Modern architecture. Modern architecture Opera House Tenerife Auditorium in Tenerife
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Ferrari World - The most huge closed thematic object in the world. Its length reaches 700 m, the total area is 176 thousand sq.m. Located in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates).
Burj Dubai. - The highest structure in the world developed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Located in Dubai (UAE). At the official opening ceremony was renamed Burj Khalif in honor of Sheikh and at the same time President of the UAE Califa Ibn Zaid An-Nahayan.
- In his best! The project is represented by the Kobi Karp Bureau. Construction is planned for Watson Island (USA, Miami). The announcement of the project states that this tower, having a height of 975 meters, will be able to calmly remove the crown from Dubai. According to official data, the 160-storey eco-city Miapolis will be higher than the famous Dubai Giant Burj Khalif by more than 183 meters. The building will include countless entertainment and residential premises.
Cleveland clinic is the center of brain health Low Rvore. Original name - . The unusual structure is located in Las Vegas (USA). The author of the project is Frank Geri. The project consists of two blocks, and is estimated at 100 million dollars. In one wing there is a research center, there are chambers for patients in another.
- Skyscraper-waterfall, Tower "Sunny City". Built at the 2016 Olympiad, which will be held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The project was developed by the famous Swiss Bureau of Rafaa Architecture and Design. He undertakes to become an "eighth miracle of the world." The functions of the tower are in providing environmentally friendly electricity of the nearby Olympic village along with a multimillion city. Moreover, a cafe and shops will be located at an altitude of 105 meters in Solar City Tower. The roof will be equipped with an observation deck, where you can admire the panorama of Rio de Janeiro with the bottomless ocean stretching. For lovers of extreme recreation, a platform for bungee-jumping is provided.
- House developed by Senosiain Arquitectos Bureau. Located in Mexico. Built in the style of biorechitecture at the request of a young couple. The house has, thanks to which young people with two children now live in the fabulous "underwater kingdom."
- One of the most elegant hotels in the world, which is built in Singapore (Southeast Asia). The hotel has the largest casino of the world, worth about eight billion dollars. Marina Bay Sands consists of three vertical towers, which in turn are connected by an entertainment fleet in the form of a ship. Park-ship extends 340 meters long and can accommodate 3900 guests. The project is implemented by Las Vegas Sands.
- National Museum, which is in Abu Dhabi (UAE). The Museum's project was created by the Foster + Partners Bureau and is dedicated to the President of the United Arab Emirates, as a historical monument, dedicated to socio-economic changes, the initiator of which is the initiator of Zaist Bin Sultan Al Nayn - Sheikh and the President of the UAE in one person.
- The most extreme observation deck in the world, which is located on Mount Osterfelderkopf (Alpspitz, Germany). From the site Alpspix opens the breathtaking view. Kilometer height, two mutually intersecting steel beams, feeling a free flight over the abyss ...
Although the observation deck was built not so long ago - in October 2010, nevertheless, for these several years she fell in love with tourists and even became a kind of Mecca for lovers of extreme sensations.
Located in Dubai (UAE). Madida City is the developer project Meydan Group LLC, whose area reaches 18.6 million square meters. The project is a complex for racing, a hotel and a number of rooms for entertainment activities.
An unusual modern architecture decorated by Samoo Design Studio is an ECO project of the South Korean National Institute of Ecology. Territorial area is 33 thousand square meters. The architectural structure is honorable a title of the country's brain center.
Shicago Spire. - Project of the famous architect Santiago Calatrava (Chicago, USA). The height of the skyscraper reaches a mark of 609 meters (150 floors). Chicago spire in shape reminds drill, includes 1193 apartments, the feature of which consists in three-meter ceilings and windows in the entire wall.
Project Eco Roof for the market, which is located in Seoul (South Korea). Developers: Bureau of Samoo Architects & Engineers. The goal of the project is to abolish unpleasant odors and constant noise created by car by cars.
- Subway station (London, United Kingdom).
- Telebashnya, which is located in Guangzhou (PRC). The height of the canton is 610 meters. To date, this is a record height among television towers. The record holder tower broke the record even until recently the highest CN tower (Toronto, Canada).
- Energo-passage, made in the best traditions of modern world architecture. The project, which is located in the Italian city of Perugia, was developed by the COOP HIMMELB (L) AU office. Before you, it is not just a fancy roof that shams the famous pedestrian street of the city, but also energy turbine operating at the expense of the sun and wind.
It is a center of contemporary art. This gigantic size building has developed the famous architect, a woman whose creativity is honored in all countries of the world. Dislocation location: Cagliari, Italian region of Sardinia.
- Architectural project team Dynamic Architecture, is represented as a rotating tower (Dubai, UAE).
Central office in the famous car manufacturing company BMW.What is in Munich (Germany). The authors of the project - the collective of the Bureau of Coop Himmelb (L) AU.
- Gallery, which is located in the administrative center of Edmonton (Canada). The project was created by Randall Stout Architects.
Bella Sky Hotel. - Designer hotel that personifies the original modern architecture. Located in Copenhagen (Denmark). The slope of the towers of the largest hotel of Scandinavia is 15 degrees. Note: Just imagine, the famous falling Pisa tower bowed at 3.97 degrees.
- Hamburg Philharmonic (Germany), Herzog & De Meuron Bureau project. The building built on the shore of Elba includes 3 concert halls, a hotel, 45 apartments and a public platform called Plaza. The latter is located on a 37-meter height above the water. Panoramic overview by 360 ° degrees.
Such bright and multifaceted projects from year to year we are pleased with the advanced architectural bureaus. I think this modern world architecture There is only positive emotions to you, but not the opposite. Of course, there is something to envy, peering into these unusual architectural masterpieces of modernity and the nearby future. Whatever it was, the team of the project Bureau wishes you inspirational architectural and design ideas and, of course, their implementation!
High-rise buildings in Russia since the time of the USSR consider buildings with a height of more than 75 m or more than 25 floors. In other countries, under the term "high-rise building" usually understand the building height from 35 to 100 m, the building is above 100 m (in the US and Europe - above 150 m) are considered skyscrapers. However, experts of the Council on high-rise buildings and the urban environment believe that it is impossible to give a clear definition of the concept of "high-rise building", although in general cases can be considered a building from 14 floors or a height of about 50 m. High-rise buildings can have a different purpose: being hotels, offices , residential buildings, educational buildings. Most often, high-rise buildings are made multifunctional: in addition to the main purpose premises, parking lots, shops, offices, cinemas, etc. are placed in them.
The error that the invention of elevators in America appeared the first skyscrapers, very common. However, the achievements of engineering thought were secondary to the relevance of high-rise buildings. The main reason became extremely rapidly growing demand. Numerous banks and companies sought to strengthen their image by creating the most notable and impressive structures, and the method of standing out by the high-altitude dominant became particularly popular. Chicago, being the financial and industrial center of America, possessed significant resources, and the fire that happened in 1871 literally cleared construction sites for new buildings. It was during this period that the master of the famous "Chicago school", led by Louis Salvylene, developed the principles of rationalistic buildings. At the same time, an American approach to high-rise construction was formed, where only another skyscraper would be organically looking at one skyscraper. The host of almost accidental circumstances, which formed this principle, was very soon in demand and in New York, where the utilitarian lack and high cost of land were added to the status and image of companies, on the one hand, and rocky rocks of the Island of Manhattan, which allowed significantly increase the load on the soil , - with another.
With the development of new tasks in the architecture of high-altitude houses, new requirements for technologies and materials appeared. In the first brick skyscrapers, the supporting structures were actually walls, therefore the height of the structure could be greater than the length of the facade of a maximum of 2-2.5 times. In the 1880s, at home, equipped with the latest technology of their time gradually appear in Chicago. The most noticeable of them becomes "Home Inshence Building" (1885) with a full-fledged Siberian elevators and "Monadnok Building" (1891) with electricity and even phones. But it becomes very clear that the construction of buildings above the 50-meter mark requires the use of other materials and structures, since the brick monstrously thickens the walls in the lower parts of the buildings. (In the same "Monadnok Building" they achieved a two-meter width.) By the mid-1980s, framework systems from cast iron are becoming the norm of the construction of high-rise buildings. Moreover, the selection of the material was rather caused by the fashion on it in the AR-Nouveau era than real strength characteristics. Later, with the beginning of the use of steel frames, a high-quality leap occurred in the movement of the whole American architecture.
The true heyday of high-rise construction in America fell on the first third of the twentieth century. The use of reinforced concrete at the very beginning of the century made it possible to create new skyscrapers, many of which still remain beautiful and original structures. Improving the structural system of buildings allowed architecto-frames to freely place windows and openings on the facades, because the walls ceased to bear the main loads. This made it possible to develop new norms of insolation of structures and gave rise to the buildings of that time greater ease and sophistication.
New York is actively built up with high-rise buildings from the beginning of the twentieth century. Starting on the extension of the past of the past with possession of the highest building in the world - Row Bilding Park (1899, height - 119 m) - the city on the island will acquire all new silhouette dominants. In 1908, the Tower of the Corporation "Zinger" grows here, and in 1913 "Woolworth Building". Interestingly, steel frameworks used in skyscrapers were faced with brick not only from aesthetic considerations, but also for greater fire safety.
Special respectability and luxury of new skyscrapers attached to the abundance of thoughtful details of the facades. However, the real opportunity to appreciate these beauties had a few, and from the street most of the delights were not read. Therefore, general compositions of the separation of facades into large components began to acquire increasing importance, as well as the characteristic silhouette of each tower turned out to be more importantly performed by parts on the upper floors. As a result of the change in construction practice in 1916, the norms and rules for the construction of high-altitude buildings containing specific instructions on the regulations for the assessment of the building height and the necessary remoteness from neighboring buildings are introduced in the United States. In addition, according to the same insolation requirements, the step decrease in the volume of buildings was recognized as the most acceptable for skyscrapers.
For a long time, the palm of the championship held the 242-meter skyscraper of the Gas Guilbert architect, built on the order of Multimillionaire Frank Wolworth and named it. Only in 1930, Chrysler's building was able to beat the record established earlier. To achieve this goal, the architect of the skyscraper William Van Allen had to go to a number of tricks. At the same time, the Bank of Manhattan was built near his creation, the creators of which also wanted to establish a high-rise record. Therefore, the project of the Chrysler building, and especially his height, had to keep in the strictest secretion for a long time. As a result, the secret helped Van Allen to bypass the competitors, and his tightness was not enough for a unattainable ideal. However, the border of 319 meters installed by the Chrysler skyscraper remained irresistible only a few months. Already in 1931, the construction of the famous New York skyscraper Empire State Bilding was completed. 102 floors of this house rose over New York to a height of 391 meters. In the early 50s, a television antenna was installed on the roof of the skyscraper. Thanks to her, the building has grown a little and until the seventies remained the highest in the world.
After World War II, skyscrapers begin to acquire modern outlines. It becomes easier and concisely architectural forms - gothic elements, so popular in the first half of the century, are inferior to the place of "clean geometry". The buildings increasingly resemble huge cubes and parallepipeds from the textbook on stereometry. The classics of this genre is considered to be built in the early fifties on the project of the famous architect Misa skyscrapers Lakeshor Drive in Chicago and Sigram in New York. These houses have become the objects for imitation for a long time. At the same time, skyscrapers cease to be exclusively multi-storey offices, shopping centers, cinemas, restaurants, shops and other infrastructure facilities appear in them.
In the seventies, the heights around the world receive a new height impetus: in New York, the twin towers are now elected in New York. These were the first office buildings, overlapping the threshold of 400 meters. However, this high-altitude record was short-lived. Already in 1973, the Sirs-Tower skyscraper was built in Chicago in 443 meters.
In the second half of the twentieth century, the skyscrapers gradually conquer the world. In many respects, the war served to such rapid development, dozens of cities from the face of the Earth. Some settlements had to be prolonged again, since most of the pre-war recovery structures were not subject to. Extremely active high-rise buildings were erected in Germany. Frankfurt am Main, the financial capital of the country, is often compared with New York or Chicago due to a large number of skyscrapers. Supplically reacted to the construction of high-altitude houses and in the Soviet Union. In the USSR, the projects of the first height were developed before the war, but they failed to implement them then. After the victory in the Great Patriotic War, Stalin returned to the plans of construction in the capital of high-rise buildings. Then the project of the famous Stalinist heights was born. When creating, architects actively used American experience. Perhaps that is why the Moscow skyscrapers are so much reminded of their overseas fellows, built before the war during the period of hobbies by gothic delisons. Metropolitan highlights have become a symbol of luxury in Soviet, forming the USSR at the citizens an idea of \u200b\u200bhow elite accommodation should be.
The phrase "architecture of Spain" in most people is quite natural causes the image of Barcelona with its outstanding masterpieces from the great Catalan archive Antonio Gaudi.. However, modern Spain is a country with an amazing architecture, which is not inferior to other developed states.
Our review presents 25 outstanding examples of the modern architecture of Spain.
1. Museum of drawing and illustration of Museo ABC in Madrid
Museum of drawing and illustration in Madrid - the most modern in Spain. The ABC Museum consists of small cafes, shops, restoration premises and directly two exhibition halls, which demonstrate a rich collection of works of all sorts of visual arts, sculptures, animations and graphic design. In addition to exhibitions, various cultural events, training workshops and courses pass on the walls of the museum.
2. House BF House in Castellone
The amazing house BF House, located on a hill in Castillon, is an excellent example of a competent organization of space that contributes to the most comfortable living. BF House is a huge plate lying on 3 V-shaped metal supports that carry the weight of the entire building. One of the most important principles laid out by the authors in this project was the maximum lightening of interiors at the expense of glass walls.
3. Agbar Tower Skyscraper in Barcelona
Agbar Tower Skyscraper in Barcelona at night
Contemporary Skyscraper Agbar Tower - Creation of the famous French architect Jean Nurel. The form of the building and the design of the facade are designed to embody the water element of Spain and the outlines of the Montserrat Mountain located in Catalonia. The facade of the building amazes the variety of color solutions that are achieved using multi-colored metal panels with 4,000 highlighted devices. These elements form complex color combinations, which creates the effect of "pixelization". However, all the pixels are merged from afar, and Agbar Tower seems to be transfusing with all the colors of the rainbow.
The 38-storey building has become one of the most important symbols of the new Barcelona.
4. Pedestrian Bridge Alosillo in Seville
The famous masterpiece from the Spaniard Santiago KalalatravaThe Pedestrian Bridge Alamino, was built in 1992 in Seville. The uniqueness of the 200-meter canvas, laid through, is that its weight has only one support and 13 stretched steel cables. At night, painted completely in the white color bridge acquires a very picturesque color.
5. The center of the culinary arts of the Basque in the Gipo
The modern complex of the center of culinary arts was erected in 2011 in the city of Gipo. The architecture of this object, which is not able to leave indifferent even the most far from the architecture of a person, is formed with the help of the cryvilinear surfaces chaoticly located on each other.
The building includes premises for training students of culinary institutions, lecture halls, cafes, shops and even their own mini-farm. It is worth noting that the center of the culinary arts was nominated at the PLATAFORMA ARQUITECTURA award as the best architectural object of 2011, but took the honorable third place.
6. Multifunctional sports arena "Bilbao Arena" in Bilbao
Opened in 2010, the multifunctional sports arena in Bilbao is one of the most eco-friendly in the world. In this sports facility, basketball matches are mainly held, but recently there are more and more musical concerts and various cultural events in it. Also on the territory of the arena there are sports halls and a swimming pool.
7. Villa "House for Life" in Palma de Majorca
Villa "House for Life", the architecture of which has no analogues in the world, was built in 2009 in the main resort town of Spain, Palma de Majorca. The house consists of two buildings - rectangular in the plan and curvilinear. The first contains living room, bedrooms, guest and kitchen-dining room, and in the second - the office and home theater. Also, the residential group enters the stunning beauty pool, connected to the main territory with a decorative staircase.
8. The building of the city municipality in Bilbao
Unusual in the form of the modern building of the city municipality Bilbao was built in the city center. In terms of its purpose, this masterpiece of deconstation from IMB Architects should replace the old town hall of Bilbao, built in the 90s of the 20th century. The building contains exhibition halls, cafes, restaurants, meeting rooms, offices and conference rooms.
9. Forum Building in Barcelona
The forum building was designed by the Swiss architect tandem Herzog & De Meuron And built specifically for holding Catoli Forum Catalonia in 2004.
In the plan, this avant-garde building is an equilateral triangle with parties 180 meters and 25 meters high. Of particular interest attract the facades of the building with curvilinear glass panels, stretching in the entire height of the complex. This amazing building plays an essential role in the formation of the image of modern Barcelona.
10. Architectural complex "City of Arts and Sciences" in Valencia
Opera theatre
Scientific Museum
Cinema IMAX, planetarium and laser stage theater
"City of Arts and Sciences" - an amazing imagination of an architectural complex of five structures, which are located at the dyed day of the Turing River in the resort town of Valencia. The idea and the overall concept of the complex belongs to the legendary architect born in this city, Santiago Kalatrava. The implementation of such a large-scale project lasted from 1996 to 2005.
The complex "City of Arts and Sciences" includes: Opera House, Cinema Imax, Planetarium, Garden Gallery, Scientific Museum and Oceanographic Park outdoors. This ensemble is one of the brightest and extraordinary masterpieces of modern architecture of both Spain and the whole world.
11. Business complex "4 Towers" in Madrid
The composition of the 4-tower business complex includes the 4 highest buildings of Spain: 225-meter "Space Tower", 236-meter Tower "Sasir-Valleeermoso", 249-domestic "Trolnaya Tower of Baron Norman Foster" and finally the highest, 250-meter tower "Kakha Madrid".
All 4 buildings were erected in the Spanish capital from 1999 to 2005. The area surrounded by these giants became the center of attraction of both citizens and businessmen from all over the world who make business visits to the capital of the Kingdom of Spain.
12. Residential complex Edificio Mirador in Madrid
The residential complex Edificio Mirador 63 meters high (21st floor) stands out against the background of standard development with a huge central hole, which is a kind of common balcony with stunning beauty garden and charming views of the local surroundings. Also, a huge hole carries a security function - in the case of a terrorist act, the explosive wave will pass through a huge hole.
13. Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Processing Headquarters in Barcelona
Located in the La Barcelonette area with the prevailing low-rise building, the tower is very harmonious fits into the surrounding landscape. The main feature of this glass giant is strongly speaking consoles. They increase the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe building and form its unique appearance. It is worth recognizing that most people have an extremely ambiguous attitude towards this skyscraper.
14. Palace of Congresses and Audience Kursal in San Sebastian
The architectural complex of buildings in the city of San Sebastian consists of two huge prisms - a large auditorium, as well as multipurpose and exhibitions.
The Palace of Congresses was built on the draft Spaniard Raphael Monteo and opened in 1999. A concert hall, which accommodates about 2 thousand spectators, also serves as the venue of the largest international film festival. At different levels of the architectural ensemble, open terraces are located with stunning views of Surrieola Beach and the mouth of the Urumeya River.
15. Metropol Parasol complex in Seville
The incredible complex of Metropol Parasol, located in the medieval part of Seville, is the world's largest architectural design of wood.
The composition of such a large-scale facility includes a farmer market, several restaurants and bars and an archaeological museum, which presents real archaeological excavations. Metropol Parasol is the main chip of Metropol Parasol travers for pedestrians and the viewing areas on the roof, from where the stunning panorama of the capital of Andalusia is located.
16. Museum of Modern Art Castilla in Leone
The Museum of Modern Art Castile was built in 2005 in Leone. The main goal of this cultural institution is the constant replenishment and storage of works of art created not earlier than 1992.
The museum received an international calling and even was marked by the American edition of The New York Times as "one of the most amazing and bold museums, radically changing the modern appearance of Castile." Of course, this museum is considered to be the main attraction of Leon.
17. Cultural Center of Oscar Nimeier in Aviles
Construction of a huge cultural center, which combines all sorts of exhibition pavilions, a review platform, a music center, theatrical scene, cinema halls, a dance floor and much more, was completed in 2010. The author of the project was the Brazilian architect Oscar Nimeier..
With the advent of this major multifunctional complex, the main industrial city of the autonomous province of Asturias turned into a real cultural center, attracting hundreds of tourists from around the world.
18. Porta Fira Hotel in Barcelona
The spectacular tower of the Porta Fira Hotel, located in the capital of Catalonia, was designed by the most famous Japanese architect Toyo ITO and built in 2009.
Tourists and locals affect the organic form of the tower and the incredible texture of its facades, which is a consequence of using aluminum pipes of red. It is these metal elements that give the walls of the hotel the fluctuations and serve as a blind. The Porta Fira Tower is considered one of the main masterpieces of deconstructivism in the world.
19. Hotel Puerta America in Madrid
Hotel Puerta America, located in the capital of Spain, is a completely unprecedented phenomenon in the history of architecture, because 19 of the most famous architects from around the world at the same time, which literally shared the entire hotel complex on floors took part in its creation. Among those who participated in such an unusual experiment - Zha Hadid, Norman Foster, Jean Nuvel, David Chipperfield, Arata Izodzakiand many others.
20. Twin Towers "Gate of Europe" in Madrid
Construction of a second in the height of Spain, a complex of two identical 114-meter towers in Madrid, was completed in 1994. These inclined to each other at an angle of 15 ° skyscrapers are the first in the world tilted skyscrapers.
21. Hospital named after King Spain Juan Carlos in Madrid
Hospital built in 2012 in the town of Mostoles (Autonomous Community Madrid - Ed.) - The first medical institution of Spain, named after the king. The author of the project Rafael de la Hose I submitted a new type of hospital on the society of the public, based on three basic principles: maximum efficiency, light and silence.
The complex of the hospital is two small towers located on a rectangular stylobate (Common Ground Floor - Ed.). At the most floors are atriums (Open spaces inside the building - ed.). Moving inside the hospital is carried out by ring gallery and elevators. In fact, the stylobate plays the role of the hospital, and small towers are a clinic.
22. Opera House Tenerife Auditorium in Tenerife
One of the most recognizable buildings of Spain, the Tenerife Auditorium Opera House - the result of the creative process Santiago Kalalatrava. The construction of one of the most significant and well-known works of modern architecture was completed in 2003.
The scale of this building is simply affected by the imagination - only the roof reaches 100 meters long and weighs about 350 tons. The theater building includes two halls - organ (1,616 places) and chamber (424 places). It is curious that you can enter the theater in both sides. The Tenerife Auditorium also provides its visitors with the opportunity to spend time in harmony with nature on special terraces with sea views.
23. Student hostel-residential house in Gandia
A unique object, located in a small town near Valencia, serves two goals at once: is a hostel for students of the local university and social housing. The complex includes 102 premises for young students, 40 apartments for pensioners and a public center. One of the most important principles in creating this hostel was the organization of public spaces that contribute to the improvement of communication and the interaction of residents.
24. Museum of Gugenheim in Bilbao
The Gugenheim Museum in Bilbao is a huge exhibition space of stone, glass and titanium jets, repeating the contours of the river Nervion. Since the design and construction of this huge complex in Bilbao was little covered in the press, the opening of the building in 1997 caused an explosion of delight of both the local population and the true connoisseurs of art. It is this incredible building that built his author, an American architect Frank Geri.In the rank of great architects of modernity.
25. Olympic Pavilion "Fish" in Barcelona
Unique sculpture of goldfish - another Spanish masterpiece Fan Guryerected on the coast of Barcelona specifically for the 1992 Olympic Games. This design of gilded steel grid, glass and stone at one time has become a real technological breakthrough in the field of architecture. It is interesting to note that when creating a model of the future pavilion, Geri used the program of three-dimensional modeling of aircraft.
Dear Konrad Karlov.hT! Alone to engage in such complex tailoring art, as the measurement of 7 \\ 7 urban historical pattern - it is impossible. Yes, and the urgent cases distract me with their numerous and importance. Therefore, publishing the article by the Kaliningrad architect Oleg Vasyutin, the old co-author, which in this case performs solo.
He analyzes the architectural situation in Kaliningrad and in the region from the beginning of the Soviet period to the 2008 economic crisis. As we know, after the crisis, we had a new economic reality, and we otherwise looked at many processes, including in architecture ...
Here is 2 \\ 7, the first part.
Kaliningrad - Konigsberg:
architecture of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods
(end of the first half
XX - StartXXI centuries)
Oleg Vasyutin
With post-war the geopolitical reorganization of Europe and the appearance on the European Topics of Kaliningrad on the map for more than half a century ago the new stage began in the history of the architecture of this "place". The basis of its development was the unique precedent in the latest history, the formal expression of which is as follows: one ethnic culture exists in the material and historical culture of another ethnicity, uses and adapts to it as far as possible for its needs.
As a result of artificial, the volitional change of the former status of the city in 1946 there was a one-time change in all its former city traditions, including professional. Regional cultural vector changed: Western European-building culture changed to Soviet-Russian, which consistently led to a change in all regional mentality, aesthetic priorities, value preferences, worldview, including the perception of "places".
A pronounced utilitarian form of attitude to the city in the first postwar years does not allow to speak fully about the architecture and town planning of this time. Disassembly, clearing, elementary arrangement and adaptation absorbed the main labor and economic resource. The adaptive nature of this stage in architecture and urban planning was mainly connected, on the one hand, with awareness and addiction to an unknown scale of the city, and on the other - with the permanent "discoveries" and surprise caused by the exotic quality of the remaining architectural plastics and forms of "foreign" material culture .
This period begins with the topic "Trophy City", with awareness that "someone else's" becomes "its". The architectural and urban colonization of the city, which followed this, led to various forms of relations between such categories, like its / alien, native / hostile, creation / destruction, old / new, past / future.
The first conscious system plan for the restoration and reconstruction of the destroyed war was developed in 1949, and then the ideological vector was chosen for the construction of a new Soviet city, in which the memory of the centuries-old pre-war history would have gradually erased.
In the late 40s, in the destroyed urban landscape of the post-war old city, the need to create a new representative architectural and urban-planning form was already acute. For what, in the partially surviving North-West part of the city, a town-planning unit was allocated - the prospect of the world (Stalingradsky Prospect), where large and notable objects were located: theater, zoo, the building of the future hotel "Moscow", Stadium, Park. Their concentration in one place and preservation allowed at relatively low costs and in a short time to create a local quality of the urban environment among the destroyed war city landscape. Domination during this periodstalinsky neoclassicism Determined both the style of work on the reconstruction of the prospect of the world. As is well known, the classical tradition does not imply the isochchi roofs, so with the reconstruction of German buildings, their rafter structures were replaced by more gentle, thereby giving rise to a change in the nature of the old urban building.
The new architectural and stylistic "makeup" of the old buildings according to the plan was to hide the features of the "alien" German architecture and create a Soviet monumental parade, so the spirit of the 50s.
The iconic and culmination object of this time is undoubtedly a very qualitatively performed building of the dramatic theater, which, together with the recovered portico, the fleet headquarters amounted to a stylistic and median composition from Corinthian and Ionic orders and, thus, established a new tradition of classicism in a given territory.
With the reconstruction of the Peace Prospect, Stalin Neoclassicism, such buildings and structures as a colonnade of the main entrance and the fence of the Baltika Stadium were noted, a slightly reminiscent of the Tipology of the Summer Garden Fence in St. Petersburg. The entrance pavilions in the zoo during reconstruction also received their propylene neoclassic system with additional zoosculplement forms and new architectural plastic. The buildings standing in one row with the cinema "Zarya" are also samples of monumental scenery that created a rather interesting and valuable environment for Kaliningrad, which still makes this area of \u200b\u200bthe city most attractive.
The architectural scenario of neoclassicism, deployed along the prospect of the world to the street K. Marx, covering the whole quarterly complex of residential buildings, ends the monumental building of the House of Fishermen's culture already built in Soviet times (now Kaliningrad Regional Musical Theater), which also has all the features of the Nuclear Neoclassical Culture - Basics of value preferences of the architecture of the Stalinist era.
| Input portico DKR |
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| Entrance to Zoo |
In this context, the fate of Königsberg Exchange is noteworthy (for a long time there was a palace of sailor culture, currently - the regional center of culture of young people). Apparently, neoclassicism is an architectural style in which it was built, "the building helped to stand in the" Troubleshooting Time ", since even in a dilapidated state, it fully corresponded at that time of the Soviet architectural ideology, safely waited for recovery, and during the reconstruction, it remained Your features, losing only the coat of arms on the shields of sculptural lions at the main entrance.
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| Exchange, now DKM |
However, the following, developed in the 60s, provided for the general refusal of the historically established and established and established over the centuries of the planning structure of the city. The All-Union architectural competitions held in 1964 and 1974 presented the models of new planning solutions. As a result, an ideological plant was adopted to ignore the entire previous architectural and town planning civilization of the city, which in the process of further recovery led to a complete change in the structure, nature, scale and image of the city. It was then that a political decision was made on the place of the old Konigsberg to build a completely different city - new Socialist Kaliningrad.
In the history of the domestic architecture of the twentieth century, the laws of the spatial-temporal development of the city have repeatedly experienced significant changes, but the most radical of them occurred in the second half of the 1950s.
As a rule, the famous report of N.S. is associated with 50s. Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU with the exposure of the Stalinist period, noting the change of political course. However, the first step towards the destalinization of the Soviet society was completed in two years earlier, when Khrushchev subjected to a sharp criticism of one of the main components of the Stalin heritage - socialism in architecture. Speech uttered on December 7, 1954 at the All-Union Meeting of Builders, was perhaps one of the most important manifests of modern architecture of that time.
The change of epoch is usually expressed and changing signs. Applying this to architecture, the Stalinist academic "historicism" was perceived already as an eclectic and false phenomenon in its essence. After promulgation of the truth of the previous years, such concepts such as sincerity, openness, truthfulness are of particular importance for society. Khrushchev architecture was supposed to become the other - contricious, and she had to become a "new". This explains the phenomena of the time when the implementation of the abstract concept of "novelty" is becoming the goal: "New residential areas", "new types of apartments, public buildings", "new service systems", "new element of the settlement", "New building technologies and materials" . All this ultimately was aimed at creating a "new city", fundamentally different from the historical, on the implementation of the model of a new world, not related to the past, directed only to the mythological future.
With the choice of cultural vector on the fight against excesses in architecture and the transition to the mass industrialized house-building, a socio-economic experiment in architecture has begun, which established a dictatorship of standardization and typical construction. In turn, they predetermined new principles of the formation of the city, according to which the "typology of form" should correspond to the "typology of life".
A single-time total spatial building of the territories comes to replacing the anambalist architecture of the streets and squares, which is also not involving further development in time. Buildings with rational layout formed microdistrics, of which, in turn, there were cities that were poured into the territorial production complexes (TPK). An ideal rational building inside the "New Socialist City", fundamentally different from existing historical prototypes, becomes an architectural and urban program of a very dramatic period, which began in the late 50s and with some transformation ongoing to this day.
Thus, the formation of a "new architecture", which was "top view", was one of the tools of the new social utopia - the construction of communism in a short time. In this period in the architectural environment, the painful reassessment of values \u200b\u200bleveled and the qualitative level of the profession, which has already been completely reorganized to maintain the construction complex. Yes, and the academic art of architecture has acquired its new quality, becoming an integral element of construction.
The direction that has received subsequently defined Soviet ModernismFrom the very beginning, it became the hostage to the vigorous capacity of the building production, focused on the manufacture of prefabricated elements in the factory conditions. Therefore, postovetaline modernism is, rather, the type of construction than the style or method, and the least - the worldview. He was not what was understood by modernism in the West. On the Soviet modernism was transferred from the western only its formal-technological side, while modernism in a civilization sense - as a general cultural paradigm - there was no in Russia.
The first stage of mass typical construction in Kaliningrad began with clearance of the ruined territory and expansion of Leninsky Prospect.
The first Khrushchev, built of brick along the Leninsky Avenue, Zhytomyr and theatrical, even before the introduction of industrialized technology, while there were classic membership, tectonically broken down on the base, wall plane and cornice. But, being a rational product of industrialization from unified typical elements, "Khrushchev" announces its new aesthetics of the "honest" seam, which is focused and turns into a chief, a kind of decorative technique, which will be present in all subsequent typical series.
In a single key, the entire Leninsky Avenue is drawn up, the representativeness and the figurative integrity of which are based on the total five-story horizontal line of development. The center of the construction activity of the city is also moved here, where the architectural culture of Leningrad leaves his interesting mark. So, in the complex of residential buildings built with his participation in Leninsky Prospectus and with rare time for that time, the proportions of windows actively developed by the cornese line and arched roads are captured by all the well-known symbolic signs of St. Petersburg, logically denoted and belonging to Kaliningrad to the North-Western cultural Country region.
During this period, with a set of power of house-building plants, two main technological directions are allocated in the implementation of the housing program of the prefab house building: large-scale construction and large-scale. Such housing that was distributed from the mid-50s was subsequently done in the Soviet Union almost the only form of resettlement.
Urban planning and architecture becomes horizontal spatial. Only with this principle of development possible was the materialization of poetic metaphor of the era: "Open, free planning of districts", "freely flowing internal spaces of buildings", "opening of compositions", etc.
Architecture becomes truthful. The designs and functions of the structure are revealed. Minding this enclosing walls are replaced with solid glazing. The key concept of this time is rationalism, so the utilitarian becomes aesthetic category. Laconicity and simplicity of decisions are important, when expressiveness is achieved due to the proportional construction of geometric shapes, which are the coented elements of the whole.
An equally important concept of "dynamicity", semantically connected with the "movement in time" (in this case, to communism), gives structures a new ideology. In urban planning, this is primarily alternating the rhythm of the same buildings. Examples of such a solution - building the streets of Minsk, General Galitsky, Library, but the most brightly, this principle is expressed in the development of Sergeyev Street. In buildings architecture, this is the degree of "disclosure" of the structure. The interpenetration of spaces, their counter movement becomes a characteristic, sign component.
4. All architectural and construction activities of the 60s can be divided into two directions: this is a massive half-blood housing construction of typical buildings and the beginning of the construction of new samples of representative buildings. The representation of this period is in terms of the term, which is very accurately deciphering the architectural quest for those years -"Pavilion" : From the pavilion of the cinema "Russia" and buildings of the bus station to the pavilion of built-in and attached cafes and shops. The very concept of "Pavilion" carries the main features of the architecture of the 60s - Sociality to man, romantic openness, concise simplicity, ease, elegance. It is not by chance that one of the main symbols of the era was the pavilions of the USSR at international exhibitions. It is from the aesthetics of a pavilion, such a sign-innovative for its time is an occupational event as "the principle of free planning". The already mentioned building of the cinema "Russia" (now does not exist) was just the chief representative of the architectural and artistic views of the 60s. "Pavilion" is present in almost all major objects of that time, and the subsequent years. In this context, you can mention the restaurants "Atlantica" and "Russia", the pavilion of the North Station and the Sports Palace "Youth".
Further, the peculiar development of the "Pavilionism" occurs in the 70s, when the aesthetics of the wall of the wall gradually begins to return to the architecture, the planes of which, using light and shadow, are increasingly involved in the formation of the geometry of buildings and in solving their architectural image. This principle builds the architecture of the new University building on the Soviet Avenue and Telestation in the Lower Lake, the Moscow and Children's World Universion. With the addition of even greater brutality into the composition, its characteristic architectural image is obtained by the Film Concert Hall "October".
Such a tendency in the future leads to the return of vertical and horizontal membership in the architecture of buildings. Already in the 80s, the plane is divided into vertical rhythm of simplified non-pecular pilasters. The decorative reception - which is repeated in the House of Trade Unions on Sergeyev Street, the building of the regional prosecutor's office on Gorky Street - is not a regional nature, as it is in line with the general aesthetic principles and concepts of the architecture of the USSR, imitating western samples of that time.
| Cinema building "Russia" |
The 70s, the 80s are further developed, and more precisely the mutation, the Soviet history of full-blood house-building. With the improvement of construction technology, the emergence of new, improved projects of typical series of residential buildings, the main plastic reception of which is the alternation of the plane and vertical groups of loggias, the development of territories in urban planning ideology continues"Microdistrict". At this time, such self-sufficient new residential areas as south and northern, where the traditional concept is already completely disappeared with the consolidation of the planning module, which turns into the direction of the road, the highway and remaining only in the names.
The microdistrict, as the new life model and the product of the scientific and technical calculation of the necessary life environment, the basis of which is the limiting rationalism of social efficiency, becomes the main existing element of the formation of the urban environment of New Kaliningrad. According to the city planning system and the rules for its development, it is envisaged, on the one hand, a certain capacity of a complex of residential buildings, and on the other - the multistage of the infrastructure of their maintenance - shops, children's and educational institutions, socialcultum, recreation, sports, as well as various internal public spaces.
5. In 1971, a rather important event was held to consolidate the further fate of Kaliningrad: the Helsinki Convention was adopted on the immutability of the post-war borders of European states. As a result, the final confirmation of the status of Kaliningrad, and architectural and urban activity in the city takes a more intense and confident character.
In the 70s, the 80s accounts for the peak of construction activity, for the first time in the post-war history, the city begins to grow up. The first eight, twelve-storey residential buildings appear. Two main urban diameters of the city are distinctly distinguished - Leninsky Avenue and Moscow Prospectus, the representative function of which is enhanced by the structures and objects of transport infrastructure - with a new overpass bridge, six-band masters, two-level unions.
"Road", "Movement" is the most capacious, romantically painted symbols of the time. Moving in space means moving over time. The basis of urban planning is the principle of a continuous road movement, which is fully implemented in the central highways of the city and then in the district road.
After disappearance in 1968-1969, buildings appear in the last remains of the Royal Castle, which completely change the scale and image of the city. The large-sized standard residential blocks plates are delivered between Shevchenko Street and Moscow Avenue, General Karbyshev's embankment and Sunny Boulevard on the Oktyabrsky Island, on Staroprowolskaya Embankment near DC sailors, and a failed rhythm of high-rise streets, he pumped out the composition of the huge open space in the size of almost 100 hectares. downtown. Thus, the parameters of the new image of Kaliningrad were installed.
| View from the wooden (wood) bridge: Moscow department store |
I would like to stay on the building of the hotel "Kaliningrad", which closes the axis of the South-north and the prospect of the axle bridge, while in the key composite point, regulating the East-West direction as well. This is perhaps one of the few bright work, distinguished by the high urban planning and architectural quality of proportional system and suical members, subsequently, unfortunately, lost as a result of the 2000 renoval makeup.
Kaliningradgradnproekt is a building, which also standing in this row of architectural level, demonstrates us a proven strength of the truth and purity of the concepts of Bauhaus, although in a somewhat simplified form. In addition, such a rare concept for our city is applicable to it, as a "sense of space."
But apotheosis of the 70s-80s is undoubtedly the most significant architectural event of Kaliningrad - the House of Soviets - the brutalism of the Brezhnevsky stagnation and the result of the 1974 architectural contest. The monumental image, which in the idea was to eclipse the image of the Royal Castle remained in the memory, and in terms of the severity of the architectural mass, the power of exposure, the construction density and the compositional combinatorics of the elements, at a minimum, cannot be given. By the way, some composite plots and elements of the previous architectural "cloth" form moved to a new construction and received their new interpretation.
Thus, the inner horizontal courtyard of the castle moved into an open internal vertical yard - the space of a new structure, and the former, historically tested quadrangular form was reflected in the quadrangle of the House of Soviets. Fixing at one time the corners of the castle with the towers with horizontal fortress connections responded by fixing the angles of the new building with elevator mines with horizontal connections - transitions between them. And the naked structural elements of the Western Castle Wing - Counfoods - reflected in the vertical rhythm of the lower support elements of the House of Tips. The coordinate grid of planting this new Soviet building also corresponds to the orientation on the parties to the light of the former Royal Castle.
The main semantic change occurred in the natural force of the new architectural mass - the symbolic displacement of the "zero" coordinate point of planting a house of tips, which can be expressed by aphorism "away from Berlin and closer to Moscow."
6. Among the processes occurring in the professional environment of the 70s and 1980s, the appearance should be allocated, or rather the return of romanticization in the architectural profession. We are in a large extent obliged to this, on the one hand, by some achievements of the Soviet Union in the field of architecture and urban planning, and on the other hand, the mass appearance of foreign professional periodicals (architectural journals) and monographs on Western architecture, demonstrating a high level of architecture art in Western countries. Under these conditions, the regional-cultural vector of professional architecture is established on the neighboring Lithuania and Poland, where the concept of "regionality" in architectural quality by that time is already becoming decisive.
In this context, it should be especially highlighted by the buildings of the "Red-Rocked" architecture on April 9, the Pioneer - Lithuanian Valais in the area of \u200b\u200bVasilevsky Square, on the Moscow Avenue - Copernica Street. In the same semantic row there is a unique restaurant "Olsztyn", where the appearance of the tiles and the light lamp can be found in an architectural event, which also demonstrates the result of positive professional cooperation between Kaliningrad with Polish neighbors.
By the mid-70s, the anti-imagination of most modern construction and architectural implementations is becoming obvious to the mid-70s as a whole, it becomes gradually a steadily negative attitude towards them. Gradually comes awareness of losses associated with the city's self-identification. And already acutely felt at that time the deficit of individual, author's design, together with subconscious nostalgic notes on the loss of regional specificity of the city, cause such a forgotten phenomenon as reconstruction restoration. We owe this phenomenon with restoration, preservation and adaptation to new functions by the miracle of the historic buildings of the old city. The Catholic Church of the Holy Familia for the Kaliningrad Philharmonic is reconstructed. The capital reconstruction is exposed to the evangelical church of the memory of Queen Louise, which acquires the function of the puppet theater. Restored rare monumentXIII. century - Judten-Kirch, who, having changed confessional affiliation, became the Orthodox St. Nicholas Cathedral.
| In the past, Yutten-Kirch, now Nikolsky Cathedral |
| Theater dolls, the building of the former Kirhi Queen Louise |
The "second breath" begin to acquire both former urban fortification facilities. After the reconstruction of the Don Tower under the amber museum and Rosgarian gates for the device in them, the restaurant "Sunny Stone", it becomes quite obvious possible adaptation of the historical and architectural forms of Königsberg for new Kaliningrad. From historical experience, it is known that "someone else's" scares and rejects only at the time of the first surface contact, then the adaptation mechanism is always valid. This also applies to architectural forms that, being very unusual for another culture, can, nevertheless, are quite easy to be accepted and adapted after the relevance, renaming and rethinking. Therefore, the dominant value has not so much external signs of form, how much of its symbolic content.
Rosgarian Gate
In this regard, the case of the restoration of the building for the historical and artistic museum is indicative. Being in due time to the concert hall (Stadthalla) konigsberg, the building stood destroyed after the war until the beginning of the 80s, when and paid attention to the authorities. In accordance with the results of the examination carried out, the restoration of the structure was considered complex and inappropriate. Nevertheless, it was recreated by a volitional effort.
These examples demonstrate the beginning of changes in the late 70s, already associated with a movement towards a historism in creating an urban environment, with interest in regional identity, to the distinguishing specificity of the local architectural language, which continued in the next 80s.
The modern building of the Kaliningrad administration (formerly and earlier by the Königsberg municipality) was also restored with the acquisition of new architectural quality. Thus, the developed visor of the entrance was a kind of reflection of the input portals of the North Station and Technical University. It can be noted some professional continuity of such a composite solution for this particular place.
Back in the 60s, two leaders and two main directions in the entire architectural and design activities of the city and the region have stood out for design and maintenance of the entire construction complex. Along with the "KaliningradgradanPrect", which was engaged in directly the "new city", served mainly by the mass housing industry, gradually acquiring increasing experience in the multi-storey construction and the development of new territories, "ZhilkommunProject" was created. This structure was engaged in essentially, the "old city", its main task was to develop solutions for the reconstruction and adaptation of the pre-war buildings. Such specialization has made it possible to accumulate and some experience associated directly with contact with the old historic building culture of the city.
Being a "large-scale", the Soviet architectural and urban culture of "open spaces" required by large-scale recreational and landscaping works. Therefore, this topic was emphasized throughout the recent history in the process of forming the environment of the socialist city. Special success, urban planners have achieved in the organization of new central socio-recreational zones of the city, where open landscaped marks are of defining meaning. The brightest example of such a solution is the island of Kneyprhof, sometime tightly built up, and now turned into an open central green space of the city with a park of sculptures. The territories of the Naberezhnye Pragoli River in the area of \u200b\u200bMoscow Avenue and the Sports Palace "Youth" complement and even more strengthen the status of this territory as the central green core of the city.
The landscape of the lower pond, also freed from the pre-war building and translated into the ranking of recreation with the naked relief and the water mirror, also received his open landscape motifs based on the typology of the English Landscaping Park.
In the system of the entire urban development, the improvement of the three main public areas of Kaliningrad was allocated. So, the complex of the Victory Square with Square and Monuments V.I. Lenin and Motherland-Mother, Square in front of the southern station with a monument M.I. Kalinin and landscaping of the new central square on the foundations of the Royal Castle have the same cultural and aesthetic and ideological content, being the result of large-scale design work of the Soviet period.
Architects, engineers and builders are increasingly inclined to be friends with nature, and not to measure with her by force.
Bahrain World Trade Center (Manama, Bahrain, 2008)
The world's first skyscraper with wind generators in design Created a British multinational company ATKINS.. Two 240-meter 50-storey towers in the form of sails are connected by three bridges, in which the windmills with a diameter of 29 meters are integrated. Turbines are oriented towards the Persian Gulf, where the wind is often blowing. The construction of the towers is that in the interval between them the air flow is accelerated, and it gives maximum loading of turbines. As a result, the building by 15% provides itself with electricity.
Walt Disney Concert Hall ( Los Angeles, USA, 2003)
The work of the largest American architect-deconstation of Frank Geri (he was the author of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao) resembles an intricate paper boat with a lot of sails. No wonder the architect was fond of sailing. Most of the external walls are made of stainless steel. At first, residents of nearby houses and drivers complained about blinding sun glare. To soften the effect, the walls were exposed to special grinding. Inside - a room on 2252 places with excellent acoustics and organ, the facade of which is rhymes the facade with the building: pipes stick out in all directions. |
Agora Theater ( Lelystad, Netherlands, 2007)
The multifaceted design of the Dutch architect Adrian Goeza looks like a spacecraft outside and a kaleidoscope inside. External faces are playing gold, internal - painted in different colors and give rise to optical illusions. The creators of the center of culture are confident that the theater is space outside reality and events. |
Museum of Islamic Art ( Doha, Qatar, 2008)
Museum of Islamic art Settled in the park on the artificial island. The building is like a pyramid from children's cubes, but with arches and windows. So the Chinese-American architect Bay Yumin interpreted the traditional motifs of Islamic architecture.
The Shard ( London, United Kingdom, 2012)
"Shard" - glass 87-storey pyramid with a viewing area on the roof. Inside - residential premises, offices, hotel and restaurants. Italian architect Renzo Piano embodied in the project the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "vertical city", where people can live and work, and relax.
Seattle Central Library ( Seattle, USA, 2004)
central Library Outside, looks like a picturesque journey of glass platforms tightened into the steel grid. Inside - a multifunctional space in 11 floors connected by ramps and escalators. No stairs.
Beijing National Stadium ( Beijing, China, 2008)
National Stadium, called the people of the "bird nest", was built for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. The concrete bowl is surrounded by intertwined metal beams that are held on 24 columns. The roof of a transparent material protects against the rain and the sun. The capacity of the stadium is 91 thousand people.
HARPA CONCERT HALL ( Reykjavik, Iceland, 2011)
The steel frame of the giant "Iceberg in the Ocean" is covered as scales, multi-colored tinted glass panels - mostly green, as well as blue, turquoise, beige. In them, as conceived, the city, sky, harbor are reflected. This building is like a monument on the border of the sushi and the sea, nature and art. |
Metropol Parasol ( Seville, Spain, 2011)
The largest wooden structure in the world I spread the "Hats" on the old center of the city. The project of the German architect Yurgen Mayer-Herman called "Umbrella Metropol" is actually a structure of six "umbrellas", more similar to alien fantastic mushrooms. The author was also inspired by the crops of the Seville Cathedral and fakes on the neighboring square of Cristo de Burgos. "Under the umbrella" is located the museum of archeology, market and restaurant. By winding bedtime, you can go to the roof. |
L'Agora, Ciutat De Les Arts I Les Ciencies ( Valencia, Spain, 2009)
The work of Santiago Kalatravala, a representative of the biotec (neoorganic direction in architecture), resembles the form closed palms with intertwined fingers and at the same time folded wings. Since the beginning of construction, the Parabolic building building has been criticized by many for impracticality, but it turned out to be suitable for various events - from the tennis tournament to a high fashion week. The multifunctional object took a worthy place in the city of art and sciences next to the planetarium in the form of a giant eye and the oceanarium in the form of water lily. |
Aldar Headquar-Ters Building ( Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2010)
"Building-coin" - it is also called the headquarters of the construction company Aldar. . Designing a structure similar to a 110 meter-standing coin on the edge, architects sought to express the idea of \u200b\u200bsustainability, unity, rationality. They were guided by the principle of the Golden section and were inspired by the pentagram of the occultist of Henry Cornelius (the figure of a man inside the circle). |
Mercedes-Benz Welt ( Stuttgart, Germany, 2006)
Based on design Museum Mercedes-Benz. - The concept of "clover sheet" - three overlapping circles with a displaced center. Inside, too, everything is not easy: three exhibition floors pass one into another on the principle of "double spirals". About 700 cars are stored in the museum.
Galaxy SOHO ( Beijing, China, 2012)
Shopping and entertainment center - The work of the British of the Iraqi origin of the CHAHI HADID. The architect was inspired by the type of rice terraces. Hence the layers-floor floors of four rounded buildings with smooth transitions between them - no corner anywhere.
Marina Bay Sands ( Singapore, 2010)
Architect Moshe Safdi tells that screaming inspiration in a deck of cards. There were three skyscrapers under the common roof terrace, similar, in turn, on a curved boat. In the "boat" - 150-meter swimming pool, restaurant and park with trees. In the evenings on the roof of a laser show.
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