The god Pan created the shepherd's pipe, Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom, invented the flute, the Indian God Narada invented and presented to man a harp-shaped musical instrument - wine. But these are only myths, because we all understand that musical instruments were invented by the person himself. And there is nothing surprising here, because he is the first musical instrument. And the sound that comes from him is his voice.

The primitive man conveyed information by voice and informed his fellow tribesmen about his emotions: joy, fear and love. To make the "song" sound much more interesting, he clapped his hands and stamped his feet, knocked stone on stone and beat on the stretched skin of the mammoth. Just like that, the objects that surrounded the person slowly began to transform into musical instruments.

Musical instruments are divided into three groups, that is, according to the way sound is extracted from them, these are wind, percussion and strings. So let's figure it out now, why did the primitive man pull, why he knocked, and what did he beat? We do not know for certain what musical instruments were at that time, but we can assume.

The first group is wind instruments. We do not know why the ancient man blew into a reed reed, a piece of bamboo or a horn, but we know for sure that it became a tool when the holes appeared.

The second group - percussion instruments, which were made from all sorts of objects, namely from the shells of large fruits, wooden decks, and from dried skins. They were beaten with a stick, fingers or palms, and used for ritual ceremonies and military operations.

And the last, third group - stringed musical instruments. It is generally accepted that the first stringed musical instrument is a hunting bow. The ancient hunter, pulling the string, noticed that the string was "singing" from the splinter. But the stretched vein of the animal "sings" even better. And even better "sings" when you rub it with the hair of an animal. This is how the bow was born, that is, at that time, it was a stick with a bundle of horsehair pulled over it, which was led along a string made of twisted animal veins. After some time, the bow began to be made of silk threads. This divided stringed musical instruments into bowed and twisted.

The most ancient musical string instruments are the harp and lyre. All ancient peoples have similar tools. The Ur harps are the oldest stringed instruments found by archaeologists. They are about four and a half thousand years old.

The truth is that it is impossible to say exactly what the first musical instrument looked like, but we can say with complete confidence that music, albeit in a primitive form, was a part of the life of primitive man.

There is a legend about this, but this is nothing more than a fantasy. According to Greek mythology, the first musical instrument - a shepherd's pipe - was made by the god Pan. Once on the shore, he exhaled through the reeds and heard his breath, passing along the trunk, make a sad lamentation. He cut the barrel into unequal pieces, tied them together, and now he had his first musical instrument!

The truth is that we cannot name the first musical instrument, since all primitive people around the world seem to have created this or that music. It was usually music with some kind of religious meaning, and the audience became its participants. They danced, drummed, clapped and sang with her. It wasn't just for fun. This primitive music made up a significant part of people's lives.

The legend of Pan and the reed suggests how a person came up with the idea to make so many different musical instruments. Perhaps he imitated the sounds of nature or used its objects around him to create his music.

The first musical instruments were percussion (drum type). Later, man invented wind instruments made from animal horns. Modern brass instruments developed from these primitive wind instruments. As man developed his musical sense, he began to use the reed and thus produce more natural and gentle sounds.

Finally, man invented the simple lyre and harp, which gave rise to bowed instruments.

In the Middle Ages, the crusaders brought many amazing oriental musical instruments from the campaigns. Combined with the folk that already existed in Europe at that time, they developed into many instruments that are now used to reproduce music.

Life is short, art is eternal.

The first convincing evidence of musical instruments dates back to the Paleolithic era, when people learned to make instruments from stone, bone and wood in order to produce various sounds with their help. Later, the sounds were extracted using a faceted rib from the bone (this sound emitted resembled the grinding of teeth). They also made skull rattles that were filled with seeds or dried berries. This sound often accompanied the funeral procession. The most ancient instruments were drums. The idiophone is an ancient percussion instrument. The duration of the sound and its repeated repetition were associated with the rhythm of the heartbeat. In general, for ancient people, music is primarily a rhythm. After the drums, wind instruments were invented. The ancient prototype of the flute (37,000 years old) discovered in Asturis amazes with its perfection. Side holes were knocked out in it, and the principle of sound production is the same as that of modern flutes !!!

Stringed instruments were also invented in ancient times. Images of ancient strings have survived on numerous rock paintings, most of which are located in the Pyrenees. So, in the Gogul cave, "dancing" figures, "carrying bows" are represented nearby. The "lyre player" struck the strings with the edge of a bone or wood, producing a sound. In the chronology of development, the invention of stringed instruments and dance occupy the same time space.

In one of the caves in Italy, scientists found footprints on petrified clay.

The tracks were strange: people either walked on their heels or bounced on tiptoe on both feet at once. It is easy to explain: a hunting dance was performed there. The hunters danced to the formidable and exciting music, imitating the movements of powerful, dexterous and cunning animals. They selected words to the music and in songs they talked about themselves, about their ancestors, about what they saw around.

At this time, an aerophone appears - an instrument made of bone or stone, the appearance of which resembles a rhombus or a spearhead.

Threads were made and fastened into the holes in the tree, after which the musician ran his hand along these threads, twisting them. The result was a sound that resembled a hum (this hum resembled the voice of spirits). This instrument was improved in the Mesolithic era (XXX century BC). Now you can sound two and three sounds at the same time. This was achieved by cutting vertical holes. Despite the primitiveness of the method of making such instruments, this technique remained for a long time in some parts of Oceania, Africa and Europe !!!

A completely preserved flute, 37 thousand years old and made from the bone of a bird of prey, was discovered in a cave in the Swabian Alb in southwestern Germany.

A flute with five holes for fingers and a V-shaped "mouthpiece" that has survived in its entirety was made from the radius of a predatory subspecies of a griffin (presumably a griffon vulture - author). Also, together with her, archaeologists found pieces of several more flutes, but made already from the bones of a mammoth.

The bird bone musical instrument has been found in a region where similar instruments have previously been found, said study leader Nicholas Conard of the University of Tübingen, but this flute is "the best preserved ever found in caves." Until now, such ancient artifacts have come across extremely rarely, and most importantly, they did not allow establishing the date of the appearance of music as a cultural phenomenon in the everyday life of mankind.

To establish the most accurate dating of the recovered instruments, independent laboratory analyzes were carried out in Germany and the UK. And in both cases, the same date appeared - 37 thousand years ago, which was in the era of the Upper Paleolithic. The oldest flute gives archaeologists a reason to admit that the local population had its own culture and traditions. The oldest flutes are clear evidence of a musical tradition that has helped people interact and strengthen social cohesion.

Nicholas Konard, together with a group of archaeologists from the University of Tübingen, discovered a flute made from mammoth ivory in the Geisenklosterle cave near Blaubeuren. It is one of the three oldest wind instruments in the world found by archaeologists. All three were found in the Geisenklosterle cave, but the last find is very different from the previous two. It is not just a musical instrument, but undoubtedly a luxury item.

Using the radiocarbon method, the researchers dated the age of the sedimentary layer, which contained the flute fragments, from 30 to 36 thousand years. This means that the mammoth tusk flute is a thousand years younger than the bone flute found in the same place in 1995. The second study helped to finally determine the age of the musical instrument - about 37 thousand years.

The value of the mammoth tusk flute lies not in its record age, but in its importance for the debate about the birth of culture.

Now we can say that the history of music began about 37 thousand years ago, - emphasizes Conard.

At that time, the last Neanderthals still lived in Europe, who coexisted with the first people of the modern type. Thanks to this flute, we know that the inhabitants of the territory of today's Europe during the Ice Age were culturally no less capable than modern people !!!

According to Conard, a separate Ice Age musical instrument could have been an accident, but after the third find, it should be admitted that there can be no question of chance. Music was an important part of the life of ancient people. This is evidenced by the fact that three flutes were found in one cave. Ice Age archaeological finds are disproportionately tiny "samples" from the entire complex of material culture. Friedrich Seeberger, a specialist in archaeological music, reconstructed ice age flutes. It turned out that they can play a variety of pleasant melodies. An instrument made from a huge mammoth tusk is in stark contrast to its counterparts made from bird bones. It was extremely difficult to make it, since the tusk is very hard and curved. The master split the tusk in the longitudinal direction, carefully hollowed out the halves 19 centimeters long and connected them again. The sound of such a flute was deeper and louder than that of flutes made of bird bones.

If a person put so much effort into making a flute, it means that he attached great importance to the sounds of music. Perhaps his fellow tribesmen sang and danced to the music of a flute, talked with the spirits of their ancestors.

Also, the so-called Swabian Venus was discovered next to the flutes:

During the excavation of the site of primitive hunters in Mezin in 1908, interesting discoveries were made, including a statuette similar to the Swabian Venus and a whole orchestra of musical instruments.

I already wrote about one of the finds - https://cont.ws/@divo2006/439081 - On the territory of the Russian Empire, a 20,000-year-old calendar was found, which unites and explains many calendar systems that were later spread all over the Earth !!!

At the place of the dwelling in Mezin, a whole "orchestra" was found, consisting of bone tubes from which pipes and whistles were made. Rattles and rattles were carved from mammoth bones. The tambourines were covered with dry skin, which buzzed from the blows of the mallet. These were the primitive musical instruments. The melodies performed on them were very simple, rhythmic and loud.

About 30 years ago, the reconstruction of the sound of these instruments was carried out, and today you have a unique chance to hear the music that our ancestors played 20,000 years ago.

Concert on the oldest musical instruments 20,000 years old. (reconstruction).

I would also like to draw your attention to the fact that about 19,000 years have passed between the finds in Europe and in Mezin, they are separated by thousands of kilometers, and a person is interested in music, makes religious objects that are identical to each other, and closely follows the movement of visible celestial bodies, and records their observations, in the form of ornaments, on articles made of mammoth bones. At the same time, the methods of processing bones are not clear, and are not subject to us today.

Modern science assures us that the people of the past were extremely primitive and did not differ much from monkeys. But how then to explain the jewelry in the Denisov Altai cave 50,000 years old, the musical instruments presented in this article, the runic writing on Venus from the Voronezh site, the most complex astronomical observations and calculations from Mezin 20,000 years old, and the Achinsk rod 18,000 years old, and much more.

Introduction

Mumzyka (Greek mphuikYu, an adjective from the Greek mpeub - muzza) is an art for which sound and silence, specially organized in time, are the means of embodying artistic images.

Music is one of the spiritual needs of a person. We do not even suspect how deeply it has penetrated into our lives. She controls our mood, the depth of emotions and even health.

I cannot ignore the mysterious death of the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Until now, the death of Mozart is a matter of controversy, and yet it is believed that he died from an incurable fever. But there is a legend that Wolfgang died from his requiem. Allegedly, he wrote it, realizing that he was writing it for himself.

Music also stimulates our memory. It often happens that after listening to a certain song or music, something very important for us comes to mind, be it a memory from childhood or just emotions that we have not experienced for a long time.

Every person, in fact, knows how to create a melody. Be it playing the piano, flute, guitar, or even a simple whistle. All films, concerts, theater scenes have some melodic sounds. Why is this done? And then, so that we better understand what kind of emotions the protagonist of the work is experiencing.

Almost at all times and among all peoples of the world, music was used as the main "means of healing" for various somatic diseases and mental conditions. Primitive people believed that sound magically unites the forces of heaven and earth, thereby returning the lost soul back to the body, achieving harmony.

The question arises: what is the history of the musical instruments that gave us this great art, and specifically Russian folk?

Purpose: To determine the role of music and musical instruments in Russia.

1. Consider the history of the origin of the first musical instrument.

2. Consider the history of ancient Russian instruments.

3. Let's consider the principle of making some ancient Russian musical instruments.

4. Folk traditions and the role of musical instruments in them.

Main part

The first musical instrument

In fact, this is a very controversial issue. Of course, if you think logically, the first melodious sounds were made by the person himself, or rather living organisms, the same birds. Having rummaged through the World Wide Web, I realized that I could not find a definite answer to this question, all the articles talk about mythical creatures and gods. And yet, I think that even ancient man came up with the idea of ​​extracting sounds from improvised objects. Most likely, it was intended to communicate and transmit a signal to each other, that is, this tool was supposed to transmit a sign of alarm and some fees for a collective hunt or war. The simplest musical invention that came to my mind is the percussion instrument. Of course, it doesn’t come out with pleasant notes, but it does create a rhythm. Therefore, I will take this point of view.

Idnophone is the name of the first in the class of percussion instruments (Figure № 1). It began its existence during the development of the speech of primitive man. They were given signals for community gatherings, religious ceremonies were accompanied by drum rhythms, warriors were alerted. Various ritual dances were performed to the accompaniment of drums. Clear rhythms synchronize consciousness, create a certain general mood and even plunge into a trance.

The first drums were a hollow tree trunk of a certain size with an animal skin stretched over it. The drum was blessed. For touching him, without permission, a person could be killed. In Africa, a rite still exists - in the event of the death of a drummer, his drum is also buried, only in the drum cemetery. The percussion group of instruments is the very first in origin and the very first in the number of instruments in the group. These are timpani, xylophones, vibrophones, metallophones, various cymbals, percussion and drums of various sizes.

The fiery rhythms that the most ancient musical instrument adds to music awaken the sleeping energy inside a person, making it bubble up, vibrate and respond to the eternal rhythms of life.

In Russia, all percussion without exception were called tambourines, and playing the drums was called "rattling" or "striking."