Traditions and life of Japan. Strange Facts about Ancient Japan (10 photos)

It is no secret that the Japanese are now considered a rather strange people: they have a very peculiar culture, music, movies, and indeed everything. After reading the facts from this article, you will understand where the roots of these oddities are growing. It turns out that the Japanese have always been such.

More than two and a century of Japan was a closed country.

In 1600, after a long period of feudal fragmentation and civil wars, in Japan, the Tokugava IEYASU came to power - founder and the first head of Sögunat in Edo. By 1603, he finally completed the Japan's association process and began to rule his "iron hand". Iehasu, like his predecessor, supported trade with other countries, but was very suspicious about foreigners. This led to the fact that in 1624 trade with Spain was completely banned. And in 1635, a decree was released on the prohibition of the Japanese to leave the country's limits and the ban on the banner had already left come back. From 1636, foreigners (Portuguese, subsequently, the Dutch) could be only on the artificial island of Deadzim in the harbor of Nagasaki.

The Japanese were low because they did not eat meat.

From vi to XIX century, the average growth of Japanese men was only 155 cm. This is due to the fact that it was in the VI century that the Chinese "neighboring" shared with the Japanese of Buddhism philosophy. So it is not clear why, but the new worldview had to do with the ruling circles of Japanese society. And especially this part that vegetarianism is the way to rescue the soul and better reincarnation. The meat was completely excluded from the diet of the Japanese and the result did not make himself wait a long time: from vi to XIX century, the average growth of the Japanese decreased by 10 cm.

In the ancient Japan, the trade "night gold" was distributed.

Night gold - phraseology, which means the product of human activity, its faeces used as valuable and balanced fertilizer. In Japan, this practice was used quite widely. Moreover, waste of rich people were sold at a higher price, because their nutrition was abundant and diverse, therefore, in the resulting "product" there remained more nutrients. Different historical documents starting with the 9th century describe in detail the procedures for toilet waste.

Pornography in Japan always flourished.

Sexual topics in Japanese art arose many centuries ago and enter the ancient Japanese myths, among which the most famous - myth about the emergence of Japanese islands as a result of the sexual connection of God idzanagi and Goddess Izanami. In ancient monuments there is no hint of disapproving attacks to sex. "This frankness in the story of sex and literary materials," writes the Japanese culturanopologist Tosinao Yonyama, "preserved up to our day ... In Japanese culture, there was no primary culture in the sex of the consciousness of the original sin, as it took the Christian cultures."

Fishermen in ancient Japan used taught cormorants.

Everything happened something like this: at night, the fishermen went on the boat into the sea and lit torches to attract fish. Further, they produced about a dozen cormorant, which were tied to a boat using a long rope. At the same time, the neck of each bird was slightly intercepted by a flexible collar so that she could not swallow caught fish. As soon as the cormorants gained complete zages, fishermen pulled the birds on the boat. For their work, each bird received a remuneration in the form of a small fish.

In ancient Japan, there was a special form of marriage - Tsumadi.

A full-fledged small family - in the form of a joint residence - in ancient Japan was not a typical form of marriage. The basis of family relations was a special Japanese marriage - Tsumadoy, in which her husband visited his wife freely, while maintaining, in fact, separate residence with her. For the bulk of the population, the marriage was to achieve the majority: at age 15 for the young man and at 13 - for the girl. The conclusion of marriage assumed the consent of numerous relatives, right up to grandfathers and grandmothers from the wife. The marriage of Tsumadi did not intend to monogamine, and the man was not allowed to have several wives, as well as concubines. However, a free relationship with his wives, leaving them without a reason to marry a new wife, the laws were not allowed.

In Japan, there were quite a lot of Christians.

Christianity appeared in Japan in the middle of the 16th century. The first missionary who preached the Japanese gospel was Basque - Jesuit Francis Xavury. But the Mesentery lasted not long. Soon the signes began to see in Christianity (like faith of foreigners) threat. In 1587, the Toythoma Hidecyt forbade the residence of missionaries in the country and began oppression of believers.

As an excuse of his actions, he pointed out that some of the converts the Japanese were defiled and destroyed Buddhist and the Shinto sanctors. The repressive policy continued the political successor to Hideyash Tokugawa Iehasu. In 1612, he forbade the confession of Christianity in his possessions, and in 1614 distributed this ban on all Japan. About 3,000 Japanese Christians were tortured in the Tokugawa era, the rest underwent imprisonment or references. Tokugava policy obliging all Japanese families to register at the local Buddhist temple and receive evidence that they are not Christians.

Japanese prostitutes were divided into several ranks.

In addition to the famous Geisha, who, by and large, were simply leading ceremonies, in Japan there were kurtisans who, in turn, were divided into several classes depending on the cost: Tay (the most expensive), Kosi, Zubone, Santia and the cheapest - street Girls, whiskers, servants, etc. The following agreement existed: If choosing a girl, it was necessary to adhere to it, "cooled." Therefore, men often contained their own curtains.

Girls rank Tasy accounted for 58 MOMME (about 3000 rubles) at a time and this is not counting the mandatory 18 MMME for servants - another 1000 rubles. Prostitutes of the lowest rank cost about 1 MMME (about 50 rubles). In addition to direct payment for services, there were still related expenses - food, drinking, tip plot, all this could reach up to 150 MMME (8000 rubles) for the evening. Thus, a man containing the curtisank could well post for the year about 29 Kamme (about 580,000 rubles).

The Japanese often made paired suicides due to the inability to be together.

After the "reorganization" of prostitution in 1617, the entire empty sex-life of the Japanese was carried out in certain quarters by the type "Quarter of Red Lights", where the girls lived and worked. You could not leave the quarter a quarter, if only they did not have redeemed wealthy customers to their wives. It was worth it very expensive and more often it happened that the lovers simply could not afford together. Despair brought such couples to Sinzyu - pair suicides. The Japanese did not see anything wrong with that, because they had long been reborn and were completely confident that in the next life they would definitely be together.

Torture and executions in Japan have long been spelled out in law.

To begin with, it should be said that in the system of Japanese proceedings, the times of Tokugava did not exist presumption of innocence. Each person who fell into court rather was considered in advance guilty. With the arrival of the Tokugava power in Japan, only four types of torture remained legal: baking, squeezing with stone slabs, binding to the rope and hanging on the rope. At that time, the torture was not the punishment by itself, and its goal was not causing the maximum suffering to the prisoner, but to obtain sincere recognition in a committed crime. It should also be noted that the torture was applied only to those criminals who threw the death penalty for their acts. Therefore, after comprehensive recognition, the poor is most often executed. The executions were also very different: from a banal cut-off of the head to terrible welding in boiling water - so punished the ninja, which failed the custom murder and were captured.

You can add a few more vintage traditions.

Sexy tradition "Yobai"

Until recently, the custom of Yobai or "sanging in the night" is widespread in Japanese depthms - was, so to speak, introducing sexuality for many young people. Jobai was as follows: in the room of a sleeping girl (well, or no longer a girl) slipped the mysterious stranger, confessed from behind and ambiguously declared his intentions. If the young lady was not against, a couple had sex until the morning, trying to produce as much noise as possible, after which the night visitor was as quietly removed.

By logic, the young man-yobist would have to be familiar with the girl and her family. Often, Yobai - was a certain prelude to a further wedding, and parents, allegedly, did not notice the secret visits and, allegedly, did not hear anything, until they believed that the love games were finished, "caught up" of Yobaist, they were engaged in public, he struck and all agreed After a couple of days, the couple went under the crown to indulge sex already on legal grounds.

But it often happened that while harvesting when the peasant hired the seizure of migrant workers, so to speak, he should have been ready to be ready for the fact that the workers were sleeping under one with him, could well choose his daughter with an object for Yobai. In some cases, a group of young people went a few kilometers into a neighboring village, and then Yobai became an exciting night adventure with an absolute stranger.

It is only possible to assume that some not much lucky with the girls, and they turned out to be in a strange position - climbing into the house and finding the sleeping rude, the way back was not: only forward, only hardcore. After all, in otherwise, the young man could blame theft and, feel God, immediately on the spot and silence.

In fact, the firm consent of the girl is not required, Yobai is not considered rape, the main thing to comply with some rules:

To the house you need to enter naked (in Fokuoka you can not attack a naked man who has imbued into the house, because it is most likely to do yobai, and not theft). Even being absolutely naked, you need to try to abide by silence. It is required to practice safe sex - cover your face with a cloth or mask to protect yourself and lady from shame if she suddenly, for some reason, will start to scream "Save! Rape! "

Consecrated by centuries The national tradition of the treatment of "coldness" in adolescents and lonely men in Japanese is called Yobai. And yes, this is exactly what you think about here, the decision was in sexual intercourse with women at night.

An ancient Japanese way of choosing a partner was uncomplicated, as an angle of the house: at sunset, men took a warm sake on the chest for courage and in the dark slowly burers in the village. Near the house with a yobabel free girl, they played a stone-scissor-paper, Louzers continued to the mion, and the winner undressed her dogge, quietly joined the house straight to the girl in bed, gently woke her and invited her to have fun. If she was agreed, Yobai continued on, before the final exhaustion. The girl could and refuse, then the cavalier was the same way to dress and home. It was not accepted to make noise, people sleep in the house, and there is a refusal to fail.

The devils undressed on a very simple and practical reason: at night, clothes at night I implaced the thief and cut off without unnecessary conversations. A honest person in someone else's clothing is not needed in someone else, he, in the case of which, just came to picked up a little and in front of his neighbors. Today you are my sister, tomorrow I am your daughter, the sacred tradition, from the ancestors. Was in Yobai and safe sex: you could come to the girl with a bag on your head. The anonymous yobar was so prevented from shame, in case of refusal.

And sometimes Yobai was just a prelude to marry: the bride's parents for some time "did not notice" night visits of a naked groom, and then stuck a couple together and immediately blessed young.

The current elderly Japanese, as they say, remember the times of free Yobai with nostalgia, especially those who have grown in the village and found the tradition in its pristine free cleanliness. And the erotic scenes of the modern Japanese media art, when the hero is attached to a sleeping girl and is excited, most likely grow from Yobai.

Young citizens' guys practiced and exit yobay. Companies from 3-7 people went to the village away from his own city and there everyone chose a goal. One of the reasons for this departure was that if the parents of the girl were "squeezed", he was not particularly ashamed.
Yobay is still practiced in some remote corners of Japan, but most regions tradition has already descended.

Admiring chopped heads.

Wild Japanese custom is admiring chopped heads. For the Japanese samurai, the greatest pleasure was admired not blooming Sakura or Mount Fuji, and the swords of enemies. In the ammunition, the samurai was a special bag - Cuba-Bukuro, like an Avoska or Yagdas, where the chopped heads were folded. After the victory of the head was given to women of the castle, they were with their soaps, combed and installed on special stands. Then the samurai castle gathered in the hall and admired these heads. There was a whole system of gadas on the heads. If the right eye is closed, this means that if the left is different, etc.

Tradition here (Yap. 衆道 Xu: To :)

Traditional Japanese homosexual relations between adult man and boys. Were distributed in the samurai environment from the Middle Ages until the XIX century.

The term here appeared at about 1485, having come to replace the word of the cute, describing the love relationship between Buddhist bonsters and their novices.

Practice shoudo enjoyed great respect and encouraged, especially at Samurai class. It was believed that shoudogenially acts on the young men, teaching them to dignity, honesty, the feeling of excellent. Shoudo was opposed to women's love, which was accused of "softening" men.

It is worth adding that the ceremony is like a young samurai to offer his Mr. Mr., spelled out in Bouusido.

Conclusion

In general, you can also tell a lot more and most of them may have the impression that which is unique, romantic, very sexual culture in this Japan. But not everything is so simple.

The wildest was the country. Foreigners were immediately allowed to consumption on the fact of detection. Hitler dreamed of the purity of the nation, and the Japanese implemented it by 100 percent long before him. There are no Gypsies and Jews, no Muslims, and there is nothing about blacks about the blacks. The Chinese chuckled millions, poisoned, chained, live burning and buried to the ground. Everyone knows that China is now in an eternal conflict with Japan. And the roots of this hatred are in the occupation period of Japan China. The fact that they came there to the Nazis and did not dream in terrible dreams. The most innocent fun of Japanese soldiers is to spend the belly of a pregnant Chinese woman or throw a baby and catch on the bayonet. Exchangeable cruelty without any moral imperatives.

Due to the features of the relief in Japan, three economic and cultural types were developed in close relationships: seaside (fishing, gathering of mollusks and algae, salt evaporation), plain (agriculture with the predominance of filler rhinestone) and mountain (hunting, gathering nuts, chestnuts , acorns, root, berries, mushrooms and wild honey, harvesting of twigs and wood, bearer farming). At the same time, the natural features of the archipelago predetermined the isolation of individual regions, which made it difficult to processes of commodity and cultural exchanges (the abundance of mountains contributed to the conservation of local characteristics of life, and short and stormy rivers did not play an important unifying role inherent in rivers in other ancient civilizations). Maritime fishing and irrigated agriculture pushed the ancient tribes to early somewar. Self-sufficiency by resources of most regions of the Japanese islands has become a prerequisite for the manifestation of political separatism, which was observed throughout the entire period of Ancient Japan.

Climate change at the end of the Paleolithic and the beginning of the Dzemon period forced people to adapt to new habitat conditions. In connection with the development of forests and hunting on deer, boars, bears, hares, badgers, kunitsa and birds replaced onions, the role of cackanov and a stone ax increased. More than earlier, the importance of gathering and fishing was acquired. With the warming and expansion of forests to the north, the bulk of the population has moved from Northern Kyusu to the northeast Honshu, where favorable conditions for fishing (especially Keta and Gorbushi), gathering and hunting. The rise in the world's ocean led to the formation of coastal warm shames rich in fish and molluscs. It is around such shames and settlements and "sink heaps" arose (most of them were located along the Pacific coast, especially in the Kanto region). The basis of the diet was fish caught in rivers and bays during tides (salmon, perch, kefal), and mollusks collected in shallow water during sings, but there was also ocean mining (tuna, sharks, races and even whales). Often, fishing boats reached the Islands of Sado and Mikuraurazima, and, besides, they crossed the Sangan and Korean strait.

During the period of Yoy, under the influence of continental culture, a new form of management was established on the Japanese archipelago - most of the population of the islands moved to a sedentary intensive agriculture, the basis of which was the bay rice production. In addition, iron tools of labor (axes, sickles, knives) were widely used, the development of irrigation (the creation of complex irrigation and drainage systems) was developed, for the arrangement of the filler fields and the fabrication of Damb, people spent large-scale earthworks requiring effort coordination. Hunting has lost its former importance, as evidenced by a sharp decrease in the number of arrows of arrows in the archaeological layers of the early period of Yoy.

Initially, the rice production culture was rooted in the north of Kyushu, in the southwestern and central part of Honshu. In the northeast, Honshu, this process was much slower, despite the fact that rice production was already familiar in the north at the beginning of the period. Gradually, the center of the economic life of the archipelago moved to Central and South Japan, the population of which quickly overtook the northeastern part of the country. The growth of the productivity of agriculture found its reflection in the appearance of wooden storage facilities on the piles, which were outstretched by the pandes inherent in the Dzemon period. But even in the most developed central Japan, residents of hilly and mountainous districts have long practiced sudidal gravy farming, continued to engage in hunting and gathering, and residents of coastal areas - marine fishing.

Dotaku. II-I century BC e. Tokyo National Museum

Thanks to migrants from the continent during the period of Yayoi, the archipelago met the culture of metals and technologies of metallurgy (initially used bridges made in Korea and China, but later began its own production). Thanks to the import of knowledge in Japan, bronze and iron archaeological era were not divorced in time and largely intersect (moreover, the use of bronze in the period of Yoei began even later than iron, so immediately after the Stone Age, the bronze-iron century came on the archipelago). It was made of simple tools of economic activity and combat weapons (swords, copies and arrows, fishing hooks, shovels, axes and sickles), and from bronze - more prestigious symbols of power and cult accessories (ritual swords and spears, dotaku, mirrors).

The first evidence of the emergence of metals production (stone and clay foundries) were found in the north of Kyushu. At the beginning of the Yoye period, even ore for casting was covered with the mainland. Each of the formed economic instruments (seaside, flat and mountain) had a relatively specialized character, which predetermined the emergence of natural trade between the coast and internal areas. Residents of the inland areas have delivered game and wood, which was used for the construction of boats and houses, for heating, production of metals, firing ceramics and salt evaporation (in coastal areas and on the plains of forests were reduced under the fields and as fuel rather quickly), and otherwise , Wooden utensils (shovels, rakes, hoes, stupes, spoons, drawers, cups), bone of deer for hooks, lianas and hemp fibers for networks and fishing rods. In the opposite direction, rice, fish, mollusks, algae and salt. The production of metals, ceramics and fabrics also existed in mountainous areas, and on the coast, so in this area, the exchange was not so many the products themselves as their unique samples, distinguished by style or quality from the basic mass.

During the Cyfun climate, the archipelago has undergone changes: the amount of precipitation has increased and the total temperature has dropped. This moved the range of the spread of filling rice rice to the south and forced people to adapt to more harsh conditions. In connection with the intensification of the economy, metal tools of labor were widely used, almost displaced wooden, the mass facilitation of irrigation systems began, which led to cooperation at the regional level. From China and Korea imported iron bars, which were used both as raw materials for casting, and as a certain money equivalent. As a result, the area of \u200b\u200bprocessed land increased, the centralization of life increased, huge state grain repositories appeared. The authorities carried out mobilization of workers' hands for the construction of huge Kurgans, Palaces, Sanctures and Channels.

By the end of the Cofun period, a substantial property and social bundle of society appeared, a noticeable layer of officials and clergymen was distinguished, labor service and taxation were developed. At a significant part of the archipelago, the scattered communities of the Yayo period were combined under the rule of the rulers of Yamato. Thanks to the active contacts with the mainland, the increased productivity of the economy, progress in crafts and agriculture, wider use of metal guns, Kansai regions and Northern Küsu, were ahead of the technological development of the rest of the Japanese islands.

According to Taika reforms (646), private possessions and those who worked on them, the dependent categories of the population were abolished, the state ownership of the land was introduced, the valid land use system and the Trojak tax system (grain, tissues or wool, and labor service) were introduced, the registers of yards and tax lists were . The highest officials received on the content of the farm family in the form of a natural rent from a certain number of yards. Middle and minor officials received silk sections and other fabrics. The road infrastructure was significantly upgraded, mail stations and stable courtyards with stables were equipped along the main trading trading paths, which facilitated the relationship between the capital and distant provinces.

The residential registers were drawn up in 646, 652, 670 and 689, after which the state-obliged population and the peasants began to endure land. To do this, have been identified and emerged areas of measuring area ( tang and those). According to the decree of the 691 years, the authorities have identified privileged land and income from the courtyards who complained about the compensation for the Earth, previously transmitted to state ownership, as well as dignitaries in accordance with their rank - for the service. A system of privileged possessions (land allocated for posts, ranks and merit to the imperial courtyard) was formed in the VIII century.

Awards included both natural issuance and income from a certain number of yards ( dzikifa) enshrined for a specific person or institution - rank employees, a Confucianian scientist, a prince or a Buddhist temple. Formally dzikifa continued to remain in the introduction of local authorities who did not allow the transformation of these yards into hereditary private ownership (quite often the rulers made decrees, according to which the number changed dzikifacomplained to anyone, or returned to them).

In the period of Nara, the legislation for individual provinces featured specific local products and products that smash in the form of taxes directly to the yard (for example, sea fishing products instead of ordinary tissues). A taxpayer was not a separate person, but a whole community. In Nare there were two large markets that were under the strict control of the authorities that set fixed prices and follow the quality of goods. The markets traded both merchants and state shops that sold goods received in the form of filters from managers and large Buddhist temples. Here it was possible to purchase rice, fish, vegetables, algae, dairy products, dried meat and salt, as well as writing accessories, Buddhist sutras, clothes, dishes, decorations and dyes for fabrics.

If in the V-VII centuries the most time-consuming type of public works was the construction of Kurgans, then in the VIII century all the forces of the country, including huge human resources, were aimed at the construction of Nara and communications networks. For the construction of the capital every 50 peasant yards were obliged as a labor service, two men were singled out, which were replaced by countrymen every three years.

It was in the VIII century that seven "state roads" were built to ensure communication between the capital and the periphery. cando.), which were divided into "big", "medium" and "small". The status of "big" cando. He had Sitedo, which was held from Nara along the coast of the inner Japanese sea to the province of Nagato (hereinafter referred to as the path was lying on the mainland). The status of "medium" had cando. Tokaido (passed along the coast of the Pacific to the province of Muts) and Tosando (held along the central regions of Honshu Island to the provinces of Mutu and Deva, where it was connected to Tokaido). The rest of the road were considered "small": Hokurikudo (held along the coast of the Japanese Sea to the province of Etigo), Sanjo (held along the coast of the Japanese Sea to the province of Nagato), Nankaido (took place through Avseji in Sikoku, where he dreamed of the capitals of all four local provinces) and Saikaido (passed through Kyushu).

Along cando. The provincial capitals (about 60) were located, from which regional roads were laid towards administrative counties of counties (about 600). On the cando. Post stations were equipped, which provided imperial messengers, solaries and ambassadors overnight and horses. In the middle station were at a distance of 16 km from each other, and all of them were more than 400. New government roads were relatively straight and wide (from 18 to 23 m), regional inferior to them and most of them were ancient reconstructed trade routes (had widths from 5 to 13 m). The distance between the capital and Kyushu the mounds were overcome in 4-5 days, and between the Narray and the Northeast Honsen provinces - for 7-8 days. During the Hayan period, due to the deterioration of the quality of roads and the decrease in the number of postal stations, the delivery time has increased almost twice. Water communications remained underdeveloped, and the number of boat stations was extremely small.

Sea communications were used mainly in one direction - from the mainland to Japan. Residents of the archipelago did not build large ships adapted to swim in the open sea, the absolute majority of their vessels were designed for coastal transport. Gradually, the economic and political connections of Japan with the outside world, active during the ASUC, decreased. The sea (especially Japanese) was perceived as a state border, the reproduction cycle wore a closed and self-sufficient nature, rich maritime resources and bay rice rice production contributed to the development of the neighboring space.

The peasants amounted to about 90% of the population of Japan. Once at six years, the peasant had the right to receive land, but quite often he was less than the laid, located far from the house and was fragmented plots. The peasant paid the grain ( sO) and natural ( those) tax, as well as a special tax on those who have not worked out a labor service ( e.). SO There were about 3% of the harvest (a significant part of the population was still associated with fishing, hunting and collecting); those Charged from the manor sites of each yard (later - from each adult man) with tissues, silk yarn and cotton wool, varnish, ceramics and other products of homemade crafts, as well as seafood, metals and mining products; e. It was also possible to pay tissues, rice, salt and other products. Labor service ( buyak) It lasted up to 70 days a year and was performed both in the capital and in the provinces (the construction of temples, administrative buildings, canals, roads and fortifications). The authorities issued a worker paja, which was halved in case of illness or bad weather, when the works were stopped. If necessary (for example, during the construction of Nara), the authorities mobilized the population for a longer period. The maximum service life in the houses of the aristocrats was established in 200 days a year, but often he was exceeded at the discretion of the owner. Military service was serving every third adult peasant (borders and order protection, construction work and annual military fees).

For agricultural workers there were rice loans ( sUYKO) when grain was issued from warehouses under 50% (state loan) or 100% per annum (private loan). In 735-737, an epidemic of black smallpox broke out in the country, after which he had a heavy economic crisis. The living conditions of the peasants were so worsened that in 737 the authorities were forced to abolish a private loan under a high percentage. Despite this, the peasants were massively leaving the cities, throwing her put on and refusing to pay debts.

In the period of Nara, about 1% of the population was semi-free artisans sinabe and dsacco (or tomobe.). Formally they treated the category rymin, but in fact stood between rymin and samminSince the craft was considered a less worthy occupation than agriculture (despite the fact that most artisans in accordance with the ridiculous system were obtained for independent processing and fed from it). TO sinabe Trended musicians, suppliers of products and falcons for hunting, water suits, gardeners, potters, dyeers, paper producers, pharmacists and winemakers, to dsacco - Blacksmiths, manufacturers of armor, weapons and harness (breastplate shelters, shields, onions, arrows, quiver, bridles and hiking tents), manufacturers of musical instruments. Dsacco It was allowed to conclude marriages with "Good Loud", and sinabe According to his status, approached comin ("People of the Emperor"). Part sinabe and dsacco were small employees in state-owned enterprises, making up with toneres (palace employees) and minor officials the lower link of the bureaucratic apparatus. As civil servants, these groups of artisans were exempted from paying taxes and filters, as well as from labor service (in fact, they performed it, producing craft products on the prescription of the court economic management). In 759. sinabe were officially abolished by going to the category of the consolidated population.

SamminThe most estimated estimates from 3 to 10% of the population were included in their composition as public and private slaves that were divided, in turn, to a number of groups. The highest social status had röko. - slaves who were subordinate sereshi. (Depripment control that sikibus - Ministry of Ceremonies). They built the imperial tombs, cared for them and guarded them. Behind them followed canco - State servants close by status for category rymin. They were engaged in agriculture and various works purely for the imperial yard. State slaves cannuhi (kuhuhi) Used on agricultural work and in craft production, serving officials of various departments. Homemade slaves chanin belonged to the metropolitan and provincial aristocracy, as well as temples. Personal slaves sinahi They were in complete submission from their owner, equating to private property or livestock (these fully powerful people could be sold, to give or transmit by inheritance).

The basic rules of the left land use system included the following items: the peasants were received only in temporary use (it was possible to claim their plot from six years); Along with the free peasants, state slaves were received, and a third of the norm - private slaves of all categories; Women received 2/3 of the square put on a free man; The redistribution of land took place every six years; Separate aristocrats and officials were given "privileged lands", transmitted by inheritance (from one generation to eternal use).

All lands shared on the processed (arable land, gardens, gardens, household plots) and unrelated (forests, swamps and mountains). All bay rice fields included in the State Fund for Nerd Land Use were divided into cochange (those who were in the use of state and religious institutions, as well as the "Emperor's people": Buddhist and Shinto temples, postal stations, state slaves) and sandan (Granted or leased by the emperor to individuals: peasants, artisans, officials, warlords, guards of provinces and counties, land of government and palace protection).

The main articles of the expenses of the treasury were the content of the imperial courtyard, the army and the forces of the rule of law, the official apparatus, the state Buddhist and synthoshic temples, as well as sending and receiving embassies, the construction and maintenance of roads ( cando.), postal and boat stations. The main sources of income were receipts from major taxes ( cO - TE - E), interest on rice loans ( sUYKO) And the fee for renting state lands. Land tax ( sO) Almost completely remained at the disposal of local authorities (heads of provinces and counties), and the main part those The forces of the peasants themselves were delivered. In the metropolitan district of Kinai, a significant part of the population had various privileges and was released from paying taxes. The provinces of the northeastern part of Japan did not pay taxes at all, only occasionally draw tribute to the court of Emperor. The main form of exploitation of the population was various types of labor service.

In 708, the first silver and copper coins in dignity in 1 were minted. mon. Due to the shortage of silver (the country possessed the only field on the island of Tsushima) the release of silver coins soon was stopped. In 711 1 mon was equivalent to six syu rice (about 4.3 liters), and 5 mon - By cutting of the web with a size of approximately 4 m per 70 cm. Half mona corresponded to the daily subsistence minimum of that time. From 711, a seasonal salary to officials, along with fabrics, rice and instruments of labor, was also paid for money. The real value of money gradually decreased, in mostly due to uncontrolled emissions. In 708-958, 12 issues of coins were held, each time the authorities have established an overestimated price in relation to old issues, while the quality of the coins has constantly deteriorated. In 958, only a new issue was recognized as "correct", and the batch of old coins was banned, in fact confiscating the monetary accumulation of the population.

An extraordinary increase in the rank. Many officials received thanks to the cash offerings to the treasury (persons above the 6th rank required for this special decree of the emperor). With the advent of coins, some types of natural taxes were allowed ( those and e.) Replace money, rent land plots for money, to pay employees engaged in the construction of government facilities, bringing money. To stimulate the money turnover, we allowed rich peasants to trade rice on the roads, and the authorities have established "solid prices" on the main food. Wanting to put trade to a rigid state check, the authorities began to provide ranks and merchants. Despite all the measures taken, the main part of the population of the Japanese archipelago preferred the natural exchange of goods and services.

Coins of the period of Nara

In an effort to increase receipts in the treasury, the authorities encouraged the processing of new, previously used or abandoned lands. To activate the process in 723, a decree was issued, according to which the person who began processing a new land received it into possession of three generations, and the face that began processing an abandoned land and restored the old irrigation channels was received by his death. Metropolitan aristocracy and large temples used for these purposes landless and runaway peasants have been engaged in the development of virgin lands. In 743, the new decree introduced the norm on which the person who began developing the wasteland was obtained by a mastered area in eternal private ownership. The resolution of land development began to issue chapters of the provinces, which accelerated the formation of private land tenure. The authorities set the limits of permissible possessions for nobility and simple peasants (if the 1st grade prince or 1st rank official could own a plot of no more than 500 those, then the peasant, the county inspector or the account - no more than 10 those), But at the same time, the aristocracy skillfully accounted for these restrictions and captured checks over vast territories.

In 765, a decree was issued, which forbidden to use the forced labor of the peasants in his private possessions. This practice distracted them from the processing of their own posts, which ultimately reduced taxes and revenues to the state treasury. Based on private land ownership, the clergy formed extensive faiths ( sien.), which were inherited. The growth of the influence of newly latifundists led to the fact that the ban on the use of peasant labor in private possessions was canceled already in 772, and new decrees (784, 797 and 801), who at least somehow stop or limit the seizure of new lands and turning them in sien.In fact, they did not give positive results. At the board of Emperor Kamma (802 years), the deadline for the redistribution of land plots was increased from six to 12 years, but at the same time, in the 9th century, the revision of incidents was carried out only twice - in 828 and 878-880 - and only in the district of Kinai.

The concentration of arable land in private hands (land complained by the emperor for special merits, lands of Buddhist and shinto temples, virgin lands) undermined the economic foundations of the state rizzewoo" On the change of state (represented by the emperor), the property of privately placed land tenure ( sien.). Annable land use system that was the basis of the state rizzewoo"I really functioned only in the metropolitan area of \u200b\u200bKinai, and in the remote provinces it was either there was no one, or the local knee knocked her under their realities (in addition, the ridiculous system assumed existence condan Einan Sitzay ho - "Private ownership of newly mastered lands"). At the turn of the VIII-IX centuries, several types of private land ownership appeared. TO syu There were land, the rights to which the state recognized - put on the imperial house, the highest aristocracy, large temples and monasteries. TO siro. Related areas of the lower aristocracy and provincial nobility, which were supposed to pay land taxes of the provinces (at the end of the XI century, taxes were canceled for them). TO syoki Syen. ("Early sien.") Extensive forest arrays compared to the state for the economic needs of monasteries and temples (over time they joined the forests and re-mastered the surrounding land).

The largest land owner in the VIII-IX centuries was the Temple of Todai-Dzhi, which posted almost 3.5 thousand. those Hands in the provinces of Ethyatzen, Ettu and Etigo (full independence over their possessions, the temple received only in the XII century). Because of the tax negle and employment of the peasants, the peasants were massively ran from state stationery, finding asylum and land in provincial nobility and temples. Real power in the province of steel dOO ("Possible power over Earth"), which supplied peasants with everything necessary for agricultural and irrigation work, and in some places and supported order. Soon many dOO He became the heads of counties, they went to cooperate with the provincial governors or the metropolitan aristocrats, who in response closed their eyes to the growth of their land possessions. Newly developed lands that were treated by residents of neighboring villages based on rental relationships, and over time passed to the category syoki Syen.. Earth belonging to aristocracy or developed by peasants from virgin, unlike lands of temples and monasteries, were taxed.

Gradually the difference between state ( cubundhan) and private ( dzöden) The lands were erased, and they received a common name. fumery. Pasteners treated tATO ("Strong peasants") who were divided into daimo Tato ("Big tato") and favorom Tato ("Little Tato"). The first worked on extensive fumery, second - on small. Daimo Tato Could hire poor peasants and have personal slaves. Often from among tATO out out mesu - rich and respected in their middle the peasants who followed the processing of fields dOO, for harvesting and taxes from a certain group of peasants. Temples syoki Syen.Although they were actually private possessions, but to a certain extent continued to depend on the authorities (to attract peasants from the surrounding villages for the processing of the Earth, it was necessary to obtain permission from the head of the county).

In 822 and 830, there were heavy epidemics in Japan, which entailed the next economic crisis. The diseases and pressure of the authorities on landowners led to the fact that many cultivated land (including syoki Syen.) In the second half of the IX, the beginning of the 10th centuries were abandoned. At the beginning of the X century, a new type began to develop sien. - kisin Tikey (The site processed by the peasant to his suzerane, which in his possessions had all the completeness of the administrative and fiscal power). Owners kisin Tikey fine landowners appeared ( rysu) From among the local nobility, who received posts and the corresponding land, as well as the metropolitan officials appointed to the provinces. Over time, opposing groups of landowners arose. On the one hand, the local one who occupied high posts in the provincial deposits, and from the other side - rysuForced to look for patrons who are able to protect their vassals (such landowners in exchange for patronage transferred land ownership of the land with a well-known aristocrat or a religious institution, retaining the right to direct ownership).

In the role of patrons ( honke) The members of the Imperial House, the genus Fujiwara and other influential births, major Buddhist and Shinto temples, provincial governors who received part of income from the ward sien.. On the honke Numerous closed rysuFormally owned by the site and also received a part of income from it. At the bottom of the pyramids were symin, among which allocated mesu (they were answered before rysu For collecting taxes, condition of fields and canals, providing peasants with seeds). Significant kinds could have patched hundreds of fragmented land, and for better management they were created. mandocoro - Tips of the senior managers of all sien. kind, which collected income from put on and managed directly rysu.

After the decline in the agriculture in the IX-XI centuries, which in a large extent, a series of droughts, epidemics and military conflicts between the groups known to know, from the end of the XI century, sowing areas began to expand (mainly due to the restoration of previously abandoned sites), the production of food was revived, However, noticeable progress in agriculture was not observed.

At the Board of Emperor GO-SANDZO, "Fundamental Land Research Office" was established ( cyll Sien Chankayseyu or abbreviated cirokeudzo.), which was engaged in the control of the size and exchange of fields, the seizure of public sections and peasants, design property rights. Officials cirokeudzo. All private ownership of both temples and influential births have been checked. As a result of the fact that all put on ones who were not decorated documented in favor of the imperial house, soon the emperor became the largest private landowner of the country (by the XII century of ownership of the ruling form were more than a hundred sien. in 60 provinces). Emperators Siracawa and Toba continued to strengthen the economic base of the Imperial House. With them separate sien. began to combine in extensive possessions, such as Hachidzein. In the second half of the XII century, the imperial yard practically practiced the transfer to the deposit of trusted aristocrats and the temples of the entire provinces in which they collected taxes.

Housing

With the start of marine fishing during the Dzemon period, the first relatively large settlements of fishermen began to appear on the coast. Gradually, residents of the mountain areas moved into coastal areas and river valleys, and the subcultures of the internal regions and the coasts were increasingly isolated. If in numerous settlements of hunters and collectors scattered in mountainous areas, there were 4 - 5 dwellings from 5 to 15 square meters. M, the coastal settlements consisted of several dozen housing, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich could reach 40 square meters. m. In the largest settlements could be up to 400 dwellings, located in the circumference around the central space. The plan of ordinary housing was a circle with a diameter of 4 - 5 m (less often - rectangle). Wooden house frame was covered with bark, grass, moss and leaves. The earth floor was at a depth of 50 cm to 1 m from the surface, but in some cases it was covered with stone flooring (part of the houses for a number of reasons were built on piles). In the center of the dwelling as a rule was located a hearth (at the beginning of the Dzemon period, he was taken out of the house). Some sites were found large collective dwellings with an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 270 m and with several foci, which most likely, in winter, a whole race.

During the Hayan period, his traditional features acquired a wealthy Japanese dwelling. The floors of the residential premises were almost completely covered with straw mats ( tatami), divided into several sections with low wooden thresholds. Piece of paper walls ( sadie. and fusama) It was done sliding, which made it possible to change the appearance of the room. Behind the groove sadie. There were wider grooves for external shutter ( amado), which moved overnight and in bad weather. Often between sadie. and amado Passed narrow verandas ( eNGAVA). Later, the central part of the interior was toconoma - Niche in the end wall, which was decorated with vases, smokers, scrolls with painting or calligraphy. Almost complete lack of furniture fused flat seating pads ( dzabuton), low dining tables, mats and cotton wadded mattresses. Kitchens with earthwood or wooden floor were equipped with roasting roasting ( hibacy), often equipped in the floor with open foci ( irry. or kotatsu). In some extensions, large wooden bathing bags were placed.

clothing

In ancient times, residents of the Japanese archipelago already knew simple clothes from hemp and expensive silk robes. For a long time, the costume of Korean type prevailed among the nobility. In the period of Nara, the Chinese style clothing dominated in the metropolitol life. Early bathrobes ( kimono) with wide sleeves ( sodwe) went like traditional chinese hanfalater pants were added to them ( khakama), belt ( obi) and short capes ( haory). Women kimono sewed from tissues of light and bright patterned colors, and men's - from dark monochrome tissues. On her legs dressed different types of straw or wooden sandals ( varaji., gat. and dzori.), later there were special socks for them ( tabi).

Kitchen

The basis of the meal was cooked rice, to which various vegetable and fish seasonings were served. Fish soups were widely spread with the addition of vegetables and bean paste, rice balls with slices of fish ( sucy and norimaki.), rice cakes moth.. In traditional cuisine, fresh and dried algae, salty and sauer vegetables, as well as such ingredients like radish daikon, Salad cabbage hakusai., root of garden thistle gobo, Sheet chrysanthemum sungin., Nuts of the Ginkgo tree ( guinnan.), mushrooms, young bamboo shoots, lotus rhizomes, mollusks, octopuses, squid, cuttlefish, trepanga, crabs and shrimps. Often, vegetables, fish and seafood were prepared without heat treatment, only finely cut and fed in raw form with various sauces (in some cases - in a submarine or acidified form). The food was served in the glasses using wooden sticks to eat ( hACI). Among the drinks, the most refined tea was considered, with the court and in the temples, rice braga was used sake.

Usually under folk beliefs understand an ancient religious practice that does not associate with the church hierarchy. This is a complex of representations and actions based on prejudice, superstitions, etc. Although folk beliefs differ from the temple cult, but the relationship here is obvious. We turn, for example, to ancient one, which the Japanese worship from time immemorial.

Initially, a huge impact on beliefs, as already mentioned, had to be rendered to Japan with the mainland of religion. This can be shown by the example of the Kosin Cult.

Many deities from Buddhist Pantheon entered the folk pantheon of Japanese deities themselves. So, in Japan got great popularity buddhist Saint Dzizo. In the courtyard of one of the temples in Tokyo, the Dzizo statue was erected, excavated by the straw ropes. This is the so-called Sibarara Dzizo - "Related Dzizo"; If a person kidnapped some values, he tied Dzizo and promised to free it when the disappearance was found.

Researchers as follows classify the ancient folk beliefs of the Japanese:
- Production cults (related mainly with agriculture and fishing);
- Healing cults (providing alleged curability from diseases);
- cults of patronage (aimed at defencing epidemics and other troubles from the outside);
- the cult is the keeper of a homely focus (who has protected the house from the fire and supported the world in the family);
- the cult of good luck and prosperity (which gave the acquisitions and good of life);
- The cult of frightening evil spirits (aimed at getting rid of different uncleanies - devils, water, ledges).

Dzemon period-Teriod of the history of Ain and Japanese history from 13,000 years BC 300 BC.

It was called from the term "Dzemon" (literally "trail of the rope"), so called the technique of decoration with the cord ornament of clay dishes and figures of the dog, which was distributed during this period. Feature of the Dzemon period - the beginning of the use by residents of the Japanese archipelago of ceramic products.

Ain is the ancient population of the Japanese islands, which created the Neolithic culture of Jemon. Ayna was mainly gathering, fishing and hunting, lived in small groups on extensive areas of land. From the middle of the Jemon's era, the Japanese islands begin to be beginning to be first from Southeast Asia and South China, later from Central Asia, other ethnic groups, introducing agriculture, namely rice production, cattle breeding. Aina's migration begins on Sakhalin, Nizhny Amur, Primorye and Kuril Islands. It is ethnic groups from Central Asia that gave rise to Korean and Japanese ethnic.

In 660 G.D. N.E. (The beginning of the Japanese Souls) According to the Japanese legend, the state of Yamato was formed.

Five mighty gods, on ancient legend, owned the universe. The fate of the newly created land managed seven divine departments, Takamagahar. The youngest couple of these gods, Izanagi and Izanami, sent their daughter the goddess of the sun amateras to the ground and she became the degree of five terrestrial gods or heroes. One of them, named Hiconagisatk, received the prediction that his offspring would always own the Japanese Islands, and he bases his dominion on the island of Kiusiu by conquering his indigenous tribes. His son Jimmima takes constancy reaches power in 660 and becomes the first Japanese emperor to Dzimm.

When the state of Yamato is developing, the era of the constant war between Yamato and Ain begins.

Time Yoyu - The epoch in the history of Japan is approximately 400 g. N.E-250 (300) G.N.

The period of Yoyui is marked by the arrival of rice cultivation and agricultural economy. There are wooden storage facilities on piles. Asian continental influences during this period brought the main social and technical achievements, including the establishment of communities, the manufacture of ceramic dishes, metal weapons, especially bronze bells and ritual ritual items. The formation of the control layer in the communities began, which led to military conflict. In this period, the first slaves appeared.

The first fabric and more modern clothing items appear (during the period of the Dzevel, the Japanese wore clothes made from the bark of trees and leaves).

With the tenth emperor, Suzine, in 85 G. N. E.Pila held the first census of the population.

COFUN period - Epoch in Japan's history (250 (300) -538)

called the culture of Kurgan Korganov. Cofun is a burial, the prototype of which served as Cofuns of ancient China. Mogil hills were various forms: semicircular, rectangular, square, most common in the "opening" of the key.

Cofuna had several steps left from the base of the Kofun to the top of the hill, the more steps, the higher the position of the deceased, some mounds were surrounded by a moat. On the slopes of Kurgans, a stone hedge was built around which clay figurines "Haniva" were established, designed to protect the graves from evil perfume. The adven of one of the emperors has 7 steps.

During the period, the coofer on the islands existed more than thirty small Japanese states. The state of Yamato became dominant, it was ruled by a priestess of chemical or pimico, which had magical abilities. After her death, at the head of the state, Yamato got her thirteen-year-old daughter of Thai (letters. "Sun").

Subsequent emperors undertake successful conquests in different parts of Kyushu Islands and Honsu against the wild tribes of Emis and Kumaso. In the way, the power of Emperors Yamato spread to both islands.

Assuka period(538-710)

Gradually, the contacts of the Japanese with China and the Korean peninsula are expanding. This period in culture was characterized by the spread of realistic mapping of reality in sculpture, painting, literature. The original Japanese style was developed, despite the strong influence of Chinese and Korean cultures.

The ASUCE period is named after the location of the country's political center at the time in the ASUCA valley (Sovr.Prefecture of Nara).

The peculiarity of the distribution of Buddhism, the flourishing of Japanese culture, the creation of the first arch of laws. Despite the confrontation between the great clan of Mononoba and the Soga, the new religion Buddhism had a large number of Followers among members of the highest classes and eventually became a state religion.

The victory of the family of the Sog strengthened their political leadership. During the dictatorship of the Soggy, the first Japanese constitution was written, a Chinese calendar was introduced, a transport network was established. In 645, the soggy was destroyed and opposition was opposed to power under the leadership of the future emperor Ternji, the founder of the Fujiwara Natolima region, but Kamatari.

Taika reforms were carried out, the basis of which was the legislation. The centralized office of the Office led by the emperor was created, the responsibility for the state of affairs in the country was carried by the government with ministries that were managed by official families.

The country was divided into 60 provinces, all lands were declared by the state of the state, i.e. atomer and divided according to the well-known laws between the people, peace and silence were restored everywhere.

The third part of the male population from 21 to 60 years of age was subject to military service, with a later restriction that only men trained in horseback riding and shooting from Luke should have come to the service. Along with the Tsarist Life Guard, brigade of various power were formed, up to 1000 people each, with leaders and sublodes, the rights and obligations of which were accurately defined. The emperor Bumbo issued a school law, made a university in Kyoto and many provincial schools. Science and Art flourished in his management.

In 708, the Japanese coin chasing was started. In 710, the capital from Fujiwara-ko was transferred to Heidzo-ko to Nara.

Period of Nara(710-794)

The beginning of the Nara period is marked by the transfer of the capital in Heydzo-ko, the modern city of Nara. Feature of the era of the Nara-Creation of the first historical chronicles of the Codziki, Nihon Syoki and Buddhism Flower. During this period, prototypes of Japanese phonetic ABC of Haragan and Katakana were also formed.

The capital of Nara was the first Japanese city designed by Chinese standards of that time. During this period, there was a centralized state at the head of the Emperor, based on legislation. However, the existing chamber of the Great State Council restricted its power.

The population was divided into groups: officials of the metropolitan and provincial (divided into 9 categories), free communities, artisans and criminals and their families, slaves. All lands were declared by state ownership. The economy of the Nara period was natural. Money was used to pay a salary to officials and employees.

To increase revenues, the state stimulated the development of virgin land and in 743 a new decree was published, which introduced the rule of "eternal private ownership of a mastering virulent". This immediately used noble childbirth and influential Buddhist monasteries, which created a powerful economic base on untreated lands.

In the period of Nara, the aggravation of the struggle for power between the imperial house (Tanno itself and his closest births), aristocratic clans and Buddhist monasteries began. For the dominant positions, the Aristocrats and Buddhist monks competed for the downtime. Buddhists even tried to capture power in the country, trying to make the monk dock (700-772), the favorite of the Empress Cong, the new emperor.

However, the aristocratic opposition headed by Fujiwara prevented the coup and was able to move all the monks from public posts. Given the intimate relationship of the dock with the empress and the danger to the dynasty they carried, Fujiwara canceled the future of women to occupy the throne of Japanese monarchs.

Due to strengthening the influence on the courtyard of the Buddhist monasteries, the capital was decided to move to Nagoca. But after the murder of Tanetsegu Fujiwara-responsible for construction, in 794 the capital was postponed to the city of Heian (modern Kyoto). The construction of a new capital practically ruined the imperial treasury. Left without financial support, the emperor is weakened, and instead of him the real power turned out to be in the hands of the aristocratic clan of Fujiwara.

Hayian period(794-1185) Translated from Japanese the world, calm.

The period begins with the transfer of the capital to the city of Heian (modern Kyoto). The period can be divided into early and late Heian. In Early Heian, there was a gradual decay of the ridden system introduced by secret reforms, and a massive ruin of peasants began. A class of the largest landowners appeared, which turned their possessions in the estate, Sien. For significant parts of them, the owners achieved tax immunity, which further undermined the resources of the central government. Strengthening the economic role of the highest nobility was reflected in the increasing of its political role.

The period when the power of the Fujivar clan has reached such sizes that the emperors were appointed and renounced the throne only by their will, the beginning of the late Heian was noted. To limit the power of Clan Fujivar in the 11th century, an insurance system was created when the emperor renounced the throne in favor of the heir, and he himself went to the monastery, from where he managed the state by fighting Fujiwara for the most important posts in the government, estate, new lands.

The structure of state administration, borrowed from China, was subjected to significant changes, new bodies were created, not provided for in the laws of the Nara period. The nomedic system was reorganized on the basis of land taxation of the farms of rich peasants. The state land began to lease to landowners and rich peasants.

Since the beginning of the period of relative external isolation of the country and the weakening of the Empire, the Tan ceased centralized set of peasants for military service and began the process of forming a new social layer - samurai. The first samurai joined the relationship between the metropolitan aristocrats, served as officials of provincial council or in the protection of the imperial yard. The main weapon of samurai period Hayene was onions and arrows, while they fought the riding on horseback.

Samurai shared on the ranks, at the head of military houses stood siblings of the side branches of aristocratic childbirth or came from the emperors themselves. While the central government weakens, these families gained their own squads to collect taxes, maintain order in their possessions and the protection of the northern borders from invasions.

Although the clans of the military aristocrats were obeyed by the orders of the Imperial Court, and the size of their land possessions depended on its location, they gradually turned into a formidable force, periodically fighting each other. Larger samurai families tried to enlist their support as much as possible fine-earth feudalists, thereby increase their own power.

Gradually, the internal struggle broke into the rivalry of the two samurai clans: Minamoto and Tyra, who had a strong influence on the internal events of the country.

In 1156, the Emperor of the day rebellted against Emperor Joširakawa due to the difficulties arising about the inheritance of the throne. The side of the first adopted Minamoto, under the leadership of Iosimo, the side of the second was accepted by Tair, under the leadership of cyiumori. After the fierce battle, IosimoMo was broken and the attack on Kyoto made him in three years later led only to the final death of him and his whole family with the exception of only two sons with several adherents (1159).

Tair managed to use their victory; All influential places in the state they replaced with their adherents. Tair Cyeryori ruled like a military ruler, having unlimited power. In the same way, he was cruel to his enemies and ungratigated to his adherents, he became hatred soon with his spuriousness and greed and limitless arrogance. At the same time, members of so proud once at home were subjected to a relaxing influence of court life. Meanwhile, as respect for Tair, Mynamoto, under the leadership of Iorito and Iosinak, were gathered in the northern and eastern provinces, where the population was definitely committed.

The five-year war between the Minaimo and Tyra Military Clans ended with the victory of Minamoto, who denoted the end of the Hayan era. Residence Minamoto Yurito, the heads of the winning house and the founder of Sögunat, became camakura citywho gave the name of the next period of Japanese history period of Kamakura.

Interesting information about the oldest Japan

The times, when corded ceramics were used in Japan, and called the era of cord ceramics (Dzevel). From the doctoral Paleolytic times, the Dzemo has the difference in the fact that ceramics and onions appeared for firing. The appearance of Japanese or other ceramics today is not investigated to the end.

The bow with arrows replaced the Paleolithic spear during the time when they did not know anything about samurai. It was the first automatic weapon that changed the method of hunting. Hunting small animals has become much easier and more efficient. Ceramic products appeared at the moment when people realized the chemical variability of substances. It was concluded that from the elastic and soft clay, with a long processing, you can make a solid container. It is ceramic dishes that taught people to make stewed and boiled food. In this regard, many previously unknown products appeared in the diet, and in general, food has become better.

According to 1994, the most ancient subject of ceramics is the "jug with a kvasoleptibal ornament", which was found in Japan in the dungeon of the temple of SaintPukjuzi and marched the eleventh millennium before the Nativity of Christ. It is from this moment that the era of the Dzevel comes and lasted ten millennia. During this time, ceramic products began to produce throughout Japan. Compared to the remaining neolithic ceramic cultures of antiquity, this was exceptional for Japan. Dzemo ceramics is characterized by limited distinction, time extent, similarity of styles. In other words, it can be divided into two regional groups, developing by evolution, and their ornamental motives were similar. The most distinguished Neolithic ceramics of Eastern Japan and Western. Although there are regional differences, all types of ceramics have similarities, this indicates a solid archaeological culture. No one knows how much the parking lot of the Dzemo era. According to 1994, there were hundred thousands of them. This speaks of a relatively large population density of Japan. Until the 90s, most of the parking lots were located in East Japan, but the archaeologists did so that the number of standings in the West and the East would become approximately the same.

The ethnologist from Japan K. Suidzi believes that twenty thousand people lived in the middle of the above-described era in Japan, in the middle of this period, 260,000, at the end - 76,000.

Ancient Japanese farm

During the period, the Japanese economy was based on fishing, hunting, collecting products. There is an opinion that elementary gravy agriculture was known to the Neolithic settlement, and wild boars were domesticated.

During hunt, the Japanese usually used an ordinary onion. Researchers managed to find the remnants of this tool in the marsh covers of parking lots in a wetland lowland. At the time of 1994, the archaeologists were found only thirty whole bows. They are most often made of the head-tice types of wood and covered with a dark color varnish. At the end of the arrows there was a tip from a powerful stone called Obsidian. Spear used quite rarely. Most often, various parts of the copies were found on Hokkaido, but for Kanto this is an exception. And in Western Japan spears almost never been. Not only weapons, but also dogs and wolf pits took hunting. Usually hunting was produced on deer, boars, wild birds. For fishing, crabs, shrimps, and so on, harpuna or fishing nets were used. On the ancient landfills, remnants of networks, weights, hooks were found. Most of the tools are made of deer bones. They are usually in the parking lots placed on the shores of the sea and rivers. These tools were applied at the time of the year and were directed on specific fish: Bonites, Sudakov, and so on. Harpuny and rods used alone, networks - collegially. Fisherman was especially well developed in the middle of the days of Dzness.

Of great importance was gathering in the farm. Even at the beginning of the time, the Dzemen was used as various vegetation as products. Most often it was solid fruits, such as nuts, chestnuts, acorns. Gathering was produced in the autumn months, the fruits were collected in baskets woven from Lozin. Justice was used in the manufacture of flour, which Moli on the shine, and prepared bread from it. Some products were kept in winter in the pits one meter depth. Pits were located outside the settlement. The parking lot of the middle period of Sakanositis and the final period of Minami Gatamaee is indicated about such pans. The population consumed not only solid products, but also grapes, water nuts, dogwood, actinidia, and so on. Grains from such plants were near the reserves of solid fruits in the parking lot of the Toriham.

Most likely, residents were engaged in elementary agricultural production. This is told about traces from agricultural land, which were found in the settlement zone.

In addition, people took possession of the skill of gibrics and Chinese nettle, which was used in the manufacture of tissues.

Ancient Japanese housing

Throughout the era of the Dzevel, the population of the Japanese archipelago lived in the dugouts, which were considered the classical prestructing premoccience. The dwelling was deepened in the soil, there had sex and walls from the ground, the roof kept the base from wooden beams. The roof consisted of trees, vegetation and animal skins. In different regions there were various dugouts. In the eastern part of Japan there were more, in Western - less.

At an early stage, the housing design was very primitive. She could be a round form or rectangular. In the middle of each earthquake, a hearth was necessarily located, which was divided into: a stone, jug or earth. An earthy focal was made as follows: a small funnel was digging, which was folded by a brushwood and burned. For the manufacture of a pitched focus, the lower part of the pot was used, it was bought into the soil. The stone focus was made from small pebbles and pebbles, they laid a plot where the focus was divorced.

The dwellings of such regions, like Tohoku and Hokurik, were distinguished from other things that had quite large sizes. From the middle period, these buildings began to be manufactured on a complex system, which assumed the use of more than one focus in one housing. The dwelling of that period was not simply considered a place to find peace, but also the space interrelated with the beliefs and the perception of the world.

On average, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe dwelling ranged from twenty to thirty square meters. Most often, a family consisting of a minimum of five lived in such territory. The number of family members proves the discovery in the parking lot of the beaches - the burial of a family was found in the dwelling, consisting of several male people, a few female and one child.

There are extensive premises located in North-Central and Northern Japan. To be accurates, the capphana was excavated at the Foodo parking lot, consisting of four foci.

The design is similar to an ellipse having a length of seventeen meters, and the radius of eight meters. At the parking lot of Sugisavaday, the dwelling of the same form is excavated, but the length was 31 meters, and the radius is 8.8 meters. It is not precisely established, for which the premises of such sizes were intended. If we argue hypothetically, it can be assumed that these were storerooms, public workshops and so on.

Ancient settlements

From several housing a settlement was formed. At the beginning of the Epoch of the Dzevel, two or three houses included in one settlement. In the early period, the number of earthquakes became more and more. This proves that people began to lead a settling life. Building for housing has been constructed around the territory at about one distance. This territory was the middle of the religious and collective life of the population. A similar type of settlements was called "round" or "horseshoe". Since the events of the Dzevel's era, such settlements have become distributed throughout Japan.

The settlements were divided into: permanent and temporary, but in the first, and in the second case, people lived on one territory for a long time. This proves the connection of ceramic cultural styles of the village and the layering of the settlements of the early era to the Late.

Settlements consisted not only of dwellings, but also from buildings on the backups. The basis of such buildings was the shape of a hexagon, a rectangle, an ellipse. They had no walls and gender from the ground, there were buildings on the backup columns, the focus was also absent. The room had a width of five to fifteen meters. For which the buildings were intended on the backups - no one knows.

Burial

The Japanese of the Dzevel era most often the dead attached to the land in Mushchy mound, which were located near the housing and were simultaneously not only the cemetery, but also a landfill. In the first millennium, general cemeteries were created before the Nativity of Christ. For example, in the parking lot of Iosigo, the researchers discovered more than three hundred remains. It said that the population began to send a settling life and the number of residents of Japan grew.

Most of the human burials can be called the raft masonry of the corpses: the limbs of the deceased person were in such a way that he looked like an embryo, he was just put in the diverty pit and fell asleep the earth.

In the Third Millennium, there were special cases before the Nativity of Christ when the corpses were put in an extended form. At the end of this period, the burning tradition of the dead was introduced: a triangle was made from the burnt limbs dead, the skull and the rest of the bones were put into the center. Usually, the burials were single, but there were general graves, for example, family. The biggest grave of the era of the Dzevel had a length of two meters. It was discovered about fifteen remains. Such a burial ground was found in the mound of the parking lot.

In Mushchy, there were not only jam burials. The researchers found a cemetery, where the dead lay in the recess with the base of stone or in huge coffins from the stone. Such burials were frequent finds at the end of the era in the northern part of Japan.

In Hokkaido, the dead were buried on extensive special cemeteries with a generous funeral decoration. In addition, in ancient Japan there was a tradition to bury children born dead, as well as to the six-year-old age in the vessels from ceramics. There were cases when in pots were buried and older people. After burning the bodies, the remains were wrapped with water, and stored in such a container.

Japanese beliefs and rites

As an information source about the religion of the Japanese, the Epoch of the Dzevel was the burial decoration. If the interior had, then people believed that there was life after death and soul. Together with the deceased most often put on the grave of the objects that the deceased man enjoyed during his lifetime. It could be rings, chain and other decorations. It was usually necessary to find, belts made of deer horns, which were covered with a beautiful intricate pattern, and bracelets made from rappani solid shells or Glycymeris. Inside, they were made of opening for hand and polished to a brilliant state. The decorations possessed both aesthetic and ritual function. As a rule, the bracelets were found in the graves of women, and the belt in the graves of men. The number of interior items and their luxury spoke about public, physiological and age division.

In late times, a tradition appeared to pull out or cut into teeth. Last lifetimes, people cleaned some of the cutters - it said that they went into the adult group. Methods and order of dental removal had differences depending on the place and time. In addition, there was a tradition to focus four upper cutters in the form of two or tridents.

There is another monument relating to the religion of that period - this is women's figurines doge of ceramics. They also bear the name Dzemo-Venus.

These ancient statuettes were found in the Khanavadai parking lot, presumably they belong to the early days of the Dzevel's era. Figurines are divided, depending on the manufacturer's manner, on the following types: cylindrical, flat, embossed with legs, with a face in the form of a triangle, with eyepiece eyes. Almost all the dog is depicted, most likely, a pregnant woman with a convex tummy. Typically, statuettes are detected in a broken form. There is an opinion, such statues are a symbol of a female start, family, the birth of offspring. The dog was used in rituals concerning the cult of fertility. In the same cult, such symbols like swords and knives of stone were used, silbo sticks, which represented power, male began, influence. Figurines made of stone and wood. There were a dog's kind of overama. In addition, the ancient Japanese made masks from ceramics, but where they were used, to this day remains a mystery.