Netzke (Yap. 根付 netsuke, Netsuqua) - Little symbolic carved figurine. It is made mainly of ivory or wood. In antiquity, the Japanese used Necks to attach keys, a wallet to a kimono belt, but also the Netzke served as a decoration of clothes.

In Japan, the first NEPCE appear in the second half of the XVI - early XVII century.

Netzke Sasi, depicting Jesus Christ, ivory, XVII century

Netzke was used as a suspended keyfob on traditional Japanese clothing Kimono and Arete (帯鉗), which was deprived of pockets.

Small things like a paint or key or kellable (下げ 物) (物 物). Capacities could have the shape of plenty or small wicker baskets, but the drawers (Inro) were most popular (INRO), which were closed using a bead sliding along the cord (odzime).

Netzke holds Inro on Obi

Inro was attached to the Kimono (Ob) belt using a cord. He was associated with the ring, folded in half and passed through the belt. To one of the ends of the resulting loop fucked by Netzke. The cord knot was hid in one of two himimosi. (紐解) - NEPCE holes connected by through valve. Thus, Netzke served simultaneously a kind of counterweight and elegant clothes decoration

Netzke, attached to Inro, Katsusiki hocus engraving

netzke right

Some people equate Neckak to the Okimono, but it is not necessary to do this. Necky and Okimono are very similar, but in purpose and symbols they are completely different shapes.

Okimono- These are statuettes serving for design and interior decoration. These figures can be made of any material and do not carry any impact on the fate of a person in contrast to Neckak.

Since ancient times, Neckak differed in typology and forms. The same difference between Neckak preserved to the present day.

Figures and types of Necks

Catabori. (形彫) - These are the most famous and familiar to many Necks. Small carved figures depicting animals and people, multifigure groups. This species was popular in the XVIII - XIX centuries.

catabori.

Anabori. (穴彫) - Subgroup Catabori. These Necks were made from the sink, inside which the storylines were created.

anabori.

SASI (差) - This form Neztska is one of the most ancient forms. These Necks, made in the form of a bar with a lace ear. They could be made of different materials, but mostly traded from wood. The method of applying this type of Necksk was different from others.

If Catabori, Manzi and others were used as a counterweight, then Sasi plugged over the belt in such a way that the hole was at the bottom, and on the lace, missed through it, hung the wallet, keys, etc., sometimes on the upper end, the hook came into the upper end For the top edge of the belt.

Usually, SASTS consider one of the forms of Netzke, but in the opinion of some researchers, it is a modification of a sword's handle, to which the sac with silicon and fire suspended.

Another close to the analogy of SASI - the device obi - HasamiInvented in China. It is in principle similar to SASI, has a hook from above, but instead of a hole in obi Hasami At the bottom there is a small round thickening for which the wearable item was tied.

The first Netske Sasi reached this day in a very small quantity. In addition, the first Netzke Sacy is difficult obi Hasami. Later, during the period of developed art of Netzke, the form of SASI was probably perceived as archaism and was not used often.

sASI

Mask (面 maine.) - Reduced copy of the NOO mask. The largest group of Neckak. The mask is very similar to the view of Qatabori.

mask

Mandse (饅頭) - These Necks were made of ivory and had a circle form. Sometimes Mandse was done from two semicircles. Sometimes it is made of two halves. The image is given by engraving, which is usually accompanied by black. The name received thanks to the similarity with the round flat rice cake of Manju. One of the peculiar varieties of Manju is a composition composed of several miniature theater masks.

mandse

Itarak- These Neckak were made from reed or wire. They flew in the form of pumpkins and other forms.

Rus(柳左） - Option form mandse. The main difference of this form from the usual mandse The fact that it is empty inside, and one (top) part is made in the technique of through thread.

When rus Delivered from two converting halves, usually from the middle of the material was chosen using a lathe. This form was especially used in EDO, where the famous RUSIS carver lived (he worked in 1780), named which she was named.

It is believed that this form, as well as Mandeze, received special distribution in connection with the earthquakes of the Ansai period (1854-1860), and especially with the EDO earthquake of 1855, when many Netzke were destroyed and the need for new products. Simplicity of manufacture rus Compared, for example, with catabori. or kagamibuta And influenced their predominant spread at this time.

rus

Kagamibuta (鏡蓋) - also similar to mandseBut it is a flat vessel made of ivory or other bone, horns, rarely wood, topped with a metal cover, on which the main part of the decorative design on the basis of a wide range of techniques is concentrated. The signature on such NPCS usually belongs to the Metal Master.

kagamibuta

Of course, each image had its purpose.

So, for example, durability, courage and spirituality of the Spirit provided a figurine of a sage Daruma ,

Dike with a bag of magic rice wealth was alone,

and good luck gave Ebisu With a magical carp in his hands (it was believed that how difficult it was to catch the carp bare hands, so difficult and to gain peace of mind and equilibrium).

Happiness and good luck who always go together granted a double figure - Dikeand Ebisu .

Looking for health and longevity worn figure of God happiness Schusin who kept ginseng and magical peach.

Those who had a cherished desire appeared to God happiness, fun and communication Hotay , It was he who was always depicted that sitting, then standing, but necessarily smiling. To fulfill the conceived, it was necessary to stroke the statuette on the stomach three hundred times, thinking about the desired.

Traveling took a figur Footene which promised the passing wind and good luck on the way. He was depicted in the form of a man who beats the bag and with a serene smile on his face.

Samurai gave. The strength of the Spirit, courage and courage

Tsanitsa Sista Sivanu fan drove the winds of adversity.

Creative people helped a figurine of a man who listened to the sink. A huge variety of figures, and respectively, and the destination, allowed to choose the specific situation and use it to solve difficulties.

But these things are known worldwide not only as happy amulets. The fact is that many real artists created tiny, but very expressive Netcki, and then these figurines became masterpieces of world art.

Japanese netske: Miniature figures

nethake with a secret

Ebisu with fish and a basket.
Start 20 century, bone carving

Schusin with a staff and peach.
The end of the 19th-beginning 20th century, bone carving, striking

Want with fan and bag.
The end of the 19th century, bone carving, striking

Dyshrodzin with a scroll.

Bone carving, black.

Okimono Bysiamontain with Pagoda.
Bone carving, 19 V.

Jühzin, one of the seven gods good luck

Daruma doll seller, master of crew

Ivory, thread. The second half of the XIX century. Natska famous Masters
Yasoyki depicts a caricature scene typical of the EDO of that time. The peasant came to trade in
Edo before the New Year Darum Darum Darums.

Netske in the form of Mandse Masters Koyusay
Ivory. Diameter OK. 4 cm. XIX century

Netzke "Geisha and Demon"
Ivory. Height ok. 4.2 See Nach. 19B.
Excellent copy of Masatsuge, Edo School. Rare plot

Theater actor but as a demon.
Ivory. Golden varnish, red varnish, black, gold inlay and
Pearl. Height ok. 3.8 See the 19th century. Master Vugoku (Hidetam)
Rare Netzke

Kanu (Guan Yu) with Alebardo.19 century, bone carving

Actor as a fox-wasoper.
Cherry (?), Ivory. Height ok. 4 cm.
The first half of the 19th century. Signature: Hogeek.

Netzke "Boy with a book" (drawing boy)

necking crab

Mother and child. Household scene.
Ivory, toning,
Engraving. Height ok. 4.2 cm Second half of 19 V. Mastre Sessai.

Blind, removing a stone from Gate
Ivory. Height ok. 5.8 See the first half of the XIX century. Signature: Kogeuka.

Mother with a child
Ivory. Height ok. 4 cm. The second half of the 19th century.

Tenag Long and Octopus
Horn deer. Length 12 cm. End 18 - early 19th century. Signature: Baisai.

Fukurokudzu, God of health, wisdom and longevity, Half bath

Sugit, ivory. Height ok. 5.3 See 1840-1860. Signature: Too.

In my post made video on YouTube! Share) Thank you, which made a cool clip !!

Netzke (Yap. netsuke, Netsuqua) - a small symbolic carved figure. It is made mainly of ivory or wood. In antiquity, the Japanese used Necks to attach keys, a wallet to a kimono belt, but also the Netzke served as a decoration of clothes.

In Japan, the first NEPCE appear in the second half of the XVI - early XVII century.

Netzke Sasi, depicting Jesus Christ, ivory, XVII century

Netzke was used as a suspended key rocket on traditional Japanese clothing Kimono and Redee ( 帯鉗 ), which was devoid of pockets.

Small things like a plea or key put in special capacities (called Sagerono 下げ物 ). Capacity could have the shape of paints or small wicker baskets, but the most popular were drawers (INRO), which were closed with a bead sliding along the cord (odzime).

Netzke holds Inro on Obi

Inro was attached to the Kimono (Ob) belt using a cord. He was associated with the ring, folded in half and passed through the belt. To one of the ends of the resulting loop fucked by Netzke. The cord knot was hid in one of two himimosi.

(紐解) - NEPCE holes connected by through valve. Thus, Netzke served simultaneously a kind of counterweight and elegant clothes decoration

Netzke, attached to Inro, Katsusiki hocus engraving

netzke right

Some people equate Neckak to the Okimono, but it is not necessary to do this. Necky and Okimono are very similar, but in purpose and symbols they are completely different shapes.

Okimono- These are statuettes serving for design and interior decoration. These figures can be made of any material and do not carry any impact on the fate of a person in contrast to Neckak.

Since ancient times, Neckak differed in typology and forms. The same difference between Neckak preserved to the present day.

Figures and types of Necks

Catabori. (形彫) - These are the most famous and familiar to many Necks. Small carved figures depicting animals and people, multifigure groups. This species was popular in the XVIII - XIX centuries.

catabori.

Anabori. (穴彫) - Subgroup Catabori. These Necks were made from the sink, inside which the storylines were created.

anabori.

SASI (差) - This form Neztska is one of the most ancient forms. These Necks, made in the form of a bar with a lace ear. They could be made of different materials, but mostly traded from wood. The method of applying this type of Necksk was different from others.

If Catabori, Manzi and others were used as a counterweight, then Sasi plugged over the belt in such a way that the hole was at the bottom, and on the lace, missed through it, hung the wallet, keys, etc., sometimes on the upper end, the hook came into the upper end For the top edge of the belt.

Usually, SASTS consider one of the forms of Netzke, but in the opinion of some researchers, it is a modification of a sword's handle, to which the sac with silicon and fire suspended.

Another close to the analogy of SASI - the device obi - HasamiInvented in China. It is in principle similar to SASI, has a hook from above, but instead of a hole in obi Hasami At the bottom there is a small round thickening for which the wearable item was tied.

The first Netske Sasi reached this day in a very small quantity. In addition, the first Netzke Sacy is difficult obi Hasami. Later, during the period of developed art of Netzke, the form of SASI was probably perceived as archaism and was not used often.

sASI

Mask (j. 面 Maine) - Reduced copy of the NOO mask. The largest group of Neckak. The mask is very similar to the view of Qatabori.

mask

Mandse (饅頭) - These Necks were made of ivory and had a circle form. Sometimes Mandse was done from two semicircles. Sometimes it is made of two halves. The image is given by engraving, which is usually accompanied by black. The name received thanks to the similarity with the round flat rice cake of Manju. One of the peculiar varieties of Manju is a composition composed of several miniature theater masks.

mandse

Itarak- These Neckak were made from reed or wire. They flew in the form of pumpkins and other forms.

Rus(柳左) Option form mandse. The main difference of this form from the usual mandse The fact that it is empty inside, and one (top) part is made in the technique of through thread.

When rus Delivered from two converting halves, usually from the middle of the material was chosen using a lathe. This form was especially used in EDO, where the famous RUSIS carver lived (he worked in 1780), named which she was named.

It is believed that this form, as well as Mandeze, received special distribution in connection with the earthquakes of the Ansai period (1854-1860), and especially with the EDO earthquake of 1855, when many Netzke were destroyed and the need for new products. Simplicity of manufacture rus Compared, for example, with catabori. or kagamibuta And influenced their predominant spread at this time.

rus

Kagamibuta (鏡蓋) - also similar to mandseBut it is a flat vessel made of ivory or other bone, horns, rarely wood, topped with a metal cover, on which the main part of the decorative design on the basis of a wide range of techniques is concentrated. The signature on such NPCS usually belongs to the Metal Master.

kagamibuta

************************************

Of course, each image had its purpose.

So, for example, durability, courage and spirituality of the Spirit provided a figurine of a sage Daruma,

Dike with a bag of magic rice wealth was alone,

and good luck gave Ebisu With a magical carp in his hands (it was believed that how difficult it was to catch the carp bare hands, so difficult and to gain peace of mind and equilibrium).

Happiness and good luck who always go together granted a double figure - Dikeand Ebisu.

Looking for health and longevity worn figure of God happiness Schusinwho kept ginseng and magical peach.

Those who had a cherished desire appeared to God happiness, fun and communication Hotay, It was he who was always depicted that sitting, then standing, but necessarily smiling. To fulfill the conceived, it was necessary to stroke the statuette on the stomach three hundred times, thinking about the desired.

Traveling took a figur Footenewhich promised the passing wind and good luck on the way. He was depicted in the form of a man who beats the bag and with a serene smile on his face.

Samurai gave. The strength of the Spirit, courage and courage

Tsanitsa Sista Sivanu fan drove the winds of adversity.

Creative people helped a figurine of a man who listened to the sink. A huge variety of figures, and respectively, and the destination, allowed to choose the specific situation and use it to solve difficulties.

But these things are known worldwide not only as happy amulets. The fact is that many real artists created tiny, but very expressive Netcki, and then these figurines became masterpieces of world art.

Japanese netske: Miniature figures

Two samurai.

"A boy painting the goddess of happiness Ame-but will Untje."
Remember the "Kroshi vacation". I learned about Natska from them, i.e. From the book and the film)

demon

nethake with a secret

Ebisu with fish and a basket. Start 20 century, bone carving

Schusin with a staff and peach. The end of the 19th-beginning 20th century, bone carving, striking

Want with fan and bag. The end of the 19th century, bone carving, striking

Dyshrodzin with a scroll. Bone carving, black.

Okimono Bysiamontain with Pagoda. Bone carving, 19 V.

Jühzin, one of the seven gods good luck

Daruma doll seller, master of crew

Ivory, thread. The second half of the XIX century. Natska famous Masters
Yasoyki depicts a caricature scene typical of the EDO of that time. The peasant came to trade in
Edo before the New Year Darum Darum Darums.

Netske in the form of Mandse Masters Koyusai.Ivory. Diameter OK. 4 cm. XIX century

As happens in men - erotica was welcomed)

Netzke "Geisha and Demon"
Ivory. Height ok. 4.2 See Nach. 19B.Regled copy of Masatsuge, Edo School. Rare plot

Theater actor but as a demon.
Ivory. Golden varnish, red varnish, black, gold inlay and
pearl. Height ok. 3.8 See the 19th century. Master Vugoku (Hidetam) Rare Nethake

Kanu (Guan Yu) with Alebardo.19 century, bone carving

Actor as a fox-wasoper.
Cherry (?), Ivory. Height ok. 4 cm. The first half of the 19th century. Signature: Hogeek.

necking crab

Players in the bone

Dance at the Harvest holiday - Japanese subscription Necking of ivory, Author Tadamori

Mother and child. Household scene.

Ivory, toning, engraving. Height ok. 4.2 cm Second half of 19 V. Mastre Sessai.

Blind, removing a stone from Gate

Ivory. Height ok. 5.8 See the first half of the XIX century. Signature: Kogeuka.

Pregnant woman.

Mother with baby.Ivory. Height ok. 4 cm. The second half of the 19th century.

Fukurokudzu, God of health, wisdom and longevity, Half bath
Sugit, ivory. Height ok. 5.3 See 1840-1860. Signature: Too.

Thank you yip. which made a cool clip !!

I hope you were interested !!) Dripping

Used materials - wiki,

Historically, the term Okimono was designated small sculptures or decorative objects located in the Toconoma of the traditional Japanese dwelling. In a broad sense, the Okimono includes everything that is delivered to the shelf to decorate the interior: carved figures from the bone, dolls, vases for flowers, etc.

Okimono and the design, and in plots, and often in size it looks like Netske, but there is no opening for the cord in the Okimono, which is in Netske.

The work of Kadzuo was exhibited at several international exhibitions and on the right he had reached the fame of the Japanese Madonna. In the image of a young mother, resemblance to the famous Madonna Benoit Brush Leonardo da Vinci is guessed. The master created several of its options - in bronze (one of the copies is in the collection of Nasser D. Khalili), in a tree and bones. The most valuable certain is the model carved from ivory, which decorates the collection of A. Feldman.

Japan's legends in sculpture

Winged Tanning. Japan, Meiji period (1868-1912) Signature of Master Göcudo.

In the art of Japan, the motive of a girl-swan is widespread. She is called "wife-crane" (Tsuru Nya: Bo), "Wife-Correspondence" (Tennin Nya: Bo) or Haigomo ("Pernaya Clothing").

The image of the Tanning can be found throughout Japan in fairy tales or local legends, in which swans turn into beautiful women.
For the first time, this motive is mentioned in several descriptions in the VIII century, and its classical embodiment finds in the play of the ENO Theater.

There is another version of the legend: the swans (syrotory) came down from the sky and turned into beautiful girls; They collected stones and built a dam, and in the evening they flew. This motive gave the name of the Sapori village of the same name, which exists on our time.

"Seven gods of happiness" in Japanese mythology is a deity giving high virtues and bringing happiness: Ebisu, Dikeu-Ten, Khoti, Dyshrodzin, Fukhodism, Bysyamon-Ten, Benseai Ten. The cult of "seven gods of happiness" began to develop at the beginning of the 15th century among the urban population of Japan under the influence of syntocean, Chinese and Indian beliefs. The original source for seven deities is the well-known characters of numerous works of Chinese literature and painting "Seven sages from bamboo grove."

The goddess cannon. Meiji period (1868-1912)

In the interpretation of "seven deities of happiness", the Buddhism interpretation characteristic of the Japanese is clearly traced: the Buddhist Pantheon Deities should provide "benefits in this world" (longevity, well-being). The earliest image of the "seven gods of happiness" belongs to the Buddhist monk of the 15th century. It is believed that when performing at the beginning of the year, a certain ritual "Seven Gods of Happiness" provide a person for welfare for the whole year.

Figure "Guan Yu (Kan y)". Japan, Meiji period (1868-1912)

There was a legend that in 1856 he helped to suppress the uprising under the leadership of Tai Pina Tiango, appearing in front of government troops on the Dragon's burned fire. It is not surprising that the images of Guan Yui served as Chinese soldiers peculiar talismans. Because the valor and courage are in many people, Guan Yui was read in China and Buddhists, and Daoists, and Confucians. Citizens hung his images in their benches and shops. The image of a fearless warrior in the folk consciousness turned into a symbol of the intercessor. The legends attributed Guan Yuy's ability to rain during drought, stop the floods, pacify the demons and protect people from diseases. It is said that he may appear at the bed of the patient and invest in the hand of the terrible magic healing gold pills

Symbol of the year :) Bronze Tiger. Japan, period of Taisy (1912-1926)

Lamp with a dragon and irises. Japan, Maidi (1868-1912) Signature Miyao Eyske Masters.

In Japanese legends and myths, the dragon personifies the mighty divine powers.
If we treat the dragon with due respectful and respect, he can generously thank a person, how many dragons are considered fabulously rich. For example, in the legend about the King Dragon, a young samurai as a reward for the rescue of the Dragon's daughter receives a Golden Pie, which, how much does not shy from him, never decreases.

In Japan, dragons are decorated with buddist temples and fountains for ablution before worship.
The dragon, as a character of Japanese folk mythology and folklore, has two ways and values \u200b\u200bin Japanese culture: on the one hand, he is one of the lodge of the Water Deity, and on the other - the perfect independent, very honored deity playing a huge role in Japanese culture.

Flowers of Iris are especially revered in Japan.

A lot of customs and rituals are connected with them. For example, in the Middle Ages, officials wore wigs from the leaves of Iris, and the children used the bundles of irises as a whip and competed, who can hit them louder. Locked crushed leaves and in Sake - so the ritual drink was obtained. The Japanese are confident that the necklace with the leaves of the Iris prevents colds and cleans from sins. Until now, the flowers of the irises are decorated with hairstyles, outfits, household items, interiors.
Dedicated to this ancient plant and a special holiday - the holiday of Iris (Syubu-Bohkku), which is celebrated on May 5th. Another name of this day is the feast of the boys (tango-but skack). The relationship here is simple. Iris's leaves are swordless, thin and flat, resemble a cold weapon blade. Therefore, Iris in Japan personifies the samurai spirit and symbolizes success and health, and the amulets from Iris protect boys - future warriors - from diseases and give them a courage.

Sculpture of Emperor Dzimm. Japan, Meiji (1868-1912) Signature of Masters Kisetsu.

The first emperor Dzimm is especially reading in Japan, many temples are devoted to him.
The story of his appearance is rooted in the ancient Japanese myth about the birth of the world. Jimmu Tanno (Heavenly Sovereign) (660-585 BC) - the first emperor of Japan, the investigator of all Japanese. Japan's emperor is considered a representative of the Divine of the Amatheras of the Sun on Earth, and only through it the relationship of people with deities.

"Boys with wealth bags and bamboo branches." Japan, Meiji period (1868-1912). Workshops Miyao.

Sculptures depict two, symmetrically located Chinese boys with large bags behind her back and bamboo branches in their hands. The image of boys in Chinese and Japanese symbolism bears the owner of a good meaning: wish you have a healthy offspring. Images of large bags - to wealth. Bamboo is a symbol of flexibility and longevity.

Vase with the image of Karpov. Japan, the period of TIAI (1912-1926).

In the Japanese mythology, Carps are the personification of strength and perseverance in achieving the goal and symbolize courage and endurance, durability and perseverance. Such perception of the image of the carp is due to the fact that it purposefully overcomes the thresholds of the river to achieve its mouth.
Like this fish moving against the flow and climbing along the waterfall, men must overcome the life obstacles and make a name. Therefore, the Items with the image of the carp are suitable for those who wish to have a strong character and such qualities as courage and patience.

Lao Tzu on Buvolol. Japan, the end of the EDO period (1600-1868).

Lao Tzu (old baby, wise old man) - Ancient Chinese philosopher of the VI-V centuries BC. e., one of the founders of the flow of Taoism, the author of the Tao De Jing treatise (Canon path and grace, another name "Three Trucks" - written in bamboo held three carts)

Wanti with a bag and a staff. Japan, Maidji (1868-1912) Signature of Master KaSetsu.

In the ancient'apon mythology, Khotay is the god of happiness, abundance and carefree life, which is also a defender of children. In the XVII century, he was canonized in Japan and became one of the seven gods of happiness. It is believed that he predetermines human destinies and helps in the implementation of cherished desires.
Khototyp Hotay is a Chinese Buddhist monk named Qi-TSI IX-X centuries, which was famous for the predictions of happy signs and was considered the earthly embodiment of Maitrey. He had an unusual appearance (small height, a large stomach) and was distinguished by a kind of behavior (he walked along the monnetives in the semi-formation with a linen bag behind his back). The legend says that where he appeared, good luck, health and well-being came to people. Hothei was taken to portray in the form of a smiling britched fat man in the monastic robe and with a huge bag. If someone asked that he was in the bag, he answered: "I have the whole world there." His mushfa has an elongated shape. Heii is always Bos, and his fat abdomen - by no means the result of the unlimited consumption of food, but the embodiment of his Qi, inecilious vitality.

Judzin and the heir of the Chinese throne. Japan, 1937. Joint work of Takeyuki and Ryzan masters.

It is believed that the prototype of the Japanese Divine Dyshrodzin served as the Chinese founder of Taoism - Lodza. Usually it is depicted by an old man with a long white beard. Attributes of the Dzühhzin deity attributes are most often staff, scroll, rod zhui and long-term animals, such as deer, turtle and stork. It is believed that information about all beings living on Earth and the Mystery of longevity and immortality are believed in the Dzühzin scroll. Wand Zhui is a rod of the fulfillment of desires and happy omens. From the Chinese "Zhui" can be translated as "what to ignite". It is believed that he brings good luck and fulfills wishes. Zhui wand often has the shape of the magic mushroom Lindji.
In this composition, Jühzin is depicted holding a staff and scroll. Wand Zhui is in the hands of a boy. According to the hieroglyphs, the scroll for the Chinese "Son of the Sky") can be judged that this scroll is designed to teach the young emperor. Also on the pattern on the clothes and cap of the boy it is clear that we have a young emperor of China, whose mentor is the deity of Jühzin.

Confucius. Japan, Meiji period (1868-1912). Workshops Satsuma.

Confucius (551-479 BC) Born in China, in Shandong Province. The main views of the philosopher are set forth in the book "Conversations and judgments" ("Lun Yu"), which is a recording of sayings and conversations of Confucius with his closest students and followers. When Confucianism became the dominant doctrine in China (after 136 g bd. Er), the philosopher was proclaimed by a "teacher of 10 thousand generations", and his cult was officially supported up to 1911 (the beginning of the bourgeois Xinhaus Revolution).

Smoking room with the image of Kirin and Phoenixes. Japan, period Maidzi (1868-1912)

In Japanese mythology, Kirin is a creature with a dragon head, a bundle of deer and wings having a horse hoofs, one horn on the head and the skin of five colors. According to legend, Kirin is a good-natured animal, never stepping on living plants and does not harm anything alive. Therefore, the image of Kirin contributes to favorable events in life.
According to Chinese legend, Kirin appeared in the bed of Mother Confucius, when she was going to give birth to the famous son. The Chinese believe that images of Kirin in the house serve to protect the hosts of the house from the impact of external negative forces. Protecting the owner, Kirin takes all the negative energy that falls from the outside.
Phoenix is \u200b\u200ba universal immortality symbol in all world mythologies, a symbol of revival on fire. The legend states that when Phoenix feels the approach of death, he lives a nest from fragrant wood and resin, which then substitutes the scorching rays of the sun, until he burns the duck in their flame. Then the new Phoenix appears from her remnants. This "fiery bird" symbolizes the divinity of the royal power, nobility and uniqueness. By tradition, in Japan, Phoenix - the symbol of the sun and the symbol of the emperor

Okimono Hotay. Workshops Satsuma. Japan, period Maidzi (1868-1912)

Holiday Satsubun. Japan, Maidji (1868-1912) Signature Masters Göcus.

The master recreates the scene of the feast of Satsubun - one of the oldest holidays in the country, which is celebrated in Japan on the night of 34Phevral. At this night, the Mama Maki ceremony is arranged in homes ("Throwing beans").
Usually, this honorary rite performs the owner of the house, saying "they are Waeoto - Fuchu Wati", which means "devils won, happiness in the house." After that, the beans are assembled and eaten as ritual food to remove all sorts of diseases. It is believed that it is necessary to eat so many beans, how old are you, and one more in order to be healthy and lucky in the coming year.

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Okimono (Yap. 置き 物, 置物, letters. "The thing to put [on the review]"; "Carved figure") - a work of Japanese decorative art, a figurine designed to decorate the interior.

Historically, the term Okimono was designated small sculptures or decorative objects located in the Toconoma of the traditional Japanese dwelling.

In the traditional European understanding, Okimono is a figurine.

Okimono and registration, and in plots, and often in size it looks like Netzke, but there is no hole for the cord in the Okimono, which is in Netzke. An example of a traditional okimono can serve as a figure of daruma.

In a broad sense, the Okimono includes everything that is delivered to the shelf to decorate the interior: carved figures from the bone, dolls, vases for flowers, etc.

Often, the Okimono in the plot, expressive means and sizes are approaching the NECCE, but unlike them do not have holes for the cord and can be used in exclusively decorative purposes.

The Okimono as a form of miniature plastics, designed to decorate housing, was distributed approximately in the XVI century, when a special niche device (toconom) was adopted in the housing architecture, in which a beautiful scroll, Iquiban or small statuettes of Buddhas and Bodhisattvi was placed.

Over time, the plot-thematic repertoire of the miniature plastics has expanded, and already in the engravings of the EDO era (1603-1866), you can see the figure of the saints, monks, animals of a six-month cycle, seven deities of happiness. Such figures were acquired not only to attract good luck, but also in memory of the pilgrimage into a remote temple, and as a gift, and just for the sake of interior decoration.

After the Revolution of Maidzi (1866-1869), Japan, having entered the path of modernization, takes part in the World Industrial Exhibitions. At the World Exhibition in Vienna among items representing the achievements, cultural traditions and crafts of the countries were the Okimono, carved from ivory. Given the exhibition hall, Japanese cutters increased the size of the statuette. Thus, the type of Okimono appeared, which became the subject of collecting in the West.

Maidzi reforms that have established a European dress as official clothing, descassed the manufacture of Netzke. Cutters appealed to Okimono, which, after a number of world exhibitions, increased demand for the art markets in Europe and the United States. The interest of Europeans to miniature plastic identified new requirements for sculptures from the bone, intended now to decorate European interiors.

The sizes of the okimono became much larger (from 20 to 50 cm), their surface was carefully processed, and most importantly - to the European viewer it was necessary to contact the plastic language clearly. Thus, the phenomenon of Japanese realism arose, in the direction of which the Masters of Okimono worked.

Japanese plots found an embodiment in reliable, striking the formulation of the modeling form, statuette. Plastic traditions developed in Europe for centuries, Japanese carvers have mastered over decades.

During the twentieth century, in connection with world wars, economic crises and ban on the extraction of ivory, the number of crawler masters has sharply decreased. The high cost of work (for the manufacture of one figures was required from several months to several years) made it impossible to sell in the domestic market. Reorientation exclusively led to a decrease in the artistic level of the Okimono: models were repeated, the plastic property of objects was worse.

Basically, the Okimono is made of wood, ivory, bronze, silver. Frequent combination of these materials. To give a larger decorative effect of the masters, the inlair of the mother of pearl, enamels, coral was used, used golden varnish. The most valuable are products from an elephant bone, sometimes tinted tea with a solution and decorated with engraved ornament.

Okimono's cramps most often were the Nethake Master and sculptors specializing in the manufacture of statues for Buddhist temples. The introduction of European clothing as the official and closure of a plurality of Buddhist monasteries led the remaining cutters in the ranks of Masters Okimono. They brought into this kind of art and familiar plots, models, composite solutions, thread techniques. On the other hand, the circle of plots was determined by the demand of European buyers.

The most popular plots:

1. The gods, the characters of the folk beliefs of Shinto, fantastic creatures (seven gods of happiness, devils, Tannag and Asinaga, etc.).
2. Characters of Buddhist and Lao Pantheon (Buddha, Bodhisattva Canon, Arkhati, Sannina).
3. Historical Persons (Bodhidharma, Confucius, Esitsune and Bankey, etc.).
4. Heroes of Japanese and Chinese fairy tales and legends (Momotaro, Urasim Tarot, Zhong Kui, etc.)
5. Peasants, fishermen.
6. Musicians, actors, Sarumavasi (Monkeys Trainers), Calligraphes, Artists, Poets.
7. Old men with children, women with children, children games.
8. Animals, birds, insects, sea fauna.
9. Vegetables, fruits.

The decay of decorative plastics from the bone is associated with the names of the outstanding masters, heading the Tokyo school in the Maidzi era. Among them are Asahi Goekudzan (1843-1923) and Isicawa Komay (1852-1913). Both came out of the environment of professional cutters, they taught a sculpture in the Tokyo Academy of Arts organized on the European sample.

Ishikawa Komay was instructed to head the direction of sculpture from the bone at the Committee established by the Japanese emperor. Comme had many students and followers, his contribution to the development of sculpture and recognition in the homeland shows the fact that his work was regularly exhibited at world exhibitions and in much larger quantities compared to other masters. Morino Corin also took an active part in the World Exhibitions, Loskawa Kadzuo, Ando Rokudzan, Asahi Mido and others.

At the homeland, the Okimono of significant museum collections did not work out. Some works are stored in the Tokyo National Museum, Syuto Gallery. Okimono samples are located in the Museum of Tokayama (Hida Province) and in private collections. Most of the Okimono collections were formed outside of Japan.

Among the American meetings should be noted the collections of the Okimono from the bone at the Anthropological Museum of the University of Missouri, a group of Wooden Okimono in the exposition of the University of Illinois, a private collection of industrialist H. J. Heinza.

Okimono is presented in the Museum of Victoria and Albert in London, in the meeting of the works of the Maidzi Epoch of the largest British collector Nasser D. Khalili. Among the major assemblies of Okimono in Germany, experts celebrate Otto collections and Rat Schneidman, Kurt S. Erich.

Separate specimens are in Eastern Art Meetings in Eastern Museum: National Museum in Krakow (Poland), State Hermitage (Russia), Museum of Western and Eastern Arts. Bogdan and Barbara Hanesko (Kiev, Ukraine), Kharkov Art Museum (Ukraine), Museum of Eastern Cultures (Zolochev, Ukraine), Odessa Museum of Western and Eastern Art (Ukraine).

Swing
Okimono. Bone. nach 20V.
Simparishes and son samurai played on a swing. Although above all the future samurai, but he cannot play. Since the game is like victory and defeat. Both earthen and landing. Thin Japanese irony. For balancing and continuing the game to a small samurai climbing a rural boy.

One of the best private collections of Okimono in Europe belongs to a collector and patronage of Alexander Feldman (Kharkov, Ukraine). In total, it has more than 300 pieces of miniature plastics, including highly artistic works of such outstanding Japanese cutters, like Losing Cadzuo, Isikawa Komay, Morino Corin, Ando Rokudzan, Kanya Cunikhara, Chikaaki. Among the pearls of this collection - the sculptures "Mother, a nursing child" Kazuo (1900-1910), "Seller of Flowers" Comme (1900), "Herons" Corina (1900).

The work of Kadzuo was exhibited at several international exhibitions and on the right he had reached the fame of the Japanese Madonna. In the image of a young mother, resemblance to the famous Madonna Benoit Brush Leonardo da Vinci is guessed. The master created several of its options - in bronze (one of the copies is in the collection of Nasser D. Khalili), in a tree and bones. The most valuable certain is the model carved from ivory, which decorates the collection of A. Feldman.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ru/e/e8/kazuo-mother.jpg.

Collecting Okimono and Maxim Gorky. In his home assembly, there were figurines from bone and bronze. Among the Okimono, made of ivory, the writer mentioned the old man's figure with a monkey. Bronze plastic was represented by statuettes of Buddha.