Directory Foreign Writers Children. Famous children's writers and their works

Starting from the second half of the XIX century in the history of world children's literature, there are trends towards expanding style and genre opportunities. Any one literary direction can no longer designate an era.

Children's book often becomes a creative laboratory, in which forms are produced, techniques, bold linguistic, logical and psychological experiments are put. National children's literature are actively emerging, especially noticeable the originality of traditions in children's literature, France, German-speaking, Scandinavian and Western Slavic countries. Thus, the originality of English children's literature is manifested in the rich tradition of a literary game based on the properties of the language and folklore.

For all national literatures, the widespread dissemination of moral works is characterized, among them there are their achievements (for example, Roman Englishwomen F. will "Little Lord Fontler"). However, in modern children's reading in Russia, the works of foreign authors, in which "other" look at the world is important.

Edward Lear(1812-1888) "glorified himself with nonsense," as he wrote in the poem "How cute to know Mr. Lira ...". The future poet-humorist was born in a large family, did not receive systematic education, all his life I needed scary, but I traveled without end: Greece, Malta, India, Albania, Italy, France, Switzerland ... He was an eternal wanderer - with a bunch of chronic Diseases, because of what the doctors prescribed "absolute peace."

LIR devoted poems to children and grandchildren of Graph Derby (he had no). Collections of Lira "The Book of Absdiction" (1846), "Cepex Songs, History, Botany and Alphabets" (1871), "Raidening Lyrics" (1877), "Even more nonsense songs" (1882) won great popularity and withstand many editions Life of the poet. After his death, for many years they were reprinted every year. Beautiful draftsman, Lire himself illustrated his books. Albums of his sketches made during wanderings are known all over the world.

Edward Lir is one of the predecessors of the directions of the absurd in modern English literature. He introduced a genre into literature "Lymerik".Here are two samples of this genre:

At one young lady from Chile, a mother over a day was held two miles, Sigane without parsing after one hundred and three fences, to the surprise of that lady from Chile. * * *

The elderly lady from Halla bought for chickens and, so that they did not sweat on hot days, they laughed behind them.

(Translation M. Frejdkin)

Limmeries are a small form of folk creativity, long-known in England. It was originally appeared in Ireland; The place of her occurrence is the town of Limmer, where such poems have sowed during the festivities. At the same time, their form was developed, which involves the mandatory indication at the beginning and at the end of the Limerick of the area, in which the action occurs, and the description of some oddity inherent in the resident of this area.

Lewis Carroll- pseudonym of the famous English storyter. Its real name is Charles Latujzh Dodzhson (1832- 1898). He is known as a scientist who has made a number of major discoveries in mathematics.

The fourth of July 1862 is memorable for the history of English literature by the fact that on this day Carroll and his friend went with the three daughters of the Rector of Oxford University on a boat trip over the Thames. One of the girls is the ten-year-old Alice - and became the prototype of the main character of Carroll's fairy tales. Communication with the charming, intelligent and educated girl inspired Carroll on many fantastic fudges who splash first in one book - "Alice in Wonderland" (1865), and then to another - "Alice in the Wonderland" (1872).

About the works of Lewis Carroll speak as "intellectual holidays", who allowed themselves a solid scientist, and His "Alice ..." is called "the most inexhaustible fairy tale of the world." The labyrinths of the wonderland and the castomriancial are endless, as well as the consciousness of the author, developed by intellectual labor and fantasy. You should not look for allegories in its fairy tales, direct links with folklore fairy tales and moral and didactic subtext. The author wrote his funny books to entertain little girlfriend and himself. Carroll, as well as the "king of nonsense" Edward Lire, was independent of the rules of Victorian literature, requiring educational goal, respectable heroes and logical plots.

Contrary to the general law, according to which the "adults" are sometimes becoming "children's", Carroll's fairy tales, written for children, read with interest and adults and affect the "big" literature and even science. "Alice ..." scrupulously study not only literary criticism, linguists and historians, but also mathematics, physics, chess players. Carroll became a "writer for writers", and his comic work is the desktop book of many writers. The combination of fantasy with an honest "mathematical" logic gave rise to a completely new type of literature.

In the children's literature, Karroll fairy tales played the role of a powerful catalyst. Paradox, a game with logical concepts and phraseological combinations became an indispensable part of the newest children's poetry and prose.

Russian writers fairy tales Carroll attracted in the XX century. One of the first attempts to translate "Alice ..." was made by the poetess of the silver century P.Solovyeva-Allegro - for the magazine "Tropinka" (1909). She found the style of the translation of particularly difficult places of Caer Rollovskaya fairy tales, now generally accepted, - means of parodies for Russian lyrical poems (for example, "Evening soup, evening soup, when I was and small and stupid ..."). The fairy tale "Anya in Wonderland", translated by V. Nabokov, is largely adapted and Russified. The new translation of the English poems was carried out by S. Marshak. Following him, the verses of Carroll translated D. Oryvskaya, O.Sedakov. Classic translation of books about Alice was made by N. Demova; Its translation is intended for adults and adolescents. Little children were addressing their transfers of B. Zagoder and L. Xinin.

In the kid Russians, "Alice ..." an emphasis was made, in particular, on the paradoxes of English and Russian. Angear, following Nabokov, created a humorous styling of the textbook rows of Russian lyrics. For example, four initial lines of the famous poem A.K. Tolstoy "My bells, / flowery steppe! / What do you look at me, / dark blue? .. "turned from an approach in quitty:

My crocodiles, river flowers! What do you look at me, just like relatives?

From time to time, in the course of the story, the goal gives his explanation, - however, completely in the spirit of Carroll.

The situation when the perfect hero suddenly finds himself in a medium full of unremarkable rules, conventions and conflicts, was well developed in the Russian classics of the XIX century (remember at least Roman Dostoevsky "Idiot"). Maybe therefore "Alice ..." easily arrived in Russia.

The peculiarity of the country of miracles or the lubricator is that all rules, conventions and conflicts change there on the go, and Alice is not able to understand this "order". Being a girl's judgment, she tries to solve a problem every time. For example: how to get out of the laid sea? Floating in this castorical sea, Alice reflects: "It will be stupid if I drown in my own tears! In this case, she thought, "you can leave by rail." The accuracy of the saving conclusion is dictated by the logic of her experience: "Alice just once in his life was on the seaside, and therefore it seemed to her that everything was there in the same way: in the sea - bathing booths, on the shore - kids with wooden shovels build castles from sand; Then - guest houses, and for them - Railway station " (N.Demova translation).If you can come to the sea by train, then why not return the same path?

Politeness (the highest virtue of the British girls of the Victorian era) So and the case brings to Alice, and curiosity causes incredible consequences. Almost none of her conclusion is tested by the tested logic of strange heroes encountered. Mouse, White Rabbit, Blue Caterpillar, Queen, Saltay-Boltai, Cheshire Cat, Martov Hare, Dweller, Turtle Quasi and other characters - Everyone strictly asks a girl about the slightest molt, language inaccuracy. They force the girl to understand the literal meaning of each phrase. You can, for example, "lose time", "kill time", and you can make friends with it, and then after nine in the morning, when you need to go to classes, it comes immediately by half a century. However, with such logically built conclusions, all the heroes of the wonderland and the castorcallians - madness and eccentrics; With their behavior and speeches, they create anti-smughi and not, in which Alice wanders. She sometimes tries to call for the order of insane heroes, but her attempts themselves only aggravate absurdity in this inverted world.

The main character of the Carrolla Fairy Tales is English. The game with the word underlies its creative method. Heroes - revived metaphors, alogons, phraseological speeds, proverbs and sayings - surround Alice, tormented it, ask strange questions, respond to her the nefple - in accordance with the logic of the language itself. Carroll's madness and eccentrics consist in direct relationship with English folklore characters, rising to the folk culture of the Balagan, Carnival, a puppet presentation.

The dynamism and accuracy of the action attached mostly dialogues. Carroll almost does not describe the heroes, landscapes, furnishings. The entire alogichic world and images of his heroes are created in dialogues similar to a duel. Wins the one who can circle around the opponent's opponent's finger. Here is the Alice Dialogue with Cheshire Cat:

Tell me, and who lives here? She asked.

On this side, the cat waved the right paw in the air, "some hat lives. Shaped hat! And on this side, - and he waved in the air with the left paw, - the crazy hare lives. Crazy in March. Hang anyone you want. Both abnormal.

Why do I go to abnormal? - Crash Alice. - I am ... I will not go to them ...

You see, it's still not to avoid, "the cat said," because we are all abnormal here. " I am abnormal. You're crazy.

Why do you know that I'm abnormal? Asked Alice.

Because you are here, - just said the cat. - Otherwise you would not get here.

(B. Sedokov's translation)

Carroll created the world of the game "in nonsense" - in nonsense, nonsense, nonsense. The game consists in confrontation of two tendencies - ordering and disordering reality, equally inherent in man. Alisa embodies their behavior and reasoning the trend of streamlining, and the inhabitants of the castorical - the opposite tendency. Sometimes the top wore Alice - and then the interlocutors immediately translate the conversation to another topic, starting a new round of the game. More often than Alice loses. But her "win" is that she is moving in his fantastic journey step by step, from one trap to another. At the same time, Alice seems to be done smarter and does not gain this experience, but the reader thanks to its victories and defeats is honing his intellect.

Joseph Reddard Kipling (1865-1936) held childhood in India, where his father-Englishman served as an official, and forever loved this country, her nature, her people and culture. He was born a year when "Alice in Wonderland" Carroll was published; I got acquainted very early with this book and knew her almost by heart. Like Carroll, Khipling loved to dispel false ideas and concepts into the everyday consciousness.

Cleaning Kipling is one of the brightest phenomena of the neoromantic direction in English literature. Its works showing a stern life and exotic colonies. In his poetry and prose, the writer argued the ideal of power and wisdom. An example of such an ideal for him was people who grew out the decomposing influence of civilization, and wild beasts. He dispelled the misfortune about the magic, the luxurious east and created his fairy tale - about the east harsh, cruel in relation to weak; He told Europeans about the mighty nature, requiring all physical and spiritual stress from each being.

For eighteen years, Kipling wrote fairy tales, novels, ballads for their children and nephews. The world fame received two cycles: a two-volume "jungle book" (1894- 1895) and the collection "just so" (1902). The works of Kipiling name is small readers to reflections and self-education. Until now, English boys memorize his poem "if ..." - the commandment of courage.

In the name "Jungle books" the author's desire to create a genre close to the ancient monuments of literature was reflected. The philosophical idea of \u200b\u200btwo "books of the jungle" is reduced to approval that the life of wildlife and man submits to the general law - the struggle for life. The great law of the jungle defines good and evil, love and hatred, faith and disbelief. Nature itself, not a man, is the creator of the moral commandments (that is why there is no hint of Kipling in the works of Kipling). The main words in the jungle: "We are with you one blood ...".

The only truth that exists for the writer is a lively life that is not concerned with conventions and a lie of civilization. Nature has in the eyes of the writer already the advantage that she is immortal, while even the most beautiful human creations are soon or later in the dust (on the ruins of the once luxurious city there are monkeys and crawl snakes). Only fire and weapons can make Mowgli stronger than all in the jungle.

The writer was known for real cases when the children were cultivated in a flock of wolves or monkeys: these children could no longer become real people. Nevertheless, he creates a literary myth about Mowgli - a foster son of wolves, which lives according to the laws of the jungle and remains at the same man. Having matured and induced, Mowgli leaves the jungle, because he, man, armed with the animal wisdom and fire, is no longer equal, and in the jungle ethics hunting implies a honest struggle of decent opponents.

Two-volume "Jungle Book" is a new-standing cycle, intermittent with poetic inserts. Not all the novels are narrated by Mowgli, some of them have independent plots, such as Novel's fairy tale "Ricky Tikki-Tavi".

His numerous heroes Khipling settled in the centers of Central India. The author's fiction relies on many reliable scientific facts, the study of which the writer dedicated a lot of time. The realism of the image of nature is consistent with its romantic idealization.

Another "Children's" Book of the Writer, who gained wide fame - a collection of fairy tales called them "Just" (You can translate and "just fairy tales", "simple stories"). Kipiling was carried away by the folk art of India, and in his fairy tales organically combine the literary skills of the "White" writer and the powerful expressiveness of Indian folklore. In these fairy tales there are something from the ancient legends - from those tesses in which adults believed at the dawn of mankind. The main characters are animals, with their characters, quirks, weaknesses and advantages; They are similar not to people, but on themselves - not yet tamed, not painted in classes and types.

"In the very first years, long ago, all the land was new, just done" (hereandnext translationTO.Chukovsky).In the pristine world, beasts, like people, make the first steps, from which their future life will always depend. The rules of behavior are only installed; Good and evil, mind and stupidity only define their poles, and animals and people already live in the world. Each living creature is forced to find their own place in a not yet established world, look for your lifestyle and its ethics. For example, a horse, a dog, a cat, a woman and a man have different ideas about good. The wisdom of a person is to "agree" forever with the beasts.

During the story, the author more than once appeals to the child ("once there was somehow lived, my invalid, in the sea whale who went fish") so that it was difficult to braided the plot of the plot. In action, there is always a lot of unexpected - such that he solve only in the final. Heroes demonstrate wonders of resourcefulness and ingenuity, choosing from complex situations. The little reader seems to be invited to think that it would still be possible to take to avoid bad effects. Elephant because of his curiosity remained forever with a long nose. The rhinoceros of the skin was in the folds - due to the fact that he ate human pie. For little lack or wine - irreparable great consequence. However, it does not spoil life in the future, if you do not lose heart.

Each beast and man exist in fairy tales in the singular (after all, they are not representatives of species), so their behavior is explained by the features of each personality. And the hierarchy of animals and people builds up according to their intelligence and mind.

The storyteller tells about ancient times with humor. No, no Yes, and appear on his primitive land the details of modernity. So, the head of the primitive family makes a comment to his daughter: "How many times have I told you that you can not speak by a common language! "Horry" is a bad word ... "The stories themselves are witty instructive.

To present the world other than you know, - one thing that requires a reader of a bright imagination and freedom of thought. Camel without horn, rhinoceros with a smooth skin fastened to three buttons, a short nose elephant, a leopard without spots on the skin, a turtle in the shelter on the laces. Unknown Geography and Neys-listed History: "In those days, ransom, when everyone lived happily, the leopard died in one place, which was called high steppe. It was not a lower steppe, not a bush and not a clay steppe, but naked, sultry, solar steppe ... "In the system of these uncertain coordinates, on the background of a naked landscape, it is especially convex, the peculiar heroes are distinguished contrast. In this world, everyone can still be converted, amendments to the created Creator. The fabulous land of Kipling is similar to the children's game with his live mobility.

Kipling was a talented draftsman, and the best illustrations of his own fairy tales drew himself.

Creativity of the Reddard Kipling has been particularly popular in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. I was appreciated by I. Bunin, M.Gorky, A. Ulunacharsky, etc. A. Kuprin wrote about him: "The magical fascination of the fabul, the extraordinary believability of the story, the striking observation, wit, the glitter of the dialogue, the scene of proud and simple heroism, a thin style or, Rather, dozens of accurate styles, exotic, the abyss of knowledge and experience and much more make up the artistic data of the kipling, which he owes with a unheard of power over the mind and imagination of the reader. "

At the beginning of the 20s, K. Chukovsky and S. Marshak were translated into the tales and poems of the r.kipling. These translations make up most of its works published in us for children.

Alan Alexander Miln (1882- 1956) was a mathematician for education and a writer by calling. His works for adults are now forgotten, and fairy tales and poems for children continue to live.

Once Milnes gave his wife a poem, which then repeatedly reprinted: it was his first step towards children's literature (he dedicated his famous "Winnie Poo"). Their son Christopher Robin, born in 1920, will become the main character and the first reader of the stories about himself and his friends-toys.

In 1924, a collection of children's poems "When we were very small," appeared in the press, and three years later, another collection called "Now we have already 6" (1927). Milnes dedicated a lot of poems a bear, called in honor of the Medoli Winnie from the London Zoo (even a monument ends) and the swan named Pooh.

Winnie Pooh represents two independent books: "Winnie the Pooh" (1926) and "House in a bear corner" (1929; Another translation of the name is "House on the Poohovka").

The teddy bear appeared in the house of Milnes in the first year of the boy's life. Then there was settled donkey, piglery. Dad to expand the company invented owl, rabbit and bought Tigra and Kangu with the baby ru. The habitat of the heroes of future books was the Kochford Farm, acquired by the family in 1925, and the surrounding forest.

Russian readers are well known for the translation of B. Zahoder called "Winnie Pooh and all-all-all". This translation was specially made for children: the infantality of heroes is strengthened, some details have been added (for example, sawdust in the head of the bear), reductions and change (so, the owl appeared instead of owl), and also written their songs. Thanks to the translation of the goal, as well as the cartoon f.khitruka Winnie Pooh firmly entered the speech consciousness of children and adults, became part of the domestic culture of childhood. The new translation of the "Winnie Pooh", made by T. Mikhailova and V. Rudnev, was published in 1994. However, then it will be about "legalized" in children's literature.

A. A. Miln built his work as a fairy tale, tales told his son, reception used and R. Kipling. At first, fairy tales are interrupted by "real" retreats. So, in the "reality", Christopher Robin descends the stairs and drags a teddy bear behind the leg, and that "bucks" heads on the steps: This boom prevents the bear to be focused. In the father's fairy tale, the boy gets from a pump rifle in Winnie the Pooh, born under the balloon, and after the second shot, the fluff finally drops, counting the head of the tree branch and at the same time trying to think. Slim squeezing remark remains for the son and incomprehensible: a kind and loving boy worries about whether the shot (fictional!) Winnie the Puhu pain, but a minute later dad hears again, as a bear head, rising the stairs after Christopher Robin .

The writer settled the boy and his bear along with other heroes-toys in the fabulous forest. There is its own topography: a flunky edge, a dense forest, six pines, a dull place, enchanted location where 63 is growing, or 64 wood. The forest crosses the river and flows into the outside world; She is hidden from understanding the little reader a symbol of time, life path, the rod of the universe. The bridge from which the heroes throw wands into the water symbolizes childhood.

Forest is the psychological space of children's game and fantasy. Everything that is done there is a myth born by the imagination of Milna-senior, children's consciousness and ... the logic of the heroes-toys: the fact is that as heroes are narratives come out of the author's subordination and begin to live their lives.

The time in this forest is also psychologically and mythologically: it moves only within the limits of individual stories, without changing anything in general. "Long ago - it seems, last Friday ..." - so begins one of the stories. Heroes know the days of the week, the clock is determined by the Sun. This is a cyclical, closed time of early childhood.

Heroes do not grow up, although the age of each is defined - according to the chronology of the appearance next to the boy. Christopher Robin for six years, his older friend's bear - five, it seems to him that he is "terribly many years: maybe three years, and maybe even four!", And the most tiny relative and familiar rabbit is so small that only Once I saw Christopher Robin's leg and doubts this. At the same time, in the last chapters, some evolution of heroes are planned, associated with the beginning of studying Christopher Robin: Winnie the Pooh begins to reason, the Piglet commits a great feat and a noble act, and IA-IA decides more often in society.

The heroes system is based on the principle of psychological reflections of the boy, listening to the fairy tale about his own world. The hero of fairy tales Christopher Robin is the smartest and brave (although he does not know everything); He is the object of universal respect and trembling delight. His best friends are a bear and a pig.

The piglets embodies yesterday's, almost infant "I" of the boy - his old fears and doubts (the main fear is to be eaten, and most importantly doubt whether his loved ones like him?). Winnie the Pooh - the embodiment of the "I" of the current one, to which the boy can carry his inability to concentrately think ("Oh, you, a stupid bear!" That and the case of Christopher Robin). In general, the problems of the mind and formation are most significant for all heroes.

Owl, Rabbit, IA-IA - These are the options for an adult "I" of the child, they are reflected in them and some real adults. These heroes are funny to their toy "solidity". And for them, Christopher Robin is a cumier, but in his absence, they try to strengthen their intellectual authority in his absence. So, Owl says long words and pretends to write. The rabbit emphasizes his mind and pupil, but he is not a smart, but simply a hither (fluff, envying his "real brains", as a result, correctly notes: "Probably, so he never understands anything!"). Smarter than others donkey IA-IA, but his mind is engaged only by the "heartbreaking" spectacle of world imperfections; His adult wisdom lacks a children's faith in happiness.

From time to time, strangers appear in the forest: real (Kenga and the baby ru, tiger) or the heroes themselves (beech, oscillations, etc.). Alupians at first perceive painfully, with fear: Such is the psychology of early childhood. Their appearance is shrouded by an incomprehensible for the heroes-toys of the mystery, driven only Christopher Robin. Phantom childrens consciousness are exposed and disappeared. The real aliens settle in the forest forever, forming a separate family (the remaining heroes live by one): Mom Kenga with the baby ru and tied to raising a tigers.

Kenga is the only real adult among all, because she is mum.Babya Ru is different from a small patch that he has nothing to fear and nothing to doubt, as mom and her pocket is always there.

Tiger - the embodiment of absolute ignorance: He did not even see her reflection in the mirror ... Tiger is studying along, most often - on mistakes, delivering a lot of hassle. This hero is needed in the book for the final approval of the benefit of knowledge (it is natural that the Tiger appears in the forest when Christopher Robin begins its systematic education). Unlike Winnie Poha, who remembers that he has a sawdust in his head, and therefore appreciates its capabilities modestly, a tiger has no doubt about a moment. Winnie the Pooh does something only after serious reflection; Tiger does not think at all, preferring immediately act.

Thus, the fashioned tiger and the RU are a couple of heroes opposite to the Winnie Pooh and Piglet.

Kenga with its economic practicing practicism is a kind of antithesis of the dad-talenter.

All heroes are deprived of a sense of humor; On the contrary, they are extremely serious about any matter (it makes them even funnier and infantal). They are kind; It is important for them to feel loved ones, they are waiting for sympathy and praise. The logic of heroes (except Kengi) is childish egocentric, actions performed on its basis, ridiculous. Here the Winnie Pooh makes a number of conclusions: the tree itself cannot buzz himself, and the bees are buzzing, which makes Honey, and Honey exists in order for him to eat it ... Next, the bear, pretending the cloud and soared to the bee nest, waiting in the literal sense A series of crushing shocks.

Evil exists only in the imagination, it is vague and vaguely: rallyopots, beech and bike ... It is important that it will eventually dissipate and turns into another ridiculous misunderstanding. The traditional fabulous conflict of good and evil is missing; It is replaced by contradictions between knowledge and ignorance, educational and illness. The forest and its inhabitants are fabulous because they exist in the conditions of large secrets and small mysteries.

The development of the world by a playing child is the main motive of all the stories, all the "very smart conversations", of different "sophistication", etc. It is interesting that fabulous heroes never play, and meanwhile their life is a big boy game.

The elements of the children's game is impossible without children's poetry. Winnie the Pooh compresses the scum, the cries, grudges, pylles, hillocks, laudatory songs and even theoretizes: "Drilders are not the things you find when you want, these are things that find you." His songs are truly children's poems, unlike the latter in the book of the poem, composed IA-IA; Pooh sincerely believes that it is better than his poems, and meanwhile this is ineptly imitating the donkey to adult poets.

Winnie Pooh is recognized worldwide as one of the best samples of a family reading. The book has everything that attracts children, but there is also what makes worrying and thinking adult readers. No wonder the author devoted a fairy tale his wife and mother Christopher Robin. Once he explained his decision to marry himself: "She laughed by my jokes."

Astrid Lindgren (1907 - 2002) is a generally recognized classic of children's literature. Swedish writer twice awarded the International Award named after H.K.andersen. The first book - "Peppi-Linchulov", i left in 1945, "the world glory brought her. Written, like "Peppi ...", in 1944 the book "Britt-Marie strengthens the soul" was evidence that the young writer had a unique gift to see the lives of children and adults in his own way.

Girl in nicknamed Peppi - Long bullies known to children around the world. She, like Carlson, is a child without adults and therefore free from guardianship, criticism, prohibitions. This gives her the opportunity to make extraordinary miracles, starting with the restoration of justice and ending with the hectares. Lindg-Ren is opposed to energy, sanity, the discrepancy of its heroine of the boring routine of the patriarchal Swedish town. Posing a spiritually strong child, and even a girl, in a mesh, the writer approved a new ideal of a child who can independently solve any problems.

The ordinary life of an ordinary family is a background for the development of events in most books Lindgren. The transformation of the usual world into an unusual, cheerful, unpredictable - here is the dream of any child, implemented by a fairy tale.

"Three stories about Carlson, who lives on the roof" (1965 - 1968) - The top of Creativity Astrid Lindgren.

The writer made an important discovery in the field of childhood: it turns out that the child has few of the joys that even adult adults can deliver to him; He does not just master the adult world, but re-poses it, "improves", complements what it is necessary for him, the child. Adults almost never fully understand the children, do not delve into peculiar subtleties of the children's value system. From their point of view, Carlson is a negative character: after all, he also violates the rules of good tone, the ethics of the partnership. The baby has to be responsible for having helped his friend, and even regret the spoiled toys, eaten jam, etc. However, he willingly forgive Carlson, because he violates the prohibitions inspired by adults, but incomprehensible to the child. You can not break toys, you can not fight, you can not eat alone sweets ... These and other adult truths are perfect nonsense for Carlson and Baby. "A man in the heal of forces" radiates health, self-confidence, energy precisely because it recognizes only its own laws, besides, they are easily canceled. The baby, of course, is forced to reckon with many conventions and prohibitions invented by adults, and, only playing with Carlson, becomes itself, i.e. free. From time to time he recalls parental prohibitions, but nevertheless admired Trading Karlson.

The portrait of Carlson is underlined fullness and a propeller with a button; Both are the subject of the pride of the hero. Fullness is associated with a child with kindness (mom's mother is a complete hand), and the ability to fly with a simple and trouble-free adaptation is the embodiment of a children's dream of a complete freedom.

Carlson has healthy egoism, while parents preaching the concerns about others, in essence, hidden egoers.

They prefer to give the baby toy puppy, and not the present: they are so more convenient. They are worried only the external sides of the life of the baby; Their love is not enough for the kid to be really happy. He needs a true friend who saves solitude and misunderstanding. The internal value system of the kid is much closer to the Karlson's life device than to the values \u200b\u200bof adults.

Lindgren books read adults with pleasure, because the writer destroys many stereotypes in the idea of \u200b\u200bideal children. It shows a real child, which is much more difficult, controversial and mysterious than it is customary to think.

In the fairy tale "Peppi-Linchulok" Heroine - "Supercity", "Superdevochka" - lifts a live horse. This fantastic image spied the writer at the playing child. Raising her toy horse and carrying it from the terrace into the garden, the child imagines that he carries a real live horse, which means that he is strong!

Peru Lindgren belongs to other books for children, including younger and middle school age: "Famous Detective Calle Bloomvist" (1946), "Myo, My Mio" (1954), "Rasmus-Broadcasting" (1956), "Emil from Lönnebergs "(1963)," We are on Saltrak Island "(1964)," Brothers Lion Heart "(1973)," Roni, Robber's daughter "(1981). In 1981, Lindgren released a new big fairy tale - his variation on the story "Romeo and Juliet".

Marseille Eme.(1902-1967) - a junior child in a large family of a blacksmith from Zhuaians, a distant French province. When he was two years old, the mother died, and the child began to raise the grandfather's grandfather, the tiled master. However, the child fell out to remain sorrowfully the orphan. For some time he had to live in the boarding school. He wanted to become an engineer, but because of the illness was forced to stop studying. Then there was a service in the army, in the French-busy part of the defeated Germany. It did not develop at the beginning and life in Paris, where Eme rushed with the intention to become a professional writer. I had to visit the mason, and the seller, and a statist of cinema, and a small newspaper reporter. In 1925, he still came out his first novel, noted by criticism.

And in 1933 - already the first success: Eme has become a laureate of one of the largest literary awards of the country - the Goncarovskaya Prize for the Roman "Green Mare", the work that brought the author not only the national, but also world glory. Since then, he began to make a living only with his feather. In addition to stories and leads, he writes plays and filmcensions, as well as children's fairy tales. For the first time he collected them together in one book in 1939 and called her "Cat's fairy tales" (In Russian translation - "Tales of Cota-Murlyki").

The adventures of the heroine of these fairy tales - Dolphins and Marinet - you are as incredible and unexpected, how many are incredibly funny. Moreover, a humorous stratility is enhanced in them due to the elements of the wonderful, magical. For this, the writer uses folklore motifs, in particular the legends heard in childhood from the grandmother. Thanks to entertaining plots and humor, as well as an excellent transparent style of fairy tale Eme, moralistic in their orientation, are perceived primarily as excellent highly artistic works. Built on irony and humor, they are deprived of the heroic or lyrical motives of traditional fairy tales. The fabulous only atmosphere in which the action occurs, the characters live - children and animals. And then there is quite ordinary, without the magical incidents of the world of adults. At the same time, both peace dwells separately, even as if opposed to each other. It helps the writer to choose happy ending for her fairy tales; After all, the fabulous it is clearly separated from reality, where the happy outcome of some situation is often simply unreal.

The researchers invariably note the absence of any misentropy in fairy tales, sometimes with its "adults" works. Perhaps only in relation to the parents of their heroine girls, the writer allows himself some condemnation. But depicts them rather stupid than evil, and softens its "court" with a soft humor.

The success of Eme's fairy tales among children, first French, then and around the world, largely contributed to the fact that their good and naive heroines with all their features of living, real characters are surprisingly organically fit into the fabulous atmosphere of the wonderful, unusual, come with them in simple and "Life" relationship. These girls comfort the wolf suffering from the fact that no one loves him, then with interest they listen to the arguments of the "black shepherd", which persuades them to do what and they really want themselves, - stroll lessons. The characters of these works are children and animals - form a kind of community, a union based on relationships that the author considered ideal.

Antoine Marie Roger de Saint Exupery(1900-1944) is known to the world today. And the first thing that is remembered when this name sounds: he wrote "Little Prince" (1943), he was a pilot, in love with his profession, poetically told about her in his works and died in the fight against fascist invaders. And he was inventor, a designer who received several author's patents.

Pilot Labor Writer Saint-Exupery understood as high ministry aimed at combining people who should help in this opening the beauty of the world of the Universe for them. "The Breath of the Planet" - who can better tell about it, as not a man, he himself amazed seen from the height of the Major created by nature! And he wrote about it in his first published story "Pilot" and in the first of his book "Southern Postal" (1929).

The writer took place from the aristocratic, but impoverished family. There was a county title, even a small estate near Lion, where they lived, but the Father had to serve as an insurance inspector. In his works, St. Exupery more than once appeals to childhood. His own early impressions permeate the cloth of the book "Military pilot", written, like the "Little Prince" and "Letters to the hostage", during the Second World War in Emigration, in the United States. There he was after the occupation of France by the Nazis and the order of the Regiment's dissolution, in which he fought against the fascists.

Deeply surviving the absurdity and cruelty of war, Saint-Exupery reflected on the meaning of childhood experience in human life: "Childhood, this huge region, from where everyone comes from! Where does I come from? I come from my childhood, as if from some country " (N.Gal translation).And as if from this country, a small prince came to him when he, a military pilot, was sitting with his plane during an accident alone in the North African desert.

You must not forget your own childhood, it is necessary to constantly hear it in myself, then the actions of the adult will have more sense. Such is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Little Prince", a fairy tale, told by children, but in edification and adults. It is for them a parable beginning of the work. The whole symbolism of the narration serves as the author's desire to show how many people do not understand that their existence on Earth should be agreed with the life of the Universe, is consciously as part of it. And then a lot will be simply "bustle vanity", unnecessary, optional, insulting the dignity of a person and who reduces his high calling - to take care and decorate the planet, and not to ruin it is meaningless and cruel. This thought is relevant today, and she, we recall, was expressed during the most cruel in the history of mankind of war.

The fact that he needs to love his land, and says the hero of Saint-Exupery is a small prince living on a tiny planet - an asteroid. His life is simple and wise: to admire the sunset, grow flowers, raise the lamb and take care of everything that the nature gave you. The writer thus hopes to present the necessary moral lesson to children. They are also intended and entertaining plot, and implacability of intonations, and word tenderness, and elegant drawings of the author himself. It also shows how incorrectly build their lives are too practical adults: they love the numbers very much. "When you tell them:" I saw a beautiful house made of pink brick, in the windows he has geranium, and on the roof - pigeons "," they can't imagine this house. They need to say: "I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs", "and then they exclaim:" What a beauty! ".

Traveling from the asteroid to an asteroid, a small prince (and with him a small reader) more and more learned about what to avoid. Positolism - it is personified in a king requiring unquesting obedience. Vanity and unlimited ambition - a lonely resident of another planet, as it were, in response to applause, removes the hat and bow. Drunka, a business man who closed in his science a geographer - all these characters lead a little prince to the conclusion: "The right, adults are very strange people." And the closer is closer to him - when he lights his lamp, then as if another star or flower is born, "it is truly useful because it's beautiful." Significant and leaving the hero of a fairy tale from the Earth: he returns to his planet, because in response for everything that left there.

On July 31, 1944, the Military pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupery did not return to the base, disappeared over three weeks before the liberation of his native France, for which he fought. He said: "I love life" - and this feeling, he forever left us in his works.

Otfrid Prosisler(born in 1923) - a German writer, grew up in Bohemia. The main universities of life were for him years spent in the Soviet camp for prisoners of war where he got at 21 years old. "At the heart of my education - such objects as elementary philosophy, practical personism and Russian in the context of Slavic philology," he said in one of the interviews. It is not surprising that the Prosisler owns Russian well, as well as Czech languages.

The writer's work reflects his views on modern pedagogy. In the same interview, he emphasized: "And what distinguishes the current guys, so these are the consequences of the influence of the world around: high-tech everyday life, the value of the consumption society, seeking success at all costs, i.e. Factors unfavorable for childhood. " In his opinion, it is they who are in aggregate to take childhood in children reduce it. As a result, children are not delayed in childhood, "too early to interact with the heartless world of adults, immersed in human relationships, for which they have not yet matured ... Therefore, the purpose of modern pedagogy is to return children to childhood ...".

Nazi ideology, penetrating all the pores of German society during the period of the Hitler's regime, could not subordinate to the German children's book publishing. Young readers abundantly stuffed with cruel medieval legends, supported the idea of \u200b\u200bsuperholesale, and sustained pseudo-shops, expressing the Meshchang morality.

Prosisler went along the path of degenerating German children's literature. Tales for kids "Little Baba Yaga", "Little Water", "Little Ghost" forming the trilogy, seen the light from 1956 to 1966. Then followed the fairy tale about the gnome - "Hirba a big hat" and "Gnome Herba and Leshe". There is nothing majestic in positive heroes, and the arrogance and feeling of excellence in negative characters are simply ridicule. The main characters are usually very small (Little Baba Yaga, a small water, small ghost). Although they know how to conjure, far from omnipotes and even sometimes oppressable and dependent. The purpose of their existence commensurate their growth. The gnomes are inhibited by the provisions for the winter, the little woman Yaga dreams to get, finally, for the feast of the Valpurgi night, the little water explores the native pond, and the little ghost would like from black again to become white. The example of each of the heroes proves that it is not necessary to be like everything at all, and "white crows" are right. So, Little Baba Yaga despite the witch rules doing good.

The narrative in fairy tales follows the change of days, each of which is marked by any event, slightly leaving the usual even existence. So, Gnome Herbe on a weekday postpones work and goes for a walk. The behavior of magic heroes if the generally accepted canons violates, only for the sake of completeness and joy of life. In the same way, they observe etiquette, the rules of friendship and good neighborhood.

Prisser is more important than fantastic creatures, inhabiting the part of the world, which is interesting only to children. All heroes are generated by common fantasy: they are literary brothers and sisters of the characters of German mythology. The storyteller sees them in the usual atmosphere, understands the originality of their characters and habits associated with the vitality of a gnome or a lash, witches or water. In this case, the actual fantastic start does not play a big role. Glome Hörba witchcraft needed to build a gnome hats. Little Baba Yaga wants to know all the witch focuses to use them in good deeds. But there is nothing mysterious in the fiction of the Prosisler: a new broom Little Baba Yaga buys in a rustic petty shop.

Gnome Herba is distinguished by economic activity. Even to walk he is preparing carefully, not forgetting any little things. His friend is a flavored flavor, on the contrary, is careless and does not know homemade comfort at all. Little Baba Yaga, as it should be schoolgirls, restored and at the same time diligent. She does what he considers it necessary, renovating the indignation of his aunt and the older witch. Little water as every boy is curious and enters different alterations. Little ghost is always a bit sad and lonely.

Works are replete with descriptions that are able to interest the small reader no less plot action. The item is depicted through the color, shape, smell, it even changes in front of the gnome hat, which in the spring "gently green, like the tips of the fir paws, in the summer - dark, as if the leaves of the lingry, in the fall - the Pestro Golden, like fallen leaves, and In winter, it becomes white-white as the first snow. "

The fabulous world of the Prosisler is childish comfortable, full of natural freshness. Evil easily conquers, and there is it somewhere in the big world. The main value of fabulous kids is friendship, which is not to overshadow misunderstandings.

A fairy tale-romance is distinguished by a more serious tone of the narration and acute conflict. "Krabat"(1971), written on the motives of the medieval legend of the Ludge Serbs. This is a fairy tale of a terrible mill, where Melnik teaches the witchcraft of his arms, about the victory over him fourteen his student of Krab-Ta, about the main power opposing evil - love.

RESULTS

Russian and European children's literature were formed and developed in a similar way - under the influence of folklore, philosophical, pedagogical, artistic ideas of various eras.

World children's literature is richly represented in Russia thanks to a unique school of translators, as well as the established traditions of translating for children.

Reading foreign children's literature introduces a child reader into the space of world culture.

Modern children and adolescents are available the widest circle of translated literature. A peculiar culture, features of the national nature of peoples, social realities and types of creative approach to life, transforming reality in unique art paintings - all this can discover a child who reads a book translated from another language. The framework and boundaries of reality are expanding, the world appears more diverse, rich, mysterious and entrust.
The proper place in children's reading is allocated to the legends and myths of various times and peoples. Ancient Greek, Olympic mythological cycle is especially important. For children of the younger and middle school age, a lot of entertaining and instructive concludes legends about the exploits of Hercules, Argonauts. More elders attract the urgent conflict positions, the confrontation of the contradictory characters and titanic passions of the "Illiad" and "Odyssey". In the legends and myths of the ancient Greece, young readers are first found with a symbolic image system that have become the nominal names of the heroes, which entered the constantly used World Culture Foundation. Without prior acquaintance with the "primary sources" of ancient picture, in the future, it may be difficult to perceive many works of Russian and foreign literature, descending to immortal paints and images of ancient Greek art.
English and English-speaking American literature in the children's and youth reading belongs to the most important place. In translations and negotiating Russian children are available works by British folklore, songs, ballads, fairy tales. The richest library of English fiction for children also exists in numerous qualitative translations into Russian. Books and heroes D. Defo, D. Swift, V. Scott, R.L. Stevenson, Ch. Dickens, A. Konan-Doyle, L. Carolla, A.A. Milna, O. Wilde and many others from early childhood accompany our children along with national literary works.
Daniel Defo (approx. 1660-1731). The name of the defense became known to the whole world thanks to the hero of his work Robinzon Cruzo. The defense is rightfully considered one of the creators of the English realistic novel. The story told by him due to this caused numerous imitation at one time. The name of his work is very long and fancy. Roman Russian children usually comes in adapted form under the abbreviated name. Especially known "Robinson Cruzo" in the retelling of K.I. Chukovsky. This novel without a doubt is one of the favorite works for numerous generations of young readers. The indescribable aroma of long-range travel, the romance of adventures, discoveries, creative labor, the persistent upset of his human face among the vicissitudes of fate - the basis of the educational and artistic strength of the book, all this continues to attract new and new readers to the hero.
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) did not count on the reader-child, creating his satirical novel "Travel to various remote countries of Light Lemuel Gullyvier, first a surgeon, and then captain of several ships." The addressee of his books is the simple people of England, with humor, the mockery of sarcasm, perceiving dirty political intrigues, the hint of aristocrats, the infertility of far from the life of the science-like disputes. The children's reading in a modified, adapted form included two first stories, telling about the adventures of Gullivier in the country of Liliput and the country of giants. In children's publications, Gullivier travel, the main interest focuses on the adventure side of the plot, the unusual situations in which the hero is. If defo is able to conquer the young imagination with the unusualness of life-like, then the charm of the book of Swift in the ability to make a reason for reflections on the irreversive moral values \u200b\u200bon which the world is based on.
Among the numerous English-language works of the history-co-adventure genre, the novels of Walter Scott (1771 - 1832) belongs to the novels. We had a particularly popular Roman "Avengo" at one time, telling the history of the valiant knight of the glorious King Richard Lion's heart.
Exotic countries and peoples are devoted to and written a little later, entering the children's reading of the work of the Englishman Thomas Main Reed (1818-1883), who traveled all of Europe and America, who conducted complete adventures and tests of the life of the wanderer, and his senior contemporary, the first great novelist of the United States James Phenimor Cooper (1789-1851). The scenes of the novels of Main Reed "Rider without a head" are connected with American realities, the most popular among children of middle school age, Cooper "tracker, or on the shores of Ontario," one of the many works of the writer, telling about the colonization and conquering Europeans of North America. Favorite Heroes of Cooper and Main Reed Brew, frank, confess the cult of noble and calm power. Their life is full of surprises, numerous enemies do not stop intrigue, goats, all new and new dangers and tests expect characters after just overcome. Fascinating the plot, mysteriousness of conflicts, the unpredictability of the interchanges is maintained on the whole reading, are the right key of success with a teenager reader.
Among the adventure books of the English writer Robert Lewis Stevenson (1850-1894), the best is the Roman "Treasure Island". His main thing and essentially the only positive hero is a teenager Jim. It is his view of the world, where passions are raging, Ambitions are fighting, fate and circumstances laugh at people, makes it possible to revive romance from too pragmatic world.
The romantic adventure line in the development of English and English-speaking American literature in a different historical stage was transformed into a deeply peculiar work of R. Kipling, who told the children about the exotic and beautiful world of Indian jungle, D. London, who introduced the gold kits, travelers, adventurists degraded by the contradictions of the world of the stroke XIX -XX centuries.
With the realistic image of ordinary life, where they also boil passion, people should make a choice and far from always good easily finds ways to human hearts introduces G. Bilecher-Stow in the novel "Huts' Uncle Tom". This book in vital paintings opened its fellow citizens all the horror of the existence of black slaves.
A significant part of Cameuel Lenghorn Clemens, known under the pseudonym Mark Twain (1835-1910), is characterized by the initial orientation for children's perception. The writer himself called the "Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by a high childhood. Actually, the adventure motive in the work of Twain is presented quite realistic, and the adventures of Tom, Geclberry Finn do not go beyond the fully possible in the conditions in which they lived. The true dignity of the work of Twain is that he was able to fill the conflicts to moral and psychological content, reliably show household realities, social types of their time. And all this is painted by the perception of living, well-disiming in the motives and passions of people of people, a sincere fantasist, poet and gasts, who knows how to be friends, to love, fight. The cheerfulness of Tom and his friends always retains hope, gives joy, says light. Subsequent works of the "Children's Cycle" M. Twin, "Prince and Beggar", "The Adventures of Geclberry Finn", are becoming increasingly perfect and complex in plot-composite and stylistic terms.
It was quite mastered among the Russian children of funny Bear Winnie Pooh, his owner, the boy Christopher Robin and everything, all, all the heroes of the American writer Alan Alexander Milna (1882-1956). His work was translated into Russian B. Nodokhika in 1960 and since then it has been firmly established in a number of books, the most beloved preschoolers and younger schoolchildren.
A strange, as if a deformed world creates in his fairy tales Lewis Carroll (alias, Charles Latuja Dodgeson, 1832-1898). He was not a professional writer and his stories about Alice in Wonderland, "Alice in the Watercalcale" composed initially orally for specific children. Professor of mathematics by profession, Carroll and in the literature as it seems to prove the abstraction of a lot in the world, the relativity of the Great and Small, emphasize the neighborhood of terrible and funny.
In recent years, the most attention of the publishers in our country attracted the trilogy of John Ronalda Ruel Tolkien (1892-1973) "The Lord of the Rings" ("Keepers", "two solid", "the return of the sovereign"). He tried to continue the tradition of Carroll in his own way. This was also facilitated by classes of mathematical linguistics, and the birth of heroes in direct communication with children. For a long time ago, Tolkien's book was already recharged and revived and because they acquired a huge commercial popularity of the genre of the so-called "fantasy", the plots of Tolkien became the basis of the corresponding bright, sophisticated technical terms of species films appealing to even less difficult, although Studently manifested by human emotions than a literary source.
French children's literature is widely represented in translations into Russian.
And this acquaintance begins for most of our little readers from Charles Persian fairy tales (1628-1703).
They are written fairy tales "Sleeping Beauty", "Cinderella", "Blue beard", "Red Hap", "Cat in Boots", "Boy with a finger". Diligence, generosity, the resourcefulness of representatives of the simple people of Perso tried to approve as values \u200b\u200bof their circle. The poetization of these qualities makes his fairy tales important and for a modern child.
Firmly retain the place in the children's reading of the book of Jules Verne (1828-1905). The success of his novel "Five weeks in a balloon" (1863) surpassed all expectations. And therefore, the geological - "Travel to the Center for the Earth" (1864) comes to replace the air fantasy (1864), after it publishes Roman "Travel and Adventures of Captain Gatteras" (1864-1865), "From the ground to the moon" (1865). At the end of the novel "Children of Captain Granta", the writer united previously written and all subsequent works of a common series called "Unusual Travels". The main advantage of his books is associated with the created characters of people seeking to know all the secrets of the Earth, overcome evil, social diseases. This aspect becomes especially important for the writer since the creation of the famous novel "Twenty Thousand Lea under water." The image of Captain Nemo was originally conceived as the nature of the rebel, Protestant, a fighter with injustice, tyranny and oppression. From other novels entering "extraordinary travels" and popular to this day, it should be noted "around the world for 80 days" (1872), "Mysterious Island" (1874). New for his time was true and approval of thought about the absolute equality of people before the court of morality. Only this distinguishes in his works of people of various nationalities, social status: they are the best or worse parties of one humanity.
Among the French artists of the 20th century, who wrote about children and for children, the most famous from us Antoine-Marie-Roger de Saint-Eki-Peri (1900-1944), the author of the fairy tale "Little Prince". By genre is a philosophical fairy tale. Her hero is a resident of the asteroid planet, unexpectedly appearing in front of the pilot, the crazy in the sands of the Sahara. The pilot calls him a little prince. The tale admires all new and new generations of readers. Many phrases of it became aphorisms.
German children's literature is connected for young readers of our country primarily with the names of great storytellers: Brothers Grimm, Hoffman, Gauf.
Jacob (1785-1863) and Wilhelm (1786-1859) Grimm lived in the era of the origin and the heyday of romanticism, as an important direction of world culture of the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Most of the fabulous plots were collected by the brothers Grimm, professors-philologists, during their numerous expeditions on rural Germany, recorded from the words of the teachers, peasants, citizens. In the treated brothers, they became an important part of children's reading in many countries of the world. These are fairy tales "Brave Tailor", "Porch pot", "Grandmother of Metelitsa", "Brother and Sister", "Smart Elsa". Simplicity, transparency of the plot action and the depth of moral and ethical content is perhaps the main distinctive features of the fairy tales of Grimm. Their "Bremen Musicians" continue their journey through times and countries.
He was influenced by romanticism and Ernst Theodore Amadeus Hoffman (1776-1822). The disorder of dreams and reality is not only a sign of romantic worldview, they also characterized the spiritual state of the Hoffman himself, who led the boring life of the official, and dreamed of traveling and free ministry of beauty, fantasy. These contradictions reflected his fabulous stories: "Sandy man", "Nutcracker", "Alien Child", "Golden Pot", "Chrumb of Tsakhs on Nickname CynNober". In the children's reading, the "Nutcracker" fixed the most firmly. This is one of the most life-affirming and fun fairy tales of the Hoffman, although the heroes of this Christmas history have to go through a long row of hard trials before they gain happiness.
Wilhelm Gauf (1802-1827) tried on the basis of fabulous traditions of various peoples to create a completely special type of literary fairy tale, fantastic-allegorical novel, united in cycles. His fairy tales: "Little Muk", "Khalif Stork", "Dwarf Nose". The Fairy Tale "Dwarf Nose" For young children is interesting to the mysteriously fantastic history of the transformations of the boy Jacob in the protein, ugly hunchback, returning to a normal human appearance. It affects the feelings of the child and the sinking "bloody" romance associated with the acts of evil wizard.
The best fairy tale of the third volume is the "Cold Heart" - illustrates everything significant than he enriched the genre this early deceased writer. Domestic narration is organically combined with a magical element. The hero passes the complex way of moral search, losses and gains. The classically simple and traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe fairy tale lies in the approval of good, justice, generosity embodied in the image of a glass man in contrast to cruelty, borestolubia, the heartlessness of Michel-Giant and his handicrafts.

The original role in the array of various nations translated into Russian belongs to Italian writers.
The Hero of Roman Raffaello Jovanoli (1883-1915) "Spartak" brings with them the spirit of heroes. Being a professional historian, the writer managed to create memorable portraits of real historical persons - Sullah, Julia Caesar, Cicero, Crassa, in the work plasticly reconstructed the fascinating people of our time atmosphere of life of ancient Rome.
Merit to the small readers of our country of the Italian writer Collodi (Carlo Lorentzini, 1826-1890). After all, this is his book "Adventures Pinocchio" inspired A. Tolstoy to create a fabulous story "The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio."

Several interesting children's writers left the North European countries, Scandinavia, where the original tradition of creativity for children and children have developed.
First of all, of course, the Great Danish Fairy Tale of Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) should be called. He, like no other, managed to embody the folklorn-Pushkin principle in his work - "The fairy tale is a lie - yes there is a hint of a good young lesson in it." The moral and philosophical and socio-didactic principle in his fairy tales germinate through absolutely accessible to children the plots and conflicts.
Andersen's fairy tales retain charm for people, and when they break up with childhood. They attract unobtrusive, folk source with wisdom, the versatility of embodied emotions. The Andersen never ever comes down to the embodiment of a single all-consuming feeling. His fabulous works are painted in tones of life, where joy, sadness, lyrical sadness, laughter of different shades, from fun to sarcastic, disappointment, hope is replacing each other, adjacent, passing the bitter-sweet taste of genuine being.
The sympathy of the writer is always on the side of people of ordinary, with a noble heart and clean impulses. This appears in fairy tales and narrator. He is in no hurry to show emotions, it does not hurry with the estimates, but for an externally calm story, the non-optimist hardness of the moral principles is felt, from which neither loved heroes, nor the narrator can cause to refuse.
Some of his fairy tales contained indirect assessments of concrete contradictions of the era ("Princess on the pea", "New Dress of the King", "Sveynbow"). But over time, there is no active-political importance to no, while the moral and ethical potential did not become less: "The gilding will be all erased - pork skin remains." The heroes of his fairy tales are not only "revived" toys ("Resistant Tin Soldier", "Cinema and Pedoye"), Obligated Animals ("Ugly Duckling", "Thumbelina"), plants ("Chamomile", "Spruce"), but also The most common household items: Corkscale needle, bottle fragment, collar, old street lamp, water drop, matches, old house. By defending the right to life and love in serious tests, the favorite heroes of the storyter turn out to be particularly happy ("Snow Queen", "Thumbelina", "Wild Swans").
Original reasons prompted Selm Utility with Lagerlef (1858-1940) to the creation of the book "Wonderful Journey Niels Holgerson with wild geese in Sweden." She received an order for a book for children about Sweden, but unexpectedly she had a fabulous plot, there were characters, interesting and without communication with the historical and ethnographic, country-friendly aspect of the book.
Fascinating artistic worlds and memorable characters also created Tuva Yanon in the books about life in the valley of trolls, Astrid Lindgren in the fabulous story "Peppi Long Stocking", in the trilogy about the baby and Karlsone, who lives on the roof.

We all read mostly children's books of domestic writers. However, there is a huge number of known literature for children from foreign authors. At the same time, such books are distinguished by the fact that in different countries their traditions and their favorite main characters who are unusual and curious for children of our country are different.

You can download free and without registration Foreign children's books on our literary site in formats suitable for any electronic literature readers: PDF, RTF, EPUB, FB2, TXT. We have a huge collection of books from modern writers and authors of past years. You can also read online any work.

Fairy tales were in the life of each of us. After an exciting story about the adventures of different animals, children and adults, about their travels to distant countries sleep much more sweet and firmly. From now on, we start to love books, study pictures, learn to read.

Foreign children's literature is intended for different ages. Books for the smallest contain bright and large illustrations. The literature for older children contains more scientific information, cognitive and instructive.

Any book for children has a very deep meaning, which lays out an opinion about what good and evil, how to choose friends, how to learn the world and what is life as a whole. The child coming into this world, begins to learn to live here, and books are excellent teachers in this difficult business.

Many writers from other countries create creations who are very familiar with the children of our country. Foreign children's literature is known as the authors as Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, Astrid Lindgren, Charles Perra. These are eternal stories about Peppi Long stocking, Bremen Musicians, Princess on the pea. We all love these fairy tales and read our children. At the same time, in each story, the main characters fall into amazing situations, find new friends, meet enemies. Moral always alone - good wins evil. At the same time, negative characters are given a chance for correction. This is the best way to show the children that the world is difficult, but at the same time you need to be a good person.

On our site you will find and you can download free well-known foreign children's books in different reading formats on any electronic device. You can also read online. We picked up the ratings of the best books that were most loved by readers from around the world.

Myth in children's reading myth and mythology.
Features of primitive thinking
(animism, anthropomorphism, syncretism,
Totemism).
Sumerian legends. Epos about Gilgamesh.
(XVIII-XVII century BC)
Myths of Ancient Egypt. (Ser. IV thousand BC)
Features of the development of antique mythology.
Scandinavian mythology ("Elder Edda",
"Junior Edda").
Biblical myth in children's literature.
Motifs of Christian morality in
Children's foreign literature (Andersen,
S. Lagerlef, K.S. Lewis).

Tales of the peoples of the world

The originality of the folk tales of Austria and
Germany.
Myths and fairy tales of Africa.
Folk Tale of Brittany and British
Islands.
Folk tale of the East. Collection "Thousand and
one night".
Features of the folk tales of Iceland, her
Communication with fasting.
Swedish folk tale.

Children's literature Austria, Germany, Switzerland

Ancient German Epos:
"Song of Hildebrade." "Song about Nibelungah."
Literary fairy tale in German literature.
E. Action "Adventures of Baron Münhhausen":
The problem of authorship, the main character.
Creativity Brothers Grimm.
Tales V. Gauf and E. Hoffman in Children's reading:
Problems and poetics.
Animalistic German Literary Fairy Tale:
Works by V. Bonzels and F. Saltena for children.
Literary tale of the twentieth century (E. Kestener, O. Polyusler,
D. Kruit, K. Neustlinger).

Otfrid Prosisler
(1923- 2013)

Otfrid Prosisler

- German Children's Writer (Luzhsky
Serb)
- 1950-60. "Little water",
"Little Baba Yaga", "Little
Ghost "(http://www.faityales.su/avtorskie/projsler-otfrid)
- "Krabat, or the legends of the old
Mills "(1971)
(http://lib.ru/tales/projsler/krabat.txt)

Rotraut Suzanne Berner (P.1948)

Into Russian
Translated:
Series about town
Series of stories O.
Carlxen

Peace Lob (1913-1995)

Grandma on the apple tree.
How was it with
Mokhnatka.
"Delighted!" - said the cat.

English children's literature

Fairy tale like a genre. Folk and literary fairy tale. Tale I.
Fantnesia. Tale and fiction.
English literary children's fairy tale:
Creativity B. Potter,
D.R. Kipling "just fairy tales", "Jungle Book";
Tale of toy beasts A.A. Milna "Winnie Pooh and all-Owse",
Creativity D. Bissset.
Intellectual fairy tale L. Carroll "Alice in the Casmodicale",
"Alice in Wonderland".
Magic fairy tale in English literature: creativity
O.Wailde, D.M. Barry, P. Travers for children.
H. Lofting and his cycle of fairy tales about Dr. Dulitle;
Fantasy Genre in Children's and Youth Reading (K.S. Lewis, D.R.
Tolkien). Creativity Ch.Dikkens.
Romanes D. Defo "Robinson Crusoe" and R. Stevenson "Island
Treasures "in children's reading.
Creativity F. Bnettt ("Little Lord Fauntler",
"Mysterious garden" and others)

Beatris Potter (1866-1943)

Tale of Rabbit Peter - The Tale Of Peter Rabbit
(1902)
Tale of the Belchonka Tselsi The Tale Of Squirrel Nutkin (1903)
Tailor of Gloucester - The Tailor of Gloucester (1903)
Tale of Benjamin Bunny The Tale of Benjamin Bunny (1904)
Tale of two harmful souses The Tale of Two Bad MICE (1904)
Tale about Mrs. Tiggy Miggi The Tale Of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle (1905)
Tale about the cake and the baking form The Tale of the Pie and The Patty-Pan (1905)
The story about Mr. Jeremy Fisher The Tale Of Mr. Jeremy Fisher (1906)
History about the cruel bad rabbit The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit (1906)
History about Miss Poppet - The Story of Miss Moppet
(1906)
Tales about Kitten Tom - The Tale Of Tom Kitten
(1907)
Tale about Duck Jamaima Kryak The Tale Of Jemima Puddle-Duck (1908)
Tale about Samuel Visserce or Roulet The Tale Of Sam Whiskers Or, The Roly-Poly Pud
Ding.
(1908)
The Tale of the Ryzhik and Potcher The Tale Of Ginger and Pickles (1909)
Pampusy - The Tale Of the Flopsy Bunnies
(1909)
Tale of Mrs. Mrs. The Tale Of Mrs. Tittlemouse (1910)
Tale of Timmy Title The Tale Of Timmy Tiptoes (1911)
Tale of Mr. Tode The Tale Of Mr. Tod (1912)
The story about the piglet Blunde The Tale of Pigling Bland (1913
Pestees Apple Dappley Dapply "S Nursery Rhymes (1917)
Tale about Johnny City Mouse The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse (1918)
Cecili Parsley Parsley Parsley Parsley "S Nursery Rhymes (1922)
The story of the pig Robinsone - The Tale Of
Little Pig Robinson (1930)

Kenneth Graham (1859-1932)

Scottish writer
"Wind in Iwah" (fabulous story)
1908
The first Russian edition - 1988, translation
I.Tokmakova

Kenneth Gram.
"Wind in Iwah" (Transl.
Viktor Lunina.
Illustration. Barbert Ingpen).
M.: Mahar, 2012
For medium and older
School age

Julia Donaldson (P.1948)

Riding inad (2005) / Room on the brom
(2001)
Gruffalo (2005) / The Gruffalo (1999)
Gruffalo daughter (2006) / The Gruffalo "s Child
(2004)
Snail and Whale (2006) / The Snail and The Whale
(2003)
I want to mom!
ZOG.
Tulka. Little fish and big
Frameman
Timothy Scott
New outfit Giant
Human
Bunny of Sochinichik
What he heard a ladybug

Michael Bond (P.1926-2012)

Books translated into Russian:
Bear by name Paddington
Adventure Bear Paddington
Paddington travels
Bear Paddington
Bear Paddington in Circus
Bear Paddington One House
Bear Paddington and Christmas
Bear Paddington in Palace
Bear Paddington in Zoo
Bear Paddington. Focus Pok
All about Bear Paddington
All about Bear Paddington. New
stories

Stephen William Hawking (R. 1942), Lucy Hawking

French children's literature
Song of Roland.
French literary fairy tale:
Eastern fairy tale (Antoine Gallan),
Satyric tale (Antoine Hamilton),
Philosophical fairy tale (Voltaire).
Problems and poetics of Charles fairy tales
Perro
Tale A. De Saint-Exupery "Little
Prince "in children's reading.
Creativity J. Verne for children.
M.Terlink "Blue Bird".

Kitty Crowater (P.1970)

Children's Writers

Folklore of the indigenous population of America in
works by J. Ch. Chris.
Works by Elinor Porter, Francis
Bernet.
Creativity Paul Helico.
Adventure works for children:
Creativity E. Seton-Thompson, D.F. Cooper,
D. London.
Creativity M. Twin. "Toma's Adventures
Sawyer.
F. Baum and its cycle of fairy tales about the lake.

Arnold Lobel
(1933-1987)
"Kite"
"Button"
"KVAK and Zag Round
year"
"KVAK and Zhab again
together"
(Illustration of the author)
M.: Pink Giraffe, 2010

Kate Dikiello (P.1964)

In Russian (Olga Warshaver Translations)
An amazing journey of Rabbit Edward.
M.: Mahar, 2008.
Thanks Winn Dixie. M.: Mahar, 2008
Adventures Momotage Despero. M.: Mahar,
2008
As the elephant fell from the sky (the elephant of the magician).
M.: Mahaon, 2009
Soaring tiger. M.: Mahar, 2011
Flora and Odyssey: brilliant adventures.
M.: Mahaon 2014
Pig Mila. Cheerful adventures. M.: Mahaon.
2011
Pig Mila - True Princess.m.:
Mahaon 2011.
Pig Mila. New Adventures. M.: Mahaon
2011

She was Silverstaine
"Lafcadio, or lion,
which the
Shot "
(Rus.Isd.2006)

Scandinavian children's literature

Ancient Scandinavian epic.
Problems and poetics Tales GK
Andersen.
Genre of psychological story for children in
creativity A.-k. Westley.
Fairy tales Z.Tapelis for children.
Features of creativity S.Lellerf.
Problems and poetics of works
A.ldgren.
Works of T. Jasson in children's reading.

Lenart Helsing (P.1919)

"Krakel
Performance: All
Kuyrkom! " (2001)

Sven Nurdquist (P.1946)

Swedish Children's Writer and
illustrator
A series of books about Petsone and Findus
(1980s. Translation into Russian 20022007)
"Where is my sister?"
"Far Way"

Children's literature Italy and Spain
K.Kollyodi "Adventures Pinocchio, or
The story of one puppet ":
Problems and poetics.
Works D. Rodari for children:
poems and fairy tales (Chippolino,
"Jelsomino in the country of Lgunov",
"The Adventures of the Blue Arrow" and others).

Bibliography

Basic
1. Buru N.V. Foreign Children's Literature: Training
allowance for students of secondary and higher educational institutions. 2nd ed.m., 2004.
2. Arzamasseva I.N., Nikolaev S.A. Children's literature:
Tutorial for students of higher and medium pedagogical
educational institutions. M.: Academy, 2005 and more ..
Additional
1. Foreign children's literature: textbook for students
Bible Fact In-Tov Culture / Sost. I.S. Chernyavskaya. - 2nd ed.
Pererab. and Dob.m., 1982.
2. Foreign literature for children and youth. In two
parts / ed. N.K.Mescheryakova, I.S. Chernyavskaya. - M., 1989.
3. Brandis E.OT Ezopa to Gianni Rodari: Foreign
Literature in the children's and youth reading. - M., 1965.
4. Ivanova E.A., Nikolaev S.A. Learning foreign
Literature at school. M., 2001.
5. Foreign Children's Writers in Russia: Bibliographic
Dictionary / under the common. Ed. IG Mineral. M., 2005.
6.Minellova I.G. Children's literature. M., 2002.

bibliogid.ru "Biblied"
PapMambook.ru.
Knigoboz.ru newspaper "Book Review"

Preview:

For parents

A little about reading overseas children's literature

(Used excerpts from the book "Children's literature" edited by E.O. Putilova)

Foreign children's literature - an unusually interesting reading. She introduces a little reader with a different world, lifestyle, national character characteristics, nature. For a Russian-speaking reader, it exists in magnificent translations and retreats, and we would lose a lot if these foreign works would not reach us. Children's books of writers of different countries open a wide panorama of world culture, make it a citizen of the world.

Children's literature, as well as literature in general, belongs to the field of art of the word. This defines its aesthetic function. It is associated with a special kind of emotions that arise when reading literary works. Children are able to experience aesthetic pleasure from read to no less adult. The child is glad to dive into the fantasy world of fairy tales and adventures, compets the heroes, feels poetic rhythm, rejoices the sound and verbal game. Good understand the children humor and joke.

English children's literature is one of the richest and most interesting in the world. It may seem strange that in a country that is traditionally perceived by us as the birthplace of restrained, polite and judicial people who adhere to strict rules, the literature is born mischievous, illogical. But, maybe, just this English primacy and gave rise to the feeling of protest - the literature of a cheerful and naughty, in which the world is often turned inside out ... Nonsen's literature. The word "nonsense" means "nonsense", "the absence of meaning", but in the very meaninglessness of this nonsense, a certain meaning is laid. After all, nonsense reveals all the inconsistencies of things around us and inside us, thereby opening the way to true harmony.

There are books that are better to read on time when the seeds from the read can get to the fertile soil of childhood and play an important role in the development and becoming a child as a person and as a person. For you, dear parents, we will list some English works to remind you of their existence, and ask you not to deprive yourself and your children to read or reread them.

Alan Miln, "Winnie Pooh and all-all-all"

Rudyard Kipling, "Jungle Book" (story about Mowgli), "Tales just so" (interesting history-myths about animals)

Kenneth Graham, "Wind in Iwah" (exciting adventures of three friends: clock, rats and toads)

James Barry, "Peter Pan" (a book about a boy who did not want to grow)

Lewis Carroll, "Alice in Wonderland" (Funny fairy tale, full of fun and witty jokes, verbal games, phraseologism)

A.Miln "Winnie Pooh and all-all-all"

Alan Miln graduated from Cambridge University with solid intent to become a writer. But hardly we would remember the writer now, if it were not his son Christopher Robin. It was for him that Milnes began to compose poems, he told him funny stories, whose heroes became the little Christopher and his favorite toys - Bear Winnie the Pooh, the Donkey IA and others. In the books of Milna, surprisingly truthfully reflected the inner world of the child, his view on things, his problems, discoveries, games, sorrow and joy. Books appeared one after the other in a short period of time, coincided with the children's years Christopher Robin: the collection of poems "when we were small", 1924; Winnie Pooh, 1926; Collection of poems "Now we are already six", 1927; "House on the Poohovaya Ustroke" (continued a story about Winnie Poose), 1928.

Milan poems looked unusual against the background of English children's poetry. At that time, the books were abounded in the main fairy, and the attitude towards the child was condescending, as a person who did not form a mentally, respectively, the poems were primitive. In verses of Milna, the world will be seen through the eyes of a child (most of his poems are written on the first person), which is not at all a primitive creature or "underdeveloped adults".

For example, in the poem "loneliness" hero dreams of a house - "enchanted place", free from countless adult prohibitions. This house is his inner world, closed from others, is the world of his dreams and secrets. In the poem "in the dark", the author shows how this world is precious for a child who is ready to fulfill all the requirements of adults, just to get rid of them and finally "think about what you want to think" and "laugh at what you want to laugh " Jane in the poem "Good little girl" is annoyed by the permanent care of the parents and the boring issue. It is a shame that she is suspected of bad behavior everywhere, even in a zoo. The girl seems that parents can not wait for her to ask rather, whether she behaved well. In the poem "went with me", the hero is trying to involve adults in his life, show them all the wonderful things he saw, but adults will disappear from him, because too busy (the poem is written 80 years ago!).

In fairy tales about Winnie Puha, the main character is not invented, but a real child with a special logic, a special world, a special language. All this is comprehended by the author not in the form of a dry treatise, but in a fun literary game. Christopher Robin acts here is already an ideal hero, since he is the only child, and all other forest inhabitants are revived by his imagination and embody some kind of features. Being thus liberated from some traits of his character, Christopher Robin in this fairy tale is the smartest, strong and brave resident of his fictional world. And Winnie the Pooh embodies the creative energy of the child and has a different way of understanding things other than the logical. And his poems ("shushek", "grip", etc.), and his behavior is based mainly on intuition.

In the books of Milna, a child, playing roles and engaged in "Lurence", acquires his own "I". Some of the Pooh songs are permeated with the feeling of how cool is to be a flock. Feeling yourself the only and unique is the natural state of the child who gives him comfort. Therefore, it is so difficult for him to understand another person who does not like him. It is also difficult to understand how someone can be unhappy when he is happy, it is difficult for him to understand and predict the behavior of another person. So, in the characters a fairy tale about Winnie Pooh, various types of children's characters and different features are shown. For example, children's fears are embodied in the book in such mythical creatures, such as miscurrent, yagulya, bjaca and beech. None of these characters really exist, and no one like them does not appear in the forest. However, in the consciousness of the Piglet, they are real, and when the Piglet next to Christopher Robin, he is not afraid of anything as a child next to his parents.

In his fairy tale, Miln represents an interesting speech portrait of a preschooler, shows how the child draws up with the language, as it masters how the world is mastered around. The world, which opens a child, is full of miracles, but still wonderful makes it possible to tell about these wonders. As the patch said, what a lot about in such stunning things, like sweats and floods, if you do not even talk about them.

Milna's fairy tale is a homely literary game, fascinating and for adults, and for children. There is no negative pole in his books. Heroes have their drawbacks, but none cannot be called "negative" and evil does not invade the life of the forest. In the world of Winnie Poha, natural disasters are found, mythical fears appear, but all dangers are easily overcome thanks to friendship, optimism, ingenuity, kindness of heroes. Milnes leaves his heroes within the framework of (such necessary for children) toy, home world, giving children a sense of security.

And, speaking of the book of Milna, it is impossible not to say about who taught to talk in Russian English teddy bear Winnie Pooh. This is a wonderful writer, a storyteller and translator, Boris Vladimirovich Nodokh. This is he introduced the Russian children with the heroes of famous English fairy tales ("Alice in Wonderland", Mary Poppins, Peter Pan and others) and wrote a lot of funny poems, wonderful children's plays, for one of which ("Lukukoka at Lukomorya" ) Opera and fairy tales have been created. According to his scenarios, not one dozen films, including cartoons, the main of which, of course, became the cartoon about Winnie Poose.