Social role and its meaning. Social role

In psychology and sociology there are a lot of theories about the personality and its attributes. The concepts of "social role" and "personality status" are used to explain the human behavior in society, as they affect many aspects of the functioning of the individual. His self-esteem, self-consciousness, communication, focus in many ways depend on them.

The concept of personality

From the point of view of sociology, personality is an individual, which during socialization acquires a specific set of socially significant qualities, properties, knowledge, skills and skills. As a result of inclusion in social relations and communications, it becomes a responsible subject of volitional activity. According to psychologists, a personality is an integral set of various features of biogenic and sociogenic origin, which is formed in a lot of human and affect the behavior and human activity. And in the same case, the social role and status of the individual play an important role in the formation and self-realization of the individual.

The basis for the formation becomes four groups of phenomena: the biological features of the human body and its innate experience, the results of training, the experience of social life and interaction with other people, the results of self-assessment, reflection and self-awareness. In the structure of the personality, groups of features that affect all human behavior are allocated.

These include such psychological features as abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, social attitudes and stereotypes, character, orientation, emotions, temperament. The personality includes a set of social characteristics, such as social statuses and roles, a system of dispositions and various role-playing expectations, a complex of knowledge, values \u200b\u200band beliefs, interests and worldview. The process of crystallization of personal features often occurs under the influence of the external and internal environment and proceeds uniquely, creating unique integrity.

The concept of social status

Even at the end of the XIX century, English scientist Henry Man introduces a new concept in circulation. Since then, social status has been analyzed a lot and studied. To date, under it understands a certain place of a person in a social system or group. It is determined by a number of signs: the material and marital status, the possession of power, performed by functions, education, specific skills, nationality, special psychological characteristics and many others. Since the individual simultaneously enters the composition of the various groups, its status in them may be different.

He not only means the position of a person in society, but also gives him certain rights and obligations. Usually, than it is higher, the greater the set of rights and responsibilities. Often, in the ordinary consciousness, the concept of social statuses and roles are equal with the concept of prestige. He certainly accompanies status, but not always its mandatory attribute. Status is a rating category. A person can change it with the acquisition of new qualities or roles. Only in traditional social systems, he could be inherited, consolidated legislatively or in accordance with religious canons. Today, personality in its development can achieve the desired status or lose them under certain circumstances.

Hierarchy status

A set of different positions of one personality in society is customary called the status set. This structure usually has a dominant, main status, and an additional kit. The first defines the main position of the individual in this social system. For example, a child or an elderly person will have the main status according to age. At the same time, in some patriarchal societies, half a person will be the main feature to determine its position in the system.

Since there is a division into chief and non-monogram statuses, the researchers talk about the existence of a hierarchy of social positions. Social roles and status are the most important factor affecting the overall satisfaction of the individual of their lives. The assessment occurs in two directions. There are stable interactions of statuses on horizontal and vertical levels.

The first factor is a system of interaction between people, located at one level of the social hierarchy. Vertical, respectively, Communication of people on different steps. The distribution of people along the steps of the social staircase is a natural phenomenon for society. The hierarchy supports role-playing identity expectations, causing an understanding of the distribution of responsibilities and rights, allows a person to be satisfied with his position or forces it to strive for a change of status. This ensures the dynamics of the personality.

Personal and social status

Traditionally, in terms of the size of the community, in which the person has functions, it is customary to distinguish between personal and actually social statuses. They function at various levels. So, social status is the sphere of professional and social relations. Professional, education, political position, social activity are essential here. It is they who are signs of which a person is placed in a social hierarchy.

Social role and status also function in small groups. In this case, the researchers talk about personal status. In the family, a small circle of interests, a circle of friends, a small working group, a person occupies a certain position. But to establish a hierarchy, not professional, but personal, psychological signs are applied here. Leadership qualities, knowledge, skills, communicability, sense and other character traits allow a person to become a leader or outsider, to get a certain personal status. Between these two types of provisions in the social group there is a significant difference. They allow a person to be implemented in various spheres. So, a small clerk, which occupies a low position in the working team, can play a significant role, for example, in the society of numismatons, thanks to its knowledge.

Types of social statuses

Since the concept of status covers an extremely extensive area of \u200b\u200bsocial activity, there is a lot of their varieties. Let's select the main classifications. Depending on the dominance of different signs, the following statuses are allocated:

1. Natural, or socio-demographic. These statuses are established in accordance with such signs as age, relationship, gender, race and health. An example may be the position of a child, parent, men or women, a European one, disabled. The social role and status of a person in communication is reflected in this case by empowering certain rights and obligations.
2. Actually social status. It can only be in society. Usually allocate economic statuses, depending on the position being held, the availability of ownership; Political, in accordance with the views and social activity, also a sign of the allocation of status is the presence or absence of power; Sociocultural, which are attributed to education, attitudes towards religion, art, science. In addition, there are legal, professional, territorial statuses.

On another classification, prescribed, achieved and mixed statuses are allocated in accordance with the method of obtaining it. Prescribed statuses are those that are assigned to birth. Their person gets unavailable, without making anything for this.

The achieved, on the contrary, is acquired as a result of effort, often significant. These include professional, economic, cultural positions in society. Mixed - those that combine two previous views. An example of such statuses can be various dynasties, where, by the right of birth, the child receives not only a position in society, but the predisposition to achievements in a certain field of activity. Also allocate formal and informal statuses. The first is fixed officially in any documents. For example, when joined the position. The second is assigned to the group of strangers. A bright example is the leader in a small group.

The concept of social role

In psychology and sociology, the term "social role" is used, under which the expected behavior, dictated by the social situation and other members of the group. Social role and status are closely related to each other. The status imposes the obligations of the right to personality, and they, in turn, dictate a person a certain type of behavior. Anyone should be constantly changing the behavioral models due to its sociality, so every individual has a whole arsenal roles that he plays in different situations.

Social role determines social status. Its structure includes role-playing, or an expectation, execution, or a game. A person falls into a typical situation where participants are waiting for a certain model of behavior from him. Therefore, he begins to embody her. He does not need to think how to behave. The model dictates him actions. Each person has its role set, that is, a set of roles for different occasions in accordance with its status.

Psychological characteristics of social roles

It is believed that the role in society determines social status. However, the sequence is reverse. Getting another status, a person is gaining behavior options. In each role there are two psychological components. First, it is a symbol-information part, which is a scenario of a typical performance. It is essential in the form of instructions, memos, principles. Each individual has unique features that attach a different and subjective role. Secondly, it is an imperative-control component that is a mechanism for starting the game. The imperative component is also associated with values \u200b\u200band norms. He dictates how to do, relying on cultural stereotypes and moral norms of society.

A social role has three psychological parameters for which it can be evaluated and classified:

• Emotionality. Different degree of sensuality is characteristic of each role. So, the head must be restrained, and the mother may be emotional.
• Formalization. Roles can be formal and informal. The first are described by a specific scenario attached in any form. For example, the role of the teacher is partially described in the job description, as well as recorded in the stereotypes and beliefs of society. The second arises in specific situations and are not fixed anywhere else, except the psyche of the performer. For example, the role of the company in the company.
• Motivation. The roles are always closely related to the satisfaction of various needs, each of them has one or more source needs.

Types of social roles

The society is infinitely diverse, therefore the types of roles have a lot. Social status and social role of man are interrelated. Therefore, the first often duplicate the second and vice versa. So, highlight natural roles (mothers, child) and achieved (head, leader), formal and informal. Social role and status, examples of which everyone can find in their personality structure, have a certain sphere of influence. Among them, status roles are distinguished, which are directly related to a certain position in society and interpersonal roles, which follow from the situation, for example, the role of a beloved, offended, etc.

Functions of social roles

The society constantly needs the mechanisms for regulating the behavior of its members. Social role and status in communication are performed primarily precisely the regulatory function. They help to quickly find an interaction script without spending big resources. Social roles also perform an adaptation function. When a person changes status, or he falls into a kind of situation, he needs to quickly find a suitable model of behavior. So, the social role and the status of the nation allow it to be adapted to a new cultural context.

Another feature is self-realization. Role execution allows a person to show its various qualities and achieve the desired goals. The cognitive function lies in the possibilities of self-knowledge. Personality, trying on different roles, knows its potential, finds new opportunities.

Social role and status: interaction paths

In the structure of the personality role and statuses are closely intertwined. They allow a person to solve various social tasks, achieve goals and meet the requirements. Social role and personality status in the group are important for motivating it to activities. Wanting to increase the status, a person begins to learn, work, improve.

Groups are dynamic integrity and there is always the opportunity to redistribute statuses. Man using the range of his roles, can change its status. Conversely: It will change to change the role set. The social role and personality status in the group can briefly be characterized as the driving force of personality on the way to self-realization and achievement.

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Social role - A model of human behavior, objectively asked by the social position of the individual in the system of social (public and personal) relations. In other words, a social role is "the behavior that is expected from a person occupying a certain status." Modern society requires an individual to constantly change the model of behavior to perform specific roles. In this regard, such neomarlicists and Neofreedists, like T. Adorno, K. Horney and others in their works made a paradoxical conclusion: "Normal" identity of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, in modern society, role conflicts arising in situations were widespread when the individual requires the simultaneous execution of several roles with contradictory requirements.

Irwin Gofman in his studies of rituals of interaction, taking and developing a basic theatrical metaphor, paid attention not so much on role prescriptions and passive following them, how much to the processes of active design and maintenance of the "appearance" during communication, in the zones of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction , errors in the behavior of partners.

Types of social roles

Types of social roles are determined by a variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the person is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are allocated.

§ Social roles associated with social status, profession or activity (teacher, student, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who executes these roles. Socially-demographic roles are distinguished: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... A man and a woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and imply specific behavioral methods enshrined by public norms, customs.

§ Interpersonal Associated with interpersonal relations, which are regulated on the emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, idol family, beloved, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relationship, each person performs in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image, habitual for others. Change the usual image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer period of time there is a group, the more commonly becoming for those surrounding the dominant social roles of each group of group and the more difficult to change the familiar behavior for the surrounding stereotype.

[edit] Social role characteristics

The main characteristics of the social role are allocated by the American sociologist Tolkott Parsons. He suggested the following four characteristics of any role:

§ On scale. Part of the roles can be strictly limited, while the other is blurred.

§ By method of obtaining. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achievable).

§ According to the degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both in strictly established framework and arbitrarily.

§ By type of motivation. Personal profit can act as motivation, and so on.

Scale of the role Depends on the range of interpersonal relations. The larger the range, the greater the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationship range is established between her husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on the manifold of feelings and emotions; On the other hand, the relationship is governed by regulatory acts and in a certain sense are formal. Participants in this social interaction are interested in the most different sides of each other's life, their relationship is practically not limited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly determined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case - purchases). Here, the scale of the role comes down to a narrow circle of specific questions and is small.

Method of receiving a role It depends on how inevitable is this role for a person. So, the roles of a young man, old man, men, women are automatically determined by age and human floor and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There may be only the problem of compliance with your role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even conquered in the process of human life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, a researcher, professor, etc. This is almost all the roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization As a descriptive characteristic of the social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal ratio of the carrier of this role. Some roles suggest the establishment of only formal relationships between people with tough regulation of the rules of conduct; Others, on the contrary, are only informal; Third can combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship between the traffic police representative with the violator of the traffic rules should be determined by the formal rules, and the relationship between close people - feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating the other, manifests a sympathy or antipathy. This happens when people interact some time and relationships become relatively sustainable.

Motivation Depends on the needs and motives of man. Different roles are due to various motifs. Parents, taking care of the welfare of their child, are guided primarily by a sense of love and care; The head works in the name of the case, etc.

[edit] Role-playing conflicts

Role-playing conflicts There are a role due to the failure to fulfill the responsibilities of the role due to subjective reasons (reluctance, inability).

Motivation is divided into externally organized and internally organized (or, as Western psychologists write, - external and internal). The first is related to the influence on the formation of a subject of a motive of actions or actions of other people (with the help of tips, suggestion, etc.). As far as this intervention is perceived by the subject, depends on the degree of sufficiency, conformity and negativism.

Suggestibility - This is the inclination of the subject to non-critical (involuntary) compliance with the impact of other people, their advice, instructions, even if they contradict him their own beliefs and interests.

This is a valid change in their behavior under the influence of suggestion. The inspired subjects are easily infected with the spirits, views and habits of other people. They are often prone to imitation. The suggestibility depends on both the sustainable properties of a person - a high level of neuroticism, weakness of the nervous system (Yu. E. Ryzhkin, 1977) and from situational conditions - anxiety, insecurity or emotional arousal.

Such personal features are influenced by such personality features as low self-esteem and sense of own inferiority, humility and dedication, the underdeveloped sense of responsibility, reliability and impactivity, gullibility, increased emotionality and impressionability, dreamence, superstitivity and faith, a tendency to fantasy, unstable beliefs and non-critical thinking ( N. N. Oboozov, 1997, etc.).

Increased impression is characteristic of children, especially 10 years. This is explained by the fact that they still have a weakly developed criticality of thinking, which reduces the degree of suggestibility. True, in 5 years and after 10, especially in senior schoolchildren, there is a decrease in suggestibility (A. I. Zakharov (1998), see Fig. 9.1). By the way, the latter noted from older adolescents at the end of the XIX century. A. Bina (A. Binet, 1900) and A. Nechaev (1900).

The degree of suggestability of women is higher than men (V. A. Petrik, 1977; L. Le-Vefeld, 1977).

Another steady characteristic of the personality is conformality, the beginning of the study of which was put by S. Ash (S. ASCH, 1956).

Conformability - This is a tendency of a person to a voluntary conscious (arbitrary) change in its expected reactions for rapprochement with the reaction of others, due to the recognition of greater right. At the same time, if the intention or social attitudes, having had in humans, coincide with those of others, then the speech of conformity is no longer coming.

The concept of "conformity" in Western psychological literature has many values. For example, R. Prichfield (R. Crutchfield, 1967) talks about "internal conformity", according to the description close to suggestibility.

Conformity is also called intragroups of snowfesting or suggestibility (we note that some authors, for example, A. E. Persoid and others (1970), do not identify suggestibility and conformity, noting the lack of relationship between them and the difference in their manifestation mechanisms). Other researchers distinguish the conformity of two species: "adoption" when the individuals are changing the views, installations and the appropriate behavior, and "consent" when a person follows the group, without sharing its opinion (in domestic science it is called conformism). If a person is inclined to constantly agree with the opinion of the group, he refers to conformists; If there is a tendency to disagree with the opinion imposed on him, then to non-conformists (to the latter, according to foreign psychologists, there are about a third of people).

There are external and internal conformity. In the first case, a person returns to its former opinion as soon as the group pressure disappears on it. With internal conformity, it retains the adopted group opinion and after the pressure from the outside ceased.

The degree of human subordination to the Group depends on many external (situational) and internal (personal) factors, which (mainly external) were systematized by A. P. Sopikov (1969). These include:

Age-sexual differences: among children and young conformists more than among adults (maximum conformity is celebrated in 12 years, its decline is noticeable - after 1-6 years); Women are more pillars with group pressure than men;

The difficulty of solving the problem is: how harder, the more personality submits to the group; The more difficult task and ambiguous decisions made, the conformity above;

Man's status in the group: what it is higher, to a lesser extent this person shows conformity;

The nature of the group affiliation: according to his will, or for coercion, a subject in the group entered; In the latter case, his psychological submission is often only superficial;

The attractiveness of the group for an individual: the reference group of the subject is lighter;

Objectives facing man: if his group competes with another group, the conformity of the subject increases; If members of the group compete with each other - decreases (the same is observed with the upset of group or personal opinion);

The presence and effectiveness of communication confirming the loyalty or infidelity of the conformal deeds of a person: when the act is wrong, a person can return to his point of view.

With a pronounced conformism, the determination of a person increases with the decision and formation of intentions, but at the same time weakens a sense of his individual responsibility for the act perfect with others. This is especially noticeable in groups that are socially not mature.

Although the impact of situational factors often prevails over the role of individual differences, there are still people who are easily convinced in any situation (S. Hovland, I. Janis, 1959; I. Janis, P. Field, 1956).

Such people have certain features of the person. It was revealed, for example, that the most conformal children suffer from an "complex of inferiority" and possess insufficient "ego force" (HARTUP, 1970). They are usually more dependent and anxious than peers, and are sensitive to opinions and hints of others. Children with such features of the person prone to constantly control their behavior and speech, that is, they possess a high level of self-control. They are cared, as they look in the eyes of others, they often compare themselves with peers.

According to F. Zimbardo (P. Zimbardo, 1977), it is easy to convince shy people who have low self-esteem. It is not randomly a link between the low self-esteem, which is in humans, and its lightweight adherence to conviction from the side (W. McGuiere, 1985). This is due to the fact that they have little respect their opinions and installations, therefore, they are weakened by the motivation to protect their beliefs. They consider themselves to be wrong.

R. Nurmi (R. Nurmi, 1970) provides data according to which conformal inherent rigidity and a weak nervous system.

It should be true, to keep in mind, in what situation conformity is manifested in regulatory or information. This may affect her connections with other personal features. The information situation is noticeable to the tendency to communicate conformity with extroversion (N. N. Oboozov, 1997).

Social role is the social function of personality, corresponding to the norms of the behavior of people, depending on their status or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations. "

A social role is regulatoryly approved and prescribed by a society or social group, the algorithm, a template of activity and behavior of the person, voluntarily or forcibly received in the implementation of certain social functions. A social role is a personality behavior model due to its status.

There is a point of view that a social role is a combination of social norms, to master which society or group encourages or forces individuals. Usually, a social role is defined as a dynamic aspect of status as a list of real functions specified by the group of its member as a set of expected behavioral stereo types associated with the performance of specific work.

The American social psychologist T. Khibutani introduces the concept of a conventional role. There is a distinction to distinguish between social and conventional roles, but it cannot be done strictly and obviously.

The conventional role, on T. Shibutani, is an idea of \u200b\u200bthe prescribed pattern of behavior that is expected and required from the subject in this situation, if the position occupied by him in joint action is known. It seems that its conventional role with very minor errors can be considered by synonymous with the role of social. It is very important that, in understanding T. Shibutani, roles are defined as a pattern, algorithm of mutual rights and obligations, and not just as a behavioral standard. The duty, he notes, is that the subject feels forced to do, based on the role he plays, and other people expect and require it to come in a certain way. However, it is impossible to completely tear off the template from behavior: it is the behavior that acts as a member of the measure of that, adequately or inadequately realizes a conventional role.

Another American psychologist, T. Parsons, determines the role as a structurally organized, regulatoryly regulated participation of the person at a concrete social interaction process with certain specific role-playing partners. He believed that any role can be described by the following five main characteristics: emotionality; Different roles require varying degrees of emotionality; The method of obtaining: some roles are prescribed, other auto; structure: part of the roles are formed and strictly limited, other-blurred; Formalization: Part of the roles are implemented in strictly installed templates, algorithms defined from the outside or the subject itself, the other is realized spontaneously, creatively; Motivation: The system of personal needs, which are satisfied by the fact of the execution of roles.

Social roles to distinguish on their significance. The role is objectively asked by a social position regardless of the individual characteristics of the person who occupies this position. The performance of the social role should be consistent with the accepted social standards and expectations (an exploration) of others.

There is practically no complete coincidence between role-playing and role-playing. The quality of the role is depends on the set of conditions, it is especially important to match the role of interest and personal needs. The individual who did not meet expectations enters the conflict with society and entries public and group sanctions.

Since each person performs a few roles, a role-playing conflict is possible: parents and peers, for example, expect various behavior from a teenager, and he, by performing the role of the Son and Friend, cannot simultaneously meet their expectations. The role conflict is the experience of the subject of ambiguity or contradictory of role-playing requirements from various social communities, which he is a member.

The following conflicts are possible:

Introity: caused by contradictory requirements imposed on the behavior of the person in different social roles and even more - a water social role;

Intracrees: arises due to contradictions in the requirements of the social role of various participants in the interaction;

Personal role: arises due to incomprehension of a person's ideas about himself and its role-playing functions;

Innovative: Appears as a result of the inconsistency of previously formed value orientations and the requirements of a new social situation.

Each person has a certain idea of \u200b\u200bhow he will perform one or another role. Different roles are in different ways are important for personality.

The role structure of the individual can be integrated or disintegrated depending on the harmoniousness or conflict of social relations.

The internal structure of the personality (picture of the world, desire, installation) can position to one social roles and not to facilitate the choice of other social roles. Role-playing expectations are also not random situational factors, they arise from social requirements, including corporate, system.

Depending on the norms and expectations attributed to this or that social role, the latter can be:

Represented roles (system of expectations of the individual and certain groups);

Subjective roles (expectations that a person connect with their status, i.e. His subjective ideas about how it should act in relation to persons with other status);

Played roles (the observed behavior of the person, having given status, in relation to another person with another status).

There is a regulatory structure of the performance of a social role, which consists of:

Descriptions of behavior (characteristic of this role);

Prescriptions (requirements for this restoration);

Estimates of the execution of the prescribed role;

Sanctions for violation of prescribed requirements.

Since the personality is a complex social system, we can say that it is a totality of social roles and its individual characteristics,

People identify themselves in different ways with their social role. Some merge as much as possible and behave in accordance with its prescriptions everywhere and everywhere, even where it is absolutely not required. It happens that various social roles inherent in the same subject have a different rank, various personal significance, relevance. In other words, the subject does not equally identifies himself with all his roles: with one, personally significant, more, with others - less. It happens so strong distance from the role that we can talk about its movement from the actual part of the consciousness of consciousness on the periphery or even displacing from the sphere of consciousness completely.

The experience of psychologists practitioners suggests that if an objectively current social role is not realized as such a subject, then in the framework of this role he has internal and external conflicts.

Different roles are mastered in the process of socialization. As an example, we give the role repertoire of the Small Group:

Leader: a member of the group, which remains the right to make responsible decisions in significant situations for it, decisions affecting the interests of the Group members and the determining areas and nature of the activities and behavior of the entire group (more about this - in the topic "Leadership as a Social and Psychological Phenomenon") ;

Expert: a member of a group that has special knowledge, ability, skills that the group is required or which the group simply respects;

Passively and easily adaptable members: they seek to preserve their anonymity;

- "Extreme" member of the group: lags behind from everyone due to personal restrictions or fears;

The opposition: the oppositionist, actively opposing the leader;

Martyr: Classes about help and refusing it;

Moralist: a member of a group that is always right;

Interceptor: a member of the group, exciting initiative by the leader;

Pet: Member of the group, Awakening gentle feelings and constantly in need of protection;

Aggressor;

Jester;

Provocateur;

Defender;

Whiter;

Rescuer;

Pedant;

Sacrifice, etc.

The group always seeks to expand the repertoire of roles. An individual execution of the role of a person has a personalocracy, which depends on his knowledge and ability to be in this role, from its significance for him, from the desire to be more or less to meet the expectations of others (for example, becoming a father easily, difficult to be a father).

behavior expected from who has some social status. Restricted by the set of rights and obligations that meet this status.

Excellent definition

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Social role

The combination of requirements for others to persons occupying certain social. Position. These requirements (prescriptions, wishes and expectations of relevant behavior) are embodied in specific social. standards. System system Positive and negative sanctions are aimed at ensuring proper fulfillment of the requirements associated with R.S. Winds due to specific social. The position given in societies. Structure, R.S. However, a specific (regulatoryly approved) method of behavior, mandatory for individuals performing the corresponding RS The RS, performed by the individual, becomes the decisive characteristic of his personality, without losing, however, its social-derived and in this sense of an objectively inevitable nature. In the aggregate of the RS, performed by people, personify the dominant societies. relations. Soc. According to its genesis, the requirements of the role become a structural element of the human person in the course of socialization of individuals and in the resorts of internal interpartines (deep internal assimilation) of the norms characterizing R.S. Internalize the role - it means to give it your own, individual (personal) definition, evaluate and develop a certain attitude towards social. Positions forming the relevant RS during the internalization of the role of socially generated norms are estimated through the prism of installations, beliefs, principles divided by the individual. Obda imposes an individual of the RS, but its acceptance, rejection, or execution always impose a print on the real behavior of a person. Depending on the nature of the requirements concluded in the regulatory structure of the RS, the latter are divided into at least three categories: the norms of due (mandatory), desired and possible behavior. Compliance with the mandatory regulatory requirements of the RS is ensured by the most serious sanctions of a negative nature, embodied most often in laws or other legal instructions. character. Role standards embodying the desirable (with t. Sno-VA) behavior are ensured most often with negative sanctions of an extraordinary nature (non-compliance with the charter of societies. Organization entails an exception to it, etc.). In contrast to these role standards, K-ryy formulate possible behavior, are provided primarily by positive sanctions (voluntary execution of the responsibilities of those who need help entails the increase in prestige, approval, etc.). In the regulatory structure, four structural elements can be allocated - description (of the type of behavior, to-ry is required on behalf of the person in this role); prescription (requirement in connection with such behavior); Evaluation (cases of execution or non-fulfillment of role prescriptions); Sanction (favorable or unfavorable social. The consequences of action within the requirements of the RS). See also: Theory of Personality role-playing, role theory. Lit.: Yakovlev A.M. Sociology of economic crime. M., 1988; Solovyov E.Yu. Personality and right // Past interpret us. Essays on the history of philosophy and culture. M, 1991. C, 403-431; Smelzer N. Sociology M., 1994. A.M. Yakovlev.

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Social role is a socially necessary type of social activity and the personality behavior. The concept of a social role for the first time was proposed by American sociologists Middle and Linton back in the thirties of the last century.

Main types of social roles

The diversity of social groups and relations in their groups, as well as activities, has become the basis for the classification of social statuses. Currently, social roles are allocated as: formal, interpersonal and socio-demographic. Formal social roles are associated with the situation that a person takes in society. This refers to the genus of his classes and profession. But interpersonal roles are directly related to various types of relationships. This category usually includes pets, rosters, leaders. As for socio-demographic roles, it is husband, son, sister, etc.

Characteristics of social roles

The American sociologist Tolkott Parsons was allocated the main characteristics of social roles. These include: scale, method of obtaining, emotionality, motivation and formalization. As a rule, the scale of the role is determined by the range of interpersonal relations. There is a direct proportional dependence. For example, the social roles of her husband and wives have a very significant scale, because between them there is a wide range of relationships.

If we talk about the method of getting a role, it depends on the inevitability of this role for the individual. So, the roles of a young man or old man do not require any effort to acquire them. They are determined by the age of a person. And other social roles can be conquered during the lifetime upon reaching certain conditions.

Social roles can differ in terms of emotionality. Each role is characterized by its manifestation of emotions. Also, some roles suggest the establishment of formal relations between people, others - informal, and others can combine those and other relationships.

The needs and motives of man depends on its motivation. Various social roles can be due to certain motifs. For example, when parents take care of their child, they are guided by a sense of care and love for him. The manager works for the benefit of some enterprise. It is also known that all social roles may be subject to public assessment.