STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"BASHKIR STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Philology

Department of Russian Literature

Specialty "Russian language and literature"

WHY RHEETORIC IS NECESSARY

Akimova L.P.

Checked:

Associate Professor G.H. Fazylova

Introduction

1. Why rhetoric is needed

2. What rhetoric teaches

Conclusion

List of usages of literature

Introduction

We live in a complex, contradictory world. On the one hand, this is the world of the latest technological advances, the world of open borders and great opportunities for human development. For example, the ability to travel, receive any information from the Internet. On the other hand, this is a world in which many people communicate little, are lonely, lack the usual system of moral values, and live a poor spiritual life. Many do not know how to communicate in different life situations: to deliver an informational message, a report; participate in the discussion, convincingly arguing their point of view; write official letters; give a public speech; politely ask, refuse, advise, rate something, etc.

1. Why is Rhetoric needed

To communicate effectively in various situations, to solve a variety of communicative tasks that life poses for a person, ultimately, for the successful self-realization of a person.

1. This is done with the help of 1 line of development, which implies:

Mastering the skills to navigate in various communication situations, take into account the components of these situations (role characteristics of communicants, communication tasks, time and place of interaction, etc.);

Mastering the skills to implement exactly those oral and written texts - speech genres (existing in real speech practice) that are effective for achieving communication tasks in given situations.

2. To develop functional literacy skills. This is the 2nd line of development, which implies:

Teaching introductory and exploratory reading;

Learning to listen to various kinds of statements, to perceive semantic and emotional information;

Teaching the ability to freely express one's thoughts and feelings in oral and written form in accordance with the speech situation;

Mastering the communicative qualities of speech: correctness, wealth, relevance, expressiveness, etc., awareness of the importance of the qualities of speech for achieving communication tasks.

Speech is enriched with lexical, grammatical, intonational and other means of communication that are important for oral and written statements;

3. To develop intelligence, flexibility of thinking, emotional sphere, skills of assessment and self-assessment, to improve creativity, imagination, speech hearing, speech memory, sense of language. This is achieved by the implementation of the 3rd line of development, which is ensured not only by the content and focus of the course, but also by the use of special methods, techniques, and the specific organization of teaching, due to the characteristics of the subject. Among them, an important place is occupied by such methods and techniques as rhetorical analysis, rhetorical tasks, rhetorical games.

4. To help in comprehending moral guidelines, universal human values, the importance of a benevolent, respectful attitude towards people, aimed at cooperation, interaction. This is the 4th line of development.

2. What rhetoric teaches

Rhetoric was introduced in addition to the Russian language course in the second half of the 18th century as an independent academic subject. It was rhetoric that taught speech, according to M.V. Lomonosov, - "about any proposed matter ... it is good to speak and write." And the task of the well-known subject "Russian language" at that time was to study the grammar of the native language.

Since the end of the 19th century, rhetoric has gradually disappeared as an independent subject from school and higher education. The main reason is the separation from the realities of modern life, excessive enthusiasm for "beautiful things" to the detriment of the content of speech, a dead, scholastic method of teaching rhetoric. Until now, people, hearing outwardly effective, but meaningless speech, say: "This is all rhetoric."

Rhetoric teaches to analyze various circumstances of communication: to take into account who the person is talking to, for what, where, when and how - adequate speech behavior. By analyzing examples of successful and unsuccessful communication, creating their own statements when solving rhetorical problems, evaluating their own and other people's speech, people develop the ability to adapt to changing living conditions, to reflect on their speech behavior.

So, rhetoric helps to become a person who makes fewer mistakes in communication and thus avoids stress. Rhetoric prepares you for successful work in a team, when you need to interact with colleagues, look for the optimal solution to a problem together with employees and bosses, etc.

Rhetoric teaches the humanitarian thinking of people who are accustomed to dividing the world into black and white, right and wrong - it teaches to look for different options for solving the same problem. (For example, how to refuse without offending a person? How to defend your beliefs without quarreling with your opponent?) Thus, rhetoric teaches a positive attitude towards people, towards the world.

In addition, it helps to understand some moral values, including those related to communication, the meaning of a word in a person's life. So, rhetoric teaches: be attentive to your word; help others both in word and deed; communicate the way you would like to communicate with you.

Rhetoric also teaches skills that characterize the level of functional literacy, for example, the ability to extract meaningful information from the text; highlight the main thing; interpret and transform information by presenting it in several forms (diagrams, tables, diagrams, etc.); retell the text concisely; implement texts such as a review, abstract, report, etc.

It's no secret that in recent times there is a decrease in the level of speech culture. For example, we hear incorrect stress in the speech of announcers, rude words in the speech of participants in television and radio broadcasts, we observe incorrect speech behavior in various spheres of communication. Rhetoric in many respects fosters a rejection of these negative phenomena and thereby contributes to an increase in speech culture (and therefore culture in general). After all, culture, according to Yu.M. Lotman, this is how we communicate. It is not by chance that the issues of communicative competence are at the center of the modernization of education all over the world. Personal success and the success of society as a whole largely depend on communication skills.

Modern rhetoric, in the center of which a communicating person is, has combined into an inseparable whole different knowledge about a person from the theory of communication, psychology of communication, linguistics, ethics, sociology, logic, semiotics, etc. Thus, rhetoric teaches communication at a new stage in the development of society, in the conditions of the openness of the information space, the colossal possibilities of information technologies. This is what distinguishes modern rhetoric from that which was taught in the 18th and 19th centuries.

I would like to emphasize that rhetoric does not fit into the existing linguistic course of the Russian language, it cannot be an element of it, since rhetoric differs in its tasks, content and structure, as well as specific methods and techniques of teaching.

As many years of experience show, communication skills are formed only as a result of purposeful work based on special methods and techniques. This work can be realized only within the framework of a special academic subject with its own content, logic of presentation and technology.

3. Is rhetoric really so new as an academic subject?

Since 70-90 XIX century, rhetoric is gradually disappearing as an independent subject from school and higher education. The main reason for this state of affairs is the dead, scholastic methodology of teaching rhetoric, when they taught mainly on the texts of ancient rhetors, and the students created “their” works as imitation of these texts in form, style and often in content.

So, the special subject that teaches speech disappears. But the school, the teachers feel the need to work on the speech. By the beginning of the 20th century, the field of teaching the native language was formed, which is called in the methodology “speech development”, the name “speech culture” appears, etc.

And finally, in the 70s of the 20th century in the curriculum and textbooks on the native language appears the section "Connected speech" (Work on presentations and essays). In this article, it is not possible to characterize the methodological searches for the inclusion of elements of rhetoric in the course of the native language. Only one thing can be noted: the desire of the Methodists to include work on speech in this subject.

However, this work did not set and does not aim to teach schoolchildren to communicate, to teach how to create texts of different communicative orientation - different speech genres, such as a report, feedback, review, greeting speech, congratulatory speech, autobiography, letter of thanks, discussion, abstract, etc. etc. Although the need to address many of these speech genres in life, even in the educational process is obvious. In textbooks on various subjects, we find tasks of the type: “Write a report”, “Prepare an abstract”, “Retell the text briefly”; “Prepare an oral presentation on the topic: ...”, “Speak in the discussion”, etc.

L.N. Tolstoy, who, as you know, taught children himself at the Yasnaya Polyana school: “In my personal experience, I<...>I do not find almost a single hint that the knowledge of grammar of Yasnaya Polyana schoolchildren was applied by them to any use. It seems to me that grammar goes by itself ... as a mentally useful gymnastic exercise, language - the ability to write, read and understand goes by itself ... "

4. What is contemporary rhetoric?

Modern rhetoric cannot be a mold, a copy of the Russian rhetoric of the 19th century. We cannot, for example, simply publish the best of these textbooks (Meshcheryakov, Speransky and many others). Modern rhetoric is based on the achievements of modern humanities - linguistics, communication theory, communication psychology, ethics, sociology, logic, semiotics, etc.

At the center of the center of modern rhetoric is the communicating person, the person who communicates. Consequently, rhetoric is an anthropocentric subject. Therefore, its practical orientation is natural, its task as an academic subject is to teach effective communication, which, of course, requires a certain theoretical basis.

So, rhetoric is an academic subject, in the development of which both directions of modernization of education are implemented:

Due to the achievements of modern basic related sciences;

At the expense of the needs of the present and future society, since rhetoric teaches communicative (rhetorical) skills at a new stage in the development of society in the conditions of the openness of the information space and the colossal possibilities of information technology.

5. Let us ask ourselves a question: do we need Rhetoric?

How important is rhetorical knowledge and the ability to apply it for us - today and in the future? Let's start with the obvious fact that human nature from ancient times to the present day has remained unchanged in at least one of its manifestations: a person speaks a lot (65% of the working time is spent in oral communication, 2.5 years is the consumption of pure time for conversations with the average inhabitant of the Earth, according to American scientists, which is 400 volumes of 1000 pages, we manage to utter a slander during our labor activity).

Thus, a reasonable person was and remains a speaking person.

It means that we talked and talk really a lot. But, as studies show, we do it badly: communication of people who have not received special (rhetorical!) Training is effective (successful) by only 50%. Of course, these are very rough estimates, dry facts and figures, but they also testify to a lot: it is necessary to improve both the mastery of one's own word and the perception of another's word.

"A minister comes to parliament, say, to the Duma. Comes to the podium and says ...

But the minister is a bad actor. He does not feel the situation, does not understand the situation, and inaccuracies begin to pile up one on top of the other. Some dull head shouts out an unflattering remark. Like a bad actor from a wrong line, the minister loses tone and composure. His voice begins to sound out of tune, gestures cease to approach the brought case. The thought remained unsaid, the case was unfinished, but the impression was made negative. The minister did not understand his role - he failed "(F.I. Shalyapin, Mask and Soul: My Forty Years on Stage).

Doesn't that sound modern enough? However, on the whole, the level of speech culture of society in pre-revolutionary Russia and in the first post-revolutionary years was incomparably higher than what we have now, almost a century later.

Why did this happen? What are the reasons that only a few of our contemporaries have retained a high speech culture? It is necessary to answer these questions in order to present the prospects for the reconstruction and revival of the national speech culture, to see the possible paths of the coming "rhetorical Renaissance" in Russia. Without the return of rhetoric, the revival of Russian culture in general is hardly conceivable. After all, the role of the word in Russian culture has traditionally been especially significant.

That is why we can say that the word modern (and the future) really returns to the ancient, Socratic ideal: it should be full of meaning, deep, saturated with thought. The beauty of speech these days is in many ways akin to the beauty of any household item - it is, first of all, functionality, compliance with its main task.

And so, rhetoric, especially modern rhetoric, is first of all a school of thought, and then only a school of words.

A good modern public speech can be characterized in the same way as it was once said about the speeches of the wonderful Athenian orator and politician Demosthenes: “Do not look for jewelry from him, there are only arguments. Arguments and evidence intersect, push each other, run swiftly before your eyes, throwing away adorable sparkles of antitheses on the fly. "

This means that modern speech is a kind of "literary geometry", the result of intensive mental work, it is a proportionate building, logically built from clear meanings of precisely used words. The courageous logic of the word evokes approval and admiration among our contemporaries rather than feminine grace. To be convinced of this, let's see how Aleksey Fedorovich Losev writes about a wonderful speech: “Words have always been for me a deep, passionate, bewitchingly wise and talented deed. How few people who love and know how to speak with talent! I loved how I idolized these people! My God, what a wonderful gift it is - to be able to speak and to be able to listen when they speak! In my youth, at the sounds of talented speech, I felt how my thought was thinning, silvery and playing, how my brain was being rebuilt like a precious and subtle musical instrument, how my spirit began to rush along the boundless and pale green of the mental sea, on which foamed wisdom caresses and teases you with its crimson, crimson bursts! " (Losev. Life).

The core, the center of modern rhetoric, is the path from thought to word, which in the classical tradition was described as a combination of three stages: the invention of the content, the arrangement of the invented in the right order, and, finally, verbal expression. What to say? How? What words? These are the three main questions we learn to answer as we receive a rhetorical education in order to master the skill of effective speech.

We will call this central and starting section of general rhetoric the rhetorical canon, since the three stages of the path from thought to word - invention, arrangement and verbal expression - are determined by a system of special laws and rules - canon (Greek kanon).

Having learned these laws and mastered the principles, a person will be able to confidently navigate in any situation that requires coherent, meaningful speech from him.

Conclusion

So, we are faced with the task of exploring the path from thought to word, how to turn a flashed idea into a good rhetorically literate speech, i.e. Is it possible to do so that there are more thoughts, so that they are more interesting, so that ideas do not slip away and do not interfere with each other, but get a harmonious order, and finally come to life in the word.

We need to penetrate into the secrets of a very special life - the life of ideas, concepts. This is necessary because you can only learn to speak by learning to think.

List of used literature

1. Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Luxury or necessity? Why rhetoric is needed // Uchitelskaya Gazeta. - 2006. -№23.

2. Panov M.I. Why is the art of eloquence needed today?

3. Alexandrov D.N. Rhetoric.

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STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"BASHKIR STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Philology

Department of Russian Literature

Specialty "Russian language and literature"

WHY RHEETORIC IS NECESSARY

Akimova L.P.

Checked:

Associate Professor G.H. Fazylova

Introduction

1. Why rhetoric is needed

2. What rhetoric teaches

Conclusion

List of usages of literature

Introduction

We live in a complex, contradictory world. On the one hand, this is the world of the latest technological advances, the world of open borders and great opportunities for human development. For example, the ability to travel, receive any information from the Internet. On the other hand, this is a world in which many people communicate little, are lonely, lack the usual system of moral values, and live a poor spiritual life. Many do not know how to communicate in different life situations: to deliver an informational message, a report; participate in the discussion, convincingly arguing their point of view; write official letters; give a public speech; politely ask, refuse, advise, rate something, etc.

1. Why is Rhetoric needed

To communicate effectively in various situations, to solve a variety of communicative tasks that life poses for a person, ultimately, for the successful self-realization of a person.

1. This is done with the help of 1 line of development, which implies:

Mastering the skills to navigate in various communication situations, take into account the components of these situations (role characteristics of communicants, communication tasks, time and place of interaction, etc.);

Mastering the skills to implement exactly those oral and written texts - speech genres (existing in real speech practice) that are effective for achieving communication tasks in given situations.

2. To develop functional literacy skills. This is the 2nd line of development, which implies:

Teaching introductory and exploratory reading;

Learning to listen to various kinds of statements, to perceive semantic and emotional information;

Teaching the ability to freely express one's thoughts and feelings in oral and written form in accordance with the speech situation;

Mastering the communicative qualities of speech: correctness, wealth, relevance, expressiveness, etc., awareness of the importance of the qualities of speech for achieving communication tasks.

Speech is enriched with lexical, grammatical, intonational and other means of communication that are important for oral and written statements;

3. To develop intelligence, flexibility of thinking, emotional sphere, skills of assessment and self-assessment, to improve creativity, imagination, speech hearing, speech memory, sense of language. This is achieved by the implementation of the 3rd line of development, which is ensured not only by the content and focus of the course, but also by the use of special methods, techniques, and the specific organization of teaching, due to the characteristics of the subject. Among them, an important place is occupied by such methods and techniques as rhetorical analysis, rhetorical tasks, rhetorical games.

4. To help in comprehending moral guidelines, universal human values, the importance of a benevolent, respectful attitude towards people, aimed at cooperation, interaction. This is the 4th line of development.

2. What rhetoric teaches

Rhetoric was introduced in addition to the Russian language course in the second half of the 18th century as an independent academic subject. It was rhetoric that taught speech, according to M.V. Lomonosov, - "about any proposed matter ... it is good to speak and write." And the task of the well-known subject "Russian language" at that time was to study the grammar of the native language.

Since the end of the 19th century, rhetoric has gradually disappeared as an independent subject from school and higher education. The main reason is the separation from the realities of modern life, excessive enthusiasm for "beautiful things" to the detriment of the content of speech, a dead, scholastic method of teaching rhetoric. Until now, people, hearing outwardly effective, but meaningless speech, say: "This is all rhetoric."

Rhetoric teaches to analyze various circumstances of communication: to take into account who the person is talking to, for what, where, when and how - adequate speech behavior. By analyzing examples of successful and unsuccessful communication, creating their own statements when solving rhetorical problems, evaluating their own and other people's speech, people develop the ability to adapt to changing living conditions, to reflect on their speech behavior.

So, rhetoric helps to become a person who makes fewer mistakes in communication and thus avoids stress. Rhetoric prepares you for successful work in a team, when you need to interact with colleagues, look for the optimal solution to a problem together with employees and bosses, etc.

Rhetoric teaches the humanitarian thinking of people who are accustomed to dividing the world into black and white, right and wrong - it teaches to look for different options for solving the same problem. (For example, how to refuse without offending a person? How to defend your beliefs without quarreling with your opponent?) Thus, rhetoric teaches a positive attitude towards people, towards the world.

In addition, it helps to understand some moral values, including those related to communication, the meaning of a word in a person's life. So, rhetoric teaches: be attentive to your word; help others both in word and deed; communicate the way you would like to communicate with you.

Rhetoric also teaches skills that characterize the level of functional literacy, for example, the ability to extract meaningful information from the text; highlight the main thing; interpret and transform information by presenting it in several forms (diagrams, tables, diagrams, etc.); retell the text concisely; implement texts such as a review, abstract, report, etc.

It's no secret that the level of speech culture has been declining recently. For example, we hear incorrect accents in the speech of announcers, rude words in the speech of participants in television and radio broadcasts, we observe incorrect speech behavior in various spheres of communication. Rhetoric in many respects fosters a rejection of these negative phenomena and thereby contributes to an increase in speech culture (and therefore culture in general). After all, culture, according to Yu.M. Lotman, this is how we communicate. It is not by chance that the issues of communicative competence are at the center of the modernization of education all over the world. Personal success and the success of society as a whole largely depend on communication skills.

Modern rhetoric, in the center of which a communicating person is, has combined into an inseparable whole different knowledge about a person from the theory of communication, psychology of communication, linguistics, ethics, sociology, logic, semiotics, etc. Thus, rhetoric teaches communication at a new stage in the development of society, in the conditions of the openness of the information space, the colossal possibilities of information technologies. This is what distinguishes modern rhetoric from that which was taught in the 18th and 19th centuries.

I would like to emphasize that rhetoric does not fit into the existing linguistic course of the Russian language, it cannot be an element of it, since rhetoric differs in its tasks, content and structure, as well as specific methods and techniques of teaching.

As many years of experience show, communication skills are formed only as a result of purposeful work based on special methods and techniques. This work can be realized only within the framework of a special academic subject with its own content, logic of presentation and technology.

3. Is rhetoric really so new as an academic subject?

Since 70-90 XIX century, rhetoric is gradually disappearing as an independent subject from school and higher education. The main reason for this state of affairs is the dead, scholastic methodology of teaching rhetoric, when they taught mainly on the texts of ancient rhetors, and the students created “their” works as imitation of these texts in form, style and often in content.

So, the special subject that teaches speech disappears. But the school, the teachers feel the need to work on the speech. By the beginning of the 20th century, the field of teaching the native language was formed, which is called in the methodology “speech development”, the name “speech culture” appears, etc.

And finally, in the 70s of the 20th century in the curriculum and textbooks on the native language appears the section "Connected speech" (Work on presentations and essays). In this article, it is not possible to characterize the methodological searches for the inclusion of elements of rhetoric in the course of the native language. Only one thing can be noted: the desire of the Methodists to include work on speech in this subject.

However, this work did not set and does not aim to teach schoolchildren to communicate, to teach how to create texts of different communicative orientation - different speech genres, such as a report, feedback, review, greeting speech, congratulatory speech, autobiography, letter of thanks, discussion, abstract, etc. etc. Although the need to address many of these speech genres in life, even in the educational process is obvious. In textbooks on various subjects, we find tasks of the type: “Write a report”, “Prepare an abstract”, “Retell the text briefly”; “Prepare an oral presentation on the topic: ...”, “Speak in the discussion”, etc.

L.N. Tolstoy, who, as you know, taught children himself at the Yasnaya Polyana school: “In my personal experience, I<...>I do not find almost a single hint that the knowledge of grammar of Yasnaya Polyana schoolchildren was applied by them to any use. It seems to me that grammar goes by itself ... as a mentally useful gymnastic exercise, language - the ability to write, read and understand goes by itself ... "

4. What is contemporary rhetoric?

Modern rhetoric cannot be a mold, a copy of the Russian rhetoric of the 19th century. We cannot, for example, simply publish the best of these textbooks (Meshcheryakov, Speransky and many others). Modern rhetoric is based on the achievements of modern humanities - linguistics, communication theory, communication psychology, ethics, sociology, logic, semiotics, etc.

At the center of the center of modern rhetoric is the communicating person, the person who communicates. Consequently, rhetoric is an anthropocentric subject. Therefore, its practical orientation is natural, its task as an academic subject is to teach effective communication, which, of course, requires a certain theoretical basis.

So, rhetoric is an academic subject, in the development of which both directions of modernization of education are implemented:

Due to the achievements of modern basic related sciences;

At the expense of the needs of the present and future society, since rhetoric teaches communicative (rhetorical) skills at a new stage in the development of society in the conditions of the openness of the information space and the colossal possibilities of information technology.

5. Let us ask ourselves a question: do we need Rhetoric?

How important is rhetorical knowledge and the ability to apply it for us - today and in the future? Let's start with the obvious fact that human nature from ancient times to the present day has remained unchanged in at least one of its manifestations: a person speaks a lot (65% of the working time is spent in oral communication, 2.5 years is the consumption of pure time for conversations with the average inhabitant of the Earth, according to American scientists, which is 400 volumes of 1000 pages, we manage to utter a slander during our labor activity).

Thus, a reasonable person was and remains a speaking person.

It means that we talked and talk really a lot. But, as studies show, we do it badly: communication of people who have not received special (rhetorical!) Training is effective (successful) by only 50%. Of course, these are very rough estimates, dry facts and figures, but they also testify to a lot: it is necessary to improve both the mastery of one's own word and the perception of another's word.

"A minister comes to parliament, say, to the Duma. Comes to the podium and says ...

But the minister is a bad actor. He does not feel the situation, does not understand the situation, and inaccuracies begin to pile up one on top of the other. Some dull head shouts out an unflattering remark. Like a bad actor from a wrong line, the minister loses tone and composure. His voice begins to sound out of tune, gestures cease to approach the brought case. The thought remained unsaid, the case was unfinished, but the impression was made negative. The minister did not understand his role - he failed "(F.I. Shalyapin, Mask and Soul: My Forty Years on Stage).

Doesn't that sound modern enough? However, on the whole, the level of speech culture of society in pre-revolutionary Russia and in the first post-revolutionary years was incomparably higher than what we have now, almost a century later.

Why did this happen? What are the reasons that only a few of our contemporaries have retained a high speech culture? It is necessary to answer these questions in order to present the prospects for the reconstruction and revival of the national speech culture, to see the possible paths of the coming "rhetorical Renaissance" in Russia. Without the return of rhetoric, the revival of Russian culture in general is hardly conceivable. After all, the role of the word in Russian culture has traditionally been especially significant.

That is why we can say that the word modern (and the future) really returns to the ancient, Socratic ideal: it should be full of meaning, deep, saturated with thought. The beauty of speech these days is in many ways akin to the beauty of any household item - it is, first of all, functionality, compliance with its main task.

And so, rhetoric, especially modern rhetoric, is first of all a school of thought, and then only a school of words.

A good modern public speech can be characterized in the same way as it was once said about the speeches of the wonderful Athenian orator and politician Demosthenes: “Do not look for jewelry from him, there are only arguments. Arguments and evidence intersect, push each other, run swiftly before your eyes, throwing away adorable sparkles of antitheses on the fly. "

This means that modern speech is a kind of "literary geometry", the result of intensive mental work, it is a proportionate building, logically built from clear meanings of precisely used words. The courageous logic of the word evokes approval and admiration among our contemporaries rather than feminine grace. To be convinced of this, let's see how Aleksey Fedorovich Losev writes about a wonderful speech: “Words have always been for me a deep, passionate, bewitchingly wise and talented deed. How few people who love and know how to speak with talent! I loved how I idolized these people! My God, what a wonderful gift it is - to be able to speak and to be able to listen when they speak! In my youth, at the sounds of talented speech, I felt how my thought was thinning, silvery and playing, how my brain was being rebuilt like a precious and subtle musical instrument, how my spirit began to rush along the boundless and pale green of the mental sea, on which foamed wisdom caresses and teases you with its crimson, crimson bursts! " (Losev. Life).

The core, the center of modern rhetoric, is the path from thought to word, which in the classical tradition was described as a combination of three stages: the invention of the content, the arrangement of the invented in the right order, and, finally, verbal expression. What to say? How? What words? These are the three main questions we learn to answer as we receive a rhetorical education in order to master the skill of effective speech.

We will call this central and starting section of general rhetoric the rhetorical canon, since the three stages of the path from thought to word - invention, arrangement and verbal expression - are determined by a system of special laws and rules - canon (Greek kanon).

Having learned these laws and mastered the principles, a person will be able to confidently navigate in any situation that requires coherent, meaningful speech from him.

Conclusion

So, we are faced with the task of exploring the path from thought to word, how to turn a flashed idea into a good rhetorically literate speech, i.e. Is it possible to do so that there are more thoughts, so that they are more interesting, so that ideas do not slip away and do not interfere with each other, but get a harmonious order, and finally come to life in the word.

We need to penetrate into the secrets of a very special life - the life of ideas, concepts. This is necessary because you can only learn to speak by learning to think.

List of used literature

1. Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Luxury or necessity? Why rhetoric is needed // Uchitelskaya Gazeta. - 2006. -№23.

2. Panov M.I. Why is the art of eloquence needed today?

3. Alexandrov D.N. Rhetoric.

Talk so I can see you!

Probably, everyone at least once in their life has heard the word "rhetoric" or at least the expressions "rhetorical question", "rhetorical exclamation", "political rhetoric", etc. Or maybe one of you was once sarcastically recommended to engage in rhetoric ...

Let's figure out what RHETORIC is, what it is eaten with, why it is important to do it.

To begin with, I’ll ask you a rhetorical question: how do you form an opinion about this or that person? The question is rhetorical, because I do not need an answer to it. The answer is clear and well known. First of all, we judge a person by his appearance: how he is dressed, how he is combed, etc. This is the first glance. It is not for nothing that the Russian proverb says: "They meet by their clothes, but they see them off according to their minds." These words contain a thousand-year-old folk wisdom, the ability to observe and vividly formulate the result of these observations. So, they are escorted through the mind ... That is, the final conclusion about a person: whether he is smart or not very good, decent or scoundrel, educated or ignorant, knowledgeable or ignorant, with a broad outlook or limited, capable of development, or evolution has passed him by and many others moments important for the cognition of the subject - we can do only by talking to him. All of these features and many other nuances will manifest themselves only in the process of communication. No wonder many thousands of years ago the great philosopher of all times and peoples uttered the phrase that we gave as an epigraph to this article ...

A little background. Once Socrates was asked to speak about a person who was brought to him. The Thinker looked at him for a long time, and then uttered this sacramental phrase: "Yes, speak at last, so that I can see you!" Here the word "see" is interpreted very broadly: "to know", "to understand."

So, even in Antiquity, people realized that speech can tell a lot about a person ... In the past, a person's career depended heavily on how he was able to express his thoughts, how he could influence the crowd. Imagine a politician or commander who, mumbled, in a low voice, unintelligible, confused, panting, lisping, monotonously, clumping words, as if he had hot potatoes in his mouth, trying to call the voters to action or order the troops to attack. Can't you imagine? Right! Because it just couldn't be. And this is just an example of contact communication, when you see each other, look each other in the eyes. Here gestures and facial expressions can still help ... And in the modern world, many issues are resolved remotely, for example by phone. And only your voice, your manner of speaking can affect the interlocutor positively, or it can annoy and anger him ... Think about it!

It is very difficult to achieve career growth if you do not know how to logically express thoughts, reason, attract and hold the interlocutor's attention (not to mention the potential audience of hundreds and thousands of people), if your speech is inaccurate and inexpressive, if you have problems with diction or breathing, volume , tempo, with the placement of logical accents, if you do not know the orthoepic, morphological, syntactic, lexical and stylistic norms of the language (at school they still practically do not devote time to this, they try to teach them to write correctly). Therefore, more and more politicians, managers, businessmen, who are at the beginning of their career or who have already achieved great results, turn to Rhetoric.

Rhetoric is the art of speaking beautifully.

This is how our ancestors characterized this direction. Nowadays, RHETORIC is more often called the science and art of effective communication. What kind of communication is considered effective? Such - in the process of which you achieve your goal. Example. You want your salary to be raised (grade at school, etc.) and go to the boss (teacher) for this purpose. If, after communication, your salary is raised (the grade is corrected to a higher one), it means that your rhetoric was successful, the goal was achieved, and the communication was effective. And if not ... So, you need to work on your rhetoric, understand why you could not convince the boss of the need for promotion, understand WHAT you said wrong, analyze HOW you said ... Understood, and then? Next - work on yourself, on your speech, gestures, facial expressions ... Engage in rhetoric.

People often ask: "Is it possible for an adult to change his speech?" The answer is: it is possible. Water wears away the stone. Skill and work will grind everything. Again popular wisdom. History knows the example of Demosthenes - the great orator of all times and peoples. A self-made speaker. He was a very smart, knowledgeable person, but by nature he was shy, had weak breathing, twitched his shoulder, he had a quiet voice and problems with diction. However, he was able to overcome all this and become famous for millennia. The exercises developed by Demosthenes are still performed by students of acting institutes and schools, eminent artists, announcers and our students in rhetoric classes.

More and more adults and children of wise parents are engaged in rhetoric, because the ability to speak well and communicate effectively is based on the many thousands of years of history of peoples and this ability can provide a good future for those who own them. But it is very difficult for one to engage in rhetoric: it is not enough to have the desire and willpower, to read special literature, to try to do the exercises ... This is not enough. You need to do the exercise CORRECTLY, you need to be constantly supervised by an experienced person, a professional, a speaker, your rhetorical coach, your tutor. Rhetoric teaches communication, so all classes should take place in the process of communicating with an experienced mentor for adults and, of course, for children. It is even more difficult for children to organize themselves, they need constant gaming technology. We will tell you about the specifics of rhetoric classes with adults and children in the following articles.

Good luck to you! Speak to be seen! Speak correctly and beautifully with us!

Hello!

What do you think is the common skill of all successful businessmen, well-known politicians and public figures? That's right, the ability to communicate effectively and convince people. This is taught by the discipline of rhetoric. I invite you to talk about what rhetoric studies, how relevant this science is in our time, and to whom it will be useful.

Oratory is the oldest of the branches of human activity; this art was known even in Ancient Egypt and Babylon. The ancient Greeks are considered the creators of rhetoric. In the 5th century BC. Greek philosophers-sophists compiled the first textbook on oratory, where knowledge about the art of speaking was systematized. Unfortunately, it has not reached us.

According to the Greeks, a skillful orator is a person who knows how to persuade, through cunning conclusions, he can present the worst argument in the most favorable light.

Rhetoric is the science that studies the methods of harmonious and technically correct speech, convincing the listener and prompting action. The speaker's speech must comply with the lexical norms of the language and be appropriate in this situation.

In the grammar schools of ancient Rome, boys were taught first to read, then to write, and then taught the highest art - the ability to speak to the public. The Romans believed that a real orator is one who can speak beautifully and figuratively, adhering to a certain syllable in his speech.

In the modern world, rhetoric is perceived as a scientific discipline that combines the methods of harmonious speech, the ability to convince the audience, to induce action. The speaker's speech must comply with the lexical norms of the language and be appropriate in this situation.

Rhetoric is subdivided into private and general.

General rhetoric: how to compose the text?

Here, general rules and methods of drafting the text of speeches are considered, based on the laws of human communication. Whether a teacher is preparing to teach a lesson at school, or the prosecutor is writing an accusatory speech for the court, or maybe the toastmaster is preparing a wedding speech - all of them should take into account the principles of speech behavior.

General rhetoric states that any oratorical speech must comply with four basic rules:

1. The rule of communication with the listener is to build an active dialogue with the audience.
2. The navigational rule is that the speaker must lead the listener behind him, building his speech in a logical and understandable sequence.
3. The rule of feelings is that speech should be voluminous, emotional.
4. The rule of success is that the speaker will be successful when he takes into account the tastes and interests of the public.

Sections of general rhetoric

It is customary to divide rhetoric into several sections corresponding to different spheres of human activity:

• Rhetorical Canon (stages);
• Speaking technique;
• The art of verbal combat (polemics);
• The art of communication (conversation);
• Non-verbal communication methods (gestures, posture, facial expressions);
• Ethno-territory is a section that studies questions of speech behavior among representatives of different peoples.

Rhetorical Canon

Preparing for any public performance consists of five steps:

• Selection of material, awareness of the topic;
• Drawing up the structure of the future performance;
• Working out the details of speech, inserting artistic images;
• Memorization of the text;
• The performance itself.

This sequence of work on the speech was known to the ancient Greeks, it was they who invented the ancient rhetorical canon, which we still use today. The canon consists of an invention (invention), disposition (order), elocution (beauty), memorio (memorization), and aktio (performance). In one of the articles, we will analyze these stages with you in detail.

Private rhetoric: when and where to speak?

There are a number of professions, one way or another, associated with speaking in front of an audience. The advertising manager must be able to present the product with his face, the priest must speak his sermon in such a way as to arouse tears of joy and tenderness among the parishioners, the lawyer must structure his appeal in such a way that it becomes clear to the court that the defendant is innocent.

In each specific case, the speaker will have his own speech that meets certain requirements and rules. The study of the features of oratorical performances in a particular professional sphere is precisely what private rhetoric is concerned with.

Types of speech

Oratorical speech is divided into types:

• Academic - it is distinguished by a strict style and consistency, special terminology is used during the speech. Academic speech includes a report, review, dissertation, as well as pedagogical types of speeches: lecture, lesson, abstract.
• Judicial - a speech in court, for example, a prosecutor's accusatory speech, a defense lawyer's speech. The main features of this type are objectivity, argumentation and evidence.
• Theological-ecclesiastical - religious sermon, spoken by the ministers of the church. As a rule, it lacks clear argumentation and does not follow the laws of logic; emotionality and imagery come to the fore.
• Socio-political - public speaking on economic or political topics, propaganda and diplomatic activity. Examples: round table, dispute, military-patriotic speech.
• Social and everyday speech is a speech that emphasizes family and social relationships. This includes a toast, wedding and memorial speech, congratulations for the hero of the day.

Speech genres

Depending on who the oratorical speech is addressed to and on what occasion it is delivered, the orator's speech is divided into genres. Each genre has its own set of expressive linguistic means and techniques, its own goal, the degree of the listener's awareness, his taste preferences and interests are taken into account.

Today, there are hundreds of genres in rhetoric, here are some of them:

1. Information purpose - genres instruction, report, report, self-presentation, recommendation, lecture;
2. Emotionally inspiring (epidemic) goal - congratulations, opening remarks, guest introduction, greeting;
3. For the purpose of convincing of something - an accusatory speech, debate, debate, meeting;
4. Call to action - advertising campaign, civic appeal, appeal.

Interaction with other disciplines

Rhetoric, as the art of public speaking and the art of effective communication, follows two directions:

• Logical - the persuasiveness of the speaker, the presence of argumentation and evidence base;
• Artistic - beauty and imagery of presentation, splendor and ornate syllable.

The main tasks of rhetoric: correctness of speech, persuasiveness and expediency of speech. This implies three basic concepts of oratory: ethos - relevance, morality; logos - logical reasoning and pathos - sensuality.

What disciplines does rhetoric touch upon?

• Linguistics. It is simply impossible to imagine an orator who does not know the rules and regulations of the Russian language.
• Stylistics. The effectiveness of speech is determined by its expressiveness, compliance with a certain style.
• Logics. The speaker builds a sequence of events to convince the audience.
• A culture of speech. The level of spiritual and intellectual development of the speaker directly affects the quality of speech.
• Psychology. During his speech, the speaker actively uses the means of verbal and non-verbal impact on the public.

Why rhetoric?

Well, okay, the reader will say, rhetoric is useful for a lawyer, advertising manager, company executive, or preacher. Why study rhetoric for a person whose profession is not at all connected with communication?

In everyday life, we often have to communicate with friends, family, work colleagues, discuss current problems, and make joint decisions. Agree, how many people, so many opinions? And sometimes many problems are solved by the method of discussions, debate, mutual beliefs and arguments.

The last word belongs to the person who managed to convince everyone else. Convincing means justifying and arguing your decision in such a way that this decision would seem obvious to all parties to the dispute. Have I convinced you? J

conclusions

I hope I haven't bored you too much with scientific terms. A large number of them suggests that rhetoric is not an easy science. Rhetoric studies the methods of invention and the formation of a lively persuasive speech, as well as methods of effective interaction with the audience. The subject of rhetoric is the birth of an effective word that can influence the thinking of others.

Rhetoric is a practical science. Merely reading Greek treatises on oratory is not enough to learn to speak logically and beautifully. It takes hours and years of practice, constant work on yourself.

Those who want to study all the ingenuity and ingenuity of this science on their own, follow the new articles, I will tell you about everything in great detail. You can also look into this free course.

All the best! Always yours, Yuri Okunev.