In Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire county in England. In the parish book, a record of his baptism was preserved on April 26. Father, John Shakespeare, was a prominent person in Stratford (according to some reports, he traded leather goods) and occupied various positions in the system of urban self-government, up to Bailyif (estate manager). Mother was a daughter of a small-position nobleman from Warwickshire, who came from the ancient kind of Catholics Ardenov.

By the end of the 1570s, the family went broke and around 1580 William had to throw a school and start working.

In November 1582, he married Ann Hateway. In May 1583, their first child was born - Daughter Susan, in February 1585 - Gemini Son Gamnet and Daughter Judit.

The view was popular about the fact that Shakespeare joined one of London's theatrical troupes, which performed tours in Stratford.

Until 1593, Shakespeare has not published anything, in 1593 he published the poem "Venus and Adonis", devoting her duke Southampton - the patron of literature. The poem had a great success and during the life of the author was published eight times. In the same year, Shakespeare joined the Richard Barbrej's troupe "servants of Lord-Chamber", where he worked as an actor, director and playwright.

Theatrical activity under the auspices of Southampton quickly brought him wealth. His father, John Shakespeare, after several years of financial difficulties, received the right to coat of arms in the heraldic chamber. Committed title gave Shakespeare the right to subscribe to William Shakespeare, Gentleman.

In 1592-1594, London theaters were closed due to the plague epidemic. During the involuntary pause, Shakespeare created several plays - the Chronicle "Richard III", "Comedy Errors" and "Taming of the Shrew". In 1594, after the opening of theaters, Shakespeare joined the new composition of the Lord Chargera troupe.

In 1595-1596, they were written the tragedy of "Romeo and Juliet", romantic comedies "Sleeping in the summer night" and "Venetian merchant".

The affairs of the playwright went successfully - in 1597, he acquired a large house with a garden in Stratford, where he was transported by his wife and daughters (the son died in 1596) and settled after he left the London scene.

In 1598-1600, the vertices of the Creativity of Shakespeare-Comediography were created - "a lot of noise from nothing", "how you like it" and "twelve night". At the same time, they were written by the tragedy "Julius Caesar" (1599).

He became one of the owners, playwright and actor that opened the Globus Theater. In 1603, the King of Yakov took the Shakespeare troupe to direct patronage - she began to be called "servants of His Majesty of the King," and the actors were considered the same courteous as valet. In 1608, Shakespeare became a shareholder of the Profit London Theater "Blackframe".

With the advent of the famous "Hamlet" (1600-1601), the period of the great tragedies of the playwright began. In 1601-1606, "Othello" (1604), "King Lire" (1605), "Macbeth" (1606) were created. Shakespeare's tragic worldview imposed its seal and on the works of this period, which do not belong directly to the genre of the tragedy, are the so-called "bitter comedies" "Troil and Cresan" (1601-1602), "everything is fine, which is well ends" (1603- 1603), "Measure" (1604).

In 1606-1613, Shakespeare created tragedies on antique plots "Anthony and Cleopatra", "Coriolian", "Timon Athens", as well as romantic tragicomedies, including the "winter fairy tale" and "storm", and late chronicle "Heinrich VIII ".

On the acting activity of Shakespeare is only known that he played the role of the ghost in the "Gamlet" and "Adam" in the play "How do you like it." Performed a role in the play of Ben Johnson "everyone in his moral". The last witnessed speech of Shakespeare on the scene took place in his own play "Seyan". In 1613, he left the scene and settled in his home in Stratford.

The playwright was buried in the Church of the Holy Trinity (Holy Trinity Church), where she had previously been baptized.

For more than two centuries, no one doubted death in the authorship of Shakespeare. Since 1850, in the authorship of the playwright there were doubts that today are divided by many. The source for the biographers of Shakespeare was his testament, which speaks of houses and property, but not a word - about books and manuscripts. There is a lot of supporters of negative approval - Shakespeare from Stratford could not be the author of such works, since it was uneducated, did not travel, did not study at the university. Stratfordians (supporters of the traditional version) and anti-distefropyans were given a lot of arguments. More than two dozen candidates for Shakespeares were proposed, among the most popular applicants - Philosopher Francis Bacon and the predecessor of Shakespeare in the transformation of dramatic art Christopher Marlo, also called the counts of Derby, Oxford, Retland.

William Shakespeare is considered the greatest English playwright, one of the best playwrights of the world. Its plays are translated into all major languages \u200b\u200band to this day form the basis of the world theater repertoire. Most of them were repeatedly fused.

In Russia, the Creativity of Shakespeare is known since the XVIII century, the fact of Russian culture (understanding, translations) it became from the first half of the XIX century.

Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources

English literature

William Shakespeare

Biography

Born in the small town of Stratford-on-Avon on April 23, 1654. It came from the family of merchants and artisans. Studied at the so-called "Grammar school", where the main subject was the Latin language and the basics of Greek. The school received extensive knowledge of antique mythology, history and literature, reflected in his work. In 1582 married A. Hasway (Khataui), from marriage with three children. However, about 1587 left Stradford-on-Avon and his family and moved to London. Next about his life there is no information until 1592, when we first find a mention of it, as an actor and playwright - in the death pamphlet of the playwright R. Green for a penny of the mind bought for a million repentance. More accurate biographical information about Shakespeare is dated 1593-1594, when he joined one of the leading English theatrical troupe of that time - Troupe R. Barbedja "Lord-Chamber" (Chamberlain "S Men).

It is considered likely that Shakespeare became a professional actor already at the end of the 1580s; And from 1590 began its dramatic activity. In those years, little foreshadowed that Shakespeare will become not only the most famous world playwright, but also one of the most mysterious personalities in history. Until now, there is a mass of the hypotheses (first nominated at the end of the 18th century) that his plays belong to Peru of a completely different person. For two more than a century of the existence of these versions on the "role" of the author of these plays, about 30 of a wide variety of applicants were put forward - from Francis Bacon and Christopher Marlo to Pirate Francis Drake and Queen Elizabeth. There were versions that under the name of Shakespeare hid a whole team of authors - and it pushes, undoubtedly, the unprecedented polymanship of the Creative heritage of Shakespeare: in his palette of the tragedy, comedy, historical chronicles, baroque dramas, lyrical philosophical poetry - remember famous sonnets. At the same time, even within one genre - any of the listed - Shakespeare is surprisingly many-bed. However, anyone would be, - and in numerous disputes about the personality of great playwright and poet, the point will not be set soon, it is possible that the creation of the genius of Renaissance today is still inspiring directors and actors around the world.

The first of his plays refer to the beginning of the 1590s, the latter - to 1612. Thus, the Creative Path of Shakespeare was not too long - about twenty years. However, for these two decades, the evolution of the entire Renaissance worldview was reflected in his drama.

In the early comedies (as you like it, two Verona, a dream in a summer night, a lot of noise from nothing, twelve night, the fruitless efforts of love, the taming of the plump, the comedy of errors, the windsorous mockery) is fully present a harmonious reflection of the perfection of the universe, cheerful, optimistic View on the world. They have no plutical motives, so common in the literature of the time. Here you are having fun for fun, joking for a joke. Amazes a variety of genre variations of comedies - romantic comedy, comedy character, comedy, farce, "high" comedy. At the same time, all characters are strikingly multifaceted, psychological moves are complex and diverse. The heroes of Shakespearecom comedies are always uncomplicated, typically renaissance traits are embodied in their images: will, a sharp mind, the desire for independence, and, of course, crushing life. Even on purely farce situations, the comedy of the provisions (as, say, in the comedy errors), Shakespeare builds complex realistic characters. The female images of these comedies are particularly interesting - equal men, free, energetic, active and infinitely charming.

In the same period (1590-1600), he writes a number of historical chronicles. In the shakespiece they are customary to divide into two tetralogics, each of which covers one of the periods of English history. The first of them is three parts of Heinrich VI and Richard III - about the time of the struggle of the scarlet and white rose; The second - Richard II, two parts of Heinrich IV and Heinrich V - about the preceding period of the fight between feudal baronia and the absolute monarchy. The genre of dramatic chronicles is peculiar only by the English Renaissance. Most likely, it happened because there were mysteries to secular motives with the beloved theatrical genre of early English Middle Ages. Mature revival playwright was formed under their influence; And in the dramatic chronicles, many mystery features are preserved: a wide coverage of events, many characters, free alternation of episodes. However, unlike the mysteries, the chronicles present is not a biblical history, but the history of the state. Here, in essence, he also appeals to the ideals of harmony - but harmony is the state that he sees in the victory of the monarchy over the medieval feudal cross-pass. In the finals of the play triumph; Evil, no matter how terrible and bloody is his path, will overtake. Thus, in the first period of Creativity of Shakespeare at different levels - personal and state - interpreted the main renaissance idea: the achievement of harmony and humanistic ideals. However, in the first period there were two plays, in which the foresight of the future Shakespeare tragedies - Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar arise. Here, for the first time, notes of doubt are clearly audible in the fact that universal harmony can become a reality. The second period of Shakespeare's creativity (1601-1607) is dedicated mainly to the tragedy (over the years he writes only two comedies: the end is the case of the crown and measure for the measure, and the second of them actually refers to the drama). It was during this period that the playwright reaches the vertices of its creativity - Hamlet (1601), Othello (1604), King LIR (1605), Macbeth (1606), Anthony and Cleopatra (1607), Coriolan (1607). There is no longer a trace of the harmonious sensation of the world, the everlable conflicts are revealed here and unresolved. Here the tragedy is concluded not only in the collision of personality and society, but also in the internal contradictions in the soul of the hero. The problem is derived to the overall philosophical level, and the characters remain unusually multifaceted and psychologically voluminous. It is very important that in the great tragedies of Shakespeare there is a completely lack of fatalistic attitude towards rock, which predetermining tragedy. The main focus, as before, is put on the identity of the hero who form his fate and the fate of others. Works of the last period of its creativity: Cymbeline, Winter Tale, Storm. These are poetic fairy tales, who lead from reality to the world of dreams. A full conscious rejection of realism and care to a romantic fantasy is naturally interpreted by Shakespearers as disappointing playwright in humanistic ideals, recognition of the impossibility of achieving harmony. This path is from the triumphant-jaming faith in harmony to the tired disappointment - the entire worldview of the Renaissance has passed. The incomparable world popularity of Shakespeare's plays contributed to the excellent knowledge of the on-line playwright. Almost all the London life of Shakespeare was somehow connected with the theater, and from 1599 - with the Globus Theater, the former one of the most important centers of the cultural life of England. It was here that the troupe R. Barbedzha "servants of Lord-Chamber" moved to the newly renovated building, just at the time when Shakespeare became one of the cakes troupe. Shakespeare played on the stage to about 1603 - in any case, after this time, there are no mention of his participation in performances. Apparently, as actor Shakespeare did not use much popular - the information was preserved that he performed secondary and episodic roles. Nevertheless, the stage school was passed - work on the stage undoubtedly helped Shakespeare more accurately understand the mechanisms of the actor's interaction with the viewer and the secrets of audience success. The audience success was very important for Shakespeare and as for theatrical shareholder, and as for the playwright - and after 1603, he remained tightly connected with the Globus, on the stage of which almost all the plays written by them were put on the scene. The device of the Globe Hall predetermined the combination on one play of the audience of various social and property layers, while the theater had at least 1,500 spectators. Before the playwright and actors, the most difficult task was inserted to keep the attention of a heterogeneous audience. Shakespeare's plays to the maximum extent responded to this task, using the success of the audience of all categories. The mobile architectonics of Shakespeare Pieces largely led the features of theatrical equipment of the 16th century. - an open scene without a curtain, a minimum of props, the extreme convention of the stage design. This forced to focus on the actor and his stage skill. Each role in Shakespeare's plays (often written on a specific actor) is psychologically voluminous and provides huge opportunities for its stage interpretation; The lexical system of speech is changing not only from the play to the play and from the character to the character, but also transforms depending on the internal development and stage circumstances (Hamlet, Othello, Richard III, etc. ). No wonder the many actors with world names shone in the roles of Shakespeare's repertoire. In general, the language of the dramatic works of Shakespeare is unusually rich: according to research by philologists and literary criticism, its dictionary has more than 15,000 words. The speech of the characters is replete with all sorts of paths - metaphors, allegories, periprases, etc. Dramaturgogram used in his plays a variety of forms of lyric poetry 16 in. - Sonnet, Kanzona, Alba, Epithalama, etc. White verse, which is mostly written by his plays, is flexible and natural. This causes a huge attractiveness of Shakespeare's creativity for translators. In particular, in Russia, a lot of artistic text masters, from N. Karamzine, to A. Radlova, V. Nabokova, B. Pasternak, M. Donskoy, etc. Minimalism of Renaissance's scenery allowed Shakespeare's dramaturgy to organically join the new stage The development of the world theater dating from the beginning of the 20th century. - Director's theater, not focused on individual acting work, but for the general conceptual solution of the performance. It is impossible to list even the general principles of all numerous Shakespearer - from detailed household interpretation to the extreme conditionally symbolic; From the farce-comedy to Egyptian-philosophical or mysterial tragedy. It is curious that the Pieces of Shakespeare is still focused on viewers of almost any level - from the aesthetic intellectuals to the unprofitable audience. This, along with a complex philosophical problem, contributes to the confused intrigue, and the kaleidoscope of various stage episodes, interfering with pathetic scenes with comedy, and inclusion in the main action of fights, music numbers, etc. The dramatic works of Shakespeare became the basis and many performances of the musical theater ( Opera Othelllo, Falstaff (in Windsor Mocking) and Macbeth D. Verdi; Ballet Romeo and Juliet S. Prokofiev and MN. Others). At about 1610, Shakespeare left London and returned to Stratford-on-Avon. Up to 1612 did not lose touch with the theater: in 1611 a winter fairy tale was written, in 1612 - the last dramaturgical work, a storm. The last years of life moved away from literary activities, and lived quietly and unnoticed in the family circle. It was probably due to severe illness - this indicates the preserved testament of Shakespeare, compiled clearly thanks to March 15, 1616 and signed by the changed handwriting. On April 23, 1616, the most famous playwright of all times and peoples died in Stratford-on-Avon.

William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights and poets in history. His works are studied in all schools in the world, and the plays are translated into all major languages \u200b\u200band put on scenes of theaters more often than the plays of any other authors.

Shakespeare's work consists of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 4 poems and 3 epitaph. Shakespeare is referred to as the National Poet of England, and his last name from English translates as a "amazing spear".

Shakespeare's biography

Biographers William Shakespeare still argue about the true date of his birth. It is believed that he was born on April 23, 1564 in the small English city of Stratford-on-Avon.

However, this date exactly corresponds to the day of his death, which is why her correctness is even more questioned.

Moreover, on April 23, the Day of St. George, the patron saint of England is celebrated, so it is quite possible that grateful descendants simply timed to the birth of the greatest national poet.

Curious origin of the SHEKSPIR surname, which is translated from as a "stunning spear."

Childhood and youth

William Shakespeare grew in a secured family. His father, John, was engaged in the manufacture of gloves. Because of this, he gave a good condition and repeatedly elected to various public posts.

Interesting the fact that Shakespeare's father deliberately did not go to the temples during the services of the official Anglican church, as a result of which he had to pay big fines. Biographers believe that he maybe he was a secret Catholic.

Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, was a nebid Saxon belonging to the ancient race. In addition to William in the Shakespeare family, 7 more children were born.

Education

About where he studied William Shakespeare is also definitely unknown. It is believed that he walked into a grammar school located in his hometown. He studied well and deeply studied Latin.

It is believed that the future playwright continued his studies at the Royal School, where he managed to get acquainted with the works of the ancient Roman poets.

Anyway, but judging by the works of Shakespeare, it can be safely argued that he was an extremely educated person.

One of the most popular portraits of Shakespeare

Personal life

At 18 years old, a landmark event occurred in Shakespeare's biography. He married the daughter of the landowner Ann Khataui, with which he lived next door. Interesting the fact that the chief of William was older than 8 years.

Researchers of Shakespeare believe that this marriage was forced, due to the pregnancy of Ann. A few months after the marriage, they had a daughter Susan, and after 2 years, twins appeared in a couple - the boy Hemnet, and the girl Judith.

It should be noted that a number of Shakespeare's biographers believe that he was never married at all.

There is even an assumption that the playwright had a relationship with men, but this version is not confirmed by any serious facts.

Theater Career in London

It is curious that about seven years (1585-1592) of Shakespeare's biography at all is not known. Only in 1592 the first testimony appears that he is engaged in theatrical activity.

The only famous reliable image of Shakespeare - Engraving from the posthumous "first folio" (1623) of Martin's works

Therefore, it is reliably to learn about how old Shakespeare began to write his plays - not possible.

To date, it is known that he consisted in the troupe of the "servant of Lord-Chamber", being one of its co-founders. Shakespeare wrote for the troupe of the play, and he himself performed on stage as an actor.

The performances had an incredible success in the public, who looked at the game of artists with interest. Interestingly, not only ordinary people went to performances, but also the whole royal know.

Thanks to this, the actors began to earn very well and were able to build their own theater, which was named "Globus".

A few years later, they bought the Blackfreyer Theater, and William Shakespeare became one of the richest people.

Literary activity

The creative period of the playwright can be divided into 4 parts:

1. Writing easy comedies, "horror tragedies", chronicle and two poems. At this time, his works were still quite raw and distinguished by the presence of a large number of characters.
2. The appearance of mature drama, chronicles with a dramatic narration, ancient plays and sonnets.
3. Writing ancient and gloomy tragedies.
4. Writing dramatic fairy tales.

Dramaturgy

William Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright of all times and peoples. At the end of the 16th century, many writers sought to write historical dramas.

In this regard, Pieces "Richard 3" and Heinrich 6 appeared in Shakespeare's biography.

As already mentioned, the first works of Shakespeare were distinguished by ease and irony. In the late period, his plays become more interesting and informative.

One of the most famous tragedies are "Hamlet", "Othello" and "King Lear".

Every year, his works were becoming better and more informative. He was able to transmit details of different historical events in the intricacies, as well as masterfully describe the characters of their heroes.

Shakespearera Drama "Anthony and" Coriolian "are considered a benchmark of perfection.

Interestingly, some Shakespeare's biographers are convinced that he wrote several of their plays in collaboration with other writers.

But even if we assume that it was really so it was, there is nothing surprising in this, since this practice was quite common at that time.

Poems and sonnets

In 1593, the epidemic of plague was raging tens of thousands of lives. For 2 years, people died in terrible torment thinking that they were deposited by Kara God. It goes without saying that theatrical art at that time was not very relevant.

In this regard, William Shakespeare did not participate in performances for some time. Instead, he read a lot. After reading the Metamorphosis of Ovid from under his feather, 2 erotic poems came out.

However, most of all the playwright became famous as the author of sonnets. For his biography, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, each of which consists of 14 lines.

Shakespeare style

Initially, the work of Shakespeare was not very different from the writers of that time.

However, feeling confidence in our own power, he wanted to achieve great success in the writing field, so he often experimented with various styles of writing plays and sonnets.

In his works, William Shakespeare often resorted to the so-called Anzhembimans, when the author uses non-standard designs and changes the length of proposals.

In addition, he repeatedly suggested the reader to independently think of the end of one or another phrase.

Criticism

Undoubtedly, Shakespeare is considered a literary genius of world importance. His creativity admired such Russian poets and writers, as, in the last years of life, William Shakespeare lived in his hometown, where he continued to write plays. What he was still not possible to say due to the lack of any reliable historical information.

Recently discovered in the family collection Portrait of Elizabetina (1610). Some art historians argue that this is the only lifetime portrait of William Shakespeare

Biographers studying the manuscript of Shakespeare, noted that at the end of his life, his handwriting became more intense and uncertain. Based on this, some of them put forward a version that the playwright was seriously ill.

After death, all his property switched to daughters. The fact is interesting that at the place where Shakespeare has lived his last years, he was later established a monument.

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Dozens of historical documents are preserved about the life and work of William Shakespeare. He was well known for his contemporaries as a poet and Drom Maturg, whose writings were repeatedly published and quoted in verses and prose. Circumstances of his birth, education, lifestyle The overwhelming number of playwrights were immigrants from handicraft families (Shakespeare - the son of a glitter, garlo - son of a shoemaker, Ben Johnson - the son of a bricklayer, etc.). From children of artisans in England, the acting troupes were replenished in the XV century (perhaps, this is due to the medieval tradition of formulation of mysteries in which the craft guilds took part). In general, the theater profession assumed a non-surmocratic origin. At the same time, the level of education at Shakespeare was sufficient for this occupation. He passed the usual grammar school (the type of English school, where antique languages \u200b\u200band literature were taught), but she gave everything to the profession of playwright. "All the way that the profession of playwright was still considered low, but the theaters have already brought a considerable income to their owners. Finally, Shakespeare was both an actor, and the author of the play, and the shareholder of theatrical troupe, he spent the rehearsing and speaking on stage for almost twenty years. Despite all this, there are still disputes, whether William Shakespeare was the author of Pieces, sonnets and poems published under his name. Doubts for the first time arose in the Serne-Di-XIX century. Since then, a lot of hypotheses has appeared on the light, attributing the authorship of Shakespeare's works to someone else.

The names of Bekon, Oxford, Ratland, Derby and Marlo, a list of potential candidates for Shakespeare, of course, is not limited. There are several dozen of them, including such exotic, like Queen Elizabeth, her successor King Yakov I Stewart, author of Robinson Cruzo Daniel Defo or English Romantic Poet George Gordon Bayron. But, in essence, it is not-important, but those who are certain "researchers" consider genuine shek-spire. It is more important to understand why Shakespeare once again refuse to be refused by the author of his works.

The point is not that about the life of Shakespeare allegedly nothing is reliably known. On the contrary, after 200 years of signs about Shakespeare, a strikingly many evidence was collected, and there is no doubt about the authorship of his essays: there is no strong foundation for this.

For doubt, however, there are grounds for emotional properties. We are the legis of the romantic fracture, which occurred in European culture in the XIX century on the 19th century, when new ideas about the work and a figure of the poet, unknown for the previous centuries (not by chance, the first doubts in the shek-spire originated in the 1840s). In the general form, this new pre-installation can be reduced to two interrelated features. First: the poet of Genia-Len in everything, including in ordinary life, and the existence of the poet is inseparable from his work; It is sharply different from the ordinary man in the street, his life is in-dress-on a bright comet that flies quickly and also quickly burns; It is impossible to confuse him with a man of a non-elective warehouse with a man. And the WTO-Paradise: what would this poet write, he will always talk about himself, on the unique-in-room existence; Any his work will be a confession, in any line will reflect his entire life, the corps of his texts is its poetic biography.

Shakespeare does not fit into a similar representation. In this, he is similar to his contemporaries, but only him fell to be, paraphrasing Erasm, dramatically-rom at all times. We do not require that Rasin, Moliere, Calderon or Lope de Vega live according to the laws of romantic arts-property: We feel that I am waiting for us and the barrier is. Creativity Shakespeare is capable of this barrier to overcome. Consequently, with Shakespeare and demand is special: in the eyes of many, he should meet the norms (or rather, the myths) of our time.

However, this misconception is a reliable drug - scientific iso-roster knowledge, a critical approach to crowd of the presentation of the century. Shek-SPIR is not worse and no better than its time, and it is not worse and no better than other historical eras - they should not be addicted or redoing, they must be tried to understand.

Arzamas offers the six most long-lived versions of the one who could write for Shakespeare.

Version №1

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - philosopher, writer, statesman

Francis Bacon. William Marshall engraving. England, 1640

Delia Bacon. 1853 yearWikimedia Commons

The daughter of the settler of the American state of Connecticut Delia Bacon (1811-1859) was not the first one who tried to attribute the writings of Shakespeare Peru Francis Bacon, but she was introduced to the general public with this version she. Her belief in his own discovery was so infectious that the famous writers, to whom she treated for help, - Americans Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Gotorn and Briton Thomas Carlisle - could not deny her. Thanks to their support, Delia Bacon came to England and in 1857 published a 675-page "genuine philosophy of Shakespeare's plays". In this book it was said that William Shakespeare was just an illiterate actor and greedy doller, and the play and poems under his name was composed of a group of "High Thunders and Poets", headed by Bacon - allegedly, the author of the "New Organon" expects to bypass censorship restrictions, I did not give him openly to express my innovative philosophy (that the play was also censored in Elizabethan England, Delia, apparently did not know anything).

However, the author of the "genuine philosophy" did not provide any confirmations in favor of his hypothesis: the evidence, said Delia, lie either in the grave of Francis Bacon, or in the grave of Shakespeare. Since then, many antihyspirians are confident that the real author ordered to bury the manuscript "Shakespeare" plays along with him, and if they find them, the question will be resolved once and for all At one time, it led to a real siege of historical burials throughout England. Delia was the first to appeal to open the grave of Bacon in Saint Albany, the truth is unsuccessfully..

Delia ideas found many followers. As evidence, they made small literary parallels between the writings of Bekon and Shakespeare, quite explained by the unity of the written culture of the time - as well as the fact that the author of Shakespeare's play had a taste for philosophy and was aware of the life of a number of European royal houses For example, this is a Navararian courtyard depicted in the comedy "Besleless Efforts of Love.".

An essential development of the initial hypothesis can be considered attempts to solve "Backon". The fact is that Francis Bacon worked on improving the methods of Steganography - Tynopisi, which in the view of the uninitiated person looks like a full-fledged message with his own meaning In particular, he proposed a method of encrypting the English alphabet letters, resembling a modern binary code.. Bekthonians are confident that their hero wrote the play under the Shakespeare mask at all not for the sake of success among the public - "Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet" and "King Lear", "Twelfth night" and "storm" served as a cover for some secret knowledge.

Version # 2.

Eduard De Ver (1550-1604), 17th Count Oxford, - court, poet, playwright, patron of art and sciences

Eduard de Vevey. A copy of the lost portrait of 1575. Unknown artist. England, XVII century National Portrait Gallery, London

A simple teacher of the English language, who called himself the descendant of the counts of Derby, Thomas Lown (1870-1944) did not believe that the "Venetian merchant" This play Louney from year to year read with students in the classroom. He could write a man of ungivory origin, never happened in Italy. Doubting the authorship of the comedy about Shelokhe, Lown took the anthology of Elizabethan poetry into his hands and found that the poem of Shakespeare "Venus and Adonis" (1593) was written by the same stanza and the same size as the stuff-creation of Eduard de Vera "Women's Variability" ( 1587). De Ver, 17th Count Oxford, could boast antiquity and a good acquaintance with Italy, was known to contemporaries not only as a poet, but also as the author of the comedy (not surviving).

Lown did not hide the amateutant nature of his research and was even proud of them: "Probably, the problem is still not solved precisely because he wrote in the preface to the" Introduced Shakespeare ", - that so far scientists have been involved." Later Oxfordians That is, followers of Louney versions. The name was received by Edward de Vera title, Count Oxford. We decided to call for the rescue of lawyers: in 1987 and 1988, in the presence of the judges of the US Supreme Court and London Middle Temple, respectively, followers of Louney's hypothesis entered into an open dispute with Shakespearers (in London them, in particular, confronted the most respectable from now living specialists in Shakespeare Professor Stanley Wells). Unfortunately for the organizers, the judges both have addicted victory to scientists. But Oxfordians managed to press Bekonnans - to date, the Oxfordian version of Antholspi-rismism is the most popular.

Among the most famous followers of Louney was a psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, who in young years leanned toward the beckonianism, and in 1923, after acquaintance with the "Intrunted Shakespeare", moved to Oxfordianism. So, in the 1930s, Freud began to develop parallels between the destiny of King Lira and the biography of Count Oxford: both had three daughters, and if the English graph did not care at all, then the legendary British king, in contrast, gave his daughters, What had had. Freed from the Nazis to London in 1938, Freud wrote a Lone a warm letter and called him the author of the "Wonderful Book", and shortly before his death on the basis that Oxford lost his beloved father in childhood and allegedly hated her mother for her next marriage, attributed Hamlet Oedipus complex.

Version number 3.

Roger Manners (1576-1612), 5th Count Ratland, - Court, patron of art

Roger Mannerras, 5th Count Ratland. Portrait of Jeremiah Van der Eiden. Around 1675 Belvoir Castle / Bridgeman Images / Fotodom

Belgian socialist politician, teacher of French literature and writer-symbolist Selistene Damblon (1859-1924) became interested in Shakespeare's question, learning about the document found in one of the family archives in 1908. It followed that in 1613 the butler Francis Manners, the 6th Graph Ratland, paid a large sum of "Mr. Shakespeare" and his colleague-actor Richard Barbagda, who invented and drew a witty emblem on the county shield so that Manner was adequately appeared at the Knight's tournament . This discovery was alerted Dumbledon: he noticed that Francis's older brother, Roger Manners, the 5th Count Ratland, died in 1612 - almost the same when Shakespeare stopped writing for the scene. In addition, Roger Manners was in friendly relations with Count Southampton (an aristocrat that Shakespeare was dedicated to his two poems and which is considered the main address of Shakespeare's sonnets), as well as with the Essex Count, whose fall in 1601 indirectly affected the actors of the Globus Theater In February 1601, Essex tried to raise the uprising against the Queen. On the eve of the supporters of the graph persuaded the actors to put the old Chronicle of Shakespeare Richard II, in which it was about the overthrow of the monarch. The uprising failed, Essex was executed (Francis Bacon came to his prosecutor). Southampton was in prison for a long time. The actors "Globus" were called for explanations, but no consequences for them had it.. Manner traveled to countries that served as a place of action for many Shakespearers (France, Italy, Denmark), and even studied in Padua together with two Danes, Rosencran and Guildenster (widespread Danish surname of the time). In 1913, Dammblon summarized these and other reasoning in the French written book "Lord Ratland is Shakespeare".

Cover books "Game about William Shakespeare, or the Mystery of the Great Phoenix" Publishing House "International Relations"

The Damble version has followers and in Russia: so, Ilya Gililov Ilya Gililov (1924-2007) - Literary critic, Writer, Scientific Secretary of the Shakespeare Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences for almost three decades., the author of the book "Play About William Shakespeare, or the Mystery of the Great Phoenix" (1997), claimed that the Shakespeare composed a group of authors headed by the young wife of Count Ratland Elizaveta - a daughter of the famous court, writer and poet Philip Sydney. Gililov was based on a completely arbitrary transmission of a Chester collection, which includes the poem of Shakespeare "Phoenix and Pigeon" (1601, according to Gili-Lov, 1613). He argued that Ratland, Elizabeth and others composed plays and sonnets in purely conspira-learning purposes - to perpetuate their close circle, in which they were made on only their slave rituals. The scientist is the world, with the exception of several abrupt publics, the book of Gililova ignored.

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William Stanley (1561-1642), 6th Count Derby, - Dramaturgome, State Affairs

William Stanley, 6th Count Derby. Portrait of William Derby. England, XIX centuryTHE RIGHT HON. Earl of Derby / Bridgeman Images / Fotodom

Abel Lefrank. Around the 1910sLibrary of Congress.

The historian of French literature, a specialist in Francois Rabl Abel Lefrank (1863-1952) first thought about the chances of William Stanley to become a candidate for "Real Shakespeare" after the release of the book of respected English researcher James Greenastrite called "The Unknown Noble Author of Elizabethan Comedies" (1891). Greenastritis managed to detect a letter from 1599 signed by George Phenner, a secret agent of the Catholic Church, which said that the count of derby could not be useful to Catholics, since "is busy writing a plays for simple actors."

In 1918, Lefrank published the book "Under Maskaya William Shakespeare", in which the Derby recognizes a much more suitable candidmaker of Shakespeare than previous applicants, if only because the column was called William and his initials coincide with Shakespearers. In addition, in private letters, he subscribed in the same way as the lyrical hero of the 135th Sonet - Will, and not WM and not Willm, as the Stratford Shakespeare itself was done on the persecution of documents. Further, Derby was an experienced traveler, in particular, closely familiar with the Navarre court.

Not surprisingly, Lefrank believed that in Henrich V, there are several extensive inserts in French, which Derby was well owned. In addition, he believed a slave specialist, the famous image of Falstafa was created under the influence of Gargantua and Pantagruel, in Shakespeare's time not yet translated into English.

With all the wonderfulness of these reasoning, the Derbian version had little chance to stand in short with Oxfordian: The Lefranka book was written in French, and by the time she came out, Thomas Louney (by the way, who called himself a descendant of the count of Derby), had already put forward his arguments in The benefit of Eduard de Vera.

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Christopher Marlo (1564-1593) - Dramaturgome, Poet

Estimated portrait of Christopher Marlo. Unknown artist. 1585 year Corpus CHRISTI COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

The son of a shoemaker, born in one year with Shakespeare and managed to finish Cambridge only thanks to the generosity of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Christopher Marlo turned out to be almost the only candidate for shakespeare of ungivory origin. However, Kelvin Hoffman (1906-1986), the American advertising agent, the poet and the playwright, released in 1955 the book "The murder of a man who was" Shakespeare ", attributed Marlow a love relationship with the noble Thomas Walsingeham, the patron saint of poets and the younger brother of Mighty Sir Francis Wallsingem, the Secretary of State and the Head of the Secret Service at Queen Elizabeth. According to Hoffman, it is Thomas Walsingham, it is Thomas Walsingham, having learned that Garlo threatens the arrest on charges of atheism and blasphemy, decided to save the beloved by imitating his murder. Accordingly, in a restaurant quarrel in DEPTFORD in 1593, not Marlo was killed, and some vagabond, whose corpse was issued for the disfigured body of the playwright (he was killed by a blow to the eye). Marlo himself hurriedly sailed to France for someone else's name, was hidden in Italy, but he soon returned to England, settled in securely near Skedbury - the estates of Thomas Wallsinham in the County County. There he composed "Shakespeare" works by passing the manuscript to his patron. He sent them at first a correspondence, and then, for setting on the stage, London Actor William Shakespeare - a person, well deprived of imagination, but faithful and silent.

The cover of the first edition of the book "The murder of a man who was" Shakespeare ".
1955 year Grosset & Dunlap

Hoffman began his research on the calculation of the phraseological parallelism in the writings of Marlo and Shakespeare, and later I got acquainted with the works of the American professor Thomas Mendenhell, who made up "dictionary profiles" of different writers (with the help of the whole team of women, hardly recalculated millions of words and letters in words). Based on these Slavs, Hoffman declared the full similarity of the styles of Marlo and Shakespeare. However, most of all these "parallelism" were not on the calibration, the other part was related to common words and structures, and a certain layer of obvious parallels testified to the well-known fact: the young Shakespeare was inspired by the tragedies of Marlo, learning a lot from the author "Tamerlan Great", " Maltese Jew "and" Dr. Faust " Today you can only guess, in which the creative rival of the two Elizabethan geniuses would increase, if not death Marlo in 1593 - by the way, in detail fixed by the royal coroner, whose findings witnessed the jury from 16 people..

Attempts to detect the writings of Shakespeare a whole group of authors were undertaken repeatedly, although the supporters of this version could not agree on some particular composition. Here are some examples.

In 1923, an employee of the British administration in India H. T. S. Forrest published a book called "Five authors of Shakespeare Sonyetov", "in which he told about the poetic tournament, arranged by Count Southampton. For the announced by the Count an award in the art of the composition of sonnets, according to Forrest, five major poets of Elizabethan era competed at once: Samuel Daniel, Barnabi Barnes, William Warner, John Donn and William Shakespeare. Accordingly, all five and are the authors of the sonnets, which, believed Forrest, has since mistakenly attributed to one Shakespeare. It is characteristic that one of this company, the author of the epic poem "Albionov England" Warner, did not write at all sonnets, and the other, John Donn, resorted to the form of sonnet only to edema religious poems.

In 1931, Gilbert Slater, an economist and historian, released the "Seven Shakespeare" book, which combined the names of almost all applicants most popular among antihyspirians. According to his version, in the composition of the works of Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, Counts Oxford, Ratland and Derby, Christopher Marlo Slater believed that Marlo "revived" to life in 1594 under the name of Shakespeare., as well as Sir Walter Rali and Mary, Countess Pembroke (writer and sister Sir Philip Sydney). Women were infrequently offered and offered to Shakespeare's role, but for the Countess Pembrook Slater made an exception: in his opinion, "Julius Caesar" and "Anthony and Cleopatra", as well as - in particular - "How do you like it", Which Mary did not just write, but also led himself in the image of Rosalinda.

Brief biography of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare is an outstanding English poet and playwright. He is considered the greatest writer of English origin and one of the best playwrights in the world. Shakespeare for legend was born on April 23, 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon. On April 26, he was baptized in the Church of the Holy Trinity. The writer's father was a wealthy artisan and was often elected to important posts. There is information that he was the mayor Stratford-on-Avon. Shakespeare's mother took place from the ancient Rod Arden. Presumably, the boy visited Stratford Grammar School, where Latin studied and literature.

Upon reaching 18 years old, he married Ann Khataui - the daughter of one wealthy landowner, who for several years was older than him. They had three children. When William was about 23 years old, he moved to London, where she got a job. At first he performed any minor work, and then settled in the theater. It is significant unknown when his career began, but biographers include this stage by the mid-1580s. In 1592, Shakespeare was already a famous playwright, as well as a member of the London acting troupe of Barbrej, who, with Yakov I received royal status. By this time, the first mention of the historical chronicle of the Writer "Heinrich VI", which was raised on the stage of the Rosa Theater belonging to Philip Hensloau.

In 1599, his troupe was built a new theater on the southern shores of the Thames called "Globus". A few years later, they acquired another poxtier closed theater. Thanks to the rapid theater career, Shakespeare soon became a very rich man. There is information that already in 1597 he acquired one of the largest homes in his native Stratford. From 1598, his name was Pepllov on publication leaflets. Singing acting and dramaturgical activity, Shakespeare spent most of his time in London, but in the interruptions left home. There is information that he preferred to play in his theater "Royal Roles". So, for example, he played Hamlet's father, choir in Henrich V, etc.

At the beginning of the XVII century, many London theaters closed due to plague outbreaks. Actors, staying unemployed, left home. So, shortly before his death, Shakespeare returned to Stratford-on-Avon. For 1606-1607, he wrote a few more plays, and in 1613 he stopped writing at all. It is believed that the last three plays were written in conjunction with another playwright - John Fletcher. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616. For his browse career, he wrote more than 10 tragedies, 17 comedies, 10 historical chronicles, more than 150 sonnets and a lot of romantic poems. The most famous of his works are "Sleeping in the Summer Night", "King Lear", "Hamlet", "Taming of the Shrew", "Macbeth", "Othello", "Many noise from nothing", and of course, Romeo and Julietta " A clear chronology of the appearance of the works of Shakespeare is not.