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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We occupied two rooms on the first floor, four windows went on an extremely noisy and dusty harvester highway, along which heavy cars were almost a solid stream, with a small two-hourly calm in the middle of the night. One of the rooms was a passage, the second - common, Mom lived in it and stood a TV, a dining table and so on. Other we were divided with Varlam Tikhonovich. I was 16 years old, and the need for a private space has already become mutual. And here is our room - and they were both 12 with more than square meters - we decided to divide loud, like "penalties" in the dorm name-changing Semashko in Ilf and Petrov. It was necessary to break the door in the wall, separating the room, otherwise the septal flooring was impossible - the passage room crossed the neglection. The partition stretches from the simpleness between the windows almost to the door. "Pencil" more went to Varlam Tikhonovich, smaller - me. There is our life and proceeded, in these walls.

What to say about this life? I am deeply sympathetic to talk about Varlam Tikhonovich as a person, for me it is very important. I feel some kind of guilty, because after we went out, I did not accept any participation in his life. The main reason was that the latter - and long-years, the mother was seriously sick, I couldn't leave her one alone. Well, we broke up not that harmoniously, although the quarrel was also not.

Sophisticated relationships from them began to grow pretty quickly, and this, apparently, was predictable: two elderly people with their concepts about the place in life, resentment, ambitions and so on - it is unlikely that they could form a friendly couple. In addition, the characteristics of characters also affected. Mom was predist, offensive, changeless, with his scores to the world around. Well, and Varlam Tikhonovich also turned out to be a man, to put it mildly, difficult.

In my opinion, he was lonely in nature, so to speak, constitutionally. I have not previously watched, as he has - and always on his initiative - relations with others rushed. He passionately fond of people and so quickly disappointed in them. I will not talk a lot about their relationship with Alexander Isaevich - this is a special question, more than once and not two discussed. I remember his first impressions of the works of Solzhenitsyn, as he rinsely enters the room and loud reads that "Ivan Denisovich", then "the case in the pancakes", just trembled from admiration. However, there was a striking misconception of characters, temperaments, although in the first months, the relationship was very close, but then a sharp quarrel. When Varlam Tikhonovich arrived from Solotchic, where Solzhenitsyn was invited for a joint rest, he had white eyes from rage: the way of life, that rhythm, the type of relationships that were proposed by Alexander Isaevich were absolutely unacceptable for him. "I did not meet with Solzhenitsyny after Solotchi" (notebooks of the 1960s - I Paul. 1970s.).

But the internal incompatibility of Varlam Tikhonovich with the surrounding world extended much further. I remember how he stopped acquaintance with the famous literary critic Leonid Efimovich Pinsky, with whom he met at my wedding and was very friendly for some time. The case of which I am going to tell, happened a couple of years later, after we left. Circumstances were as follows. When my older daughter Masha was born in 1968, and I did not understand where I would bring my wife from the maternity hospital (in his four-meter "penalties"?), Varlam Tikhonovich received a cleared room floor above in our same house (they were already with her mother divorced, and he, as it turned out, stood in line for receiving housing). Just on the very day when I wrote out my wife with a child from the hospital, he moved to this room upstairs. But after we, naturally, met, and some relationship was still supported.

So, Leonid Efimovich, somehow came to visit him, called our apartment and said: "He does not open me. I hear how he walks around the apartment, but does not open. " Perhaps Vamlam Tikhonovich did not hear the call - he was deafovat, but the attacks of this deafness were waves, which, apparently, had some psychological reasons. He practically did not speak the phone, the conversation was always broadcast through me. I remember how he changed the threshold of hearingness depending on the partner on the conversation. There was nothing artificial in this, not that he would prettify the deaf, the God fell - it was such self-correction that. God knows if he heard the calls of Leonid Efimovich or not, maybe not heard exactly because I expected his arrival? I do not exclude, the relationship was shown, and the complete gap was close.

When they got married with her mother, Varlam Tikhonovich impressed an incredibly strong, housing, dressing, very strong physically and very healthy person. But several months passed - and overnight this health disappeared somewhere. As if out of the person, some stem was reversed, on which everything was being held. He began to fall out his teeth, he began to get blinddly and stamped, stones in the kidneys appeared, aggravated the Meniere disease syndrome. He tried not to ride in transport, went on foot, as far as possible. When he was instructed in the subway and began to tear, he was taken for drunk. Called the police, I came and took him home, barely lively. After moving to the poverty, in the late 50s, he was lying in hospitals all the time. Having passed the cycle of such "post-army" diseases, he left him a full disabled. He quit smoking, sat down on a diet, did a special gymnastics, subdued his life to preserve health.

He had a special relationship with religion, he was a completely non-church man, atheistic, but in memory of the priest's father and relying on his camp experience (said: believers there turned out to be the most persistent) he returned respect for believers and to the people of spiritual title. At the same time, a person is very rational, he completely did not tolerate any manifestations of mysticism, or what he considered mysticism. I remember two cases. One - when he dispersed our teenage company, which upheld to get the sharp sensations to do Spiritism. After making us behind this occupation, he went out of himself, shouted that it was spiritual onanism. Another case - who surprised us with its increasing gap with the Veniamin Lvovich Teushe, the keeper of the Solzhenitsyn archive, after he brought some anthroposophical literature and tried to promote anthroposophical ideas in our family.

His genuine rage caused anti-Semitism (also, by the way, the legacy of the father's education), he was expressed in the sense that this is not an "opinion that is entitled to existence," and the criminal offense that anti-Semite simply cannot be served and beat the face.

He did not like the countryside, it was a man of a purely urban civilization. In our life, it was affected in such a way that in the summer we left for the cottage, and he never rode there. Of course, he also had an electric train, but it's not just not only in this. All associations with nature he had negative. Once, in my opinion, they moved to the resort somewhere with his mother, once we were together in Sukhum at His sister Galina Tikhonovna. Basically, he preferred to live in Moscow. Life without an urban apartment with its amenities, without a daily Leninist library, without bypassing bookstores was almost unthinkable for him.

With a literary environment ... But what is a literary environment? In an understanding of the 50s and 1960s, this is a corporately closed shop, a quantity and arrogant corporation. As everywhere, there were very worthy people there, even a lot, but in general it was an extremely unpleasant world, with difficultly surpassed castelas. Varlam Tikhonovich he actively rejected. Now sometimes ask: what was his relationship with Twardovsky? Yes, no! Tvardovsky, with all his literary and public merit, was a Soviet one, with all the attributes of this provision: cottages, apartment, car, etc. And Varlam Tikhonovich was a piverer in his journal, a man from the six-meter "Penal", a literary proletarian, reading "Samotek", that is, what came to the editorial board by mail. He as a specialist was given works on the Kolyma theme - it must be said, much interestingly met in this stream in the 50s and in the 60s. But there was no single Shalamovskaya line in the "New World".

Of course, Varlam Tikhonovich wanted to take place in his own country, but everything that was printed from his poetry (only poetry! - about stories and speeches did not go), represents Shalamov-poet in a distorted, strongly censored form. It seems to be in the Soviet writer, where the collections of his poems came out, was a wonderful editor, Viktor Sergeevich Fogelson, who struggled to do something with all his might, - but he could not resist the pressure of the press of such gravity and intensity.

Sergey Neklyudov

Sorudov Sergey Yuryevich - Doctor of Philology, Scientist Folklorist, Son O.S.Neklyudova, Second Wife V.T.Shalamova. Lives in Moscow.

Shalamov Vamlam Tikhonovich

And - let the light not tenant -
I am a job and plaintiff
Nonlylase grief.
I am where the pain, I am where the moan,
In eternal litigation of both sides,
In an old-fashioned dispute. / "Atomic Poem" /

Varlam Shalamov was born on June 18 (July 1) of 1907 in Vologda.
Father Shalamov - Tikhon Nikolaevich, the Cathedral priest, was in the city of the prominent figure, because not only served in the church, but also engaged in active public activities. According to the writer's testimony, his father spent eleven years in the Aleutian Islands as an Orthodox missionary, was a European man educated, adhering free and independent views.
The relationship of the future writer with the Father was not easy. The younger son in a large large family often did not find a common language with a categorical father. "My father was coming from the very dark forest Ust-Sysol wilderness, from the hereditary priestly family, the ancestors of which were even recently by Zyryan's shamans, several generations, from the Shamansky kind, imperceptibly and naturally replaced the tambourine on Cadyl, all in the authorities of paganism The pagan in the depths of his Zyryan soul ... "- so wrote V.Shalamamov about Tikhon Nikolayevich, although the archives testify to his Slavic origin.

Shalamov's mother - Nadezhda Aleksandrovna, was busy household and kitchen, but loved poetry, and was closer to Shalamov. She is dedicated to the poem, starting like this: "My mother was Dickard, Distiner and Cooker."
In his autobiographical story of childhood and adolescence, "Fourth Vologda" Shalamov said how his convictions were formed, how his thirst for justice was strengthened and the determination to fight for her. His ideal became the people. He read a lot, especially highlighting the works of Duma to Cant.

In 1914, Shalamov entered the gymnasium of Alexander Blessed. In 1923, he graduated from the Vologda School of the 2nd stage, which he wrote, "did not attach my love to verses, not to the artistic literature, did not bring up taste, and I did the discovery myself, moving zigzags - from Khlebnikov to Lermontov, From Baratynsky to Pushkin, from Igor Northerner to Pasternak and block. "
In 1924, Shalamov left Vologda and settled to work as a tanner on a leather plant in Kuntsevo. In 1926, Shalamov entered Moscow State University at the Faculty of Soviet law.
At this time, Shalamov wrote poems that were positively appreciated by N. Aseev, participated in the work of literary circles, visited the literary seminar O. Bric, various poetic evenings and disputes.
Shalamov sought to actively participate in the public life of the country. He established a connection with the Trotskyist organization of Moscow State University, he participated in the demonstration of the opposition to the 10th anniversary of October under the slogans "Down with Stalin!", "Let's take Lenin's will!"

February 19, 1929 he was arrested. Unlike many, for whom the arrest was indeed a surprise, he knew - for which: he was among those who distributed the so-called Lenin's will, his famous "Letter to the Congress". In this letter, heavily sick and actually removed from the affairs of Lenin gives a brief characteristics to its closest companions in the party, in whose hands to this time the basic power was concentrated, and, in particular, indicates the danger of its concentration from Stalin - by virtue of its unsightly human qualities. It was all the way that the letter declared after the death of Lenin fake, who declared after the death of Lenin fake, refuted a strongly planned myth of Stalin as the only, indisputable and most consistent successor of the leader of the world proletariat.

In Vishera, Shalamov wrote: "After all, I was a representative of those people who opposed Stalin, no one had never believed that Stalin and Soviet power were the same thing." And then he continues: "Lenin's testament hidden from the people seemed to me a worthy application of my strength. Of course, I was still a blind puppy then. But I was not afraid of life and boldly joined the struggle with her in the form, in which he fought with life and for the life of the heroes of my children's and youthful years - all Russian revolutionaries. " Later in the autobiographical prose "Vishero Antioman" (1970-1971, not completed) Shalamov wrote: "This day and an hour I consider the beginning of my public life - the first true test in harsh environments."

Vamlam Shalamov was concluded in a Butyrsa prison, which he later described in detail in the sketch of the same name. And then a three-year prison sentence, and then a three-year term in the visher camps, he perceived as an inevitable and necessary test given to him for the sample of moral and physical forces, to test himself as a person: "Do I have enough power to pass your way as There is a certain unit - that's what I thought in the 95th chamber of the male single body of Butyro Prison. There were excellent conditions for thinking about life, and I thank the Butyrsa prison for looking for the desired formula of my life, I found one in the prison chamber. " The image of a prison in the Slam life way may seem even attractive. For him, it was really new and, the main thing - the very good experience, which was the confidence of their own forces and the unlimited possibilities of internal spiritual and moral resistance. Shalamov will emphasize the cardinal difference between the prison and the camp.
According to the writer's testimony, the prison life and in 1929 and in 1937, in any case, in the botyrs remained much less cruel compared to the camp. Here even functioned the library, "The only library of Moscow, and may be the country that did not experience all sorts of seizures, the destruction and confiscations that in the Stalin's time forever destroyed the book funds of hundreds of thousands of libraries" and the prisoners could use it. Some studied foreign languages. And after dinner, the time was assigned to the "lectures", everyone had the opportunity to tell something interesting to others.
Shalamov was convicted for three years, which spent in the Northern Urals. He later told: "Our wagon was uncovered, they trailed to trains going to the north, then to the northeast. They stood in Vologda - there were twenty-minute walk my father lived, my mother. I did not dare to throw a note. The train went back to the south, then in Kotlas, perm. Experimental was clear - we are going to the 4th separation of Uslon on Vishera. End of the railway track - Solikamsk. Was March, Ural March. In 1929, in the Soviet Union there was only one camp - elephant - Solovetsky camp of special purpose. In the 4th branch of the elephant on V. V.V. We were lucky. In the 1929 camp there were many "products", many "contemporaries", many posts not needed at a good owner. But the camp of that time was not a good owner. The work did not ask at all, only a way out was asked, and here for this one, the prisoners received and received their soldering. It was believed that it is impossible to ask more from the arrestant. There were no tests of working days, but every year, following the example of Solovets "Unloading", the lists were given to the liberation of the camp themselves, depending on the political wind, which blew this year, then the killers were released, then the White Guards, then the Chinese. These lists were considered by the Moscow Commission. At Solovki, Ivan Gavrilovich Filippov, member of the NKVD board, a member of the NKVD collegium, was headed by such a commission from year to year. There is such a documentary "Solovki". In it, Ivan Gavrilovich was shot in his most famous role: Chairman of the Unloading Commission. Subsequently, Philipp was the head of the camp on Vishera, then - on Kolyma and died in the Magadan prison ... The lists considered and prepared by the Commission were shifted to Moscow, and she claimed or did not claim, sending a response after a few months. "Unloading" was the only way to early liberation at the time. "
In 1931, he was released and restored.
Shalamov Vamlam Shalamov 5
Until 1932, he worked on the construction of the chemical factory in the city of Berezniki, then returned to Moscow. Until 1937, he worked as a journalist in magazines "For Herrarmum", "For Mastering Technique", "For Industrial Frames". In 1936, his first publication was held - the story of "Three Death of Dr. Austino" was printed in the October magazine.
On June 29, 1934, Shalamov married G.Gudz. On April 13, 1935, Elena's daughter is born.
On January 12, 1937, Shalamov was re-arrested "for counter-revolutionary trocquies" and was convicted for 5 years of imprisonment in camps using in difficult physical work. Shalamov was already in the detention facility, when his story "Pava and Tree" came out in the magazine "Literary Contemporary". The next Publication of Shalamov (poems in the magazine "Banner") took place in twenty years - in 1957.
Shalamov told: "In 1937, in Moscow during the second arrest and investigators in the first interrogation of the investigator-intern Romanova embarrassed by my questionnaire. I had to call some colonel who explained to the young investigator, that "then, in the twenties, they gave it, do not embarrass", and, turning to me:
- What exactly are you arrested for?
- For the printing of Lenin's testa.
- Exactly. So write in the protocol and rendered to the Memorandum: "Patched and distributed the fake, known as the" Testament of Lenin ".
The conditions in which the prisoners were on the Kolyma were designed for emergency physical destruction. Shalamov worked in the slaughterhouses of the golden schism in Magadan, sled up, got on earthworks, in 1940-1942 he worked in a coal to slaughter, in 1942-1943 - at the penalty area in Jelgale. In 1943, Shalamov received a new 10-year term "for anti-Soviet campaign", calling the Bunin by the Russian classic. He fell into the Cake, after which he survived, he worked in a mine and a logger, tried to run, after which it was on the penalty area. His life often hung in the hairs, but he helped him well-believed people. These were Boris Lesnik for him, too, the ZK, who worked as a paramedic in the hospital "Belich" of the Northern Mountain Management, and Nina Savueva, the chief physician of the same hospital, which patients called a black mother.

Here, in "Belichery" turned out to be gone in 1943 by Shalamov. His condition, according to Sauga's testimony, was deplorable. As a man of a major physique, he always had to be particularly hard on more than a scanty camp. And who knows, "Kolyma stories" would be written, will not be their future author at Nina Vladimirovna Hospital.
In the mid-40s, Savueva and Lesnik helped Shalamov to stay at the hospital by cultory. Shalamov remained at the hospital, while his friends were there. After they left her and Shalamov again threatened the hard work on which he would hardly have survived, in 1946 the doctor Andrei Pantyukhov got rid of Shalamov from the stage and helped get to the courses of Feldsher under the central hospital for prisoners. At the end of the courses, Shalamov worked in the surgical department of this hospital and paramedic in the village of Lesorubov.
In 1949, Shalamov began to record poems that made a collection of "Kolyma Notebook" (1937-1956). The collection consisted of 6 sections entitled by Shalam "Blue Notebook", "Postman's Bag", "Personally and Confidence", "Child Mountains", "Cyprus", "High latitude".

I swear until death
Revenge with this pyal bitches.
Whose vile science I am fully comprehended.
I am enemy blood my oodoo hands,
When this blessed moment comes.
Public, in Slavyansky
From the skull! I will drink
From the enemy skull,
As Svyatoslav did.
Arrange this TRIZNU
in the already Slavic taste
More expensive
any posthumous glory.

In 1951, Shalamov was released from the camp as the deadline, but for another two years he was forbidden to leave the Kolyma, and he worked as a paragraph of the Lagpunkt and left only in 1953. His family by that time broke up, an adult daughter did not know his father, health was undermined by camps, and he was deprived of the right to live in Moscow. Shalamov managed to get a job as an agent for supplying on peat-workers in the village of Turkmen Kalinin region.

In 1952, Shalamov sent his poems Boris Pasternak, who gave them a high rating. In 1954, Shalamov began work on the stories that made the collection "Kolyma stories" (1954-1973). This headache of the life of Shalamov includes six collections of stories and essays - "Kolyma stories", "Left Bank", "Artist shovel", "Essays of the Criminal World", "Resurrection of larch", "Glove, or KR-2".
All stories have a documentary basis, they are present in them - either under its own surname, or called Andreev, Golubev, Crystom. However, these works are not reduced to camp memoirs. Shalamov considered invalid to retreat from the facts in the description of the living environment, in which the action occurs, but the inner world of heroes was created by them not documentary, and artistic means. The author has repeatedly spoke about the confessional character of the "Kolyma Story". He called his narrative manner, "new prose", emphasizing that he is "it is important to resurrect the feeling, extraordinary new details are needed, descriptions in a new way to force to believe in the story, in everything else not as information, but as in an open heart wound." . The camp world appears in the "Kolyma stories" as the world of irrational.

In 1956, Shalamov was rehabilitated for the lack of a crime composition, moved to Moscow and married Olga Nekludovova. In 1957, he became a freelance correspondent for the magazine "Moscow", at the same time his poems were published. At the same time, he was seriously ill, got disability. In 1961, the book of His poems "Fire" was published. The last decade of life, especially the most recent years was not for the writer with light and cloudless. Shalamov had an organic lesion of the central nervous system, which predetermined the irregular activity of the limbs. He needed treatment - neurological, and he threatened psychiatric.

February 23, 1972 in the "Literary Gazeta", where international information will prevent, a letter was published a letter to Varlam Shalamov, in which he protested against the appearance of his "Kolyma stories" abroad. The philosopher Y. Shreder, who met with Shalamov a few days after the appearance of the letter, recalls that the writer himself belonged to this publication as a dexterous trick: it seems like he tried all the tricks, deceived the bosses and thus was able to secure himself. "Do you think it is so easy to speak in a newspaper?" - He asked or really sincerely, whether checking the impression of the interlocutor.

This letter was perceived in intellectual circles as a renunciation. The image of the inflexible author who went in the lists of "Kolyma stories" collapsed. Shalamov was not afraid to lose the leading post - he never had this; I was not afraid to lose the income - I got a small pension and infrequent fees. But to say that he had nothing to lose - the language does not turn.

Anyone always has something to lose, and Shalamov in 1972 was sixty-five. He was a patient, a rapidly aging man who had the best years of life. Shalamov wanted to live and create. He wanted, dreamed that his stories, paid by his own blood, pain, flour, were printed in their native country, so much survived and standing out.
In 1966, the writer was divorced with non-blind. Many considered him already dead.
And Shalami in the 70s went in Moscow - he was met on Tverskaya, where he came out sometimes for the products from his camork. The appearance of him was terrible, he was shatal as drunk, he fell. The police were alert, Shalamov raised, and he, who did not brace in his mouth either a gram of alcohol, took a certificate of his disease - Meniere's disease, exacerbated after the camps and a violation of the coordination of movements. Shalaov began to lose hearing and vision
In May 1979, Shalamov was placed in the house of persons with disabilities and the elderly on Vilis Latzis Street in Tushino. Poshee pajamas made it very similar to the arrestant. Judging by the stories of people visiting him, he again felt his prisoner. He took the house of persons with disabilities as a prison. As a violent isolation. He did not want to communicate with the staff. Lingerie disappeared from bed, slept on the naked Mattress, tied up a towel around the neck, as if he had to steal him, rolled the blanket and relied on him with his hand. But there was no insane sharm, although he could probably make such an impression. Doctor D.F. Lavrov, a psychiatrist, recalls that he went to the nursing home to Shalamov, to which he was invited by the writer who visited the writer A. Morozov.
The laurel was not the condition of Shalamov, but its position - the conditions in which the writer was located. As for the state, there were speech, motor disorders, a severe neurological disease, but dementia, which one could give a reason to move a person to the boarding school for psycho-cells, he did not find at Shalamov. In such a diagnosis, he was finally convinced that Shalamov - in his presence, right in front - dictated Morozov two of their new poems. Intellect and his memory were in preservation. He composed poems, remembered - and then A. Morozov and I. Sirotinskaya recorded him, in his full sense they took from his lips. It was the difficult job of Shalamov several times repeated some word to understand it correctly, but in the end the text was evolved. He asked Morozov to make a selection from recorded poems, gave her the name "Unknown Soldier" and expressed the wish to be attributed to the magazines. Morozov walked, offered. To no avail.
Poems were published abroad in the "Bulletin of the Russian Christian Movement" with a note of Morozov about the position of Shalamov. The goal was alone - to attract the public attention to help, find a way out. The goal in some sense was achieved, but the effect was reverse. After this publication, foreign radio stations started talking about Shalamov. Such attention to the author of "Kolyma Story", which was large in Russian in 1978 in London, began to bother the authorities, and the Shalami visitors began to be interested in the corresponding partition.
Meanwhile, the writer suffered a stroke. In early September 1981, the Commission gathered - to decide the question if it was possible to contain a writer in the nursing home. After a short meeting in the office of the director, the commission climbed into the Chalam's room. Those who present there, Elena Hinkis, says that he did not answer questions - most likely I just ignored how he knew it. But the diagnosis was delivered to him - exactly the one who feared the friends of Shalamov: senile dementia. In other words - dementia. Friends visited Shalamov tried to progress: the phone numbers were left to the medical staff. New, 1982 A.Morozov met in the nursing home with Shalamov. Then the last shot of the writer was also made. On January 14, eyewitnesses were told that when Shalamov was transported, there was a cry. He tried to resist. He was roused out in the chair, he was attentenned in a discovered car and through all the snow-covered, frosty, January Moscow was a small way from Tushino to Medvedkovo - sent to the boarding school for psycho-chock numbers No. 32.
The memories of the last days of Varlam Tikhonovich left Elena Zakharov: ".. We came to Shalamov. He died. It was obvious, but still I got a phonenendoscope. V.T. Died from inflammation of the lungs, heart failure developed. I think that everything was simple - stress and supercooling. He lived in prison, came after him. And they were lucky through the whole city, in the winter, he did not have the upper clothes, he could not go outside. So, most likely, the blanket was thrown over pajamas. Probably he tried to fight, the blanket dropped. What a temperature in rafiki, working on transportation, I knew well, myself went for several years, working on the "ambulance".
On January 17, 1982, Vamlam Shalamov died from the bruboral inflammation of the lungs. The civilian memorialist in the Union of Writers, who turned away from Shalamov, was decided not to arrange, and the silence of the priest, according to the Orthodox rite in the church.
I buried the writer on the Kuntsevsky cemetery, not far from the grave of Hope Mandelstam, in the house of which he was often in the 60s. There were many who came to say goodbye.
In June 2000, a monument to Varlam Shalamov was destroyed in Moscow, in the Kuntsevsky cemetery. Unknowns tear off and took the bronze head of the writer, leaving a lonely granite pedestal. Thanks to the help of metallurgists, Metallurgists of Severstal JSC in 2001, the monument was restored.
The documentary film was filmed about Varlam Shalamov.
Andrey Goncharov //

Soviet literature

Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov

Biography

Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich (1907-1982), Russian Soviet writer. Born on June 18 (July 1) 1907 in Vologda in the priest's family. Memories of parents, the impressions of childhood and adolescence were subsequently embodied in the autobiographical prose Fourth Vologda (1971).

In 1914 he entered the gymnasium, in 1923 he graduated from the Vologda School of the 2nd stage. In 1924, W.Khal from Vologda and settled to work a tanner at a leather plant in Kuntsevo Moscow region. In 1926 he entered Moscow State University at the Faculty of Soviet law.

At this time, Shalamov wrote poems, participated in the work of literary circles, visited the literary seminar O. Brik, various poetic evenings and disputes. It sought to actively participate in the public life of the country. I established a connection with the Trotskyist organization of Moscow State University, participated in the demonstration of the opposition to the 10th anniversary of October under the slogans "Down with Stalin!" February 19, 1929 was arrested. In the autobiographical prose, Vishero Antioman (1970-1971, not completed) wrote: "This day and an hour I consider the beginning of my public life - the first true test in harsh environments."

Shalamov was convicted for three years, which spent in the Northern Urals in the Vishero camp. In 1931 was released and restored in rights. Until 1932, he worked on the construction of the chemical factory in Berezniki, then returned to Moscow. Until 1937, he worked as a journalist in magazines "For Herrarmum", "For Mastering Technique", "For Industrial Frames". In 1936 his first publication was held - the story of the three deaths of Dr. Austino was printed in the October magazine.

On January 12, 1937 Shalamov was arrested "for counter-revolutionary trocquies" and convicted for 5 years of imprisonment in camps using in physical work. He was already in a detention facility, when his story of the Woman and Tree came out in the magazine "Literary Contemporary". The next Publication of Shalamov (poems in the magazine "Banner") took place in 1957.

Shalamov worked in the slaughterhouses of the golden appearance in Magadan, then, being convicted for a new time, got on earthworks, in 1940-1942 worked in a coal slaughter, in 1942-1943 at the penalty area in Jelgale. In 1943 he received a new 10-year term "for anti-Soviet campaign", he worked in a mine and a logger, tried to run, after which it was on the penalty area.

The life of Shalamov Savior The doctor A. M. Pantyukhov, who sent him to Feldscher courses at the hospital for prisoners. At the end of the courses, Shalamov worked in the surgical department of this hospital and paramedic in the village of Lesorubov. In 1949, Shalaov began writing poems that made a collection of Kolyma Notebooks (1937-1956). The collection consists of 6 sections entitled with a shalamy blue notebook, postman bag, personally and confidential, golden mountains, Cyprus, high latitudes.

In verses, Shalamov considered himself a "plenipotentiary" of prisoners, the anthem of which was a poem toast for the River Ayan-Uryach. Subsequently, the researchers of Creativity Shalamov celebrated his desire to show in verses the spiritual power of a person who is capable of thinking about love and loyalty, about good and evil, about history and art. An important poetic manner of Shalamov is the slannik - a Kolyma plant, surviving in harsh conditions. The end-to-end topic of his poems is the relationship of man and nature (the nation of dogs, the ballad of Losenka, etc.). Shalamov's poetry is permeated by biblical motifs. One of the main works of Shalamov considered the Poem Avvakum in Epos, in which, according to the author's comment, "the historical image is connected with the scenery, and with the features of the author's biography."

In 1951, Shalamov was dismissed from the camp, but for two years he was forbidden to leave Kolyma, he worked as a parapuncture from the parapunction and left in 1953. His family broke up, an adult daughter did not know the Father. Health was undermined, he was deprived of the right to live in Moscow. Shalamov managed to get a job as a supply agent on peat-workers in the village. Turkmen Kalininskaya oblast In 1954, began working on the stories that made a collection of Kolyma stories (1954-1973). This chief labor of the life of Shalamov includes six collections of stories and essays - Kolyma stories, left bank, artist shovels, essays of the criminal world, resurrection of larch, glove, or KR-2. All stories have a documentary basis, they are present in them - either under its own surname, or called Andreev, Golubev, Crystom. However, these works are not reduced to camp memoirs. Shalamov considered invalid to retreat from the facts in the description of the living environment, in which the action occurs, but the inner world of heroes was created by them not documentary, and artistic means. The style of the writer is emphasized by anti-pathic: the terrible life material demanded that the Prosper embody it exactly, without the declamation. Prose Shalamov tragedy in nature, despite the presence of a few satirical images. The author has repeatedly spoke about the confessional character of Kolyma stories. He called his narrative manner, "new prose", emphasizing that he is "it is important to resurrect the feeling, extraordinary new details are needed, descriptions in a new way to force to believe in the story, in everything else not as information, but as in an open heart wound." . The camp world appears in Kolyma stories as an irrational world.

Shalaov denied the need for suffering. He was convinced that in the puchin of suffering there was no cleansing, but the plant of human souls. In a letter to A. I. Solzhenitsyn, he wrote: "The camp is a negative school from the first to the last day for anyone."

In 1956, Shalamov was rehabilitated and moved to Moscow. In 1957 he became a freelance correspondent for the magazine "Moscow", at the same time his poems were published. In 1961, the book of his poems is lightingily. In 1979, in serious condition, the pension for the disabled and the elderly was placed. He lost sight and rumor, moved with difficulty.

The books of Shalamov's poems went out in the USSR in 1972 and 1977. Kolyan stories were published in London (1978, in Russian), in Paris (1980-1982, in French), in New York (1981-1982, in English). After their publication, global fame came to Shalamov. In 1980, the French Pen Club Office awarded his freedom.

Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (1907-1982) - Soviet writer, a native of Vologda. In the autobiographical work "Fourth Vologda" (1971), the writer displaced memories of childhood, youth and family.

First studied in the gymnasium, then in the Vologda school. Since 1924, he worked at Kuntsevo's leather plant (Moscow region) with a specialty tanker. From 1926 he studied at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Soviet law. Here I began to write poems, take part in literary circles, actively taking part in the public life of the country. In 1929 he was arrested and condemned for 3 years, which the writer served in the Vishero camp. After liberation and recovery in the rights, worked for a construction site of the chemical factory, then returned to Moscow, where he worked as a journalist in different magazines. Magazine "October" posted on its pages his first story "Three Death of Dr. Austino". 1937 - the second arrest and 5 years of camp work on Magadan. Then another 10-year term "for anti-Soviet campaigning" was added.

Thanks to the intervention of the doctor A.M. Pantyukhova (sent to courses) Shalamov became a surgeon. His poems 1937-1956. Folded were in the collection "Kolyma Notebooks".

In 1951, the writer was liberated, but Kolyma for another 2 years to leave forbidden. Family at Shalamov broke up, health was undermined.

In 1956 (after rehabilitation), Shalamov moved to Moscow and operates in the magazine "Moscow" with a freelance correspondent. In 1961 his book "Lighting".

In recent years, having lost sight and hearing, lived in a pension for the disabled. The publication of "Kolyma Story" made Shalamov famous worldwide. Awarded in 1980 by the Prize of Freedom.

In the tragic choir of votes, chasing the horrors of Stalin camps, Vamlam Shalamov performs one of the first parties. Autobiographical "Kolyma Stories" tells about inhuman tests that have fallen out to the share of a whole generation. Having survived the circles of hell of totalitarian repression, the writer prevented them through the prism of the artistic word and stood in a number of classics of Russian literature of the 20th century.

Childhood and youth

Vamlam Tikhonovich Shalamov was born in Vologda on June 5, 1907. He came from the hereditary family of priests. His father, as grandfather and uncle, was a shepherd of the Russian Orthodox Church. Tikhon Nikolayevich was engaged in missionary, preached by Aleutian tribes at the distant islands (now the territory of Alaska) and perfectly knew English. The writer's mother was engaged in raising children, and in the last years of life worked at school. Varlam was a fifth child in the family.

The boy learned to read in 3 years and greedily absorbed everything that came across the family library. Literary addictions with age became more complicated: he passed from adventure to philosophical essays. The future writer possessed a subtle artistic taste, critical thinking and desire for justice. Under the influence of books in it, ideals close to People's People were early formed.

Already in childhood, Varlam writes the first poems. At 7 years old, the boy is given to the gymnasium, but education is interrupted by the revolution, so he will finish school only in 1924. The experience of children's and youth years writer summarizes in the "fourth Vologda" - a story about the early years of life.

After graduating from school, the guy goes to Moscow and flows into the ranks of the metropolitan proletariat: he goes to the plant and 2 years is honing the skill of a tanner in leather production. And from 1926 to 1928, herself receives higher education in Moscow State University, studying the Soviet law. But from the university, it is excluded, having learned classmates from the denunciations about "socially disagreeable" origin. So the repressive car first invades the biography of the writer.

In the student years, Shalamov visits the literary circle organized by the magazine "New Lef", where he gets acquainted and communicates with progressive writing youth.

Arrests and conclusions

In 1927, Shalamov participates in protest shares dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. As part of the group of underground trotskistov, stands with slogans "Down with Stalin!" And calls back to the true covenants. In 1929, for participation in the activities of the Trotskyist group, Vamlam Shalamov was first taken into custody and "without trial" leaves for 3 years in correctional camps as a "socially harmful element".

From this time, his perennial artantic mitardia, protracted until 1951 begin. The first term writer is serving in Vishaga, where in April 1929 comes with stage from Butyrsk prison. In the north of the Urals, prisoners participate in the largest construction site of the first five-year plan - the chemical plant of all-union value in Berezniki is erected.

Freed in 1932, Shalamov returns to Moscow and earns a living by writing work, cooperating with production newspapers and magazines. However, in 1936, a man again recall the "dirty Trotskyist's dirty" and accused of counter-revolutionary activities. This time he is condemned for 5 years and in 1937 they are sent to the stern Magadan to the hardest work - gold mining supports.

The sentence ended in 1942, but prisoners refused to produce until the end of the Great Patriotic War. In addition, Shalamov constantly "sewed" new terms in different articles: here is the camp "case of lawyers", and "anti-Soviet statements". As a result, the writer's term has grown to 10 years.

Over the years, he managed to change the five mines in Krymsky camps, nomaded in villages and mines as a designer, logger and excavation. He had a chance to lie down in medical barracks as "dotting", which is no longer capable of any physical work. In 1945, exhausting from unbearable conditions, with a group of prisoners trying to escape, but only aggravates the situation and the punishment is determined in the penalty area.

Once again in the hospital, Shalamov remains there an assistant there, and after receiving the direction for the courses of the paramedics. After graduating from 1946, Varlam Tikhonovich to the end of the prison period works in the camp hospitals of the Far East. Having received liberation, but being struck in rights, the writer works for another a year and a half in Yakutia and sails money to a ticket to Moscow, where it returns only in 1953.

Creation

Departing the first term of concluding, Shalamov worked as a journalist in Moscow trade union publications. In 1936 his first artistic story was published on the pages of October. 20-year expulsion influenced the work of the writer, although in the camps he does not leave attempts to record his poems that will form the basis of the Kolyma Notebook cycle.

Kolyma stories are considered to be the programatic work of Shalamov. This collection is dedicated to the abused years of Stalin camps on the example of the life of the prisoners of SevVostlak and consists of 6 cycles ("left bank", "artist shovel", "essays of the criminal world, etc.).

In it, the artist describes the life experience of people broken by the system. Defined freedom, supports and hopes, exhausted hunger, cold and unbearable work, a person loses his face and the most humanity - in this writer deeply convinced. In prisoner, the ability to friendship, compassion and mutual respect, when the survival issue goes to the fore.

Shalamov was against the publication of "Kolyma stories" by a separate publication, and in the complete meeting they were published in Russia only posthumously. Based on the work in 2005, the film was shot.

In 1960-70, Vamlam Tikhonovich produces poems collections, writes memories of childhood (the story "Fourth Vologda") and the experience of the first camp conclusion (Vishera Antioman).

The last cycle of poems is coming out in 1977.

Personal life

The fate of the eternal arrestant did not prevent the writer to build a personal life. With his first wife Galina Ignatievna Goodz Shalamov gets acquainted in the Vishero camp. There, according to him, he "beat" her with another prisoner, whom the girl came to visit. In 1934, the couple got married, and a year later, Elena's daughter was born.

With the second arrest of the writer, the repressions were subjected to the repression: Galina was exiled to the remote village of Turkmenistan, where she lived until 1946. The family meets together only in 1953, when Shalamov returns from the Far Eastern settlements to Moscow, but in 1954 the spouses are bred.

The second wife of Varlam Tikhonovich was Olga Sergeevna Neklyudova, a member of the Union of Soviet writers. Shalamov became the fourth and last her husband. Marriage lasted 10 years, there were no children from the couple.

After the divorce in 1966 and until the death of the writer remains lonely.

Death

In recent years of life, the state of the writer's health was extremely difficult. Decades of exhausting works at the limit of human resources were not in vain. In the late 1950s, he transfers the grave attacks of the Meniere disease, and in the 70s hearing and vision is gradually deprived.

A man is not able to coordinate his own movements and moves with difficulty, and in 1979, friends and colleagues transport him to the house of persons with disabilities. Testing difficulties with speech and coordination, Shalamov leaves no attempts to write poems.

In 1981, the Writer had a stroke, after which the decision was made to send him to the boarding house for people suffering from chronic mental illness. There he dies on January 17, 1982, the cause of death is the bruboral inflammation of the lungs.

The son of the priest, Shalamov always considered himself unbelievers, but he was sent according to Orthodox ritual and buried in the Kuntsevsky cemetery of Moscow. Preserved photos from the funeral of the writer.

The named after Shalamov is devoted to several museums and expositions located in different parts of the country: in Vologda, in the author's small homeland, on Kolyma, where he worked as a paramedic, in Yakutia, where the writer was serving his last exile days.

Bibliography

• 1936 - "Three Death of Dr. Austino"
• 1949-1954 - "Kolyma Notebook"
• 1954-1973 - "Kolym Stories"
• 1961 - "Floor"
• 1964 - "Ruest Leaf"
• 1967 - "Road and Fate"
• 1971 - "Fourth Vologda"
• 1972 - "Moscow clouds"
• 1973 - "Vishera"
• 1973 - "Fedor Raskolnikov"
• 1977 - "Boiling point"

Russian writer, poet.

Biography

Father - Tikhon Nikolaevich Shalamov, priest and preacher. Mother - Nadezhda Aleksandrovna. The first wife is Galina Ignatievna Huds, the second wife is Olga Sergeevna Neklyudova. He had a daughter from the first marriage of Elena, a premained son from Sorrow Sergey.

In 1914 he began training in the gymnasium. In 1923, after graduation, the second stage in the hometown went to Moscow. At first, he worked as a tanner on a leather plant in Kuntseva. Then he entered the faculty of the Soviet law of Moscow State University, he studied here from 1926 to 1929.

On February 19, 1929, he was arrested as a member of the underground Trotskyist group, which was engaged in the spread of the addition to the "will of Lenin", in which the Soviet leader wrote about the danger of coming to power. Being convicted for three years camps, served a sentence in the Vishero camp in the Northern Urals. In 1932, Shalaov returned to Moscow and began working in magazines, print their essays and articles.

In January 1937, he was re-arrested for counter-revolutionary Trotskyist activities. He received five years of the camps, his term was departing on Kolyma (Svitul - Northeast Correlation and Labor Camp). Shalamov performed heavy work on the golden curls "partisans", a black lake, Arkagala, Dzhelgala, was in Taiga business trips, repeatedly got into the hospital for prisoners.

In June 1943, Shalamov was re-convicted ten years old camps for anti-Soviet agitation. In 1951, Varlam Tikhonovich was released, but he could not return to Moscow at once. At first, since 1946, after the passage of Feldsher courses, he began to work in the Central Hospital for prisoners in the Kolyma settlement of the Deputy and on the forest trip of lumberjacks. Returning from Kolyma in 1953, Shalamov settled in the Kalinin region, worked at peat enterprises in reshetnikovo. The result of many years of the camps was the decay of marriage with G. Goodz and the loss of every spiritual relationship with a daughter who did not see the Father before. In 1956, V.T. Shalamov was rehabilitated, after which he returned to the capital. Then he married O.S. Sorrow (divorced her in 1966).

Already since 1949, Shalamov, in the conditions of Kolyma, makes their creative work - he began to record his verses, which then amounted to the collection "Kolyma Notebook" (1937-1956). With which Shalamov managed to send poems, very highly appreciated them. From 1954 to 1973, the writer created his famous "Kolyma stories". They were not published in their homeland during the author's life, it happened only in 1988-1990.

Separate poems Varlam Tikhonovich were printed in Soviet magazines ("Youth", "Banner", "Moscow"), but this was not enough for the poet, the author of a number of poetic collections ("Fire", 1961; "Lests of Leaf", 1964; "Road and Fate ", 1967), who understood and felt true poetry.

Besides B.L. Pasternak, great importance in the life of Varlam Tikhonovich played, (Shalamov worked for some time in the "New World"), widow O.E. Mandelstam N.Ya. Mandelshtam. Acquaintance in 1966 with I.P. The Sirotinskaya, who became the next friend of the writer and subsequently his successor, was for the Chalam himself a very important milestone in life.

In 1973 he became a member of the Writers' Union. From 1973 to 1979, Shalamov led the working notebooks, who subsequently disassembled and prepared for the publication I.P. Sirotinskaya. For the past three years of life, Vamlam Shalamov, seriously ill (all his life, the writer suffered a Menieret's disease, in addition, the years of life had affected the camps), lived in the house of disabled people and the elderly lithofand in Tushina. On January 15, 1982, after a superficial examination, it was translated into a boarding school for psycho-cells. During transport, the writer witned and fell ill with the inflammation of the lungs. Died on January 17, 1982. Buried on the Kuntsevsky cemetery in Moscow.

Creation

The fate of the writer was incredibly difficult: almost twenty years of the camps, the inability to print the most important works, lack of understanding of power and society. As I said rightly. Sirotinskaya, "he had no good luck in his life, whose support of the power, coincidence of accidents. Everything was given to him with frantic labor, everything was paid by pieces of blood, nerves, lungs. But God gave the talent, the strength and height of the spirit, moral hardness - a lot, but in the help of earthly life - nothing. " It is the moral hardness, integrity, the correspondence of the word and the case inherited to them (in the spiritual sense) from the heroes of their childhood, Serc and People, in many ways helped him survive.

Shalamov had a very important quality that was embodied in his work, "he recognized other people the right to their own truth, there was no desire to build his point of view in Absolut, and, consequently, the lack of sermon, teaches in his literature:" Shalamov Does not learn how to survive in the camp, does not try to pass the experience of camp life, but only indicates that it is a camp system. " In this regard, the prose of Shalamov was a continuation of the Pushkin tradition, in many ways lost and lost the place of the classic Tolstovsky tradition, whose representative was A.I. Solzhenitsyn.

The most important work of the writer was the "Kolyma stories" (1954-1973), which the author himself divided into six cycles: "Kolyma stories", "left bank", "artist shovel", "Resurrection of larch", as well as "essays of the criminal world" and "Glove, or KR-2". They argued the impossibility of sermons in the terrible twentieth century. Varlam Tikhonovich believed that the literary work should fulfill the role of a document fixing event. But the formula "Prose as a document" does not reduce the works of Shalamov to simple essays. So, the "Kolyma stories" became a real psychological study of the camp theme. The same can be attributed to the so-called. Antioman Shalamov "Vishera" (1961). It consists of two parts: "Butyrskaya prison (1929)" and "Vishera". In it, the writer talks about his condemnation in 1929, the conclusion in the first time in Visher camps. In the book, we can find observations of the camp system of the 20s and their differences from Stalinist, reflections on Stalin itself, thoughts about camp life.

In the autobiographical story "Fourth Vologda" (1968-1971), the writer remembers his childhood and his youth, talks about how his convictions were formed, as a sense of justice and hostility of any violence was strengthened. He talks about the disgusts, their sacrifice and heroism. It was they who became his youth ideal, a sample of spiritual strength.

In the 1960s V.T. Shalamov were written memories.