The value of the FEOPOMP, ancient Greek comediographer in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Ancient Greek Comediographer Poet, "Father Comedy Theater and Music Art of Antiquity

16.06.2019

Biography Haruki Murakov Haruki Murakami emphasis

Theatrical and musical art of antiquity

The incredit value of the artistic culture of ancient Greece is the creation theater You already know that the origins of theatrical art will go up to the Great Dionysies - especially revered by the Greeks of the holiday. In March, when all the vegetation was in bloom, he was noted unusually magnificent and solemnly. Priest, squeezing in the roaster on wheels, depicted Dionysus. The numerous satir's retinue in goat skins accompanied the procession diffirambami (merry ritual songs). Strict judges decided, which of the choirs sang better, and a tripod was awarded the winners. Later it was from the songs of the choir arose greek drama.

At the festival, Dionysus mask was usually attended, which later became the symbol of theatrical art. Actors employed in theatrical performances put on masks: merry and sad, tragic or comic. They were changed depending on the content of the performance.

The official date of birth of the Greek Theater is considered to be 534 BC. e. - A year from which dramatic competitions regularly began to be carried out in Athens. All the great tragedies and comedes of ancient Greece participated in them.

Tragic and comedographers of the Greek Theater

The Father of the Greek Tragedy was rightly called Eschila (525-456 BC). His contribution to the formation of the Greek theater is difficult to overestimate. He began his activities when theatrical art was at the initial stage of their development. In a popular then tragedy, there was no drama conflict and the songs of the choir prevailed, and all the roles were performed by one actor. At first and in the works of Eschil songs occupied a significant place, but gradually the choir loses its value. The author focused on the development of a dramatic action that allowed the audience in suspense. For this purpose, Eschil introduced the second first, and then the third actor. The characters of his heroes do not change throughout the performance.

Most of the tragedies of Eschila is written on mythological plots, and therefore he focused on the life of the gods endowed with the unshakable right to finish the fate of people. And the mountain of that man who dares to rise above the All-Communications Gods: He is waiting for anger and car. Eshilu belonged near the ninety plays, but only seven came to us. Here is the names of some of them: "Persians", "Seven against FIV", "Orestea", "Agamemenon", "Chained Prometheus". Thirteen times, Eschil went out the winner on dramatic competitions, while maintaining the glory of the first tragic of Greece. His, "Attachment of the Spirit and the dare of mortals", Russian poet I.A. Bunin dedicated these lines (Eschyl poem):

Invisible twenty-five centuries in the world,

Invisible in it are present by Donyn,

And before your glory legendary

Caveless time ...

Sophokl

Popular tragic of his time was Sophokl (OK. 496-406 BC. e.). The author of 123 dramatic works, of which only 7 came to us, he won on the competitions of the tragic poets of Eshil himself. Thirty times, Sophokl spoke in front of Athenian spectators and won 24 victories. The flourishing of his work was associated with the Board of the Pericla, his friend.

Sophokla managed to change a lot in the Greek tragedy after Aeshyl: he put into effect the third actor, increased the composition of the performers to 15 people, reduced the volume of parties of the choir. He also owns the invention of theatrical scenery. He focused his main attention not to external events, but in the image of his heroes in the inner world. Unlike Eschil, it shows people not as they are, but as they should be. The heroes of sofokla are strong, almost no doubtful nature, they look more likely to earth than on the sky. The best works of Sofokla - "Antigona", "King Edip", "Electra".

Jerpid

Effect of Sofokla on the creativity of another, no less famous playwright Euripida (OK. 480-406 BC. er) was huge. Euripid created about 90 works, most of which are devoted to mythological plots. Among those who have come down to us, such masterpieces like "Medea", "Ippolite", "Hekaba", "Electra", "Andromaha", "Iphigenia in Avlida".

During the lifetime, Euripid was rightly called "Philosopher on stage" and "The most tragic of poets" (Aristotle). Many changes made euripide into dramaturgical and theater technique. He almost born the value of the choir, whose songs now served only by the background for playing action. During the play, the choir began to fulfill the role of musical intermission. Much more attention, Euripid began to devote to the characters of acting persons. The world of human passions, sharp psychological experiences and spiritual donomas - that's what the author was especially interested. He knew how to show such dramatic conflicts that kept viewers in constant tension. Used mythological plots, he attached quite modern sound. In the tragedy, Euripid included household and love scenes and episodes, so his plays lost her heroic character. He portrayed people with what they were in reality.

FEOPOMP, ancient Greek comedy

(?????????, theopompus)? One of the representatives of ancient Greek comedy during the decline of it and the transition to the so-called middle comedy, author 24 (not reached us) plays. Judging by the title, some plays of F. were written in the spirit of Aristofanovsky (for example, the "warrior").

Brockauz and Efron. Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia. 2012

Ancient Greek comedy

The number of actors did not exceed three, although each of them performed more roles than in the tragedy. And the choir played a huge role in the comedy. The peculiarity of the latter was that Korife Chora spoke from the person of the author himself, setting out its main thoughts he spent in comedy. Part of the performance of the actor danced. There were no costumes of the actors of the comedy on the costumes of the actors of the tragedy. The actor masks were to emphasize the funny and ugly in the hero of the hero (they were with a scattered eyes, mouth to the ears, etc.).

Figures of actors attached no less ugly appearance. Poets took the plot of myths, satirically their refractive.

ancient Greek dance theatrical

Comedographers

The first comediographer is epharm. His gods played judovo roles. Of the three famous representatives of the attic political comedy - Catina, Epolida and Aristophan - the largest last.

He in his comedies led a fierce struggle with democracy. In the caricature depicted Socrates, Euripid. He often paroded Euripid. Menador is one of the most prominent comedes of this time. Depicting real life, Menandra's household comedy refused to dance and singing.

Ancient Greek drama

You can include such famous antique authors such as Eschil, Sofokl, Euripide, Aristophane, Aristotle. They all wrote plays for ideas at the festivals. Of course, there were still many authors of dramaturgical works, but either their creations did not live to the present day, or their names were forgotten.

In the work of ancient Greek playwrights, despite all the differences, there was a lot of general, for example, the desire to show all the most significant social, political and ethical problems that were worried about the minds at the time. In the genre of tragedy in ancient Greece, there were no significant works. Over time, the tragedy has become a purely literary product designed to read. But the big prospects opened before the household drama, which received the greatest flourishing in the middle of the IV century BC. e. It was subsequently called the "Novoattic Comedy".

Eschil ( fig. 3.) Born in 525 BC. e. In Eleusin, near Athens. He took place from the notable family, so he received a good education. The beginning of his work applies to the time of war Athens against Persia. From historical documents, it is known that Eschil himself took part in battles in the marathon and Salamine.

Fig. 3. Eschil

He described the last of the wars as an eyewitness in his play "Persians". This tragedy was delivered in 472 BC. e. Total Eschil wrote about 80 works. Among them were not only tragedy, but also satirical dramas. Up to our days, only 7 tragedies came in full, only small pieces were preserved from the rest.

Not only people, but also gods, and titans that personify moral, political and social ideas are shown in the works of Eschil. The playwright itself had a religious and mythological credo. He sacredly believed that the gods manage life and peace. However, people in his plays are not brightless creatures that blindly subordinate to the gods. Eschil endowed them with a mind and will, they act, guided by their reflections.

In the tragedies of Eschil, the choir plays a significant role in the development of the topic. All parties of the choir are written by a pathetic language. At the same time, the author gradually began to introduce the painting of human being in the canvas, which were pretty realistic. An example is the description of the battle between the Greeks and Persians in the Pieces of Persians or the words of sympathy expressed by Oceanids Prometheus.

To strengthen the tragic conflict and for more complete actions of the theater formulation of Eschil introduced the role of the second actor. At the time, it was just a revolutionary move. Now instead of the old tragedy that had little action, the only actor and choir, new dramas appeared. They faced the worldview of heroes, self-motivated their actions and actions. But the tragedy of Eschil still retained in their construction traces of what they originate from the Diffiram.

Building all tragedies was equally. They began with a prologue, which was the tie of the plot. After prologue, the choir took the orchestra to stay there until the end of the play. Then followed the episeodia, which were the dialogues of actors. The episcodia was separated from each other by Stamimami - the songs of the choir, executed after the choir ascended to the orchestra. The final part of the tragedy, when the choir left the orchestra, was called "Exodue". As a rule, the tragedy consisted of 3-4 epises and 3 - 4 stamimov.

Stamimima, in turn, were divided into separate parts consisting of a stanza and antistroof, which strictly corresponded to each other. The word "stanza" translated into Russian means "turn". When the choir sang in stranges, he moved it into one, then in the other direction. Most often, the songs of the choir were performed under the accompaniment of the flute and were necessarily accompanied by dances called "Emememe".

In the play "Persians", Eschil glorified the victory of Athens over Persia in the sea battle in Salamin. Through all the work, the red thread passes a strong patriotic sense, that is, the author shows that the victory of the Greeks over the Persians is the result of the fact that in the country of the Greeks there was a democratic order.

In the work of Eschil, the tragedy "Prometheus Chained" tragedy. In this work, the author showed Zeus not by the carrier of truth and justice, but a cruel tyrant who wants to erase from the face of all people. Therefore, Prometheus, who dreamed of rebeling against him and stand up for the human race, he condemned for eternal flour, ordered to peck him to a rock.

Prometheus is shown by the author's fighter for freedom and mind of people, against the tyranny and violence of Zeus. In all subsequent ages, the image of Prometheus remained an example of a hero fighting against the higher forces, against all oppressors of a free human person. The hero of the ancient tragedy V. G. Belinsky said very well about this: "Prometheus gave to know people that in truth and knowledge and they are the gods that thunder and lightning are not yet proof of the rightness, but only evidence of the wrong power."

Eschil wrote a few trilogy. But the only one who reached our days is in full, is "Orestia". The tragedy was based on the terrible killings of the kind, from which the Greek commander Agamemenon took place. The first play of the trilogy is called Agamemnon. It tells it that Agamemnon returned to the victory from the battlefield, but at home he was killed by his wife Climennest. The wife of the commander is not only not afraid of punishment for his crime, but also boasts what he did.

The second part of the trilogy is called "Hoefors". Here is a story about how Orest, the son of Agamemenon, becoming an adult, decided to take revenge on the death of his father. Ores Srestra helps him in this terrible business. At first, the Orest killed his mother's lover, and then her.

The plot of the third tragedy is "Eurmenda" - such: Oresses are pursued by Erinia, the goddess of cven, for making two murders. But he justifies the court of Athenian elders.

In this trilogy, the poetic language Eschil spoke about the struggle between the father's and maternal law, which was in those days in Greece. As a result, Father, that is, the state, the right turned out to be the winner.

In Orestee, the dramatic skills of Eschila reached his peak. He so well handed over the oppressive, sinister atmosphere, in which the conflict matches that almost physically the audience feels this glow of passions. The choral buses are written clearly, their religious-philosophical content is traced, there are bold metaphors and comparisons. In this tragedy, much more speakers than in the early works of Eschil. The characters are discharged more specifically, much less common places and reasoning.

The works of Eschila showed the entire heroic of Greco-Persian wars, who played an important role in raising patriotism from the people. In the eyes not only of their contemporaries, but all the subsequent generations of Eschil forever remained the very first tragic poet.

He died in 456 BC. e. In the city of Gel, that in Sicily. On his grave there is a tombstone inscription, which, according to legend, was composed of themselves.

Sophokl (Fig. 4) Born in 496 BC. e. in a wealthy family. His father had a weapon workshop, which gave large incomes. Already at a young age, Sofokl showed his creative giftedness. At the age of 16, he was led by a young man choir, who glorified the victory of the Greeks in the battle in Salamin.

Fig. 4. Sofokl

At first, Sophokl himself took part in the production of his tragedies as an actor, but then due to the weakness of the voice, he had to abandon the speeches, although he enjoyed great success. In 468 BC e. Sofokl won his first correspondence victory over Eschil, which was that Sophocla play was recognized as the best. In further dramaturgical activities, Sofokla was always lucky: he never received a third award for his whole life, and almost always occupied the first places (and only occasionally second).

The playwright actively participated in state activities. In 443 BC e. Greeks elected the famous poet to the position of the Treasurer of the Delo Union. Later he was elected to an even higher position - strategist. In this capacity, he together with Pericles took part in a military campaign against Samos Island, who separated from Athens.

We know only 7 tragedies of Sofokla, although he wrote more than 120 plays. Compared to Eschil, Sophokl somewhat changed the content of their tragedies. If the first in the plays act titans, then the second introduced into his works of people, although a little raised over everyday life. Therefore, the researchers of creativity of Sofokla say that he made the tragedy descend from the sky to the Earth.

A man with his spiritual world, reason, experiences and free will became the main acting person in tragedies. Of course, in the plays of Sofokla, the heroes feel the impact on their fate of the Divine Providence. His gods have the same powerful as Eschil, they can also overthrow the person down. But the heroes of Sophokla usually do not rely badly to the will of fate, but are struggling for the exercise of their goals. This struggle sometimes ends with the suffering and death of the hero, but he cannot refuse her, since in this he sees his moral and civil debt to society.

At this time, at the head of the Athenian democracy was the pericles. With his reign, slave-owned Greece reached a huge inner heyday. Athens has become a major cultural center in which writers, artists, sculptors and philosophers of all Greece strived. The pericles began building an acropolis, but she was finished only after his death. An outstanding architects of that period were attracted to this work. All sculptures were performed by FIDIA and his students.

In addition, violent development has come in the field of natural sciences and philosophical teachings. There was a need for general and special education. Teachers appeared in Athens, called Sofists, i.e. the wise men. For a fee, they trained wishing to different sciences - philosophy, rhetoric, history, literature, politics - taught art to speak to the people.

Some sophists were supporters of slave democracy, others - aristocracy. The most famous among the sophists of that time was Protagor. It belongs to him that is not God, and man is a measure of all things.

Such contradictions in the collision of humanistic and democratic ideals with selfish and mercenary motives were reflected in the works of Sophocla, who could not accept the approval of the protagora, because it was very religious. In his works, he has repeatedly spoke about the fact that human knowledge is very limited that by ignorance a person can make one or another mistake and be punished, that is, to undergo flour. But after all, it is in suffering that the best human qualities that Sophokl described in his plays is revealed. Even in cases where the hero dies under the blows of fate, the tragedies feel an optimistic mood. As Sophokl said, "fate could deprive the hero of happiness and life, but not to humiliate his spirit, could fight him, but not to win."

Sophocles introduced the third actor in the tragedy, which really revived action. On stage now there were three characters that could conduct dialogues and monologues, as well as perform at the same time. Since the playwright preferred the experiences of a individual personality, he did not write trilogies, in which, as a rule, the fate of a whole kind was traced. Three tragedies were exhibited on the competition, but now each of them was an independent work. With sofocle, painted decorations were also introduced.

The most famous tragedies of the playwright from the FVAN cycle are considered "EDIP-Tsar", "Oedip in Colon" and "Antigone". At the heart of the plot of all these works lies the myth about the FVAN Tsar Edipe and about numerous misfortunes, which fell into his genus.

Sophokl tried to bring heroes with a strong character and inflexible will in all his tragedies. But at the same time, such people were inherent in kindness and compassion. Such was, in particular, Antigone.

Sofokla tragedies brightly show that Rock can subordinate to himself a man's life. In this case, the hero becomes a toy in the hands of the highest strength, which in the ancient Greeks personified with Moyra, even over the gods. These works have become an artistic mapping of civilian and moral ideals of slave-owned democracy. Among these ideals were political equality and freedom of all full citizens, patriotism, homeland, the nobility of feelings and motivations, as well as a kindness and simplicity.

Sofokl died in 406 BC. e.

Euripid ( fig. five) Born ok. 480 BC e. in a wealthy family. Since the parents of the future playwright did not help, they were able to give her son a good education.

Fig. 5. Euripid

Evripid had a friend and teacher Anaksagor, who he studied philosophy, history and other humanitarian sciences. In addition, Euripid spent a lot of time in the society of Sofists. Although the poet was not interested in the country's social life, there were many political spokes in his tragedies.

Euripide, unlike Sophokla, did not participate in the production of his tragedies, did not speak them as an actor, did not write music to them. This was done for him other people. Evripid did not use big popularity in Greece. For all the time participation in the competition, he received only five first awards, one of them posthumously.

During his life, Euripid wrote about 92 dramas. 18 of them have come to full volume. In addition, there is still a large number of passages. All the tragedies of Euripid wrote somewhat different than Eschil and Sophokl. The playwright depicted people in his plays as they are. All his heroes, despite the fact that they were mythological characters, had their feelings, thoughts, ideals, aspirations and passions. In many tragedies, Euripid criticizes the old religion. His gods often turn out to be more cruel, vigorious and evil than people. Such an attitude to religious beliefs can be explained by the fact that the worldview of Euripid affected communication with the sofilas. This religious freedomiff did not find an understanding of simple Athenians. Apparently, therefore the playwright did not enjoy the success of fellow citizens.

Euripid was a supporter of moderate democracy. He believed that the support of democracy is small landowners. In many of their works, he sharply criticized and denounced demagogues that the authorities are achieved by flattery and deception, and then use it for their own mercenary purposes. The playwright struggled against tyranny, the enslavement of one person to others. He said that it is impossible to share people by origin that the nobility is concluded in personal advantages and deeds, and not in wealth and noble origin.

Separately, it should be said about the relation of Euripid to the slaves. He tried in all his works to express the idea that slavery is an unfair and shameful phenomenon that all people are the same and that the soul of the slave does not differ from the soul of a free citizen if the slave is pure thoughts.

At that time, Greece led Peloponnesian war. Euripid believed that all wars are meaningless and cruel. It justified only those who were in the name of the protection of the Motherland.

The playwright tried as best to understand the world of spiritual experiences of the surrounding people. In his tragedies, he was not afraid to show the lowest human passion and the struggle of goodness with evil in one person. In this regard, Euripid can be called the most tragic of all Greek authors. Women's images in the tragedies of Euripid were very expressive and dramatic, there was no wonder him rightly called a good connoisseur of the female soul.

The poet used three actors in his plays, but the choir in his works was no longer a major person. Most often, the songs of the choir express the thoughts and experiences of the author himself. Evripid was one of the first to introduce the so-called monodi in the tragedy - the ancient actors. I tried to use the monodia still sofokl, but they received the greatest development exactly from Euripid. In the most important culminating moments, the actors expressed their feelings with singing.

The playwright began to show the public such scenes that did not introduce any of the tragic poets before him. For example, these were scenes of murders, illness, death, physical flour. In addition, he brought to the scene of children, showed the viewer of the experience of a loved woman. When the junction of the play was coming, Euripid brought to the public "God by car", which predicted fate and expressed his will.

The most famous work of Euripid is "Medea". As a basis, he took the myth of argonauts. On the Argo ship, they went to Kolchida to extract the golden fleece. In this difficult and dangerous case, the leader of Argonauts, Yason helped the daughter of the Colli king - Medea. She fell in love with Jason and committed several crimes for him. For this, Jason and Medea expelled from his native city. They settled in Corinth. A few years later, huzzling two sons, Jason throws copper. He marries the daughter of the Corinthian king. From this event begins, in fact, the tragedy.

Effected by the thirst for revenge Medea is terrible in anger. At first, with the help of poisoned gifts kills the young wife of Jason and her father. After that, the avenger kills his sons born from Jason, and flies on the winged chariot.

Creating the image of Medea, the Euripid emphasized several times that it is a magician. But her unbridled character, violent jealousy, the cruelty of feelings constantly remind the audience that she is not a breeze, but a native of the country of the barbarians. Spectators do not accept the side of the Medea, no matter how suffering from it, because they cannot forgive her terrible crimes (first of all of the defubition).

In this tragic conflict, Jason is an opponent of Medele. The playwright depicted it with a selfish and calculating person, who puts only the interests of a kind of interest in the chapter. Spectators understand that this is the former husband brought copper to such an inflated state.

Among the many euripide tragedies, the drama "IFIGNATION IN AVLIDE" can be distinguished among the Civil Paphos. The work is based on the myth of how Agamemenon's God's gods had to sacrifice his daughter infigration.

The plot of the tragedy is. Agamemenon led the fleet of ships for taking three. But the wind verse, and sailboats could not go further. Then Agamemenon appealed to the goddess of Artemis with a request to send the wind. In response, he heard the order to sacrifice his daughter infigration.

Agamemenon caused Wife to Wife Climber and daughter with infection in Avlida. The pretext was the walling of Achille. When women arrived, the deception revealed. Agamemnon's wife was furious and did not let the kill daughter. Iphigenies begged the Father not to sacrifice her. Achille was ready to defend his bride, but she refused to help when he learned that he had to take a martyrdom for his sake of his debris.

During the sacrifice, a miracle happened. After the strike, the Iphigenian knife disappeared somewhere, and the altar was Lan. The Greeks have a myth, which tells that Artemis squeezed over the girl and moved it to Tavrid, where she became the priestess of the temple of Artemis.

In this tragedy, Euripid showed a courageous girl, ready to sacrifice himself for the good of the Motherland.

Above it was said that Euripid was not popular with Greeks. The public did not like the fact that the playwright sought to portray life as realistic as possible in his works, as well as his free attitude towards myths and religion. Many spectators seemed to be, thereby he violates the laws of the tragedy genre. Nevertheless, the most educated part of the public gladly watched his plays. Many of the tragic poets who lived at the time in Greece went along the way, open by Euripid.

Shortly before the death of Euripid moved to the court of the Macedonian king Archeli, where his tragedies used well-deserved success. At the beginning of 406 to N. e. Euripid died in Macedonia. This happened a few months before the death of Sofokla.

Glory came to Euripid only after his death. In the 4th century BC e. Evripid began to call the greatest tragic poet. This statement has been preserved to the end of the ancient world. This can be explained only by the fact that the plays of Euripid corresponded to the tastes and the requirements of people of a later time that they wanted to see the embodiment of those thoughts, feelings and experiences that were close to their own.

Aristophanes

Aristophane ( fig. 6.) Born around 445 BC. e. His parents were free people, but not very prosperous. The young man showed his creative abilities very early. Already in 12-13 years old, he began writing plays. The first work was put in 427 BC. e. And immediately received the second award.

Fig. 6. Aristophan

Posted by aristophane only about 40 works. Only 11 comedies came to this day, in which the author put a variety of living questions. In the plays "Ajornyan" and "Peace" he told for the cessation of the Peloponnesian war and the conclusion of peace with Sparta. In the plays "wasps" and "riders" criticized the activities of government agencies, turning the dishonest demaggogues that the people deceived. Aristophan in his works criticized the philosophy of sophists and the methods of education of young people ("clouds").

The creativity of Aristophan enjoyed well-deserved success at his contemporaries. The audience shaft Valila on his ideas. Such a state of affairs can be explained by the fact that in Greek society there is a crisis of slave-owned democracy. In the echelons, the authorities flourished bribery and sales of officials, treasury and earliest. A satirical mapping of these vices in the plays found the most lively response in the hearts of Athenian.

But in the comedies of Aristophan there is a positive hero. They are a small landowner processing land with two or three slaves. The playwright admired his hardworking and common sense, which manifested itself in both home and state affairs. Aristophane was a tary opponent of war and played for peace. For example, in the comedy "Licistrate" he expressed the idea that the Peloponnesian war in which Hellenes kill each other, weakens Greece before the threat from Persia.

In the plays of Aristophan sharply noticeable element of the buffonta. In this regard, the acting should also include a parody, cartoon and buffoon. All these techniques caused violent fun and laughter of viewers. In addition, Aristophane put characters in funny positions. An example is the "clouds" comedy, in which Socrates ordered to hang himself high in the basket, so that it was easier to reflect on the sublime. This scene similar to it was very expressive and with a purely theatrical side.

Just like the tragedy, the comedy began with a prologue with a string action. Behind him was the entrance song of the choir when he went to the orchestra. Choir, as a rule, consisted of 24 people and was divided into two half-half by 12 people in each. For the introductory song, the choir followed the episeodia, which were separated from each other by the songs. In the epise, the dialogue was combined with choral singing. They always had an agon - a verbal duel. In the agon, opponents defended the opposite opinions most often, sometimes he ended with the fighting characters with each other.

In the choral parties, there was a parabaz, during which the choir shot the masks, did a few steps forward and turned directly to the audience. Usually, the parabaz has not been associated with the main topic of the plays.

The last part of the comedy, as well as the tragedy, was called the exode, at this time the choir left the orchestra. The exode has always been accompanied by fun, perky dancing.

An example of the brightest political satire can serve as a comedy "Riders". Aristophane gave her such a name because the chief of the riders was the main acting person who made up the aristocratic part of the Athenian troops. The main hero of Comedy Aristofan made the leader of the left wing of the democracy of Clean. He called him Kozhevnik and presented the brazen, a false man who only thinks about his own enrichment. Under the guise of the old man Demos in comedy is the Athenian people. Demos is very old, helpless, often flows into childhood and therefore listens to the horsemen. But, as they say, the thief of the thief hurt. Demos transmits power to another fraudster - a sausage who wins the tanger.

At the end of the comedy, the sausage boils the demos in the boiler, after which the youth, mind and political wisdom are returned to that. Now the Demos has not been danced under the dressing of unscrupulous demagogues. Yes, and the sausage himself later becomes a good citizen who works for the benefit of his homeland and the people. According to the plot of the play, it turns out that the sausage is simply pretended to wander over the horsemen.

During the great Dionysius 421 BC. E., In the period of peace negotiations, Athens with Sparta, Aristofan wrote and put the "world" comedy. Contemporaries of playwright allowed the possibility that this idea could have had a positive impact on the course of negotiations that ended successfully in the same year.

The chief hero of the play became the agriculture named triya, that is, the "collector" of fruits. The continuous war prevents him from peacefully and happily live, handle land and feed his family. On the huge dung beetle, the trieie decided to rise to the sky to ask Zeus, as he intends to deal with Hellenes. If only Zeus accepts any decision, then the triege will tell him that he is a traitor Ellala.

Rising to the sky, the farmer learned that the gods on the Olympus are no more. Zeus reset them all at the highest point of the heavenly arch, because he was angry with people for the fact that they could not complete the war. In the Grand Palace, which stood on Olympus, Zeus left a demon of the War of the Polemos, giving him the right to do everything that would want. Polemos grabbed the goddess of the world and sharpened it in a deep cave, and the entrance fell as stones.

The triege called to the aid of Hermes, and until the battery was, they freed the goddess of the world. Immediately after that, all wars stopped, people returned to peaceful creative work and began a new, happy life.

Aristophane held a red thread through the entire plot of the comedy the idea that all the Greeks should forget the enmity, unite and live happily. Thus, the scene first sounded a statement addressed to all Greek tribes, which is common between them much more than differences. In addition, the idea was made to unite all the tribes and the community of their interests. The comediographer wrote two more works that were a protest against the Peloponnesian War. This is the comedies "Ajornyan" and "Lisuctor".

In 405 BC e. Aristophane created the "Frog" play. In this work he criticized the tragedy of Euripid. As an example of decent tragedies, he called Eschila's plays, which always sympathized. In the comedy "Frog" at the very beginning of the action to the orchestra, Dionysus comes out with his servant xanphium. Dionysis announces to everyone that is going to go down to the underground kingdom to bring Euripid to Earth, because after his death there is not a single good poet. The public after these words was poured by laughter: everyone knew the critical attitude of Aristophan to the works of Euripid.

The play of the play is a dispute between Eshil and Euripid, which is occurring in the underground kingdom. Actors depicting playwrights appear on the orchestra, as if continuing the dispute, started outside the site. Euripid criticizes the art of Eshil, believes that he had too little action on the stage, which, to bring to the hero or heroin, Eschil covered them with a cloak and left to sit silently. Next, Euripid says that when the play turned over his second half, then Eschil added more "words of stilting, hrying and frowning, terrible, unknown and viewer." Thus, Euripid picked up a highly narrow and inconvenient language, which Eschil wrote his works. The same Euripid says that he showed everyday life in his plays and taught people with simple everyday affairs.

Such a realistic image of the daily life of ordinary people and caused the criticism of Aristofhan. He is the mouth of Eschila, he denounces Euripid and tells him that he spoiled people: "Now there are markets for markets, pluts, cunning villains." Next, Eschil continues that he, unlike Euripid, created such works that the people call for victory.

Their competition ends with the fact that weighing the poems of both poets. Large scales appear on the scene, Dionysis offers playwrights in turn throwing poems from their tragedies to different bowls of scales. As a result, the poems of Eschila turned, he became the winner, and his Dionysus should take to the ground. Conducting Eschila, Pluto punishes him to guard Athens, as he says, "good thoughts" and "to re-educate madness, which in Athens a lot." As Eschil returns to Earth, he asks for the time of his absence in the underground kingdom to transfer the throne tragedy Sofoklu.

Aristophane died in 385 BC. e.

From the point of view of ideological content, as well as the entertainment of the aristrophan comedy is a phenomenal phenomenon. According to historians, Aristophane is simultaneously the top of the ancient attic comedy and its completion. In the 4th century BC e. When a socio-political situation changed in Greece, the comedy no longer had such power to affect the public as before. In this regard, V. G. Belinsky called Aristofan the last great poet of Greece.

Aristotle

Aristotle was born in 384 BC. er, and died in 322 BC. e. With ancient times, only one-only work written by a philosopher has reached this day. This work is called "poetics."

Aristotle was a philosopher-encyclopedist, wrote treatises to various topics: on natural sciences, philosophy, right, history, ethics, medicine, etc. For artists and literature, the "poetics" treatise is of the greatest interest.

This product came to us not in full. Only the first part is preserved in which Aristotle argued about the aesthetic significance of art and the specifics of individual species.

According to the philosopher, the main advantage of art is that it is quite realistic reflects the daily life and the existence of the world. The main place in the "poetics" is assigned to the exercise on the tragedy, which the author considers the main genome of serious poetry. He characterizes it with the following words: "The tragedy has imitating the action of an important and complete, having a certain amount, imitation with speech, in each of its parts, differently decorated, through action, not a story that makes a compassion and fear of cleansing such affects."

According to Aristotle, the tragedy should consist of 6 unequal significant parts. In the first place, it puts the Stabul (sequence of an event image), which, as he believes, should be completed, holistic and have a certain amount.

The author divides Fabul to a simple and complicated. In the plays with a simple plot, the plot develops exactly, without unexpected transitions and fractures. At the heart of a complex Faboy lies "Peripetia" (a sudden, unexpected change in someone else's life) and "recognition" (transition from ignorance to knowledge). Aristotle himself always preferent with complex fabula.

As for the characters derived in the tragedies, Aristotle writes about them that they should be noble, plausible and consistent. The hero of the tragedy should be the best, not the worst person, one who suffers from not from their crime or inferiority, but from a random error.

In general, the "poetics" treatise gives many valuable information about the drama genre. After many centuries, scientists of different directions, artists and literature figures not once appealed to this treatise. All of them took the provisions expressed by Aristotle, as the norms of artistic creativity. Many of these statements did not lose their importance and now.

Aristophane is an ancient Greek playwright, comedyographer, followed by the status of the "Father Comedy", was born in the attic. The exact date of its appearance of its appearance, as well as the date of death, is unknown and indicated by approximately 444 BC. e. (In a number of sources, 448 BC) is indicated. The biography of Aristophan is pretty scarce, but it is the only representative of the attic comedy, whose works, although not all, reached our time entirely, and not only in the form of passages. Their family was pretty secured; Her chapter, the father of Aristophan Philip, belonged to the rights of the colonist land on about. Aegina. It was this circumstance that explained the refusal of many contemporaries of the playwright to consider it a citizen of Athens, despite the fact that his genus began his origin in the Athenian Deme Kidafina. In the same city, the future Father Comedy received an education.

The abilities for creativity manifested themselves early: the 17-year-old young men, he already composed poems and music. At the young age, his path of comedy began: the first comedy, "pouring," was written in 427 BC. er, then followed "Babylonian" (426) and "Ajornyan" (425). These plays were signed by the name of His friend of the Kallistrat: Aristophaan himself was too young and defeated, and in addition, he had no money for the choir. Due to the satirical content of the "Babylonian" presented on the Great Dionisions, the ridicule of the hero, in which the influential Demaagoga Clean was clearly guessed, was brought to the court. The details of the court session were lost in the thickening of centuries, but it is known that there were no serious consequences for the accused. Moreover, in the next comedy, "riders" (424), the image of the hero, for whom Cleon served as a prototype, was discharged so critically that Aristofhan had to play himself: the actors refused, fearing the revenge of an influential policy.

In the same bold, merciless, uncompromising, ulcerative playwright remained almost all of its works, and especially in the early creation period. It is believed that all his peru belongs to 44 comedies, of which only 11 has been preserved until our time, among which "Ajornyan", "Riders", "Clouds", "Wasps", "Women at FesmoForii", "Lisser" , "Frogs" and others. Preserved about 900 passages from other works that give an idea of \u200b\u200bhis work.

Gradually, Aristophane allocated politics, expanding the vices of the strengths of this world less and less place, but his comedy did not cease to be accepted with a public who called him comic (as Homer - a poet). They served as a reflection of the views of wealthy peasants, suffering from protracted hostilities (at that time, the long peleoponess war) and the politicians of the ruling circles, with respect to the old traditions, with alertness - to all new, fashionable trends, who did not tolerate empty chatters instead of concrete cases . It is with the filing of Aristofan that the word "demagogue", which meant the neutral "leader of the people", acquired the meaning in which we use it now.

It is known that Aristophan had at least two sons - Arar and Philip, also chosen the composition of the compositions of comic works. It was Arar under his own name that presented the public two of the last comedies of the Father - "Elaosicon" and "Kokal", which is approximately in 386 BC. e. died in Athens. In the second work, plot lines were used, which began the beginning of the comedy of the new sample.

Today it is difficult to appreciate the work of the father of the comedy, the brillium of his satire, since many parallels, hints, descriptions were clear only to contemporaries. The readers of the readers were confused by diligence, frivolism, rudeness of the language of the comedies of Aristophan, but it is only a reflection of the era morals. However, the journalistic smelled of his works, the flight of fantasy, the living humor, the structuralness of the artistic form was enough for still not to go from European theatrical frames. Such recognized masters of the word, like Rabl, Rasin, Heine, Fielding, Shelly, Goethe, Feichtvanger, Mayakovsky, experienced the effect of creativity of ancient Greek playwright.

The value of the FEOPOMP, ancient Greek comediographer in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Ancient Greek Comediographer Poet, "Father Comedy Theater and Music Art of Antiquity

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