the artist posthumously, and the pictures today are fabulous money.

Childhood and youth

Amedeo Modigliani was born in Livorno on July 12, 1884. His fate was partly predetermined by the origin. Father Amedeo - the famous Italian painter with Jewish roots. When the boy was for several years, the father was overtaking bankruptcy, and the care of the upbringing and keeping children took over the mother. In the fourth, the younger, the child she did not care of the soul. Amideo's soreness added maternal care, and he answered her attachment traditional for Jewish families.

Museu De Arte Contemporânea Da Universidade De São Paulo

Evgenia Modigliani, in Maiden Garsen, had a great education and instilled in children to knowledge. She knew several foreign languages, and transfers became an additional income for the family. Noticing the tendency of the Son to Fine Arts, Mother at first did not betray it. But at 11 years old, Amedeo fell ill with a typhus and spoke to delight only about painting. Eugene made the only right choice. When Moodigaliani-youngee turned 14, he was given to the local artist Gulielmo Micheli.

Becoming the youngest among the students of the mentor, Amedeo quickly decided with his stories interested. The main direction of his creativity became portraits. In 1900, Modigliani fell ill with tuberculosis. To restore health, the mother took the Son to the island of Capri, and the lessons were temporarily suspended.

Traveling in Italy, the boy got acquainted with the works of outstanding painters. He visited Rome and Florence. Here the novice artist entered the school of painting, and a year later he moved to Venice, where he became a student of the "Free School of Nude Nature".

Artist Amedeo Modigliani / Wikipedia

In 1906, Amedeo, with the help of Mother, moved to Paris, who became the capital of the arts during these years. The public at that time was fond of cubism, so the works that exhibited Modigliani for sale were not in demand. Settled in expensive apartments, the young man was forced to soon move on the cheap detachable apartment, where he wrote pictures to order. In parallel, he took lessons at the Academy of Painting Kolasrasi.

The only source of income for Amedao remained the money sent by the mother. He often had nothing to pay for accommodation, so I had to run away from removable apartments, leaving the picture. But in the world of art, he gradually won recognition, although it did not affect financial condition.

Creation

In 1907, Amedeo Modigliani made his debut at the "Autumn Salon" in Paris. A year later, his work was put in the "independent salon". During these years, the artist produced his own style. He made friends with, wrote their portraits and created paintings "Jewish", "Cellist" and others.

Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza

In 1909, the acquaintance with Konstantin Brankuzy makes Amedeo pay attention to the sculpture. In the absence of money on the materials of Modigliani steals sandstone and tree at construction site. He had to leave the fascination with this direction of art because of patients with lungs.

The creativity of Modigliani is associated with the weaknesses to which many artists are prone. He loved Hashish, and over time he was addicted to alcohol. Left in Paris in 1914, when men called on the front of the First World War, the artist felt on the verge. The state of physical and mental health left much to be desired. Aedeo continued to write to order, but critics still did not want to see talent in it.

The works of Modigliani carry a handprint of a unique author's manner. People depicted to them seems to have a flat mask instead of face, which is hidden individuality. To see her, the paintings should be lined. In the late period of creativity, the master added rounded the elongated ovals of individuals.

Museu De Arte De São Paulo, Statens Museum for Kunst

Working not with space, but with kind, Modigliani created sad, touching images and was fond of visualization of nude nature, combining harmony of color and lines. The most famous works of the author in this direction were "nude, sitting on the sofa" and "lying naked with a blue pillow".

In the same style, the works "Portrait of Zborovsky", "Alice". The author neglected the ratio of proportions in favor of the inner mood of the character. The artist often portrayed children and teenagers with melancholic sadness on her face. Bright examples of such works were the "Portrait of the Girl", "Girl in Blue", "Little Peasant".

Norton Simon Museum

Inspiration Master brought the feelings experienced by him. The main love of his life Zhanna Ebutern, he repeatedly depicted on the canvases. One of the last works of the painter was the picture "Jeanne Ebutern in Red Shawl." On her, the lover masters is depicted in anticipation of the second child. In the works dedicated to her, a high degree of sensuality was transferred, admiration for a simulator and love.

Fortuna smiled Modigliani before death. His works finally attracted the attention of critics who began to call the author's "novice artist who gives hope." Amedeo Modigliani at that time was 35 years old.

Personal life

When considering the autoportist moduliani, it is difficult to say whether the author was good. But the preserved photos confirm that otherwise it could not be. An attractive man enjoyed the attention of the ladies, and his personal life was always shrouded in a romantic fler. Despite the poverty, Modigliani was incredibly chopoten and elegant. A sophisticated artist with a sketchnik in his hands attracted beauties, and his charm left no heart calm. Independent and unrecognizable, moduliani manifes many.

Anna Akhmatova Museum in a fountain house

One of the high-profile novels, which society learned a lot later than its completion, became the union with. The mutual attraction that emerged between them was accompanied by the creation of portraits of poetess who came to Paris with his spouse. Aedeo created several cavot, inspired by the image of Anna, and among them the sketches of naked nature, although Ahmatov denied that they were written from her. Most of the images of the poeses were lost when sending to Russia, but one portrait she lovingly kept for many years.

In 1914, Modigliani met a journalist Beatris Hastings. All Parisian society witnessed their rapidly developed relationships. Jealousy, flirting, beatings and treason accompanied this novel. Beatrice tried to save Amedeo from fearful addictions, but they were stronger. After 2 years of crises and reconciliation, Hastings left Modigliani.

Wikipedia.

1917 turned out to be a turning point for the artist. He met a young student Jeanne Ebüern. The painter's muse was 19 years old, and she became his most faithful friend. The feelings of lovers did not interfere with the protests of the parents of the girl who did not want the daughter to become the wife of the poor artist leading a rampant lifestyle.

A year after dating, the couple moved to Nice. The local climate was useful to aggravated health Amedeo, but the last stages of tuberculosis were not to be treated. In the same year, the lovers had a daughter. A joyful father made Zhanna proposal to become his wife. During this period, the audience became interested in the works of the artist, and it seemed that this story would find a happy final. In 1919, the couple returned to Paris, but the days of the artist were discussed. He lived for 7 months and died in a hospital for homeless.

Death

Poor well-being accompanied Modigliani all his life. He wrote off him on poor health in childhood, and then on the influence of alcohol. It was impossible to talk about tuberculosis - otherwise he would have to remove himself from society. The disease caused the death of the artist. On January 24, 1920, Amedeo Modigliani died from tuberculosis meningitis.

At that moment, his beloved was waiting for the second child. Not wanting to live without Modigliani, she said goodbye to life, having thrown away from the 6th floor. The death of Modigliani shocked all Paris. He was accomplished on the last path numerous friends.

Wikipedia.

Zhanna buried in a modest grave away from the named spouse. Only 10 years later, the relatives allowed her dust in the grave of Modigliani, again connecting the lovers.

In addition to the daughter of Joan, Amedeo Modigliani did not have children. She devoted himself to the study of father's creativity. Two years after the death of Amedeo, his work was sharply soared in price, and the master himself was already called great.

In 2004, an inspired by the artist's biography director Michael Davis removed a biographical film about the life and work of Modigliani.

Pictures

1909 - "Beggar from Livorno"
1914 - "Fight Diego River"
1915 - "Portrait of Pablo Picasso"
1915 - "Anthony"
1916 - "Bride and Groom"
1917 - "Nude on a blue pillow"
1917 - "Red-haired woman"
1918 - "Alice"
1918 - "Girl in Blue"
1919 - "Singer from Nice"

The artist Amedeo Modigliani is a source of realistic image of a naked nature, a talented sculptor, painter and free-player was a sign figure of his time. However, during his life, the Creator was not famous for his works, but a disturbing way of life.

The beginning of the way

Amedeo Modigliani was born in Italy in a petty-bourgeois Jewish family. His parents had noble roots and gave his son a decent education. Amedeo since childhood grew up in an atmosphere impregnated with the work of the Renaissance. Thanks to his mother, a native of France, he perfectly understood in poetry and philosophy, history and painting, and also mastered the French language, which will subsequently help him live and create in Paris.

Before his adulthood, Amedeo Modigliani was twice on the verge of death. At first he fell ill with pleurite, and after - typhoid. Tormented by the disease, he saw the works of Italian painting masters. That is what determined his life path. And already in 1898, he begins to take lessons in the private art school Goulielmo Micheli. But he was forced to interrupt training because of his illness again defeated his illness. This time, Amedeo picked up tuberculosis. After a small forced break, the future artist resumes training, but this time already in the free school of painting naked nature, and after - in the Venetian Institute of Fine Arts.

Paris: new stage of creativity

Mother always admired the talent of her younger son and in every way promoted his creative formation. So, in 1906, thanks to the mother who gathered money for the Son, Amedeo goes for inspiration and glory to Paris. Here he dip in the creative atmosphere of Montmartre and meets many creators of that time - Picasso, Utrill, Jacob, Maidner.

In the capital of world art, Amedeo Modigliani is constantly experiencing financial difficulties. Somewhat recovers his distress in 1907, when he meets the field Alexander, friendship with whom he swears throughout his life. Alexander patronizing the artist - buys his work, organizes orders for portraits, as well as the first exhibition Modigliani. However, fame and recognition still do not come.

Amideo Modigliani is completely devoted to sculpture. It works with stone blocks and marble. A large influence on the work of Modigliani in that period, Brynkushi, Epstein, Lipsshits are provided. In 1912, some of his work were even bought. But weak health and exacerbated tuberculosis forcing him to return to painting.

The artist continues to do during the First World War, which was not taken by his state of health. In 1917, an exhibition of Modigliani was opened, where he presented his work in the genre of Nude. However, local authorities recognized his work indecent and literally a few hours after the discovery covered the exposure.

There is very little about the further period of life of the artist. Amedeo Modigliani died at the beginning of 1920 from the tuberculous meningitis over his life.

Love Stories

The artist was distinguished by the fervor of nature and in love. He admired female beauty, bastville and chasing it. It is known that in 1910 he had Roman Anna Akhmatova, who lasted a year and a half. In 1914, another serious novel happened in his life. Bright and eccentric Beatris Hastings was not only a beloved and the museum of Amedeo, but also a promoter. Thanks to her scandalous articles about Modigliani, he gained some fame. True, not as a brilliant artist, but as a Bohemian amateur alcohol and drugs.

After the novel with Beatrice to the life of the artist, a young muse is broken - nineteen-year-old Jeanne Ebutern. Her beauty he felt in 25 portraits. Zhanna gave birth to him, and when the artist found out about the second pregnancy of the muse, he hurried to make her proposal. But the couple was married in the church did not have time because of the death of the artist. Unable to withstand separation, the day after the death of the beloved Zhanna is solved for suicide.

Characteristic of creativity

Amedeo Modigliani, whose works are not transmitted by the hundredth of the artist's skill, was skillful in creating portraits. He recreated by smoothness of lines and smears. Its works combine in themselves, it would seem that inequalized things - expression and harmony, linearity and generalization, plastic and dynamism. His portraits were not similar to reflection in the mirror or photo. Rather, they passed the inner sense of moduliani and differed with extended forms and generalized color zones. He does not play with space. In the pictures, it is as well as pressed, conditional.

Modigliani is a descendant of the great philosopher Spinoza.

"Modigliani. Jew "- the artist seemed to strangers with such words. His nationality was always embarrassed, but he chose the path of not denial, but allegations.

Amedeo had a heir, but he refused his son before his appearance.

The first surge in demand and sincere interest of the public to his work arose after the death of Modigliani, or rather, during his funeral.

B had a reputation of an irrepressible debachir and walks, and it was not allowed to be all the establishments.

Amedeo had a clock for hours to quote the poets of the era of the Renaissance and modern creators.

In fact, contemporaries knew little about the life of Amedao Modigliani. The biography was recreated after his death on the Mother's diaries, letters and stories of friends.

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Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Mariupol State University

History department

Subject: Amedeo Modigliani

Performed:

student Soliev M.

Teacher:

Mariupol2013.

Introduction

1. Life and era

2. Creativity

3. Famous work

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

At the beginning of 1906, among young artists, writers, actors who lived in Montmartre, a kind of colony, in which everyone, anyway, knew each other, appeared and immediately attracted attention to the new figure. It was Amedeo Modigliani, who had just arrived from Italy and settled on the street of Klenkur, in a small Saraj-workshop in the midst of a waste of the wasteland, who called "Poppies" and just started to build up with new houses. He was twenty-two years old. He was dazzlingly beautiful, but attracted to himself, obviously, something even more unusual. Many of those who met him then met for the first time, remembered, first of all, the feverish shine of large blacks, in the focus of looking eyes on a matte-dark face. A soft voice seemed to be hot, walking - flying, and the entire appearance is strong and harmonious.

The last of the Mogican Bohemia Amedeo Modigliani lived quite bohemian life. Poverty, diseases, alcohol, drugs, sleepless nights, disorderly connections were his permanent satellites. But it did not prevent him from becoming the greatest innovator artist who created the unique "world of Modigliani .1

We have no modigliani in neither museums, nor in private collections (several preserved patterns of course, in no way compensate for this space). In the early 20s, when the spontaneous and mostly speculative-maout "distribution" of his paintings by the world art market occurred, our country lived so hard that she was not for concerns about the acquisition of the latest Western painting.2 Modigliani was presented with us For the first time in 1928 Tolu at one of the exhibitions of foreign art. After a long break, the few of his portraits appeared several times at exhibitions of works from the museum and private collections of the United States, France, Japan.

It is characteristic that, despite such a variety of works about Modigliani, in Western art history, the opinion is increasingly expressed that his work still needs a deeper study that it is not yet understood completely and not assessed quite objectively. You really know about it, getting acquainted with his works and at the same time reading at least the best thing is that it is written about him. It is difficult not to notice that even the most serious, professional dormant analysis of his creativity in the West is still limited mainly to the problems of "clean form". It is considered abstract and scrupulously to establish either traditionalness, or the originality of his skill techniques. Considered as it were in an airless space, in a forcibly closed sphere, these techniques of skill are either compressed into a soulless protocol, resembling a "history of the disease," or give a consistent reason for anything unlimited comparisons, then more or less reasonable, then arbitrary. Who only do not bring moduliani, whose only influences are not imposed on him! The names and schools are glued to his work in such an abundance that he can already seem like a general imitator, not the eclectic student - in any case, until, while passing through various "steps", the OP will not work out, Finally, by the will of a different researcher, his own inimitable and inimitable style. And it becomes already difficult in this kaleidoscope of "influences" and "convergence" to identify those real origins and hobbies that really covered his path and helped him completely still become in the art of themselves. It is not clear why his art is rapidly deprived of social and philosophical meaning. They admire, the beauty of his painting and the elegance of the drawing, shouting from his spiritual impact.

So, the purpose of this work is to trace the vital and creative path of Amedeo Modigliani, and for this you need:

outline the main stages of short, but full of events, the life of the artist;

light the creativity of Modigliani;

analyze the main works of the master.

Working with literature on this topic, the author notes their limited quantity, but one can note the increased interest in the work of Modigliani for the last 10-20 years in domestic art historian. The most famous Soviet study of creativity of this master can be called Monograph Vilenkin V.Ya. "Amedeo Modigliani". The author of the book introduces in detail the reader with life and creativity, offers deep, but perhaps not quite an objective analysis of the works of the author. Werner "Amedeo Modigliani" is more objective, it also contains many interesting facts about the life of Modigliani, the analysis of the work, but more brief, but unlike the work of Vilenkin contains a large number of color and black and white illustrations. The most complete collection of reproductions of the works of Modigliani, in our opinion, is contained in the book "The world of masterpieces. 100 world names in art. " In addition to reproductions, the book contains a large introductory article with a detailed biography of Amedeo Modigliani and brief analysis of work.

1. Life and era

Amedeo Modigliani was born on July 12, 1884 in Livorno, on the west coast of Italy. His parents took place from prosperous Jewish families (one of the grandfathers of the future artist was at one time a prosperous banker). But the world met the child's born Nelskovo - in the year of birth to Amedeo his father, Flaminio, broke, and the family was on the threshold of poverty. In this situation, the mother of the future artist, Eugene, who possessed an unstable character became a true head of the family. She got a very good education, tried strength in the literature, worked in translations and taught children English and French.

Aedeo was the younger and the most beautiful of the four children moduliani. Mother did not care in him the souls also because the boy was weak. In 1895, he seriously feared pleuritis. According to a family legend, to draw Amedeo began only after seriously surcedit the abdominal typhoid in 1898. The mother told that some unusually picturesque, terrible beat, who had never seen the paintings, who had never seen before, did not see the paintings during him, and that allegedly he had opened a passion for drawing in his drawing. For about this time, Amedeo was seriously carried away by drawing. He was completely indifferent to school classes and had already received a student in the workshop of the local artist and the sculptor of Mikheli at the age of fourteen.

"Dedo (so called the boy in the family) completely abandoned all his affairs," his mother wrote in the diary, "and he does not do anything except drawing ... He draws all day, hitting and confusing me with his passion." His teacher is very pleased. He says that Dedo is very well draws for a student who studied painting is only three months. "

In 1900, when Amedeo again fell ill with pleuris, in his left lungs found the foci of tuberculosis, which later became one of the reasons for the early death of the artist. Mother was lucky son to correct health on the island of Capri. On the way back the teenager visited Rome, Florence and Venice. From this journey, letters sent to them went to the friend - with Forky recognition in love for art and with reference to beautiful images, "disturbing imagination". However, it was in them and something else. In one of the letters with Capri, a young traveler talks about "walking lunar at night with one Norwegian girl, very attractive in appearance."

In 1902, Modigliani went to Florence, where he entered the school of painting. After moving in March 1903 to Venice, he continued his studies at the local academy. It came to us quite some drawings and letters of the artist belonging to this period. Venice was a motion on the nationality of the city with richest cultural traditions. But Modigliani, like all young artists of his generation, manifes Paris. In January 1906, a 21-year-old artist stew to promised Paris land. His favorite uncle, Amedeo Garsing, who helped him before, died a year earlier, and now Modigliani received only a modest "scholarship" from the mother.

His wandering on cheap furnished rooms began - first on Montmartre, and from 1909 - on Montparnasse, in the quarter of artists. Amedeo perfectly owned French and therefore, without difficulty, the Paris buddies were easier, together with whom she enjoyed the charities of the capital's life, not bypassing the parties and bars with brothels (Il. 1).

In November 1907, Modigliani met a young doctor and a fan of painting by Paul Alexander, the first collector of his work. Only World War dispelled them (Dr. Alexander then mobilized to work in a military hospital). It was Alexander in 1909, a modigliani with an outstanding Romanian sculptor Konstantin Brankuzy. Under the influence of Brankuzy, Amedeo became interested in sculpture, throwing painting for several years (Il. 2,3). However, dust so harmful acts on his weak breasts, which is temporarily forced to abandon his beloved sculpture. For some time, even the Academy of Kolasrasi attends, and we must hardly have this visit to the most recent drawings of naked simulators performed in an academic manner. Further search starts new.

In addition, he is trying to resolve two main tasks facing him: the first is to earn, and the second thing I wrote about from Rome, "to come to his own truth about life, beauty and art," that is, to find Your topic and gain your language. With the first task, he never coped to the end of his life. His juniorly romantic phrase that "I will never understand our breasts", I found it, alas, our gross concreteness. No Parisian Tradesman agreed to buy the canvas with anyone who is not a famous painter is too risky investment.

Bohemian life made himself felt. The health of the artist shake. In 1909 and in 1912, Modigliani went to his relatives to Italy to fix it, but, returning to Paris, again preferred to live as before. Saw modigliani hard and often; In drunken form became unbearable. In the "blurred" state, he could insult a woman to get involved in the scandal, to start a fight, even put on the public. At the same time, almost everyone who knew him well, noted that a sober artist was an ordinary person, anything distinguished from most people of that time.

In front of the First World War, Modigliani settled in the famous "ULE", or otherwise "Rotunda", without mentioning that no story about the life of the legendary Montparnasse artists was accounted for. Nursing, a strange building, the former wines pavilion at the 1900 World Exhibition, some kind of chunk-benefactor dragged them to a cheap land purchased by them almost on the outskirts of Paris and there was a hostel for homeless and hopeless poor artists. What kind of celebrities did not give up his dirty camork-workshops, more similar to the coffins with the palms over the doors instead of beds. The Fernian's Fernian lived, Mark Chagal, the French poet was blushing Sandrar, and even our Lunacharsky had one time at Modigliani. This agricultural "hive" moduliani is obliged to familiarize with a person who gently loved and considered one of the greatest artists of his time. This is Haim Sutin, the town of Jew, who escaped from the stubble smokers, where the uninterests were very pleasant for the paintings, and some miraculously flew into a brilliant Paris. Soutin turned out to be an original artist, with a big future. Modigliani wrote two of his portrait, one of which, where the sutine is open, the perky face of the passion guy is very beautiful in painting.

With the beginning of the First World War, the life of Modigliani even more permenned. Many of his friends called on the army, she approached loneliness. In addition, prices were filled up; Stone and marble have become inaccessible luxury, and Modigliani had to forget about sculpture. Soon he met the writer Beatris Hastings. Acquaintance turned into a stormy novel, who lasted two years. What a relationship between lovers can be judged at least for the fact that once Modigliani admitted that the Beatris was thrown out of the window, and another time, blushing from shame, told Jacques Lipschitsa that Beatrice beat him with a rag.

It was during the years of war moduliani managed to achieve some success. In 1914, the artist's work began to buy Paul Gil. In 1916, this "art dealer" changed the leaving from Poland Leopold Zborovsky. In December 1917, Zborovsky agreed with the owner of the Art Gallery of Berta Veil about the organization of the personnel exhibition Modigliani (it was his only lifetime "staff"). It seemed that the wall of non-recognition was about to collapse. However, the idea with the exhibition turned into a farce. The gallery was just opposite the police station, and when there was a small crowd near the window of the gallery with a small crowd, one of the policemen decided to see what was going on. After half an hour, Madame Will ordered to remove the "abomination" from the window, and the exhibition had to be collapsed before her official discovery.

A few months before the ill-fated exhibition, Modigliani met with a 19-year-old student Zhanna Ebutern (Il. 4). The girl fell in love with the artist and stayed with him to his very death. However, his behavior from this did not become better. From Zhanna Modigliani was terribly rude. Poet Andre Salmon described this one of the numerous public scandals of Modigliani: "He dragged her (Jeanne) by hand. Grabbing her hair, pulled them with force and behaved like a crazy, like a savage. "

In March 1918, Zborovsky moved to the south of France, away from the capital in the military bustle. To make a company, he invited several artists - Modigliani was among them. So he was in Cannes, and then in Nice, where in November 1918, Zhanna was born a daughter (also Jeanne). At the end of 1919, Modigliani (Il. 5) returned to Paris with both Jeannes, and a few months later sick with tuberculosis meningitis.

July 12, 1920 he died. The tragic postscript to the life of Modigliani was the suicide Zhanna Ebutern. The next morning after the funeral, she, being on the eighth month of pregnancy, jumped out of the window.

At the end of his biography, it is customary to put a bold point: Finally, Modigliani found himself and expressed himself to the end. And he burned down in a half-word, his creative flight broke his catastrophically, he also turned out to be one of those who were in the world in the world, he was disliked on Earth. "And, most importantly, it was united. Even on the basis of what he did indisputably completely in this one, the only "period", which continues to live for us today - who will say where to what new A, maybe completely unexpected parties, in which unknown depths Would this passionate, longing for some latter, all-exclusive truth talent? Unless in one can not be doubted - that he would not stop the PA already they achieved.1

2. Creativity

In 1898-1900, Amedeo Modigliani was engaged in the workshop of Mikleto Gulielmo, and therefore it can be said that the initial stage of his work was held under the sign of the Italian art of the XIX century. Since this century in the country with a glorious artistic past is not rich in outstanding achievements, many tend to underestimate the masters of this time and their creation. Meanwhile, they are the undisputed source of the inspiration of the novice artist, and this fact cannot be refuted by the fact that we had little early earned, made before moving to Paris, works of Modigliani. Maybe in Livorno, Florence or Venice, unknown works of Modigliani 1898-1906, which will help shed light to the initial stage of the artist's creative biography. In addition, we can rely on some reviews about the early works of Modigliani. And it is generally difficult to imagine that he passed past the modern art of his native country: it is obvious that the art of Italy of the nineteenth century produced on the young Modigliani no less impressive than the works of the Renaissance era, and the hospital is also felt in the early Paris works of Modigliani, as well as Toulouse -Lell.

During his stay in Rome in 1901, Modigliani admired the painting Domenico Morelli (1826-1901) and his schools. Sentimental pictures of Morelli on biblical themes, its historical canvas and canvas on the plots from the works of Tasso, Shakespeare and Bairon are now completely forgotten. A bold step, leaving far ahead from Morelli, was made by a group of all young McCyalyoli artists (from Macchia - a colorful stain). This school, young innovators, they united the rejection of the bourgeois tastes prevailing in the art, whose apologists were academic artists of the genre. According to the artists of the McCyayoli group, they were close to Impressionists: they also loved portraying peasant homes, rural roads, sunbed the sun and sun glare on the water, but did not differ in the courage of art solutions inherent in monet followers.

Apparently, during the date of the moduliani, a supporter of the artistic principles of McCyayoli was for some time. Micheli, his teacher himself was his favorite student of one of the founders of this school, Giovanni Fattori (1828-1905) from Livorno. Micheli was a pretty famous landscape, and the popularity among local art lovers, he earned his sea landscapes filled with a feeling of freshness and light.

Modigliani worked as frantically as he lived. Alcohol and Gashish never reduced his irrepressible desire to work. Probably there were periods when, due to the lack of wide recognition, he fell into despair and lowered his hands. Once, answering a friend who reproached him in idleness, he said: "I create at least three paintings a day in my head. What is the point of spoiling a canvas, if anyone else will buy? " On the other hand, Arthur Pfannstil, the author of the book "Modigliani and his work", reports that the young artist continuously made out the sketches, feverishly filling out the drawings of his notebook in the blue cover, to one hundred per day.

It should be remembered that during this period, Modigliani still dreamed of becoming a sculptor and a significant part, if not a lion's share, spent his efforts on the sculpture. A man with a critical mind warehouse, he periodically destroyed those things that seemed to him unsuccessful. But he also lost a lot of work and with rush moving from one place to another, almost always secretly and without paying with the owner for the removed room. Frightened homeowners destroyed the "insane" paintings, which he left them instead of payment; Not too much treated with his works and the owners of the bistro, which he exchanged his works on drinking more often than on food. A lot of work, he thoughtlessly crossed his numerous random girlfriends, which did not bother them. Modigliani never led to his works.

It is noteworthy that on a young painter so little influenced Formism and cubism. Foreists laid the whole color, and Modigliani is the main line. At first he complained that his "damned Italian eyes" could not get used to special Paris lighting. His palette was not distinguished by great diversity, and only once or two he resorted to a coloristic experiment in the spirit of neo-simpressionists or walkers. As a rule, he concluded large surfaces of even color into thin, but clearly drawn linear contours. Cubism with its tendency to dehumanization was for Modigliani, who was looking for in the work of the opportunity to express strong emotions, too reasonable.

If the early canvas of Modigliani, despite the excellent techniques and separate glimpses of peculiar charm and lyrism, are not yet truly outstanding works, then its drawings of 1906-1909 are already anticipate of the mature wizard of 1915-1920.

Summer in 1909 he spent with his family in Livorno and wrote a number of paintings there, among which was a canvas called "Beggar". This canvas, as well as two variants of the "cellist", were among the six things put in the "independent salon" in 1910. By this time, many critics, poets and counter-artists have already been recognized, however, besides the Dr. Field of Alexander's deeds, no one wanted to buy his work. He moved from place to place, because there was never money for a decent workshop. At the same time, he lived in the so-called "ule" - strange, the old house on Danzig Street where the tiny workshops were also shot by Chagall, Kisling, Sutin and many other foreigners.

In 1909-1915, he considered himself a sculptor and worked very little butter. During this period, Modigliani tied a lot of interesting and necessary dating. In 1913, he met Haim Sutin, inhabited immigrant from Lithuania, and subsequently at the rights of a close friend tried to teach him good manners. Soutin was for a dozen years younger, and his violent painting with the characteristic "explosions" of pasto-old maiders could hardly like a friend from Italy. In 1914, Max Jacob presented Modigliani field Guillaume - the first Marshan, who managed to awaken an interest in customers to the artist's work. But a much closer relationship was connected by Modigliani with another marsham, Leopold Zborovsky with whom he met in 1916. A significant part of the work created by the artist in the last three or four years, has appeared thanks to the support of Zborovsky and his wife. Zborovsky was an unusual phenomenon among marchings of that time: he experienced fanatical attachment to his ward, despite all the flaws of the artist, primarily the recklessness and quick temper - which would pushed a less devotee.

In December 1917, the only real personal exhibition of Modigliani, organized by Zborovsky in the Bertie Vail gallery. Instead of the expected success, noisy scandal broke out. Before the showcase, in which the picture was put up with the image of the nude, the crowd gathered. The police insisted that this canvas and four more nude were removed from exposure. Not a single painting to sell.

In May 1919, Modigliani returned to Paris, and Jeanne arrived there a little later. The first signs of success appeared. About the artist began to write newspapers. Several of his canvases was presented at the exhibition of French art in London. His work began to be in demand for buyers. Modigliani finally appeared reason to perceive the spirit - if not a new deterioration of health. Modigliani managed to simultaneously establish themselves and realist and unprotected. This inspirational eclectic - an aristocrat, a socialist and a sensualist in one person - uses techniques as masters of the bank of the ivory (whose statues are striking the imagination, without causing feelings of concerns) and the icon paintings of Byzantium and early rebirths (which touch us, but can not be shaking to the ground ). Of all this, there is a trembling, causing - in one word, unique - Modigliani!

3. Famous work

Amedeo Modigliani Creativity Artist

The amazing manner of Modigliani was especially brightly manifested in his nude and portraits. It was these works, first of all, put forward it to leading positions in the art of the twentieth century.

The creative path of Modigliani was tragically short. He was released quite a little time - most of his best works fall on the last five years of life. This explains the relatively modest sizes of his heritage, and some narrowness in the choice of topics - by and large, Modigliani worked only in two genres (nude and portrait). Nevertheless, even in such a generous era, which was the beginning of the last century, he managed not to get lost in the general "artistic" mass and declared itself as one of the most original and poetic modern painters. And the style created by him still does not give rest to many artists, provoking them (often unconsciously) to imitate and repetition.

The elongated molds of Modigliani have always caused increased interest. Their origin was explained differently critics. Some of these explanations are quite anecdotic - for example, conventionally speaking, "alcoholic". They argued that the elongated forms are the result of the alcohol addiction of the artist, looking at women through the bottom of a glass or a curved neck of the bottle. Meanwhile, similar forms are also found in the Renaissance masks, before which the moduliani leaned, and on their favorite African masks. African masks did not exhaust his artistic hobbies. It also attracted the art of ancient Egypt, occupied the statues of Oceania Islands and much more. However, the speech was not about direct borrowing; If the ancient sculptures and influenced Moodigaliani manner, then only indirect. Modigliani received only what corresponded to his own search.

In its "sculptural" five-year-old artist wrote only about two tens of paintings, while the total number of its preserved webs is approaching 350. Later he threw a sculpture. Perhaps the classes of sculpture have become simply unbearable for him. Stone carving is a hard physical work, and at the same time the stone dust was contraindicated with a spoiled tuberculosis light artist. However, the sculptural works created by the author is an integral part of the Amedeo creativity. All existing moduliani sculptures are created between 1909 and 1914. It is 23 stone heads and two figures (standing woman and the Caryatid). Outline Caryatide Modigliani did repeatedly, going to create, a whole series of heads and figures for the beauty temple conceived by him. This idea was not destined to come true. True, seven goals (also a kind of series) he showed in the autumn salon in 1912. A friend of the artist, the famous sculptor Jacob Epstein, noted in his autobiography that at night Modigliani lied candles installed on the stone heads and covered the workshop with them, seeking to "imitate the coverage of the ancient pagan temple.

Modigliani was a self-taught sculptor, so his early sculptures look rude (and even aside). But, intensively worked, he soon found his own style, at the same time elegant and powerful. Stone heads of Modigliani have an attractive, almost magnetic force. It can be assumed how majority could be concealed by the artist the temple of beauty.

The creativity of Modigliani is most often associated with the viewer precisely with his nude. Modigliani has always been interested in nude nature, but he seriously turned to this topic only in 1916. The magnificent nude, written by the artist in the last three or four years of his life, is very different from the whole previously created. Women's images of the late moduliani have become more sensual and immediate, losing the former sadness and contemplation. Working in this genre, the artist rarely resorted to the help of his girlfriends or mistresses - an exception is one nude with Beatris Hastings as a model and several similar things for whom Jeanne Ebutern poses. Typically, the artist's models served as paid simulars or random acquaintances. The preference of Modigliani gave a lying nude (although it is not an exceptional posture for him). He always depicted a female body, juicy, with his head thrown behind his head or bent feet.

In the time of Modigliani, the naked female nature has not yet become a common place in painting. She worried, even shocked. Especially obscene considered an image of the hair on the pubic. But the creation of an erotic atmosphere was not an end to the moduliani itself; This, of course, is present on its canvases, but, in addition, they are elegant along the composition and are sophisticated in color. They are primarily artwork. As an example, work can be given: "naked on a white pillow" (1917-1918), "sitting nude" (Il. 6) without the date and "young sitting woman" (1918). An excellent sample of the genre, combining the purity and grace of the line, the simplicity of the composition, expression and deep eroticism - "sitting nude" (1916). This is one of the first nude modulianities belonging to his mature period. In his book (1984), dedicated to the work of the artist, Douglas Hisl calls this picture "Perhaps the most beautiful of Nude Modigliani" 1. The woman's face is stylized, but it can be found in it similar to Beatris Hastings. At the time of creation of the canvas, they still lived together. However, it is unlikely that Beatrice posed the artist; Most likely, Modigliani, as usual, invited a professional simulator for this. But in the process of work in front of his eyes, definitely stood Beatrice. An extended, resembling the sculptural cast, the face of the woman shown reminds African masks that the moduliani admired, and the tilt of the head and lowered eyelashes sounds echoing paintings that usually exhibited in the cabin. Nevertheless, this work of Modigliani is completely original and rightfully considered one of the pearls in the Nude series, subsequently glorified by the artist.

"Lying nude" (1917-1918), the creativity of Modigliani is most often associated with the viewer precisely with his nude, and this masterpiece is an excellent sample of the genre, combining the purity and grace of the line, the simplicity of the composition, expression and deep eroticism.

Modigliani was an outstanding draftsman, so the main charm of the image gives the line, gently describing the contours of the body of a woman, her neck and sowed faces. Flame contours of the figure emphasizes the elegant, elegantly chosen pattern background. The pose and facial features of the model are very intimate, but at the same time deliberately stylized, why the image loses individuality and becomes collective. Cutting the edge of the canvas and legs of the heroine of this work visually brings her to the viewer, even more enhancing the erotic sound of the painting.

In addition to nude, portraits of Moodigaliani brush are widely known. He said: "The man is what interests me. Human face is the highest creature of nature. For me, this is an inexhaustible source. "1 Most often, Moodigaliani posed his close friends, thanks to which many of the artist's canvases look at the curious gallery of representatives of the artistic world of the time, in whose images the "golden age" of Paris art was imprinted. Modigliani left us portraits of the artists of Diego River, Juan Gras, Pablo Picasso and Haima Soutine, Sculptors Henri Lauren and Jacques Lipschitsa, writers Guillais Apolliner and Max Jacob. The single self-portrait of Modigliani (Il. 7) came to us, written in 1919, a few months before death.

Nude and portraits written by an artist at sunset of life commemorated with an important milestone in the history of modern painting. Although the latest portraits of Modigliani are traces of emotional decline (which is not surprising, if you don't forget about how he lived at that time), they, nevertheless, retain the transparency and majesty inherent in the randration masters.

But this moduliani did not bring this mudigree. He knew only a narrow circle of artists - the same as he, disinterestedly lovers in art. And this, as a rule, does not bring money during the lifetime. Yes, Modigliani (like many of his friends) still waited for unconditional recognition, but it happened after his death. For his paintings, which he gave for bread and wine, now pay a breathtaking money; In art galleries, they occupy the most honorable places, and hundreds of books written about the artist. Ordinary story.

Conclusion

The picturesque manner of moduliani with its decorative flatness, acute conciseness of the composition, the musicality of silhouette rhythms, the saturation of the color was determined in the early 1910s. In their, as a rule, the same-name paintings - portraits and nude - Modigliani created a special world of images, intimate-individual and, at the same time, similar to general melancholic self-profit; Their peculiar subtly nuansed psychologism, enlightened poetry combined with constant, sometimes tragic sensation of human insecurity in the world.

Modigliani managed to simultaneously establish themselves and realist and unprotected. His art meets the requirements of purists who insisted that the picture is only a plane on which paints are defined; But at the same time, he invested in his canvas rich human, sexual and social, content. He reveals and hides, selects and brings, seduces and calms down. This inspirational eclectic - an aristocrat, a socialist and a sensualist in one person - uses techniques as masters of the bank of the ivory (whose statues are striking the imagination, without causing feelings of concerns) and the icon paintings of Byzantium and early rebirths (which touch us, but can not be shaking to the ground ). Of all this, there is a trembling, causing - in one word, unique - Modigliani!

What remains from Modigliani after seven decades after his death? First, of course, a creative heritage, which is subject to another detailed study, and secondly, the legend, which became the property of millions.

The legend originated from the memories of people who knew the artist during his tragic life in Paris, and even more of the books, which are based on some amazing imagination, but not always reliable information from the second or even third hands. The adventures of Modigliani are dedicated to several mediocre novels and a movie.1

Alcohol and drugs may have simply needed a physically weak, unlucky and lonely foreigner in Paris, besides, suffering from uncertainty and bitter disappointments, but they did not create and did not release his genius. Modigliani was almost always desperately poor, and more even because of his "terrible character," repulsed possible patrons than because of the complete indifference to him from collectors. During the "romantic legend of death from hunger, alcohol and, God knows what metaphysical torment" 2, the daughter of the artist Jeanne Modigliani in everything, first of all, tuberculosis, which he was sick throughout his life.

No matter how unknown and irresponsible seemed at times the artist, mostly it was - and this is unanimous all his friends - a man of aristocratic behavior, a brilliant mind, widely educated, capable of good feelings and compassion. Given the limited duration - thirteen years - his creative activity and all life circumstances, its achievements are amazing not only in quantitative, but also in qualitative terms. In the book "Modigliani and his creativity" (1956) Arthur Pfannstil lists and describes 372 artist's paintings created after his arrival in Paris in 1906. In the preface to the album "Amedeo Modigliani. Pictures and sculpture (1965) Ambrogo ChernoNA argues that the number of genuine paintings of Modigliani - 222, which indicates a very strict approach to their assessment. A few early moods of Modigliani were found in recent years, and not so long ago a number of very convincingly on the reliability of the canvas of the Parisian period, not mentioned neither by Pfannstil, nor ChernoNi.3 Unfortunately, the market was flooded with fakes under moduliani, and some of them were completed With such skill, which can be misleading and specialist, and collector. It is not surprising that the Master of Falsification so has intensified their activities - the price for first-class works of Modigliani rose to one hundred thousand dollars. As a result, many "modigliani" appeared, which are trying to reduce original techniques developed by the Master to trivial formulas.

We never know how much work did not come to us - how many of them destroyed the artist himself, and how much it was lost.

Bibliography

Werner Alfred. Amedeo Modigliani (Per. Fateeva). - St. Petersburg: ICAR, 1994. - 126 p., Il.

Vilekin V.Ya. Amedeo Modigliani. - 2nd ed., Act. and add. - M.: Art, 1989. - 175 p., L. Il. - (Life in art).

European painting XIII - XX centuries. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Art, 1999. - 526 p., Il.

Modigliani. - M.: Publishing Center "Classic", 2001. - 64 p., Il. "The world of masterpieces. 100 world names in art. "

Art Gallery: Modigliani. -№ 26. - M., 2005. - 31 p.

Encyclopedia of world painting / Sost. T.G. Petrovts, Yu.V. Sadomnikova. - M.: Olma - Press, 2000. - 431c.: Il.

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