Song genres: description and examples. What is the composition in music, literature, painting? Know how tools sound

Music composition (Lat. Compositio - compilation, essay) - category of musicology and musical aesthetics, characterizing the subject embodiment of music in the form of a completed musical work, in contrast to the variability of folk art and improvisation of some types of music.

The term "composition" is currently widely used in various fields of human activity: in visual art (sculpture and graphics) and literature (motivated location of the components of the work), construction (composite materials), etc. In art, this term is often identifiable with both the plot and the system of images and the structure of the artistic work. For this purpose, explain terms are applied - architectonics, construction, design. Finally, this term refers to works that include various types of arts (literary and musical composition) or composed of the compositions of different genres composed of fragments.

The musical composition involves:

• the composer and its targeted creative activity;
• separable from the creator and the work that exists independently of it;
• the embodiment of the content in the objectivated sound structure;
• a complex apparatus of technical means systematized by the musical theory.

Each type of art is characterized by a certain complex of technical techniques, the assimilation of which is necessary for creative work. Music is one of the most time-consuming types of art. Therefore, the creator of music is a composer - especially needs technical equipment. "Without skill in art," says D. Kabalevsky, - Do not make a step. " Moreover, he believes that in the body of the composer, creativity actually takes no more than ten percent, and the rest is the technique - knowledge and ability to apply technical techniques.

The term "creative method" is used to characterize the method of writing music peculiar to one or another composer. All outstanding composers that wrote orchestral music possessed a developed internal timbre hearing, i.e. Internal ideas about real sound. "Musical thought is not different to me, as in the external form corresponding to it; ... I am inventing the most musical thought at one time with the instrumentation, "so wrote about his creative method P.I. Tchaikovsky. The internal ideas about the real sound allowed V. A. Mozart to fill the orchestral essay score to such an extent that it remained only to record musical text.

The composition, therefore, is the doctrine of the interaction of all means of muzkal expressiveness in the musical form (composite structure). Likewise, which acts as organizing the beginning of the artistic space, the form-scheme becomes a party to the musical integer associated with the laws of the temporary deployment of the work.

Of course, the creative method of the composer is formed in the process of its own intense labor. A composer can create and improve its essay by the help of internal views of the real sound, use the workbook (sketch), as well as a piano or computer.
The beginning of work on the writing should be considered the formation of a common plan in which three stages can be distinguished:

• determination of the musical genre and clarification of the image (plot);
• justification of the classic form schema;
• choosing a creative method: an essay (according to preliminary preparations or gradual "buildup") of a shaped melody that corresponds to this image of harmony, textures, polypical advanced additional votes.

For the music work, this aspect is extremely important as accessibility for perception. The ability of the composer to take into account the regularities of the auditory perception of B. Asafyev calls the "mideos of the form on the listener." It is to cover the attention of the listener to the most important points of the work, to provide a timely rest of hearing after a large tension, cause certain expectations, to justify them or disrupt the inertia of the auditory perception, to send perception through the necessary paths, etc.

In the form of a developed and completed musical work, "opus", in contrast to the fluid variability of folk creativity -Process, from improvisation (in ancient, eastern, folk, jazz music, some types of music of the 20th century).

The composition involves: the presence of the author as a person (composer); his targeted creative activity; separable from the creator and further independently of it the existing work; The embodiment of the content in the exactly established objective sound structure; A complex apparatus of technical means systematized by the musical theory and described in a special area of \u200b\u200bknowledge (in the course of composition). Written fixation of the composition requires perfect musical notation. The consolidation category of the composition and status of the composer is associated with the development of the revival of the concept of a free human person - the Creator, the Creator (the indication of the composer's name has become the norm from the XIV century; the climax of personal and copyright began in the composition - in the XIX century).

Composition as a musical and artistic whole is stable. It overcomes continuous flow fluidity, there is always the same reproducible uniqueness of the main components of the music - high-quality, rhythm, location of the material, etc. Due to the stability of the composition, you can reproduce the sound of music through any arbitrarily large intervals after its creation. At the same time, the composition is always calculated on certain conditions of execution. Compared to applied folklore forms (songs, dances) and acts (ritual, religious, household), directly included in the work process, the composition is more important to the work of art.

From ancient times, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe compositionally single musical general was associated with a text (or dance-metric) basis. The Latin concept of the composition is historically preceded by the ancient concept of Melopaye. Verb componere and its derivatives (including compositor) There are found in many medieval treatises, ranging from Hokbald St. Amansky and his school (IX-X century). In the XI century, Guido Aretinsky in his "micrologist" (approx.) Under the composition (COMPONEENDA) understood, mainly the artistic compilation of the Choral. John de Grokeio ("On Music", OK.) Relevant this concept for multi-voice music ("Musica Composita", that is, complex, composite music) and used the word "compositor". In the era of the revival of John Tinktoris ("The determinant of musical terms",) allocated the creative moment in the last term (the composer - "writing some new cantus"); In the "book on the art of counterpoint" (), he clearly distinguished the counterpoint noted - "RES Facta" (equivalent to "Cantus Compositus" in the "Deterpete") and improvised ("Super Librum Cantare", letters sing over a book).

Study new methods of composition In the music of the second half of the twentieth, the beginning of the XXI centuries over the past 15 years has been stated in independent scientific and educational discipline - theory of the modern composition which includes the study of such new methods of composition and musical phenomena as

(in ancient, eastern, folk, jazz music, some types of music of the 20th century).

The composition involves the auto-person (composer), its targeted creative activity, separated from the Creator and further independently of it, the existing work, the embodiment of the content in the precisely established objectified sound structure, a complex apparatus of technical means systematized by the musical theory and described in a special area of \u200b\u200bknowledge (in course composition). Written fixation of the composition requires perfect musical notation. The consolidation category of the composition and status of the composer is associated with the development of the revival of the concept of a free human person - the Creator, the Creator (the indication of the composer's name has become the norm from the XIV century; the climax of personal and copyright began in the composition - in the XIX century).

Composition as a musical and artistic whole is stable. It overcomes continuous flow fluidity, there is always the same reproducible uniqueness of the main components of the music - high-quality, rhythm, location of the material, etc. Due to the stability of the composition, you can reproduce the sound of music through any arbitrarily large intervals after its creation. At the same time, the composition, always designed for certain conditions of execution and function in musical life, inevitably turns out to capture historically and socially deterministic aesthetic attitude of musical art to reality, in its way. Compared to applied folklore forms (songs, dances) and acts (ritual, religious, domestic), directly included in the work process, the composition is greaterly as an artistic reflection of reality.

Since ancient times, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe compositional-unified musical general was associated with a text (or dance-metric) basis. The Latin concept of the composition is historically preceded by the Greek concept of Melopenia. In the Epoch of the Middle Ages, the term "Componere" was introduced by Guido d'Israzzo in the "microloine" (approx.). Under the composition was understood by the deep-shaped skill processing (Cantus Firmus). Johanes de Relcheo ("On Music", OK.) Related this concept to polyphonic music ("Musica Composita") and used the term "compositor". In the era of the revival of John Tinktoris ("Music determinant",) "allocated the creative moment in the last term (the composer -" writing some new cantus "); in the" book on the art of counterpoint "() he clearly distinguished the counterpoint yotatated -" Res Facta "(equivalent to" Cantus Compositus "in" Deterpetent ", and improvised (" Super Librim Cantare ").

In Russia, the first teaching about the composition was the Musician Grammar Nikolai Diletsky (M., 1679, Dr. Red.- 1681); Among other authors of the Guides: I. L. Fuchs (Rus. Pen. - "Practice. Guide to the composition of music", SPb, 1830), I. K. Gunke ("Guide to the Composition of Music", Dep. I-3, St. Petersburg , 1859-63), M. F. Gnesin ("Initial course of practical. Compositions", M.-L., 1941).

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Watch what is "Music Composition" in other dictionaries:

- ... Wikipedia

Modern encyclopedia

Composition - (from Latin compositio Addition, compilation), 1) Construction of a artistic work (literary, musical, picturesque, etc.), due to its content, character, appointment and largely determining his perception. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Lat. Compositio Composition Binding), 1) Construction of a artistic work due to its content, character, appointment and largely determining his perception. The composition is the most important, organizing an element of art ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

AND; g. [from Lat. Compositio Composition] 1. Building, location and ratio of component parts of literature, art. K. Roman. K. Opera. K. Pictures. Skill composition. 2. Work (music, painting, etc.), having ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

composition - And, g. 1) (What) the structure of the work of literature and art, the location and the ratio of its parts. Composition of the word about the regiment of Igor. Composition pattern. Synonyms: Architecto / Nika, Build / Nie, Structure / RA 2) Work (music, painting, etc. Popular Dictionary of the Russian Language

This term has other meanings, see the composition. Composition (lat. Composito compilation, essay) category of musicology and musical aesthetics, characterizing the subject embodiment of music in the form of developed and ... ... Wikipedia

Composition (from lat. Compositio ≈ Drawing up, essay), 1) Construction of an artistic work due to its content, character and appointment and in many respects defining its perception. K. ≈ The most important organizing component ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (ITAL. IMPROVISAZIONE, from lat. Improvisus Unexpected, sudden) historically the most ancient type of muscy, in which the process of writing music occurs directly during its execution. Originally ... ... Wikipedia

The song is one of the common genres of vocal music, it combines the poetic text with a simple melody to memorize. Songs can be executed by one performer, as well as a group or choir, with instrumental support and a chapel.

The most popular is the song. Basic and composer. The main difference is that the composer has at least one author, and the People's Author does not have, its creator - the people.

Folk songs are transmitted from the older generation to the youngest. They spread around the country thanks to the stray musicians who replenished with them repertoire and moved from the city to the city, denounce them to different listeners. The simple people were not trained with a diploma, did not know how to record music and texts, so the songs memorized by heart. Naturally, the work with different words or melody could sing in different cities. In addition, each performer could change the text or motive at wisdom, so in our time you can meet several different options for one song. First, the people sang at weddings, funeral, on the occasion of the birth of a child, during rites. Then people began to sing when they worked, and rested when they were sad, or joyful.

Composer songs appeared approximately 16-17 centuries, with the development of secular culture. These are writings that have at least one particular author and who should be executed as conceived by the creator. The song creativity of composers comes to the listener in its original form, even if several centuries have passed since its creation.

Song types

There are the following genres of songs:

• author (or bard);
• neapolitan;
• hymns;
• folk;
• historical;
• rock ballads;
• pop;
• country;
• romances;
• chanson;
• chastushki;
• lullaby;
• children's;
• building.

Here are listed both for a long time that have arisen and modern song genres. Examples of some of them: "How cool that we all here today gathered" O. Mityaev (Bardovskaya); "Oh, frost, frost" (folk); "I remember the wonderful moment" M. Glinka for the words A. Pushkin (Romance); "Return to Sorrento" E. de Curtis and J. de Curtis (Neapolitan); "Soldier, bravings of the children" (building) and so on.

Russian folk songs

Folk songs are divided into ritual and non-heavenly. The rituals accompany any ritual: the wedding, funeral, the birth of a child, harvesting, etc. Thunder - are not executed on some particular occasion, but at the gatherings, during conversations and the evening, they come down for mood, express emotions and experiences of people. Topics of folk songs can be any: love, heavy peasant or recruit proportion, historical events or real historical personality ...

Genres of Russian songs:

• wedding;
• recruit;
• lullaby;
• pestees;
• pest;
• calendar rituals;
• crying;
• yammchitsky;
• chastushki;
• funeral;
• robbery;
• burlats;
• lyrical;
• horovodal;
• dance;
• shakes.

Chastushki, by the way, not too an ancient genre, they appeared a little over a hundred years ago and sang about love. Initially, they were performed only by guys.

People's songs include works that express the feelings and mood of those who sing them. Such songs are divided into family and love. They may be different in character, even reckless and unrestrainedly merry. But for the most part, Russian folk lyrics expresses sadness and longing. Often in lyrics, the mood of a person is compared with natural phenomena.

People's songs can be performed by a soloist, group or choir, accompanied by tools and a chapel.

Romances

There are song genres, where not less than words and melody are important to accompaniment. The romance relates to this species. This genre originated in Spain in the Middle Ages. In the word "Romance" called works performed in Spanish style. Later, all the secular songs began to be called. Russian composers wrote romances to the verses of Alexander Pushkin, Afonasia Feta, Mikhail Lermontov and other poets. In our country, this genre was at the peak of popularity in the 19th century. Many composed romances, the most famous works of this type of song creativity belong to M. I. Glinka, P.I. Tchaikovsky, N.A. Roman Corsakov, S.S. Prokofiev, S.V. Rachmaninov

Bardian song

Genres of songs that appeared in the 20th century - this is a stage, chanson, bard song and others. In our country, this type of musical creativity arose in the second half of the 20th century. The bard song is characterized by the fact that, most often, the author of the text, the composer and the performer is the same person. That is, the author itself under his own guitar accompaniment performs his work. In this genre, the dominant role belongs to the text. Initially, these songs were divided into student and tourist, later the theme expanded. Bright representatives of this genre: V. Vysotsky, Y. Vizbor, B. Okudzhava, S. Nikitin, O. Mityaev, V. Dolina. Artists of such songs were often called "singing poets." In the 50-60 years of the 20th century, this genre was called "amateur song", as often bards are not professional composers, poets and singers.

With the term "composition" we meet almost every day. To a greater extent, it relates to various branches of art: to music, painting, literature, and so on. And now we will learn in detail what kind of composition in various hypostatas, which aspects it is determined and how it is created.

Literature

In this industry, the excellent composition is determined as follows. This is the construction, distribution and ratio of among themselves parts, various episodes, heroes, their actions and other means of artistic expressiveness within a single work. When we talk about what composition is in the literature, it is important to remember that all its elements are associated with a single whole. The literary creation can consist of landscapes, still lifes, portraits, dialogues and monologues, lyrical deviations, metaphor and hyperball, exaggerations and superiments and so on. All this in general is in the story, a novel, poem or just in a small poem.

Music

Speaking about what kind of composition in music, for example, you can take an absolutely any product, and it does not matter whether it will be an etude for a third-class or a whole symphony consisting of several parts. In this case, the composition is a substantive comparison, distribution and expression with a certain intonation of sounds. The main difference of this type of art from folklore is the absence of improvisations. Musical compositions (more often they are called "empty") are recorded on a not one. Moreover, not only sounds, but also shades, strokes, dynamics, rhythm and pace are indicated in the notes.

History and modernity

As mentioned above, the musical compositions are characterized by their stability and invariance due to extremely accurate notation. The second important component of any opus is its author. The composer must perfectly know not only his tool, but also solfeggio, as well as musical canons belonging to the style in which he creates. In the former times, the term "composition" was called only those works that were supposed in a single rhythm, pace and tonality. They were short, but very beautiful, melodic. The first musical writings recorded on the music appeared in the revival era. Then the standards for writing music were mandatory for all - this is an excerpt for Lada, rhythm and size. With the onset of the era of romanticism, modulation was made - the transition from one tonality to another. The composers of the 19-20 centuries began to change during the work not only way, but also size, pace. So musical compositions have become more saturated, bright. Today there are no clear frames for music authors. The main thing is that as a result, the work was nice to rumor.

Painting

It is exactly understood what kind of composition, it allows us to be fine art. In the paintings, artists always transmit their idea, the mood, which is some specific atmosphere. Types of picturesque compositions are known to everyone - these are landscapes, portraits, still lifes. Among the works of the artists of the 20th century and our contemporaries are expressionist canvas, surrealistic and others. Figure, whatever it, always gives us a mood at the expense of color, light and shadows, forms (angular or rounded), as well as through the main existing objects or persons. For example, a graphic composition of geometric shapes is a set of various cones, pyramids, balls and cubes that have light and shadow and are always drawn in volume. A drawing based on such geometry may be more complex: at home, trains, churches. In a word, everything that goes into the future. In painting, bright representatives who portrayed non-standard compositions are artists Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Edward Munk and others.

Souvenirs as part of art

New Year's compositions are unique and unique in its kind. These are a variety of bouquets, arrangements, wreaths, mini-chili and much more. Such creations look, litely speaking, fabulously. They consist of fir branches, cones, ribbons, grinding rowan. Candlesticks are often attached to them, and the candles themselves are placed in them. Also, the New Year's composition may consist of gifts and delicates (foam wrapped in gift paper), bells, balls, bows, etc. Such creations can be bought in stores, and you can make your own hands. It is important only to take into account the main rule of the composition - all elements must be combined with each other. This also applies for shapes and colors, and sizes.

Make New Year's compositions do it yourself

The simplest New Year's cauldron is a wreath stand for candles. It has a rounded form and consists of the main attributes of this holiday - fir branches, cones and so on. Because we need the following components: the base is the circle of the desired diameter of dense cardboard or plastic; Thin branches of pine; cones; Breaks of Ryabina (optional), miniature balls in red color schemes (or mini-gifts with bows). We make focus on red because there is a rowan in the composition. In the center of the base, we set the candles and tightly from fixing. Then we glue all the elements in chaotic order. The main thing is to beautifully looked. Voila! Our New Year's bouquet is ready!

Inspire and create beautiful

Similar compositions with their own hands can be done to any holiday or just under the mood. For example, the Halloween is something similar, as for the new year, is constructed from small pumpkins, figures of ghosts, witch hats and cobwebs. Just to the autumn holiday, you can make stunning compositions from autumn leaves, and take as a basis not only a round wreath, but also a simple A4 paper, making interesting applications on it. Summer composition can accommodate fruits, berries, leaves, red and green ribbons. Well, the motives for marine theme are easily created through turquoise color, shells and fishing networks.