The meaning of the word symphony in the dictionary of musical terms. Lesson "Symphonic Music Symphony Definition for Children

16.06.2019

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SYMPHONY

1. A large musical work for the orchestra, usually consisting of 4-parts, of which the first and often the latter are written in semonate form (music). "Symphony can be called a big sonata for the orchestra." N.Solovyev .

3. over what. One large whole, in which merged, various numerous components are combined. Symphony of flowers. Symphony odors. "These sounds merged into a deafening labor symphony." Maksim Gorky .

4. Alphabetical Word Description to church books (church., Lit.). Symphony on the Old Testament.

Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

Synonyms:

Watch what is "Symphony" in other dictionaries:

See Consent ... Dictionary of Russian Synonyms and Similar expressions in terms of meaningful. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. Symphony of Harmony, Consent; consonance, dictionary signpost, symphonyus dictionary of Russian synony ... Synonym dictionary

- (Greek. Consonance). A big musical work written for the orchestra. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Symphony of Greek. Symphonia, from SYN, together, and Phone, sound, harmony, sound consent. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Symphony number 17: Symphony number 17 (Weinberg). Symphony number 17 (Mozart), Sol Major, KV129. Symphony number 17 (meskovsky). Symphony number 17 (Karamanov), "America". Symphony number 17 (Slonim). Symphony number 17 (Hovaresis), Symphony for Metal Orchestra, Op. 203 ... ... Wikipedia

symphony - And, g. Symphonie F. , IT. Sinfonia Lat. Symphonia c. Symphonia consonance. Krysin 1998. 1. A large musical work for an orchestra consisting of 3,4 parts, differing from each other with the character of music and tempo. Panthetic symphony ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

Women, Greek, music. Harmony, the consent of sounds, multilateral consonance. | Special form of a multi-minded musical composition. Symphony Gaiden. | Symphony on the Old, on the New Testament, Arch, indication of places where the same word comes. Well ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Daly

- (Latin Symphonia, from Greek Symphonia consonance, consent), work for the symphony orchestra; One of the main genres of instrumental music. The symphony of the classic type has developed in composers of the Vienna Classical School Y. ... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from Greek. Symphonia consonance) musical work for a symphony orchestra, written in a seen cyclic form; The highest form of instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. The classic type of symphony has developed in con. 18 Nach. 19 VV ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Symphony - (Latin Symphonia, from Greek Symphonia - consonance, consent), work for the symphony orchestra; One of the main genres of instrumental music. The symphony of the classical type has developed in composers of the Vienna Classical School - Y. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Symphony, and, wives. 1. Big (usually from four parts) Music work for the orchestra. 2. Turn. Harmonic compound, combining what n. (Book.). S. colors. S. Krasik. S. sounds. | arr. Symphony, Aya, OE (to 1 meaning). S. Orchestra ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (Greek. Consonance) The name of the orchestral composition of non-flash parts. S. The most extensive form in the field of concertorcé music. Due to the similarity, in its construction, with Sonata. C. May be called a large sonaca for the orchestra. How in… … Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

Books

Symphony. 1, A. Borodin. Symphony. 1, score, for orchestra Type of publication: Score Tools: The orchestra is reproduced in the original author's spelling of the publication of 1862. ...

Symphony is the most monumental form of instrumental music. Moreover, this statement is true for any era - both for creativity of Viennese classics, and for romantics, and for composers of later directions ...

Alexander Makapara

Music genres: Symphony

The word symphony goes back to the Greek "Symphony" and has several values. Theologies are called a guide to the use of words encountered in the Bible. The term translates them as consent and coordination. Musicians translate this word as consonation.

The theme of this essay is a symphony as a musical genre. It turns out that in the musical context, the term symphony concludes several different meanings. So, Bach called the symphony of their wonderful plays for a key, \\ having in mind that they represent a harmonic connection, a combination - consonance - several (in this case - three) votes. But this consumption of the term was an exception for the time of Bach - in the first half of the XVIII century. Moreover, in the work of the Bach himself, he indicated the music of a completely different style.

And here we closely approached the main topic of our essay - to the symphony as a great many orchestral work. In this sense, the symphony appeared around 1730, when the orchestral joining of the opera was aligned with the Opera itself and turned into an independent orchestral product, taking the three-part of the Italian type former.

The kinship of symphony with an overture is manifested not only in the fact that each of the three sections of Overture: quickly slowly quickly (and sometimes slow joining it) turned into a symphony into an independent separate part, but also that overture presented the Symphony Contrast of the main topics (as a rule, male and female start) and thus endowed the symphony of large forms of dramatic (and dramaturgical) voltage, intrigue.

Constructive principles of symphony

Mountains of the music general books and articles are devoted to the analysis of the form of symphony, its evolution. The art material, represented by the genre of symphony, is huge in both the quantity and variety of forms. Here we can characterize the most general principles.

1. Symphony is the most monumental form of instrumental music. Moreover, this statement is true for any era - both for creativity of Viennese classics, and for romantics, and for composers of later directions. The eighth symphony (1906) of Gustav Maler, for example, a grandiose in the artistic design was written for a huge one - even at the idea of \u200b\u200bthe beginning of the 20th century - the composition of the performers: a large symphony orchestra is expanded due to 22 wooden winds and 17 copper tools, the score includes two mixed choirs and Choir boys; Eight soloists are added to this (three soprano, two alta, tenor, baritone and bass) and a backstage orchestra. It is often called the "symphony of thousands of participants." In order to execute it, you have to rebuild the scene even very large concert halls.

2. Since the symphony is a multiple product (three-, more often than four, and sometimes the five-part, such as "pastoral" Beethoven or "fantastic" berryosis), it is clear that such a form should be extremely designed to eliminate monotony and monotony. (Breakly rarity one-piece symphony, example - symphony No. 21 N. Meskovsky.)

Symphony always encompasses many musical images, ideas and topics. In one way or another, they are distributed between parts, which, in turn, on the one hand, they contrast each other, on the other, they form some higher integrity, without which the symphony will not be perceived as a single work.

To give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe composition of the symphony parts, we give information about several masterpieces ...

Mozart. Symphony number 41 "Jupiter", to major
I. Allegro Vivace.
II. Andante Cantabile.
III. Menuetto. Allegretto - Trio.
IV. Molto Allegro.

Beethoven. Symphony number 3, Mi-Barol Major, Op. 55 ("Heroic")
I. ALLEGRO CON BRIO
II. Marcia Funebre: Adagio Assai
III. SCHERZO: ALLEGRO VIVACE
IV. Final: Allegro Molto, Poco Andante

Schubert. Symphony No. 8 SI Minor (the so-called "unfinished")
I. Allegro Moderato.
II. Andante Con Moto.

Berlioosis. Fantastic symphony
I. Dreaming. Passion: Largo - Allegro Agitato E APPASSIONATO ASSAI - TEMPO I - RELIGIOSAMENTE
II. Ball: Valse. Allegro Non Troppo.
III. Scene in the fields: adagio
IV. Procession on execution: Allegretto Non Troppo
V. Sleep at night Shabash: Larghetto - Allegro - Allegro
Assai - Allegro - Lontana - Ronde Du Sabbat - Dies Irae

Borodin. Symphony number 2 "Bogatyr"
I. Allegro.
II. Scherzo. Prestissimo.
III. Andante
IV. Final. Allegro.

3. The most complicated on the design is the first part. In classical symphony, it is usually written in the form of the so-called Sonata Allegro.. The peculiarity of this form is that at least two major topics are faced in it, which in the most common features can be said as expressing male (this topic is called called main Partybecause for the first time it passes in the main tonality of work) and the feminine start (this party - It sounds in one of the related main tonality). These two main topics are somehow connected, and the transition from the main to the side is called binder party. The presentation of all this musical material usually has a certain way decorated, this episode is called final Party.

If we listen to the classic symphony with attention, which allows us from a first acquaintance with this essay to immediately distinguish these structural elements, then we will find in the course of the first part of the modification of these basic topics. With the development of a sonate form, some composers - and Beethoven first of them - managed in the topic of a courageous nature to reveal feminine elements and on the contrary, and in the course of developing these topics to "highlight" them in different ways. It may be brightest - both art and logical - the embodiment of the principle of dialectics.

The whole first part of the symphony is built as a three-part form in which first the main themes are represented by the listener, as if exposed (because this section is called exposure), then they undergo development and transformation (the second section - development) and in the end return - either in its original form Or in some new quality (reprise). This is the most general scheme into which each of the great composers has made something. Therefore, we will not meet two identical designs not only among different composers, but also one. (Of course, if we are talking about great creators.)

4. After usually the turbulent first part of the symphony should certainly be a place for music lyrical, calm, elevated, in one word, pouring in slow motion. At first there was such a second part of the symphony, and this was considered a rather tough rule. In the symphones of Haidna and Mozart, the slow part is the second. If there are only three parts in the symphony (as in the Mozartovsky 1770s.), Then the slow part is indeed moderate. If the symphony is four-party, then between the slow part and the rapid finals in the early symphones were placed Menuet. Later, starting with Beethoven, Menuet was replaced by rapid scherzo. However, at some point, the composers decided to move away from this rule, and then the slow portion became the third in Symphony, and Soczo became the second part, as we see (more precisely, I hear) in the "Bogatyr" symphonia A. Borodin.

5. Finals of classical symphony are characterized by a lively movement with dance and song features, often in the folk spirit. Sometimes the final of the Symphony turns into true apotheosis, as in the ninth symphony (cit. 125) Beethoven, where the chorus and soloists singers were introduced into the symphony. Although it was an innovation for the genre of symphony, but not for Beethoven himself: even earlier he composed a fantasy for piano, choir and orchestra (cit. 80). The symphony sounds "to joy" F. Schiller. The final is so dominant in this symphony, that the three parts previously perceived as a huge accession to it. The execution of this final with his appeal "Rewind, millions!" At the opening of the UN General Session - the best expression of ethical aspirations of mankind!

Great creators of symphony

Josef Gaidn

Josef Gaidn lived a long life (1732-1809). The half-century period of his creative activity is outlined by two most important circumstances: the death of I. S. Baha (1750), which completed the era of the polyphony, and the premiere of the third ("heroic" symphony of Beethoven, marking the beginning of the era of romanticism. During these fifty years, old musical forms - Mass, Oratoria and cONCERTO GROSSO. - were replaced with new: symphony, sonata and string quartet. The main place where the works written in these genres have now sounded, were not churches and cathedrals, as before, and the Palaisies of Venels and Aristocrats, which, in turn, led to a change in musical values \u200b\u200b- the poeticity and subjective expressiveness entered the fashion.

In all this, Haydn was a pioneer. Often - although not correctly correctly - it is called "Father of Symphony". Some composers, such as Yang Stamits and other representatives of the so-called Mannheim School (Mannheim in the middle of the XVIII century - the citadel of early Symphony), significantly earlier Hydena has already become three-part symphonies. However, Haydn raised this form on a much higher step and showed ways to the future. His early works carry on the stamp of the influence of K. F. E. Baha, and the Late anticipate a completely different style - Beethoven.

It is noteworthy that the compositions that have acquired important musical importance, he began to create when he crossed his forty-year-old. Fruitness, diversity, unpredictability, humor, ingenuity - that's what Gaidna makes upside down (or even, as one too, on his shoulders) above the level of his contemporaries.

Many Hydena Symphones received names. I will give a few examples.

A. Abakumov. Gayidna play (1997)

The famous symphony number 45 was the name "farewell" (or "symphony for candles"): On the last pages of the Symphony of the Symphony, the musicians stop playing and go from the stage, only two violins, finalizing the symphony of an intercomcommium chord la - fa resid. Haydn himself told the full-world version of the symphony: Prince Nikolai Esterhazi once did not let the orchestrants from Esterhaza in Eisenstadt, where their families lived. Wishing to help your subordinates, Gaidn composed the conclusion of a "farewell" symphony in the form of a subtle hint of a prince - pronounced musical images about vacation requests. The hint was understood, and the prince gave the appropriate orders.

In the era of romanticism, the humorous character of the symphony was forgotten, and they began to endure tragic meaning. Schumann wrote in 1838 following the musicians standing on his candles and leaving the stage during the Symphony final: "And no one laughed at the same time, since it was not to laughter."

Symphony No. 94 "With a blow of Litavr, or surprise" received its name thanks to the humorous effect in a slow part - its peaceful mood is disturbed by a sharp blow of the Litavra. No. 96 "Miracle" began to be so called by casual circumstances. At the concert, in which Haydn was to conduct this symphony, the audience with his appearance rushed from the middle of the hall to the free first rows, and the middle was empty. At that moment, the chandelier collapsed in the center of the hall, only two listeners were injured slightly. Exclamation ranked in the hall: "Miracle! Miracle!" Haydn himself was under the impression of his involuntary salvation of many people.

The name of Symphony No. 100 "Military", on the contrary, it is not at all by chance - its extreme parts with their military signals and rhythms clearly draw a musical picture of the camp; Even Menuet here (the third part) of a rather elite "army" warehouse; The inclusion of Turkish percussion instruments in the Symphony's score led to the delight of London music lovers (Wed with the "Turkish march" of Mozart).

№ 104 "Salomon": Does this not raise respect to impresario - John Peter Salomon, so much made for Haidna? True, Salomon himself thanks Haidn himself so much that he was buried in the Westminster Abbey "For bringing to London Haydna," as indicated on his tombstone. Therefore, the symphony should be called namely "with butlomon ", but not" Solomon ", as it sometimes meets in concert programs, which incorrectly orients listeners on the biblical king.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart wrote his first symphonies when he was eight years old, and the last one was thirty-two years old. The total number of them is more than fifty, but several youth are not preserved or have not yet been detected.

If you use the advice of Alfred Einstein, the largest connoisseur of Mozart, and compare this amount of everything with nine symphones in Beethoven or four in Brahms, it will immediately become clear that the concept of the symphony genre in these composers is different. But if you allocate in Mozart, those of his symphony, which really, like Beethoven, are addressed to some ideal audience, in other words, all mankind ( humanitas.), it turns out that Mozart also wrote no more than ten such symphonies (the same Einstein speaks about "four-five"!). Prague and Triad of Symphony 1788 (No. 39, 40, 41) is an amazing contribution to the treasury of world symphony.

Of these three latter symphony, the average, No. 40 is most well known. In popularity, it can compete with it that the "small night serenade" and an overture to the opera "Wedding Figaro". Although the reasons for popularity are always difficult to determine, one of them may be a choice of tonality in this case. This symphony is written in the minor salt - a rarity for Mozart, preferred beagrawn and joyful major tonality. Of the forty of one symphony, only two are written in minor tonality (this does not mean that Mozart did not write minor music in major symphony).

Similar statistics from its piano concerts: from twenty seven only two main tonality of minor. If we consider, in which gloomy days this symphony was created, it may seem that the choice of the tonality was predetermined. However, there is something more than just one person in this creation. It should be remembered that in that epoch the German and Austrian composers were increasingly in the power of ideas and images of aesthetic flow in the literature, called the "Storm and Natisk".

The name of the new movement was given drama F. M. Klinger "Storm and Natisk" (1776). There was a large number of drams with incredibly dusting and often inconsistent heroes. Composers also fascinated the idea of \u200b\u200bexpressing the dramatic glow of passions, heroic struggle, often thank on impracticable ideals. It is not surprising that in this atmosphere, Mozart also addressed minor tonalities.

Unlike Gaidna, who was always confident that his symphonies would be executed - either in front of the prince of Esterhazi, or, as London, in front of the London public, - Mozart had never had such a guarantee, and despite this, he It was amazing fruit. If his early symphonies are often entertaining or, as we now said, "light" music, then the Late Symphony is a "program nail" of any symphony concert.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Beethoven created nine symphony. The book of them is written, probably more than notes in this heritage. The greatest of his symphony is the third (Mi-Flat Major, "Heroic"), the fifth (to Minor), the sixth (Fa Major, "Pastoral"), ninth (re minor).

... Vienna, May 7, 1824. Premiere of the ninth symphony. What happened then, the preserved documents are evidenced. Noteworthy was already the notice of the upcoming premiere: "A large music academy that Mr. Ludwig Van Beethoven is satisfied, will take place tomorrow, May 7th.<...> Mr. Ulthag and Mr. Unger, as well as the Lord Haycinger and Zaipette will perform as solts. Orchestra Concert Master - Mr. Shepancivig, Conductor - Mr. Smalaf.<...> Mr. Ludwig Van Beethoven will personally take part in the concert manual. "

This guide ultimately resulted in the fact that Beethoven himself conducted symphony. But how could this happen? After all, by the time Beethoven was already deaf. Let us turn to eyewitness testimonies.

"Beethoven conducted himself, or rather, he stood in front of the conductor console and gestured as a crazy," wrote Josef Bem, the violinist of the orchestra who took part in the historic concert. "It stretched up, then almost squatted, waving his hands and drowning his legs, as if he wanted to play at the same time on all the tools and sing for the whole choir. In fact, everyone was supervised by SMALUF, and we, musicians, watched only for his wand. Beethoven was so excited that he absolutely did not notice what was happening around and did not pay attention to the stormy applause, it was hardly reached by his consciousness due to the weakness of hearing. At the end of each room, I had to tell him when exactly the one should turn and thank the public for applause that he did a very awkward. "

At the end of the symphony, when the ovation is already thundered, Carolina Unger approached Beethoven, gently stopped his hand - he still continued to conduct, not realizing that the execution was over! - and turned face to the hall. Then everything became obvious that Beethoven was completely deaf ...

Success was grand. To put the end of ovations, the police intervention took.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

In the genre of Symphony PI Tchaikovsky created six works. Last Symphony - Six, Si Minor, Op. 74 - Named "pathetic".

In February 1893, Tchaikovsky ripened a plan of a new symphony, which became the sixth. In one of the letters, he reports: "During the trip, I had the idea of \u200b\u200banother symphony ... With such a program that will remain for all the mystery ... This program is the most imbued with subjectivity, and often during a wander, mentally writing her, I am very Plattered. "

The sixth symphony was recorded by the composer very quickly. Literally for the week (February 4-11), he recorded the whole first part and half the second. Then the work for some time was interrupted by a trip from the wedge, where the composer then lived, to Moscow. Returning to the wedge, he from 17 to February 24 worked on the third part. Then there was another break, and in the second half of March the composer completed the final and the second part. Orchestration had to postpone somewhat, because Tchaikovsky had a few more trips. On August 12, the orchestration was completed.

The first execution of the sixth symphony took place in St. Petersburg on October 16, 1893 under the authority of the author. Tchaikovsky wrote after the premiere: "There is something strange with this symphony! She didn't like it, but it made some bewilderment. As for me, I am proud of her more than any other writing. " Further events were tragically: nine days after the premiere of Symphony, P. Tchaikovsky died suddenly.

V. Baskin, the author of the first biography of Tchaikovsky, who was present at the premiere of symphonies, and on its first execution after the death of the composer, when he conducted E. direction (this execution was a triumphal) wrote: "We remember that the sad mood that reigned in the hall of the noble assembly On November 6, when the "pathetic" symphony was secondary was fulfilled, not quite estimated at the first execution under the control of Tchaikovsky himself. In this Symphony, which became, to the clutch, the swan song of our composer, he appeared new not only in content, but also in form; Instead of usual Allegro. or Presto. It begins Adagio Lamentoso.leaving the listener in the sad mood. In that Adagio. The composer will say goodbye to life; gradual morendo. (Ital. - Fooling) The entire Orchestra reminded us of the famous end of the "Hamlet": " THE REST IS SILENT"(Further - silence)."

We could only briefly say about several masterpieces of symphonic music, besides, leaving aside the actual musical tissue, because for such a conversation, the real sound of music is necessary. But even from this story it becomes clear that the symphony as a genre and symphony as the creations of the Human Spirit is the invaluable source of the highest pleasure. The world of symphonic music is huge and inexhaustible.

According to the materials of the magazine "Art" №08 / 2009

At the poster: the large hall of St. Petersburg Academic Philharmonic named after D. D. Shostakovich. Tori Huang (Piano, United States) and Academic Symphony Philharmonic Orchestra (2013)

Longrid " Symphonic music"on the Tilda service

http: //project.134743. tilda.. wS./ page 621898.html.

Symphonic music

Music works intended for the performance of the symphony orchestra.

Tool groups Symphony orchestra:

Wind Copper: Pipe, Tuba, Trombone, Volatile.

Wooden windows: Oboe, Clarinet, Flute, Fagot.

String: Violin, Alto, Cello, counterbomb

Impacts: Large Drum, Small Drum, Tamm, Litaur, Chelesta, Tuben, Plates, Kastagnes, Maracas, Gong, Triangle, Bells, Xylophone

Other symphony orchestra tools: organ, chest, harpsichine, harp, guitar, piano (piano, pianano).

Temmery characteristics of instruments

Violin: Gentle, Light, Bright, Sung, Clear, Warm

Alt: matte, soft

Cello: Saturated, thick

Controls: deaf, severe, gloomy, thick

Flute: Whistling, Cold

Oboe: nasal, bent

Clarinet: matte, nasal

FAGOT: squeezed, thick

Pipe: shiny, bright, light, metal

French horn: rounded, soft

Trombone: metal, sharp, powerful.

Tuba: Stern, thick, heavy

Main genressymphonic music:

Symphony, Suite, Overture, Symphony Poem

Symphony

- (from Greek. symphonia. - "Consonance", "consent")
The leading genre of orchestral music, a complex richly developed avenue.

Features Symphony

This is a major music genre.
- Large sound: from 30 minutes to an hour.

The main actor and artist is a symphony orchestra

Symphony structure (classical form)

Consists of 4 parts that embody different sides of human life

1 part

Fast and most dramatic, sometimes preceded by slow accession. Written in a sofate form, in a rapid pace (Allegro).

2 part

Peaceful, thoughtful, devoted to the peaceful paintings of nature, lyrical experiences; Mournful or tragic in mood.
Sounds in slow motion, written in the form of Rondo, less often in the form of sonata or variation form.

3 part

Here is a game, fun, pictures of folk life. It is a scherzo or menuet in a three-part form.

4 part

Fast final. As the result of all parts is distinguished by a victorious, solemn, festive character. Writing in a sonate form or in the form of Rondo, Rondo Sonata.

But there are symphonies and with a smaller (or large) number of parts. There are also one-piece symphonies.

Symphony in the work of foreign composers

- Franz Josef Gaidn (1732 - 1809)

108 Symphony.

Symphony number 103 "With Tremolo Litavr"

Your name " with Tremolo Litavr»Symphony received thanks to the first time in which Lituro plays Tremolo (ITAL. Tremolo -Read), resembling remote grommets,
On the tonic sound of the Mi-Barol. So the slow unison entry begins (ADAGIO) to the first part, which is in-depth-concentrated.

- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

56 Symphony.

Symphony number 40.

One of the most famous recent Mozart Symphones. Symphony has acquired greater popularity thanks to unusually sincere music, understandable to the widest circle of listeners.
The first part of the symphony does not have accession, but begins immediately by the presentation of the topic of the main part of Allegro. This topic is agitated; At the same time, it is characterized by singer and incessing.

- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770—1827)

9 Symphony.

Symphony number 5.

Symphony is striking laconicism of presentation, compression of forms, aspiration of development, seems born in a single creative impulse.
"Fate to us so knocks on the door," said Beethoven
On the initial clocks of this work. Bright expressive music of the main motive of the symphony make it possible to interpret it as a picture of a man's struggle with the blows of fate. Four parts of the symphony seem like the stages of this struggle.

- Franz Schubert(1797—1828)

9 Symphony.

Symphony number 8 "unfinished"

One of the poetic pages in the Treasury of World Symphony, a new bold word in this most complicated from the musical genres, which opened the road to romanticism. This is the first lyrical psychological drama in the symphony genre.
It has not 4 parts as symphones of composers of classics, and only two. However, two parts of this symphony leave an impression of amazing wholeness, exhausted.

Symphony in the work of Russian composers

- Sergey Sergeevich Prokofiev (1891— 1953)

7 Symphony.

Symphony number 1 "Classical"

Named "Classical", because It preserves the rigor and logic of the classical form of the 18th century, and at the same time it is distinguished by modern musical language.
Music is full of sharp and "prickly" topics, rapid passages. Use of the features of dance genres (polonaise, menuet, gavot, gallop). It is not by chance that choreographic compositions were created on the music of symphony.

- Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich(1906—1975)

15 Symphony.

Symphony number 7 "Leningrad"

In 1941, Symphony No. 7, the composer responded to the terrible events of the Second World War dedicated to Leningrad Blocade (Leningrad Symphony)
"The seventh symphony is a poem about our struggle, about our coming victory." I wrote Shostakovich. Symphony received worldwide recognition as a symbol of fascism.
Dry ripple melody of the main theme, a non-combing drum fraction creates a feeling of caution, anxious expectation.

- Vasily Sergeevich Kalinnikov (1866-1900)

2 symphonies

Symphony number 1

The first symphony of Kalinnikov began writing in March 1894 and the law-chill exactly in a year, in March 1895
In symphonies, the peculiarities of the talent of the composer, the ultimate openness, immediacy, saturation of lyrical feelings were most bright. In his symphony, the composer chants the beauty and greatness of nature, Russian life, personifying the image of Russia, the Russian soul, through Russian music.

- Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840—1893)

7 Symphony.

Symphony number 5.

Symphony - mourning march. "Full worship before fate ... Before the instended preset," writes Tchaikovsky in his drafts.
So difficult by overcoming and the inner struggle, the composer comes to victory over himself, over his doubts, mental discharging and confusion of feelings.
The carrier of the basic idea is compressed, a rhythmically elastic theme with constant source sound, which passes through all parts of the cycle.

"Music goal - touch hearts"
(Johann Sebastian Bach).

"Music should carve fire from human hearts"
(Ludwig van Beethoven).

"Music even in the most terrible dramatic positions should always captivate the rumor, always to remain music"
(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart).

"Music material, that is, a melody, harmony and rhythm, of course, inexhaustible.
Music is a treasury, in which any nationality contributes to the general benefit "
(Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky).

Love and explore the great art of music. It will open you a whole world of high feelings, passions, thoughts. It will make you spiritually richer. Thanks to the music you will find new unknown for your strength. You will see life in new colors and paints "
(Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich).

Lecture

Symphony genres

History of Birth of Symphony as genre

The story of symphony as a genre has about two and a half centuries.

At the end of the Middle Ages in Italy, they made an attempt to revive the antique drama. It marked the beginning of a completely different type of musical - theatrical art - Opera.
In the early European opera, the choir did not play such a major role as singers-soloists with a group of instrumentalists who accompanied them. In order not to interfere with the audience to see the artists on the stage of the scene, the orchestra was located in a special deepening between the parter and the scene. Initially, the "orchestra" began to be called this place, and then - and the performers themselves.

SYMPHONY (Greek) - consonance. In the period from the XVI-XVIII centuries. This concept meant "Refidentally combination of sounds", "Slender choral singing" and "multi-voice musical work."

« Symphony " Called orchestra intermission between opera acts. « Orchestras"(Ancient Greek) were called the platforms in front of the theater scene, where the choir originally was located.

Only in the 30s - 40s. The years of the XVIII century, an independent orchestral genre was formed, which began to be called symphony.

The new genre was the product consisting of several parts (cycle), and the first part in which the main point of the work is contained, must necessarily comply with the "Sonate form".

The place of birth of a symphony orchestra is a mannheim city. Here, an orchestra, the art of which had a tremendous impact on orchestral creativity, for all the subsequent development of symphonic music was developed in the chapel of the local Kurfürst.
« This extraordinary orchestra has enough space and faces. - wrote a famous musicist of music Charles Bernie. Effects were used here that such a lot of sounds were used: "Kreferedo" "Diminuendo" was born here, and Piano, which was used mainly as an echo and was usually synonymous, and "Forte" were recognized as musical paints, Available with their shades, like red or blue color in painting ... ".

Some of the first composers who worked in the symphony genre were:

italian - Giovanni Sammartini, Frenchman - Francois Gossek and Czech composer - Yang Stamits.

But after all, the creator of the genre of classical symphony is considered to be Izife Haidna. It owns the first brilliant samples of keyboarding, string trio and quartet. It was in the works of Haidna that the genre of symphonies originated and took shape, took the final, as we now speak, classical outlines.

I.Gaidn and V. Mozart summed up and created in symphonic creativity all the best than the rich orchestral music was rich. And at the same time, Hydena and Mozart Symphony opened truly inexhaustible opportunities for a new genre. The first symphonies of these composers were designed for a small composition of the orchestra. But later I.Gaidn expands the orchestra not only quantitatively, but also to take over the use of expressiveness of sound combinations of tools that correspond to one or another idea.

This is the art of instrumentation or orchestration.

Orchestration- This is a living creative act, the design of the musical ideas of the composer. The tool is creativity - one of the soul soul of the essay itself.

During the period of the creativity of Beethoven, the classic composition of the orchestra was finally formed, in which:

String

Pair of wooden tools,

2 (sometimes 3-4) French horn,

2 Litavra. This composition is called small.

Gllyosis and R. Vagner sought to increase the scale of the orchestra sound, due to an increase in the composition 3-4 times.

The vertex of Soviet symphonic music was the work of S.Prokofeva and D.Shostakovich.

Symphony... It is compared with the novel and the story, a film-meter and a drama, a picturesque fresco. Meaning All these analogies are clear. In this genre, it is possible to express it important, sometimes the most important thing for what art exists, for which it lives in the world - The desire for happiness, to light, justice and friendship.

Symphony - a musical work for a symphony orchestra, written in a seen-cyclic form. It usually consists of 4 parts expressing complex artistic meditation about human life, about human sufferers and joy, aspirations and gusts. There are symphonies with a large and smaller number of parts, up to one-piece.

To enhance sound effects, sometimes in symphonies are entered choir and solo vocal voices. There are symphonies for string, chamber, spiritual and other orchestra compositions, for an orchestra with a soling tool, organ, choir and vocal ensemble .... Four parts Symphonies express the typical contrasts of life states: the paintings of the dramatic struggle (the first part), humorous or dance episodes (menuet or scherzo), elevated contemplation (slow part) and a solemn or folk-price finale.

Symphonic music - Music designed to perform symphonic
orchestra; The most significant and rich area of \u200b\u200binstrumental music,
covering and large many works saturated with complex ideological
Emotional content, and small musical plays, the main theme of symphonic music is the topic of love and the topic of hostility.

Symphony Orchestra,
Connecting a variety of tools, provides the richest palette
Sound colors, expressive means.

Symphony works are still very popular: L.Betshen Symphony No. 3 ("Heroic"), No. 5, Overture "Egmont";

P Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 4, No. 6, Romeo and Juliet Overture, Concerts (FO-BUT,

S.Prokofiev Symphony No. 7.

I.Stabinsky fragments from the ballet "Parsley"

J. Rhashvin Symfojaz "Rhapsody in the style of blues"

Music for the orchestra developed in constant interaction with other types of musical art: music chamber, organ, choral, opera.

Characteristic genres 17-18 centuries: suite, concert - ensemble-orchestrous, overture Opera sample. Varieties of Suite 18 W.: divertiment, Serenade, Nocturne.

The powerful lift of symphonic music is associated with the nomination of symphony, the development of it as a cyclic sampling and the improvement of the classic type of symphony orchestra. In symphony and other types of symphonic music often began to enter choir and solo vocal voices. The symphony began in vocal orchestral essays, opera and ballet. The genres of symphonic music also includes symphony, symphonic variations, fantasy, rhapsody, legend, capriccho, scherzo, popurery, march, various dancing, various miniatures, etc. The concert symphony repertoire also includes separate orchestral fragments from operas, ballets, drams, plays, movies.

Symphonic music 19 in. I embodied the huge world of ideas and emotions. It reflects the topic of broad public sounding, the deepest experiences, paintings of nature, life and fantasy, national characteristics, image of spatial arts, poetry, folklore.

There are various types of orchestra:

Military orchestra (consisting of brass - copper and wooden tools)

String orchestra:.

The symphony orchestra is the largest of the composition and the richest in its capabilities; Designed for the concert performance of orchestral music. The symphony orchestra in modern his form was not immediately developed, but as a result of a long historical process.

The concert symphony orchestra, in contrast to the opera, is located right on the stage and is constantly in the field of view of the listeners.

By virtue of historical traditions, concert and opera symphony orchestras have been distinguished for a long time with their composition, but now they almost erased this difference.

The total number of symphony orchestra musicians is not constantly: it can fluctuate within 60-120 (and even more) man. Such a big composition of the participants for the agreed game requires a skillful guide. This role belongs to the conductor.

Until the early 19th century, the conductor during the execution himself played some tool - for example, on a violin. However, over time, the content of symphonic music has become more complicated, and this fact formed little forced the conductors to abandon such alignment.

Symphony has developed in con. 18 - Nach. 19 centuries. (J. Gaidn, V. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven). Composers-romantics acquired great importance to libertine symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelson), software symphony (Berlioz, F. Sheet). An important contribution to the development of symphony was made by Western European composers of 19-20 centuries. (I. Brahms, A. Brookner, Mahler, S. Frank, A. Dvarak, Ya. Sibelius, etc.). Significant place of symphony in the Russian (A.P. Borodin, P. I. Tchaikovsky, A. K. Glazunov, A. N. Scriabin, S. V. Rakhmaninov, N. Ya. Meakovsky, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, A. I. Khachaturian, etc.) music.

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

Watch what is "Symphony" in other dictionaries:

Symphony, symphony, wives. (Greek Symphonia Harmony Sounds, Consonance). 1. A large musical work for the orchestra, usually consisting of 4 x parts, of which the first and often the latter are written in a semonate form (music). "Symphony can be ... ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

Books

Symphony. 1, A. Borodin. Symphony. 1, score, for orchestra Type of publication: Score Tools: The orchestra is reproduced in the original author's spelling of the publication of 1862. ...