In which year, coal was found. Origin of coal

Anthracite is the most ancient of fossil coal, coal is the highest degree of carbon.

It is characterized by a large density and gloss. Contains 95% carbon. It is used as solid high-calorie fuel (calorific value 6800-8350 kcal / kg).

Coal

Coal - Sedimentary breed, which is a product of deep decomposition of plant residues (tree-like ferns, horsages and planes, as well as the first gone plants). Most of the coal deposits were formed in Paleozoic, mainly in the coal period, approximately 300-350 million years ago.

By chemical composition, stone coal represents a mixture of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic compounds with a high mass fraction of carbon, as well as water and volatile substances with small amounts of mineral impurities, when burning coal forming ash. Fossil coals differ from each other by the ratio of the compounds of their components, which determines their heat of combustion. A number of organic compounds that are part of coal contains carcinogenic properties. Carbon content in coal, depending on its variety, ranges from 75% to 95%.

Brown coal

Brown coal - Solid fossil coal formed from peat contains 65-70% carbon, has a brown color, the youngest of fossil coal. Used as local fuel, as well as chemical raw materials.

Coal formation

For the formation of coal, the abundant accumulation of vegetable mass is necessary. In the ancient peat swamps, starting from the Devonian period, the organic substance was accumulated from which fossil coals were formed without access of oxygen. Most of the industrial fossil coal deposits are related to this period, although more young deposits exist. The age of the most ancient coals is estimated at about 350 million years.

Coal is formed under conditions when the rotting vegetable material accumulates faster than its bacterial decomposition occurs. The ideal situation for this is created in the swamps, where there is a standing water depleted by oxygen, prevents the vital activity of bacteria and thereby protects the vegetable mass from complete destruction. At a certain stage of the process, the acids allocated during its course prevent further activity of bacteria. So arises peat - The source product for the formation of coal. If then its burial occurs under other nanos, the peat is experiencing compression and, losing water and gases, is converted to coal.

Under the pressure of precipitation layers with a thickness of 1 kilometer from a 20-meter peat layer, a layer of brown coal is 4 meters thick. If the depth of the burial material reaches 3 kilometers, then the same layer of the peat will turn into a layer of stone coal with a thickness of 2 meters. At greater depth, about 6 kilometers, and at a higher temperature, a 20-meter peat layer becomes a 1.5 meters thick plast.

Proven reserves of coal

Proved coal reserves for 2006 in million tons

Country	Coal	Brown coal	Total	%
USA	111338	135305	246643	27,1
Russia	49088	107922	157010	17,3
China	62200	52300	114500	12,6
India	90085	2360	92445	10,2
Australian Soyuz	38600	39900	78500	8,6
South Africa	48750	0	48750	5,4
Kazakhstan	28151	3128	31279	3,4
Ukraine	16274	17879	34153	3,8
Poland	14000	0	14000	1,5
Brazil	0	10113	10113	1,1
Germany	183	6556	6739	0,7
Colombia	6230	381	6611	0,7
Canada	3471	3107	6578	0,7
Czech Republic	2094	3458	5552	0,6
Indonesia	740	4228	4968	0,5
Turkey	278	3908	4186	0,5
Madagascar	198	3159	3357	0,4
Pakistan	0	3050	3050	0,3
Bulgaria	4	2183	2187	0,2
Thailand	0	1354	1354	0,1
North Korea	300	300	600	0,1
New Zealand	33	538	571	0,1
Spain	200	330	530	0,1
Zimbabwe	502	0	502	0,1
Romania	22	472	494	0,1
Venezuela	479	0	479	0,1
Total	478771	430293	909064	100,0

Coal in Russia

Types of coal

In Russia, depending on the stage of metamorphism, distinguishes: brown coals, stone coals, anthracites and graphics. Interestingly, in Western countries there is a slightly different classification: respectively, lignites, subbitulin coals, bituminous coals, anthracites and graphite.

1. Brown coals. Contain plenty of water (43%), and therefore have low heat of combustion. In addition, contain a large number of volatile substances (up to 50%). They are formed from the dead organic residues under the pressure pressure and under the action of elevated temperatures at depths of about 1 kilometer.
2. Stone coals. Contain up to 12% moisture (3-4% internal), so they have a higher heat of combustion. Contain up to 32% of volatile substances, due to which they are well flammable. They are formed from brown coal at depths of about 3 kilometers.
3. Anthracites. Almost entirely (96%) consist of carbon. Have the greatest warmth of combustion, but badly flammable. They are formed from stone coal with an increase in pressure and temperature at depths of about 6 kilometers. Used mainly in the chemical industry

History of coal mining in Russia

The formation of the coal industry in Russia belongs to the first quarter of the XIX century, when the main coal pools have already been opened.

The dynamics of the production of fossil coal in the Russian Empire can be viewed.

Coal reserves in Russia

5.5% is concentrated in Russia (why such a difference with the percentage of proven coal reserves for 2006? - What is not suitable for developing-Siberia and permafrost) world coal reserves, which is more than 200 billion tons. Of these, 70% fall on the reserves of brown coal.

• In 2004, 283 million tons of coal were produced in Russia. 76.1 million tons were sent for export.
• In 2005, 298 million tons of coal were produced in Russia. 79.61 million tons were sent to export.

In Russia, in 2004 there was a shortage of coking coals of brands "F" and "K" in the amount of at least 10 million tons (assessment of Vukhin), which is associated with the disposal of mining facilities in Vorkuta and Kuzbass.

The largest perspective deposits

Elginsky deposit (Sakha). Belongs OJSC Mechel. The most promising object for open development is located in the south-east of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 415 km east of Neryungri. The area of \u200b\u200bthe deposit is 246 km². The deposit is a common brachisinclinal asymmetric fold. Corrected deposits of the upper Yura and Lower chalk. The main coal layers are confined to the deposits of Neryungrin (6 layers with a capacity of 0.7-17 m) and UNDACTAN (18 layers of capacity also 0.7-17 m) Sweet. Most of the coal resources are concentrated in four formations Y4, Y5, H15, H16, usually complex structure. The corners are mainly semi-fiber lenzoid-bands with a very high content of the most valuable component - a shower window (78-98%). According to the degree of metamorphism, coals are of the III (fat) stage. Coal brand, group 2. Coals Medium- and high-voltage (15-24%), small-sized (0.2%), low-phosphate (0.01%), well-hitting (y \u003d 28-37 mm), with high heat combustion (28 mJ / kg). Elginine coal can enrich to higher world standards and get high quality export coking coal. The deposit is represented by powerful (up to 17 meters) by gentle reservoirs with overlapping deposits of small power (the opening coefficient is about 3 cubic meters per ton of ordinary coal), which is very profitable for the organization of production in an open way.

Elegst deposit (Tyva) has reserves of about 1 billion tons of coking coal of the deficient brand "F" (the total amount of stock is estimated at 20 billion tons). 80% of reserves are in one layer with a thickness of 6.4 m (the best mines of Kuzbass work in the formation of a thickness of 2-3 m, in Vorkuta, coal is mined from the layers thinner than 1 m). After entering the project capacity by 2012, 12 million tons of coal annually are expected on Elegstite. The license for the development of Elegse coal belongs to the Yenisei industrial company, which is included in the structure of the United Industrial Corporation (OPK). The Government Commission on Investment Projects of the Russian Federation on March 22, 2007 approved the implementation of projects for the construction of the Kyzyl-Kuraginino railway line in conjunction with the development of the mineral resource base of the Republic of Tuva.

The largest Russian coal manufacturers

Coal gasification

This direction of coal disposal is associated with its so-called "non-energy" use. We are talking about coal processing to other types of fuel (for example, in combustible gas, medium-temperature coke, etc.), preceding or concomitant heat from it. For example, in Germany during World War II, coal gasification technologies were actively used to produce motor fuel. In SASOL, at the SASOL plant using a pressure gasification technology, the first developments of which were also performed in Germany in the 30-40th years of the 20th century, currently from brown coal produced more than 100 product items. (This gasification process is also known as "Method LURGI".)

In the USSR, coal gasification technologies in particular were actively developed in the research and design and design institute on the development of the Kansky-Achinsky coal basin (Cathecheniygol) in order to improve the efficiency of the use of Kansky-Achinsky brown coal. Employees of the Institute developed a number of unique technologies for the processing of low-rise brown and stone coal. These coals may be subject to energy technological processing in such valuable products like medium temperature cokecapable of serving a substitute for classic coke in a number of metallurgical processes, combustible gas, suitable, for example, for burning in gas boilers as a substitute for natural gas, and synthesis gaswhich can be used in the production of synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. The burning of the fuels derived from the energy technological processing of coal gives a significant gain in the indicators of harmful emissions regarding the combustion of the source coal.

After the collapse of the USSR, the Cathiecinol was liquidated, and the Institute staff engaged in the development of coal gasification technologies created their own enterprise. In 1996, a plant for coal processing in sorbent and combustible gas in Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia) was built. The plant was based on the patented technology of coal gasification of coal with converted voices (or facing coal gasification process). This plant is working at present. Due to the exceptionally low (compared to traditional coal burning technologies), it is free of harmful emissions near the city center. In the future, the demonstration plant for the production of household briquettes in Mongolia (2008) was also built on the basis of the same technology.

It should be noted some of the characteristic differences in the technology of layer gasification of coal with converts from the direct gasification process, one of the species of which (pressure gasification) is used at the SASOL plant in South Africa. The combustible gas produced in the converted process, in contrast to the direct process, does not contain carbon pyrolysis products, therefore, complex and expensive gas cleaning systems are not required in the converted process. In addition, in the converted process it is possible to organize incomplete gasification (carbenization) of coal. At the same time, two useful products are made at once: medium-temperature coke (carbonizate) and combustible gas. The advantage of the direct gasification process, on the other hand, is its higher performance. During the period of the most active development of coal gasification technologies (the first half of the 20th century), this led to a practically complete lack of interest in the facing coal gasification process. However, currently the market environment is such that the cost of one average temperature coke produced in the converted coal gasification process (during carbonization) allows you to compensate for all costs for its production. The passing product is a combustible gas suitable for burning in gas boilers in order to obtain thermal and / or electrical energy - in this case it has conditionally zero cost. This circumstance ensures the high investment attractiveness of this technology.

Another well-known technology for the gasification of brown coal is the energy technological processing of coal into medium-temperature coke and thermal energy in the installation with fluidized (boiling) fuel layer. An important advantage of this technology is the possibility of its implementation by reconstructing typical coal boilers. At the same time, the capacity of the heat energy boiler is preserved at the same level. A similar project for the reconstruction of a typical boiler is implemented, for example, on the section "Berezovsky" (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia). In comparison with the coal gasification technology, the energy technological processing of coal in the medium-temperature coke in the fluidized bed is distinguished significantly higher (15-20 times higher) performance.

Borodin coal cut. Krasnoyarsk region


Officially, these are layers of accumulation of biomass from forests and plants, focused under other layers. Or it was powerful ancient peatlands (the bottom is the worst layer).

This picture of coal layers occurs everywhere:

Nazarovsky coal section. Two thin layers close at the surface

The main layer with brown coal does not look like an erratic mass with chaotic laid petrified trunks of ancient trees. The reservoir has clear strata - many layers. That is, the official version with the ancient trees does not fit. And it is not suitable for the reason for the large sulfur content in the layers of brown coal.

Table of content of some chemical elements in coals, peat, wood and oil.

In order not to think about the table in the meaning of the table, I will write conclusions from it.
1. Carbon. In the wood, its least of the listed fuel sources. And it is not clear (if you take into account the traditional version of the formation of coal), why when accumulating the organicities (wood or peat) in the layers the amount of carbon is increasing. The contradiction, which no one explains.
2. Nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen compounds are one of the building elements of wood, vegetation. And why the amount of nitrogen decreased after turning the wood or peat into the brown coal - it is not clear again. Again a contradiction.
3. sulfur. There is no sufficient in the wood for the accumulation of this chemical element. Even in the peat of the sulfur is negligible compared to layers of brown and stone coal. Where does the sulfur get into the layers? The only assumption - sulfur in the layers was initially. Mixed with an organic? But somehow strange the concentration of sulfur in coals coincides with the content of sulfur in oil.

Usually sulfur is pyrite, sulphate and organic. As a rule, pyrite sulfur prevails. The sulfur contained in coals is usually in the form of magnesium sulfates, calcium and iron, iron pyritan (pyrite sulfur) and in the form of organic sulfur-containing compounds. Separately determine, as a rule, only sulfate and sulfide sulfur; Organic is defined as the difference between the amount of common sulfur in the corner and sum of sulphate and sulfide sulfur.

Sulfur Kchedean is an almost constant stone coal satellite and, moreover, sometimes in such quantities, which makes it unsuitable for use (for example, the carbon of the Moscow basin).

According to this data, it turns out that the accumulation of organic (wood or peat) is not related to coal. The formation of brown coals is an abigenic process. But what? Why are brown coals are relatively shallow, and coal can be at depths of up to two kilometers?

The next question is: where all the fossils of the vegetable and animal world in the brownal plates. They should be massive! Trunks, plants, skeletons and bones of dead animals - where are they?

Find leaves prints only in overnight rocks:

Petrified fern. Such petrified plants come across in coal mining. This instance is produced during work at the Mordinsky mine in the Donbas. But to these alleged fossils we will return lower.

This refers to an empty breed of coal mines. I did not find anything on the brown coal.

Coal formation areas. Most of the coal is located in the northern hemisphere, is absent on the equator and tropics. But there is the most acceptable climate for the accumulation of organics in antiquity. There are no areas (in the latitudinal form) of accumulation at older equators. Such a distribution is clearly related to a different reason.

One more question. Why is this useful fuel from the fossil not used in antiquity? There are no massive descriptions of the extraction and use of brown coal. The first mentions about coal refer only to the time of Peter I. It is not entirely difficult to get to the reservoir. This is done by a handicraft locals in Ukraine:

There are more large-scale coal mining in the open way:

Coal under 8-10 miles of clay. For the formation of stone coal, geologists say a large pressure and temperature. Here it was clearly not

Coal soft, crumbs.

When digging wells, the wells had to be bought up on the layers and find out what they were burning. But the story tells us about the beginning of the mass production of coal only in 19V.

And maybe there were no these layers up to 19V.? As it was not in the mid-19V. Trees! Watch the deserted landscapes of the Crimea and photographs of the Stolypinsky migrants who climbed in the deaf corner of Siberia by mutuals. And now there is impassable taiga. This is me about the version of the 19V Floct. The mechanism is not clear (if he was still). But back to the brown coals.

What do you think it's for the breed? Brown coal? It seems, but did not guess. These are bituminous sands.

Large-scale oil production from bituminous sands in Canada. Before falling prices for oil was cost-effective, even a profitable business. On average, four tons of bitumen produce only one barrel of oil.

If you do not know, then you will not think that oil is produced here. Looks like a browning cut.

Another example from Ukraine:

In the village of Stubong (Ivano-Frankivsk region), oil goes to the surface itself, creating small volcanoes. Some oil volcanoes are burning!

Then this is all petrifier and there will be a coal layer.

So what am I leading to? To the fact that oil during the cataclysm, the fault of the Earth came out, spread. But not petrified in the sands. And brown coal, possibly - the same, but in chalk or other sediments. There, fraction to oil was less than sand. The stone state of coal says what is mixed on the chalk layers. Perhaps leaked some reactions and the layers turned into a stone.

Even Wikipedia writes:
Fossil coal - mineral, the type of fuel formed from both parts of ancient plants, and to a large extent of the bitumen masses, which have emitted to the surface of the planet, subjected to metamorphism due to lower depths under high temperatures and without access of oxygen.
But the version of abiogenic origin of brown coals from oil spills is no longer developing anywhere.

Some write that this version does not explain the many layers of brown coal. If we consider that not only the mass of oil, but also of water-mud sources came to the surface, then the alternation is quite possible. Oil and bitumen is lighter than water - they swam on the surface and precipitated and adsorbed on the rock in the form of thin layers. Here is an example in the seismic zone, in Japan:

Water comes out of faults. It, of course, is not deep, but that interferes with more large-scale processes to exit the waters of artesian sources or underground oceans and, when weighing, throwing into the surface of the mass of rocks polished in clay, sand, lime, salt, etc. Postpone the strata in a short period, and not millions of years. I am increasingly inclined that in some places at certain times, the flood could be caused by not the passage of the wave from the ocean, but the yield of water-mud masses from the bowels of the earth.

Sources:
http://sibved.livejournal.com/200768.html
https://new.vk.com/feed?w\u003dwall178628732_2011
http://forum.gp.dn.ua/viewtopic.php?f\u003d33&t\u003d2210
http://chispa1707.livejournal.com/1698628.html

Separate Question - Stone Coal Formation

Commentary in one of the articles from jonny3747. :
Coal in the Donbas, it is most likely a shift offset one under another, along with all forests, ferns, etc. Himself worked at depths more than 1 km. The layers are locked at an angle, as such a stove crawled under another crawled. Between the reservoir of coal and the breed, plant imprints are very often found, quite a lot came across the eyes. And what is interesting between the solid rock and the coal there is a thin ground as it were, as it were, but also not coal, it cries in their hands, in contrast to the breed it has a dark color and that it was in him often the prints were.

This observation is very clearly suitable under the process of pyrographic growth in these layers. Most likely, the author and saw:

Remember fossils of fern in photos above

Here are the excerpts from the monograph "Unknown Hydrogen" and the work "The History of the Earth without a Coal Period":

Relying on its own research and a number of works of other scientists, the authors state:
"Considering the recognized role of deep gases, ... the genetic relationship of natural carbonaceous substances with juvenile hydrogen-methane fluid can be described as follows.
1. From the gas-phase system C-O-H (methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) can be synthesized ... Carbon substances - both in artificial conditions and in nature ...
5. Pyrolysis of methane, diluted by carbon dioxide, in artificial conditions leads to the synthesis of liquid ... hydrocarbons, and in nature - to the formation of the entire genetic series of bitmind substances. "

CH4 → Graphite + 2N2

In the process of decomposition of methane in the depth, the formation of complex hydrocarbons is completely natural! It happens because it turns out to be energetically beneficial! And not only gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons, but also solid!
Methane and now it is constantly "wooble" in places of coal mining. It can be residual. And maybe evidence of the continuation of the process of receipt of hydrocarbon vapors from the depths.

Well, now it's time to deal with the "main goat" of the versions of the organic origin of brown and stone coal - the presence of "carbon-made vegetable residues" in them.
Such "carbonated vegetable residues" is found in coal deposits in huge quantities. Paleobotanists "confidently determine the type of plants" in these "remnants".
It was on the basis of the abundance of these "residues" it was concluded about almost tropical conditions in the huge regions of our planet and the conclusion about the buoyed bloom of the plant world in the coal period.
But! When obtaining pyrolytic graphite, the pyrolysis of methane, diluted with hydrogen, it was found that dendritic forms are formed from the gas stream in stagnant zones, very similar to "plant residues".

Samples of pyrolytic graphite with "vegetable patterns" (from the monograph "Unknown hydrogen")

The easiest conclusion that follows from the above photographs of "carbonated plant forms", actually representing only the form of pyrolytic graphite, will be like this: paleobotanis now need to think tightly! ..

And the scientist world continues to write dissertation On the origin of coal based on the biological accumulation of layers

1. Hydride compounds in the depths of our planet, disintegrate when heated (see the author's article "Is the Fate of Phaeton waiting for the land? .."), having highlighting hydrogen, which in full compliance with the Archimedes law is rushing up to the surface of the Earth.
2. In its path, hydrogen, due to high chemical activity, interacts with the substance of the subsoil, forming various compounds. Including such gaseous substances as methane CH4, hydrogen sulfide H2S, NH3 ammonia, water vapor N2O and the like.
3. Under conditions of high temperatures and in the presence of other gases that make up the fluids of the subsoil, there is a peddled decomposition of methane, which in full compliance with the laws of physical chemistry leads to the formation of gaseous hydrocarbons - including complex.
4. Lifting as the existing cracks and faults of the earth's crust, and forming new pressure under pressure, these hydrocarbons fill all the cavities available in geological rocks. And due to contact with these colder rocks, gaseous hydrocarbons go to another phase state and (depending on the composition and surrounding conditions) form deposits of liquid and solid minerals - oil, brown and coal, anthracite, graphite, and even diamonds.
5. In the process of formation of solid deposits, in accordance with the far-unfired laws of self-organization of matter under the appropriate conditions, the formation of ordered forms is the formation - including reminiscent and forms of the living world.

And a very curious detail: to the "coal period" - at the end of Devon - the climate is pretty cool and dry, and after - at the beginning of Perm - the climate is also cool and arid. To the "coal period" we have "Red Continent", and after we have the same "Red Continent" ...
The next legitarian question arises: was the warm "coal period" in general?!.

No million-year age of coal and brownal reservoirs explains another number of strange artifacts found in coals:

The iron mug found in the corner of 300 million years.

Tooth rail in stone coal

Stone coal - sedimentary breed, which is formed in the earthly layer. Coal - excellent fuel. It is believed that this is the most ancient type of fuel that our distant ancestors used.

How the stone coal is formed

For the formation of coal, a huge amount of vegetable mass is required. And it is better if the plants accumulate in one place and do not have time to decompose completely. An ideal place for this is a swamp. The water in them is poor oxygen, which prevents the vital activity of bacteria.

Floral mass accumulates in swamps. Not soying to fully rotate, it is designed by the following soil deposits. This is obtained peat - the source material for coal. The following soil layers seem to seal peat in the ground. As a result, it is completely deprived of access of oxygen and water and turns into a coal layer. This process is long. So, most of the modern wind coal reserves were formed in the Paleozoic era, i.e. more than 300 million years ago.

Characteristics and types of stone coal

(Brown coal)

The chemical composition of coal depends on its age.

The youngest look - brown coal. It lies at a depth of about 1 km. There are many water in it - about 43%. Contains a large number of volatile substances. It is well flammable and burning, but it gives little heat.

Stone coal - a sort of "middling" in this classification. It lies at depths of up to 3 km. Since the pressure of the upper layers is greater, then the content of water in a coal is less - about 12%, volatile substances - up to 32%, but carbon is contained from 75% to 95%. It is also easily flammable, but burns better. And due to the small amount of moisture gives more heat.

Anthracite- more ancient breed. Locals at depths of about 5 km. It has more carbon and there is practically no moisture. Anthracite - solid fuel, poorly flammable, but the specific heat combustion is the highest - up to 7400 kcal / kg.

(Coal Anthracite)

However, anthracite is not the final stage of the conversion of organic matter. Finding into tougher conditions, coal is transformed into spuntite. At higher temperatures, graphite turns out. And experiencing ultrahigh pressure, coal turns into a diamond. All these substances - from the plant to diamond - consist of carbon, only the molecular structure is different.

In addition to the main "ingredients", the coal often includes various "breeds". These are impurities that do not burn, but form a slag. It is contained in the corner and sulfur, and its content is caused by the place of formation of coal. When combustion, it interacts with oxygen and forms sulfuric acid. The less impurity in coal, the higher its grade is valued.

Coal deposit

The location of stone coal is called the coal pool. In the world there are more than 3.6 thousand coal basins. Their area takes about 15% of the territory of the earthly sushi. The largest percentage of global coal reserves in the USA - 23%. In second place - Russia, 13%. Closes the top three countries leaders China - 11%. The largest deposits of coal in the world are in the USA. This is an Appalachian coal pool, whose reserves exceed a mark of 1600 billion tons.

In Russia, the largest coal pool - Kuznetsky, which in the Kemerovo region. The stocks of Kuzbass make up 640 billion tons.

Perspective development of deposits in Yakutia (Ellinskoye) and in Tyva (Elegest).

Coal mining

Depending on the depth of coal, either a closed production method, or open.

Closed, or underground production method. For this method, shaft trunks and gallery are built. Mine trunks are built if the depth of the coal is 45 meters and above. From it they lead a horizontal tunnel - gallery.

There are 2 systems of closed mining: chamber-pillars and mining long cleaning slats. The first system is less economical. It is used only in cases where the discovered layers are powerful. The second system is much safer and more practical. It allows you to extract up to 80% of the breed and evenly deliver coal to the surface.

Open method is used when coal lies shamelessly. For the beginning, the analysis of the soil hardness is carried out, find out the degree of weatherability of the soil and the layeriness of the covering layer. If the ground over the coal layers is soft, enough use of bulldozers and scrapers. If the upper layer is thick, then excavators and draglines drive. Running over the coal, a powerful layer of solid rock explodes.

Application of coal

The area of \u200b\u200bcoal use is simply huge.

From coal mining sulfur, vanadium, germanium, zinc, lead.

Coal itself is excellent fuel.

Used in metallurgy for smelting iron, in the production of cast iron, steel.

The ash coal obtained after burning is used in the production of building materials.

From coal after its special treatment, benzene and xylene are obtained, which are used in the production of varnishes, paints, solvents, linoleum.

By liquefying coal, first-class liquid fuel is obtained.

Coal - raw materials for graphite. As well as naphthalene and some other aromatic compounds.

As a result of the chemical treatment of stone coal, over 400 species of industrial products are obtained today.

Coal - This is a solid exhaustable non-emergency mineral, which a person uses to obtain heat by burning it. By classification refers to sedimentary rocks.

What it is?

Coal, as a source of energy, people began to use in ancient times along with firewood. The "combustible stone" was found on the surface of the Earth, later it was purposefully mined from under it.

Stone coal appeared on Earth about 300-350 million years ago, when the tribal fans grew lifestyle, the first gifted plants began to appear. Huge trunks have fallen into water, gradually forming thick layers of an indecomposable organic mass. Wood with limited oxygen access was not rotten, but gradually plunged under its weight deeper. Over time, thanks to the displacement of the blocks of the earth's crust, these layers fell to a significant depth and there, under the influence of large pressure and elevated temperature, a qualitative change in the tree in coal occurred.

Types of coal

Today, various types of stone coal are mined.

• Anthracites are the most solid varieties with great depths and having a maximum combustion temperature.
• Stone coal - many varieties extracted in mines and in the open way. It has the widespread distribution in many areas of human activity.
• Brown coal - formed from peat residues, the youngest kind of coal. He has the lowest combustion temperature.

All types of coal are placed on the formation and location of their location are called coal basins.

Coal mining

At first, the stone coal was simply assembled in the places of the reservoir to the surface. This could happen as a result of the displacement of the layers of the earth's crust.

Often after the collaps in the mountainous area, the deposits were taken away, and people got the opportunity to get to pieces of "fuel stone".

Later, when a primitive technique appeared, coal began to develop in an open way. Some coal cops plunged at a depth of more than 300 meters.

Today, due to the presence of complex modern technology, people fall under the ground in the mines, a more kilometer depth. From these horizons, the highest quality and valuable stone coal is produced.

Where coal is used

All types of coal can be used to obtain heat. When combustion, it stands out in much more than you can get it from wood or other solid fuels. The hottest varieties of coal are used in metallurgy, where high temperatures are needed.

In addition, coal is valuable raw materials for the chemical industry. Of it, many of the necessary and useful substances are mined.

If this post you came in handy, Buda is glad to see you

It is believed that the main deposits of the fossil coal were formed mainly in a separate period of time when the most favorable conditions were formed on Earth. According to the connection of this period with coal, he received its name of the coal period, or carbon (from the English. "Carbon" - "coal").

The beginning of the carbon, according to scientists, it comes to a significant change in the conditions on the surface of the planet - the climate has become significantly more humid and warm than in the previous period.

In countless lagoons, the river delta and the tops are brown heat and moisture and moisture of flora. In places of its mass development, the colossal amounts of peat-shaped vegetation substance accumulated, and, over time, under the influence of chemical processes, they were transformed into extensive coal deposits.

In the coal formations are often found (as geologists and paleobotanists consider) "The well-preserved remnants of plants, indicating that there are many new types of flora during the coal period on Earth. It was literally the rustling of plant greenery.

Fig. 202. Sunrise in the carbon forest

The process of forming coal is most often described as follows:

"Coal. This system is called because among its layers are the most powerful storms of coal, which are known on Earth. Coal layers occurred due to the charging of the remains of plants, the integers of the buried in the nanos. In some cases, the material for the formation of coal was the accumulation of algae, in others - clusters of disputes or other small parts of plants, in third - trunks, branches and leaves of large plants. "

Over time, plant tissues are slowly losing a part of the components of their compounds secreted in a gaseous state, which are also believed to have plants, and especially carbon are pressed by the severity of precipitation on them and turn into stone coal. First, the peat turns into brown coal, then in the stone coal and finally in anthracite. It all happens at high temperatures.

"Anthracites - coals, which are changed to the action of heat. The anthracite pieces are overwhelmed with the mass of small pores, formed by gas bubbles, isolated during the action of heat due to hydrogen and oxygen contained in the corner. The heat source, as believed, could be the neighborhood with the eruptions of basalt lan in the cracks of the earth's crust. "

As it is believed, under pressure of layers of precipitation of 1 kilometer from a 20-meter peat layer, a layer of brown coal is obtained with a thickness of 4 meters. If the depth of the burial material reaches 3 kilometers, then the same layer of the peat will turn into a layer of stone coal with a thickness of 2 meters. At greater depth, about 6 kilometers, and at a higher temperature, a 20-meter peat layer becomes a 1.5 meters thick plast.

In conclusion, we note that in a number of sources, the chain "peat - brown coal - stone coal - anthracite" is complemented by graphite and even a diamond, resulting in a chain of transformations: "Peat - brown coal - stone coal - anthracite - graphite - diamond ...

A huge number of coals that have been powered by the world industry for more than a century, according to the "generally accepted" opinion indicates the enormous length of the swampy forests of the coal era.

Fig. 203. Stone coal mining in an open section

Against the above so-called biogenic (organic) version of the origin of stone coal, creationists are actively advocated, which the age of coal formations in hundreds of millions of years does not suit anyone, because it contradicts the texts of the Old Testament. They carefully collect arguments indicating contradictions between this theory and the real nature of the occurrence of coal formation. And if we abstract from the commitment of creators of the version of the version too short history of our planet (just a dozen thousands of years, as follows from the Old Testament), it should be recognized that a number of their arguments are very serious. For example, they noted such a fairly commonly found strange feature of stone coal deposits as a non-parallelism of its different layers.

"In extremely rare cases, stone coal layers are parallel to each other. Almost all the deposits of stone coal at some point are divided into two or more separate reservoirs. The combination of an almost split reservoir with another, located above, is manifested in departures in the form of z-shaped connections. It is difficult to imagine how two layers located above each other were to arise due to the deposition of races and replacing each other forests if they are connected with each other crowded folds of folds or even z-shaped connections. The binding diagonal reservoir of the Z-shaped compound is a particularly bright proof that both reservoirs that it binds were originally formed at the same time and were one layer, now they are two in parallel with each other horizontals of petrified vegetation "(R. Junker, s . Sverer, "History of the Origin and Life Development").

Such folds and Z-shaped compounds are radically contrary to the "generally accepted" scenario of the origin of stone coal. And within this scenario, folds and Z-shaped connections are absolutely not found explanations. But we are talking about empirical data encountered everywhere! ..

Fig. 204. Z-shaped coal reservoirs in Oberhausen-Duisburg area

More detailed with the arguments against the biogenic version of the formation of stone coal can be found in my book "The Sensational Story of the Earth", which has already been mentioned earlier. We here we give only another fact to which the creationists did not pay attention, but which is simply "killing" for the "generally accepted" theory.

Let's look at the brown and stone coal from the position of the chemical composition.

When coal extraction, the content of mineral impurities in it is serious, or the so-called "ash content", which fluctuates widely - from 10 to 60%. Thus, the ash content of the coal of the Donetsk, Kuznetsky and Canadian-Achinsky pools is 10-15%, Karaganda - 15-30%, Ekibastuz - 30-60%.

And what is "ashost"? .. and what are these most "mineral impurities"? ..

In addition to clay inclusions, the appearance of which in the process of accumulating the initial peat (if you adhere to the version of coal formation from peat) is quite natural, among impurities it is most often mentioned ... sulfur!

"In the process of peat formation in coal, different elements fall, most of which concentrates in the ash. When coal burns, sulfur and some volatile elements stand out into the atmosphere. The relative content of sulfur and angled substances in the corner determines the types of coal. In high-grade angle, there is less sulfur and less ash than in low-grade, so it enjoys greater demand and more expensive.

Although the sulfur content in coals may vary from 1 to 10%, in most coal used in industry, its content is 1-5%. However, sulfur impurities are undesirable even in small quantities. When coal burns, most of the sulfur is released into the atmosphere in the form of harmful pollutants - sulfur oxides. In addition, the sulfur impurity has a negative impact on the quality of coke and steel, based on the use of such coke. Connecting with oxygen and water, sulfur forms sulfuric acid, corroding mechanisms operating on the angle of thermal power plants. Sulfuric acid is present in mine waters that leak from spent workings in shaft and overwhelming dumps, polluting the environment and preventing the development of vegetation. "

And here there is a very serious question - and from where a sulfur appeared in the stone corner?!. More precisely: where did it come from in such a big amount?!. Already up to ten percent! ..

Fig. 205. On peat swamp

I am ready to beat about the mortgage - even with its far from complete education in the field of organic chemistry - in the wood of such quantities of sulfur has never been and could not be! .. Neither in wood, nor in other vegetation, which could be the basis of peat, in the future Transformed into coal! .. there sulfur is less than several orders! ..

Moreover. If you type in the search engine, a combination of the words "sulfur" and "wood", most often only two options are displayed, both of which are associated with the "artificial applied" use of sulfur - for the preservation of wood and to combat pests. In the first case, the sulfur property is used to crystallize - it clogs the pores of the tree and at normal temperatures are not deleted. In the second, the application is based on the poisonous properties of sulfur even in its small quantities.

If the sulfurs in the initial peat were so much, how could the trees who figured it at all? .. Or for some incomprehensible reasons a certain "ancient sulfur", contrary to its modern behavior, did not block the pores of the ancient plants? ..

And as instead of repeating, on the contrary, they felt more than cozy all those insects, which turned into a coal period and at a later time in incredible quantities and fed on the juice of plants, in which there was so much poisonous sulfur? .. However, and now the swampy The terrain creates very comfortable conditions for insects ...

But sulfur in a stone corner is not just a lot, but a lot! .. Since we are talking at all about sulfuric acid! ..

And moreover, the stone coal often accompany the deposits of such a useful sulfur in the household as a sulfuric chemged. Moreover, the deposits are so big that its production is organized on an industrial scale! ..

"... In the Donetsk basin, the extraction of coal and anthracite of the coal period is parallel to the development of iron ore mines here ... Sulfur Kchertan is an almost permanent stone coal satellite and sometimes in such quantities, which makes it unsuitable for use (for example, the Moscow Basin Coal). The sulfuric cchedan is on the production of sulfuric acid, from it, the same means of metamorphization ... iron ores. "

It is no longer a mystery. This is a direct and direct contradiction between the theory of coal formation from peat and real empirical data !!!