American artists are very different. Someone was an obvious cosmopolitan like Sarjent. By origin, the American, but almost all the conscious life lived in London and Paris.

There are among them and authentic Americans who portrayed the life of only their compatriots as Rockwell.

And there are also artists not from the world of this, like a pollock. Or those whose art has become a product of consumer society. This, of course, about Warhole.

Nevertheless, all of them are Americans. Freedom-loving, daring, bright. Read about seven of them below.

1. James Whistler (1834-1903)

James Whistler. Self-portrait. 1872 Institute of Arts in Detroit, USA.

Whistler is difficult to call a real American. Molded, he lived in Europe. And he spent childhood at all ... in Russia. His father built a railway in St. Petersburg.

It was there that the boy James and loved the art, visiting the Hermitage and Peterhof thanks to the father's relations (then they were closed to the public palaces).

What is the famous Whistler? In whatever style, he wrote from realism to Tonalism *, it can almost immediately find out on two signs. Unusual colors and musical names.

Part of his portraits is the imitation of old masters. As, for example, his famous portrait of the "Mother of the Artist".

James Whistler. Mother artist. Arrangement in gray and black. 1871

The artist created an amazing work using colors from light gray to dark gray. And a little yellow.

But this does not mean that Whistler loved such colors. He was an extraordinary man. It could easily appear in the society in yellow socks and with a bright umbrella. And then, when men dressed exclusively in black and gray.

He has much more brighter work than the "mother". For example, "symphony in white". So the picture called one of the journalists at the exhibition. Whistler liked this idea. Since then, almost all of his work he called Music.

James Whistler. Symphony in white # 1. 1862 National Gallery of Washington, USA

But then, in 1862, the "symphony" did not like the public. Again due to peculiar colors of the Whistler. People seemed strange to write a woman in white on a white background.

In the picture we see the red-haired mistress of the Whistler. Complete in the spirit of Pre-Faelites. After all, then the artist was friends with one of the main prosecutors of Pre-Faelism, Gabriel Rossetti. Beauty, lilies, unusual elements (wolf skin). All as it should be.

But Whistler quickly moved away from Pre-Faelism. Since he was not an external beauty, but mood and emotion. And he created a new direction - Tonalism.

His landscapes - nocturons in the style of Tonalism and really like music. Monochrome, drig.

Wistler himself said that musical names help focus on the painting, lines and color. At the same time without thinking about the place and people who are depicted.

James Whistler. Nocturne in blue and silver: Chelsea. 1871 Gallery Tate, London
Mary Cassat. Sleeping baby. Pastel, paper. 1910 Museum of Arts in Dallas, USA

But she remained faithful to her style to the end. Impressionism. Soft pastel. Mother with children.

For the sake of painting Cassat refused motherhood. But her feminine began increasingly manifested in such tender works as a "sleeping child." It is a pity that the conservative society put it once before such a choice.

3. John Sarjent (1856-1925)

John Sargen. Self-portrait. 1892 Metropolitan Museum, New York

John Sargen was confident that all his life would be a portrait. Career has been successful. Aristocrats lined up to make it an order.

But one day the artist, according to the Company, stepped over the line. It is now difficult for us to understand what is so unacceptable in the painting Madame X.

True, in the initial version of the heroine, one of the britlets was omitted. Sarjent her "raised", but this did not help. Orders went on no.

John Sargen. Madame H. 1878 Metropolitan Museum, New York

What obscene saw the public? And the fact that Sargen depicted a model in a too self-confident pose. Yes, more translucent leather and pink ear of extremely eloquent.

The picture seems to say that this woman with elevated sexuality is not averse to take care of other men. Moreover, being married.

Unfortunately, the contemporaries did not see the masterpiece for this scandal. Dark dress, light skin, dynamic pose - a simple combination that is given only to the most talented masters.

But there is no loud without good. Sarjent received freedom in return. I began experimenting more with impressionism. Write children in direct situations. So the work of "Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rosa" appeared.

Sarjent wanted to catch a certain moment of twilight. Therefore, only 2 minutes per day worked when the lighting was suitable. He worked in the summer and autumn. And when the flowers were brought, replaced them with artificial.

John Sargen. Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rosa. 1885-1886 Tate Gallery, London

In recent decades, Sarjent has entered the taste of freedom, which at all began to give up portraits. Although his reputation has already been restored. He even embarrassing a rough client, saying that he would write her wicket with great pleasure than her face.

John Sargen. White ships. 1908 Brooklyn Museum, United States

Contemporaries belonged to the sardezent with irony. Considering it outdated in modernism. But time passed everything in its place.

Now his work is not less than the work of the most famous modernists. Well, about the love of the public and there is nothing to say. At the exhibitions with his works is always anchlag.

4. Norman Rockwell (1894-1978)

Norman Rockwell. Self-portrait. Illustration for the release of the magazine "The Saturday Evening POST" on February 13, 1960

It is difficult to submit a more popular artist in life than Norman Rockwell. Several generations of Americans rose on his illustrations. Loving them with all souls.

After all, Rockwell depicted ordinary Americans. But at the same time showing their lives from the most positive side. Rockwell did not want to show either evil fathers nor indifferent mothers. And you will not meet unhappy children.

Norman Rockwell. With the whole family on vacation and rest. Illustration in the log of Evening Saturday Post on August 30, 1947. Museum of Norman Rockwell in Stockbrier, Massachusetts, USA

His works are full of humor, juicy colors and very skillfully captured from the life of expressions of individuals.

But this is the illusion that Rockwell is easy to work. To create one picture, he could first make up to hundreds of photos with his models to catch faithful gestures.

The works of Rockwell had a tremendous impact on the minds of millions of Americans. After all, he often spoke with the help of his paintings.

During World War II, he decided to show that the soldiers of his country are fighting. By creating the picture "Freedom from the Need". As a day of thanksgiving, on which all family members, full and satisfied, are rejoicing a family holiday.

Norman Rockwell. Freedom from needs. 1943 Museum of Norman Rockwell in Stockbrier, Massachusetts, USA

After 50 years of work at Saturday Evening Post Rockwell went to a more democratic magazine "Look", where he was able to express his position on social problems.

The brightest work of those years is "the problem with which we live."

Norman Rockwell. The problem with which we live. 1964 Museum of Norman Rockwell, Stockbridge, USA

This is the real story of a black girl who went to school for white. Since the law was adopted that people (and therefore educational institutions) should no longer be divided into a racial basis.

But the anger of the averages was not the limit. On the way to school, the Girl guarded the police. Here is such a "routine" moment and showed Rockwell.

If you want to know the life of Americans a little in the embellished light (what they themselves wanted to see her), be sure to see the pictures of Rockwell.

Perhaps the painters presented in this article, Rockwell - the most American artist.

5. Andrew White (1917-2009)

Andrew White. Self-portrait. 1945 National Academy of Design, New York

Unlike Rockwell, Wyat was not so positive. Reasancer in character, he did not seek anything to kind. On the contrary, I portrayed the most ordinary landscapes and no noticeable things. Just a wheat field, just a wooden house. But it was not even wounded with something magical in them.

His most famous work is "Mir of Christina". Whita showed the fate of one woman, his neighbor. Being paralyzed since childhood, she moved around the surroundings around their farm Clear.

So there is nothing romantic in this picture, as it may seem first. If you look closely, the woman has a painful thinness. And knowing that the heroine is paralyzed by their legs, you understand with sadness, as far as it is still far from home.

At first glance, Wyat wrote the most ordinary. Here is the old window of the old house. Old curtain, which has already begun to turn into shreds. Outside the window darkens the forest.

But there is some mysteriousness in all this. Some kind of different look.

Andrew White. Wind from the sea. 1947 National Gallery of Washington, USA

So children know how to look at the world in an unworn look. So looks and while. And we are with him.

All the affairs of White was engaged in his spouse. She was a good organizer. It was she in contact with museums and collectors.

Romance in their relationship was little. Muse was obliged to appear. And she became simple, but with an extraordinary appearance of Helga. It is we who we meet on numerous works.

Andrew White. Spit (from the series "Helga"). 1979 Private Collection

It would seem, we see just a photographic image of a woman. But for some reason it is difficult to tear away from it. It's too complicated with her eyes, tense shoulders. We, together with her internally straining. I am going to find an explanation of this tension.

Pictures of reality in all details, Whires magically endowed it with emotions that could not leave indifferent.

The artist did not recognize for a long time. With his realism, albeit magical, he did not fit into the modernist trends of the 20th century.

When the museum workers bought his work, they tried to do it quietly, not attracting attention. The exhibitions were organized rarely. But they always had a deafening success on the envy of modernists. People came crowds. And still come.

6. Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

Jackson Pollock. 1950 photos of Hans Namutu

Jackson Pollock can not be bypass. He moved a definite line in art, after which the painting could not be the same. He showed that in art at all you can do without borders. When put the canvas on the floor and spiled his paint.

But this American artist began with abstractionism, in which figurative traced. In its work of the 40s, the "stenographic figure" we see the outlines and face, and hands. And even understandable symbols in the form of crosses and zealiks.

Jackson Pollock. Stenographic figure. 1942 Museum of Contemporary Art in New York (MOMA)

His works were praised, but did not hurry to buy. He was poor like a church mouse. And drinklessly drank. Despite the happy marriage. His wife leaned over his talent and did everything for the success of her husband.

But Pollock was originally a personal broken. From his youth to his actions, it was clear that early death was his lot.

This worship is as a result and will lead it to death at 44 years. But he will have time to make a revolution in art and become famous.

Jackson Pollock. Autumn Rhythm (number 30). 1950 Metropolitan Museum in New York, USA

And it turned out from him during the period of two-year sobriety. He was able to work fruitfully in 1950-1952. He experimentally experimented until he came to drip technology.

Singing a huge canvas on the floor of his barn, he walked around him, being as if in the picture itself. And sprayed or just lied paint.

These unusual pictures have begun to be eager to buy for incredible originality and novelty.

Jackson Pollock. Blue poles. 1952 National Gallery of Australia, Canberra

Polock was stunned by glory and fell into depression, without understanding where he move on. The deadly mix of alcohol and depression did not leave him a chance of survival. Once he sat down behind the wheel heavily drunk. Last time.

7. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)

Andy Warhole. 1979 Photo Arthur Tresse

Only in a country with such a cult of consumption, as in America, pop art could be born. And his main prosecutor was, of course, Andy Warhol.

He became famous for the fact that he took the most ordinary things and turned them into a work of art. It happened to the bank of Soup Campbell.

The choice was not accidental. Warhol's mother was killed her son every day such a soup for more than 20 years. Even when he moved to New York and took his mother with him.

Andy Warhole. Banks soup "Campbell". Polymer, manual printing. 32 pictures 50x40 each. 1962 Museum of Contemporary Art in New York (MOMA)

After this experiment, Warhol fucked by screen printing. Since then, he took images of pop stars and painted them in different colors.

So it appeared his famous degraded Marilyn Monroe.

Such marine acids of acid colors were released a reasonable amount. The art of Warhol put on the flow. As relying in the consumption society.

Andy Warhole. Marilyn Monroe. Silkography, paper. 1967 Museum of Contemporary Art in New York (MOMA)

The painted faces are invented by Warhol not from scratch. And again it was not without the influence of the mother. In childhood, during a protracted son's son, she dragged him with packs of coloring.

This baby hobby has grown into what has become his business card and made it fabulously rich.

He painted not only pop stars, but also predecessor masterpieces. Got and.

"Venus", like Marilyn was done quite a lot. The exclusivity of the work of the art of "Starmet" Warhol into powder. Why did the artist do it?

To popularize old masterpieces? Or, on the contrary, try to devalue them? Indexed pop stars? Or sense the death of the irony?

Andy Warhole. Venus Botticelli. Silkography, acrylic, canvas. 122x183 See 1982 Museum of E. Warhol in Pittsburgh, USA

His painted works of Madonna, Elvis Presley or Lenin sometimes more recognizable than initial photos.

But the masterpieces hardly managed to overshadow. All the same, the pristine "Venus" remains invaluable.

Warhol was an avid party, attracting a lot of marginals to himself. Drug addicts, failed actors or simply unbalanced personals. One of which once shot him.

Warhol survived. But after 20 years, due to the consequences of the suffered injury, died alone in his apartment.

US melting boiler

Despite the short history of American art, the range turned out to be a wide one. Among American artists there are Impressionists (Sarjent), and magical realists (White), and abstract expressionists (Pollock), and pop art naval (Warhol).

Well, the Americans love freedom of choice in everything. Hundreds of denominations. Hundreds of nations. Hundreds of art directions. That he and the melting boiler of the United States of America.

In contact with

American painting. Dealism at the turn of the 19ths and 20th centuries.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when two commercially successful and respected directions dominated in the painting of the United States - Impressionism and academic realism, it is emerging and growing the desire of some artists to reflect the real modern life of the city with its sometimes cruel moments, depict the unaccusted life of urban outdoors, children of streets, Prostitutes, Alcoholics, Life of apartment buildings. They believed that painting could be akin to journalism, although many of these artists were apolitical and were not limited to the reflection of the ulcers and poverty of urban life.

"... I loved the cities very much, I loved the Great, Fast River,
All women, all the men I recognized, were close to me ...
... and I lived in the world, I loved Brooklyn - abundant hills, he was mine,
And I wandered through Manhattan, and I was swimming in the washing island of salted waters ... "
(Walt Whitman. Leaves of grass. On Brooklyn transport.)

The ideologist of this movement Robert Henry, Walt Whitman's poetry fan, demanded that they were as real as the dirt, like a horsepard shit and snow in Winter in Broadway. " For the addiction to such plots, this direction received the nickname "School of the garbage bucket" or "School of Urns for garbage", which hesitated behind it and is used in art historical literature. For many critics, this movement was met in the bayonets, after the first exhibition, one of them under the pseudonym "Jeweler" wrote: "Vulgarity beats in the eyes at this exhibition ... Could it be beautiful art showing our sores?" Sometimes the "garbage bucket school" is identified with the group "eight", although not all (only 5) of its members were part of it, and three artists, Davis, Lawson and Pretardgast performed in a completely different style.

Robert Henry (COZAD), (1865-1929), artist, teacher, inspirer "School of the garbage bucket and the organizer of the" eight "group,

Born in Cincinnati in the developer and player family. In the skirmis about the ownership of the land, the father shot the opponent and ran to Denver, where the whole family was moving later, changing the names and surname. Having studied two years at the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, young Robert goes to Paris to Julien Academy to learn from academic realists.

After the trip in Italy, he returns to Philadelphia and begins to teach a design school for women, he was considered a born teacher. To thirty years, Henry comes to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to develop such a direction in painting, which would combine realism and elements of impressionism, and called it "new academism".

His friends and followers did not consider themselves a single organized group, but the exhibition in the "Macbeth" gallery in New York in 1908 attracted attention to the artists of the new direction and brought them fame. In 1910, Henry, with the help of Slana, organizes an exhibition of independent artists, at which only a few paintings were sold, new modern art was already to change the artists, and Robert Henry could be replaced by the artists.

The following years brought Henry's popularity, he spent a lot of time in Ireland and Santa Fe, taught in the league of students in New York, had a great influence on the development of the modernist destination at his students -Huzhniki. In 1929, he was named by the Council of the Arts of New York in one of the three best living American artists. The classic elements of his style in the portrait - the power manner of writing, intense color and light effects, reflection of the individuality and mental quality of a person.

John Frenc Sloan (1871-1951), one of the founders of the "School of the garbage bucket", a member of the group "eight", artist and engraver.

His father had artistic abilities and encouraged his children from early childhood to drawing. He early began to work due to father's illness, the seller's work in the bookstore left him a lot of free time to read, drawing and copying the works of Durer and Rembrandt, which he admired. He also began to make etching and selling them in the store, and his postcards and calendars enjoyed success. Working later by an illustrator by artist, he began to take evening lessons at the Academy of Fine Arts of Philadelphia, there met Robert Henry, who was convinced of him to appeal to painting.

The hard story of his family life (alcoholism and mental instability of his wife, the former prostitute, with which he met in Bardell), prevented his work, and although he wrote almost 60 paintings by 1903, but still did not have a name in the world of art and sold little His works. Having moved to New York, he worked in magazines, painted political cartoons, illustrated books, participated in the exhibition in the gallery Macbeth and organized a mobile exhibition after it, finally came to him.

The entire subsequent life of Sloan was faithful to socialist ideas, which was certainly reflected in his work, but he categorically objected to the statements of critics about the conscious social orientation of his painting.

At the end of the 20s, Sloan changed not only the technique, but also the plots of his paintings in favor of nude and portraits, often using the podmuelku and hatching, and never reached the popularity that his early work had.

William J. Helakkens (1870-1938), Also, one of the founders of the School of Dustbump, was born in Philadelphia, where many generations of his family lived. His brother and sister also became artists. William himself, showing artist's abilities even at school, worked after graduating from the university by the artist in the newspapers, visited the evening course at the Academy of Fine Arts, where he met a young Sloan, and he introduced him to Robert Henry.

In 1895, Glakkens travels with a group of artists in Europe, admires the pictures of the great "Dutch", and in Paris, first meets the art of impressionists, then, throughout his life, he has been leaving to draw in Paris and south of France. After returning to the United States, Glakkens settles in New York, actively participates in the exhibition activities of the School of Dustbacker and the Eight Group.

In his work, the impressionistic direction is increasingly manifest, it is even called the "American Renoir", and unlike Slaoan, he was not a "social chronicler", but a "clean" artist, for whom the artistic form, flavor and sensuality was of paramount importance. His palette is brightened over the years, the plots change meaning, landscapes prevail, beach scenes, and at the end of life - still lifes and portraits.

His art does not reflect the social problems of the day, the time of the Great Depression, rather, on the contrary, "his paintings are filled with a ghost of happiness, he is obsessed with contemplation of joy" (Leslie Kate, "Constancy of William Glakkens, 1966).

George Benjamin Lax (1867-1933) Born in Williamsport in the pharmacist family, the mother was an amateur artist and a musician. After moving to a small town in the south of Pennsylvania, located near coal deposits, George saw the poverty early and received the lessons of compassion from parents who helped the families of miners.

He began his career life in adolescence, working with his brother in the waterway, but I understood very early that he wanted to be an artist. After a brief study at the Academy of Fine Arts, he went to Europe, studied different art schools, became a fan of Spanish and Dutch painting (especially Velasquez and França Hals) and manual technology. Returning to Philadelphia, Lax works the illustrator in the newspaper, getting acquainted with Glakkens, Sloan and Tinn, participates in Robert Henry's intellectual meetings, and after moving to New York and work, the artist in the journal of Pulitzer starts to pay paintings more time.

It participates in the activities of the School of Dustbump and the G8 Group, promotes debates about the new realism, draws a lot, passing the life of immigrants, their ethnic diversity, drawing material in the lower East Side and Brooklyn. In addition to pictures about the life of New York, Lax draws landscapes and portraits, he was considered a master of strong color and light effects.

Lax was a distinctive person, inborn Buntarem, was proud that the surroundings considered him the "bad boy" of the American art, created a myth of himself, often drove up to unconsciousness, was an alcoholic, and was eventually found in the entrance killed as a result of a household brawl.

Eversett Shinn (1876-1953), was born in Woodstuna in the community of quackers in the family of farmers.

Early manifesive abilities allowed him for 15 years to start seriously studying the foundations of drawing, a year later, take lessons at the Academy of Fine Arts, and at the age of 17, start working as a staff artist in newspapers. In 1897, having moved to New York, the young Shinn soon gained fame as one of the talented realists depicting urban life, street violence, accidents and fires.

After traveling with his wife in Europe, there were new plots (theater, ballet) and impressionistic elements in painting. He is the only one of the "School of the garbage bucket" and the "eight" group, who has a lot of work pastel, as well as frescoes not only in the apartments of the Manhattan elite, but also 18 frescoes for the famous Broadway Belashera. Shinn believed that "he was a random member of eight, who did not have a political position and committed to secular life, but reflecting a piece of American reality of the beginning of the twentieth century in a realistic and romantic spirit.

There is an assumption that Everett Shinn served as a prototype of the artist Yujina Vitla in the novel of Triazer "Genius."

Ernest Lawson(1873-1939), Born in Halifax, having arrived in the United States, lived first in Kansas City, and then in New York, she studied in the league of artists in Tuoktman, who introduced him to impressionism.

In France, while studying at the Academy of Julien, he became interested in a captive painting, met with sispel and Somerset Moem. Returning to the States, Lawson develops his own aesthetic style, on the verge of impressionism and realism, it is called "the last impressionist of America".

He travels a lot in the country, writes deserted landscapes, converges with the artists of the School of Dustbacker and becomes a member of the "eight" group, but unlike the drama in the image of urban life and after participating in the exhibition of contemporary art "Armor Show", not Refusing to realistic and impressionistic tendencies, shows interest in postmingnessism, in particular to Cezanne.

The work of Louuson is not as well known as the other contemporaries, but Robert Henry considered him "the biggest landscape officer after Winslow Hommer." He drowned with mysterious circumstances, floating on Miami Beach.

George Wesley Belluses (1882-1925), he was a late and only child in the family of the daughter of the Captain Whale Ship. At the University of Ohio, he studied and successfully played baseball and basketball, provided that the university year older illustrates, dreamed of becoming a professional baseball player worked as an illustrator in magazines. In 1904, without finishing the university, Belluses moves to New York, enters the school of arts, joins the artists "School of the garbage bucket and a group" eight ", removes his own studio on Broadway.

Participation in exhibitions Together with students of Robert Henry and teaching in the league, artists bring him fame, although many critics considered his work with "rough" not only on the plots, but also stylistically.

Continuing the themes of urban life and sports in his work, Belluses also begins to receive orders for portraits from the rich elite, and in the summer he writes marine landscapes in Maine.

He was very politicized, adhered to socialist and even anarchist views, worked as an illustrator in a socialist journal. In 1918, he created a series of engravings and paintings depicting atrocities performed by German soldiers at the invasion of Belgium.

Belous made a significant contribution to lithography, illustrated many books, including several Herbert Wells editions. He died at the age of 42 years from Peritonita after an unsuccessful operation, leaving behind his wife, two daughters and a large number of paintings and engravings today in many major American museums.

The following two artists cannot be fully attributed to the "School of the garbage bucket", nor to the group "eight", they are more likely closer to the modernist direction, they are more open to experiments, their creativity can be considered a transitional stage to postmingness.

Arthur Bowen Davis (1853-1928), already at the age of 15 took part in a mobile exhibition in his city, organized by the members of the Hudson River School. After moving the family in Chicago, he studied at the Design Academy, and moved to New York, he studied in the league of artists and worked as an illustrator in the journal.

Sophisticated family circumstances (the infidelity of Davis, the presence of a second illegal wife and an extramarital child) imposed a mark on his behavior and secretive character, but in the first year after his marriage painting Davis began to be successfully sold, and regular trips to Europe and the work of Coro and Mill helped him Hope your feeling of color and work out your picturesque manner.

In the twenties, he was recognized as one of the most respected and financially successful American artists. As a member of the group "eight", he was the main organizer of the Army-show, more informed in contemporary art than his comrades, performed as an adviser to many rich New York residents when making purchases for their collections, helped many young artist with the Council and money.

Arthur B. Davis is an abnormal phenomenon in American painting: his own lyrical style can be described as a restrained-conservative, but his tastes and interests were completely avant-garde.

Maurice Brazil Presterngast (1858-1924) And his twin brother was born in the family of the factory merchant in the British colony of North America. After moving to Boston, his father gave Maurice's drawing to the commercial artist's drawing, which explains the brightness and "plane" of his work.

Training in Paris at the Academy of Collasrasi, and then at the Academy of Julien, acquaintance with the works of English and French avant-garde artists, the study of the works of Van Gogh and sulfur led him to actually at the postmingness. Perendergast was one of the first Americans who recognized Cezanne, who understood his work and used its expressive methods of transmitting shape and color. Returning in 1895 in Boston, it works mainly in watercolor technique

And Monotypia, and after the trip to Italy, he received fame and recognition of criticism for their works dedicated to Venice.

He meets the artists of the group "eight", participates with them in the famous exhibition in Macbeth Gallery in 1908, and Glakkens becomes his friend for life. The seven works submitted to them on the "Army Show" showed his stylistic maturity and the final commitment to postminglyism, his style was formed and was aptly characterized by critics as "tapestry" or "mosaic.

Perendergast remained a bachelor all his life, possibly due to natural shyness, weak health and strong deafness in the late years of life.
Interestingly, in the following years, the realistic direction in American painting has not lost its relevance and has been reflected and developed in postmingnessism, "magical realism" and "regionalism". But about this next time.
And, as always, the slide show on the topic in which much more reproductions are represented.

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American Painting
The first of the works of American painting came to our 16 c.; These are sketches made by research expeditions. However, professional artists appeared in America only at the beginning of the 18th century; The only stable source of income for them was a portrait; This genre continued to hold a leading position in American painting until the beginning of 19 V.
Colonial period. The first group of portraits performed in oil painting technique dates back to the second half of the 17th century; At this time, the life of the immigrants proceeded relatively calmly, life stabilized and opportunities for practicing art appeared. From these works, the most famous portrait of Mrs. Fritz with his daughter Mary (1671-1674, Massachusetts, Museum of Art in Wastster), written by an unknown English artist. By the 1730s in the cities of the east coast, there were already several artists who worked in a more modern and realistic manner: Henrietta Johnston in Charleston (1705), Justus Englhardt Kün in Annapolis (1708), Gustavi Hesselius in Philadelphia (1712), John Watson in Perth Emboy in New Jersey (1714), Peter Pelm (1726) and John Smiber (1728) in Boston. The painting of the last two had a significant impact on the work of John Singleton Copli (1738-1815), which is considered the first major American artist. According to prints from the Pelam collection, the young kopli received an idea of \u200b\u200bthe English parade portrait and painting Godfrey Neller, the leading English master who worked in this genre at the beginning of the 18th century. In the painting, a boy with a protein (1765, Boston, the Museum of Fine Arts) Copli created a wonderful realistic portrait, gentle and amazingly accurate in the transmission of objects of items. When in 1765 Kopli sent this work to London, Joshua Reynolds advised him to continue his studies in England. However, Kopli remained in America until 1774 and continued to write portraits, carefully working out all the details and nuances in them. He then took a journey to Europe and settled in London in 1775; In his style, the manners and features of idealization, characteristic of the English painting of this time appeared. Among the best works created by Copli in England, are big front portraits, reminiscent of the works of Benjamin West, including the painting Brooke Watson and Shark (1778, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts). Benjamin West (1738-1820) was born in Pennsylvania; Having written several portraits of the inhabitants of Philadelphia, he moved to London in 1763. Here he gained fame as a historic painter. A sample of his work in this genre can be the picture of the death of General Wulf (1770, Ottawa, the National Gallery of Canada). In 1792, West replaced Reynolds as president of the British Royal Academy of Arts.
War for independence and early 19 century. Unlike Copli and West, who were forever stayed in London, Portreet Gilbert Stewart (1755-1828) in 1792 returned to America, making a career in London and Dublin. Soon he became the leading master of this genre in the young Republic; Stewart wrote portraits of almost all the outstanding political and public figures of America. His works are filled in a lively, free, sketch manner, very different from the style of American works of Copley. Benjamin West willingly acted in his London workshop of young American artists; Among his disciples were Charles Wilson Pil (1741-1827) and Samuel FB Morza (1791-1872). Pyl became the founder of the dynasty of the painters and the family art enterprise in Philadelphia. He wrote portraits, engaged in research and opened the Museum of Natural History and Painting in Philadelphia (1786). From his seventeen children, many became artists and naturalists. Morse, the more famous as the inventor of the telegraph, wrote several beautiful portraits and one of the most ambitious paintings in all American painting - the Gallery of the Louvre. At this work with stunning accuracy, about 37 canvases are reproduced in miniature. This work, like Morse, was to introduce a young nation with a great European culture. Washington Olxton (1779-1843) was one of the first American artists who gave tribute to Romantism; During their long-term travels around Europe, he wrote sea storms, poetic Italian sketches and sentimental portraits. At the beginning of the 19th century. The first American Academy of Arts opened, who gave students to professional training and the most direct participation in the organization of exhibitions: the Pennsylvanian Academy of Arts in Philadelphia (1805) and the National Academy of Figure in New York (1825), whose first president was S.R. Morze. In 1820-1830, John Tramball (1756-1843) and John Vanderlin (1775-1852) wrote huge compositions on the plots from American history, deciding the walls of the Rotond Capitol in Washington. In 1830s, the landscape became the dominant genre of American painting. Thomas Cole (1801-1848) wrote the virgin nature of the North (pcs. New York). He argued that the weathered mountains and bright autumn forest are more appropriate plots for American artists than picturesque European ruins. Cole also wrote several landscapes imbued with ethical and religious meaning; Among them are four large pictures of the life path (1842, Washington, the National Gallery) - the allegorical compositions, which depict the boat descending along the river, in which the boy sits, then the young man, then the man and finally the old man. Many landscape players followed the example of Cool and depicted in their works the types of American nature; They are often united in one group called "School of the Hudson River" (which is not true, as they worked across the country and wrote in different stylistics). From the American genress, the most famous to William Sydney Mount (1807-1868), writing scenes from Long Island farmers, and George Caleb Binham (1811-1879), whose paintings are dedicated to the lives of fishermen from the shores of Missouri and elections in small provincial towns. Before the civil war, the most popular artist was Frederick Edwin Cherch (1826-1900), Pupil Cole. He wrote works mostly large format and used sometimes too naturalistic motives to attract and stun the public. Cherge traveled through the most exotic and dangerous places, collecting material for the image of South American volcanoes and the icebergs of the northern seas; One of his most famous works is the picture of Niagara Falls (1857, Washington, Corcoran Gallery). In the 1860s, Albert Birstadt's huge cloths (1830-1902) caused universal admiration for the beauty of the rocky mountains depicted on them, with their clean lakes, forests and tower-like peaks.

Post-war period and born of centuries. After the civil war, it was fashionable to learn paintings in Europe. In Düsseldorf, Munich and especially in Paris, it was possible to get much more fundamental education than in America. James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903), Mary Cassat (1845-1926) and John Singer Sarjent (1856-1925) studied in Paris, lived and worked in France and England. Whistler was close to French Impressionists; In his paintings, he paid special attention to combinations of colors and an expressive, concise composition. Mary Kassat at the invitation of Edgar Degi participated in the exhibitions of impressionists from 1879 to 1886. Sarjent wrote portraits of the most prominent people of old and new light in a bold, gusty, essay manner. The opposite impressionism of the side of the stylistic spectrum in the art of the late 19th century. We occupied realist artists who wrote illusionistic still lifes: William Michael Harnett (1848-1892), John Friederik Peto (1854-1907) and John Haber (1856-1933). Two large artists of the late 19th - early 20th century, Winslow Homer (1836-1910) and Thomas Ikins (1844-1916) did not belong to any of the fashionable directions at the time. Homer began his creative activity in the 1860s with illustrating New York magazines; Already in the 1890s, he had a reputation as a famous artist. His early paintings are rich in the bright sunlight scene of a rustic life. Later, Homer began to refer to more complex and dramatic images and topics: in the picture Golf Stream (1899, the metro) depicted the despair of a black sailor lying on the deck of the boat in a stormy, sided by the sea sharks. Thomas Ikins during his lifetime was brutally criticized for excessive objectivity and direct. Now his works are highly valued for a strict and clear drawing; Its brushes belong to images of athletes and sincere, imbued with sympathy portrait images.

The twentieth century. At the beginning of the century, the imitation of French impressionism was valued. Public taste challenged a group of eight artists: Robert Henry (1865-1929), V.J. Glakens (1870-1938), John Slone (1871-1951), J.B.Laks (1867-1933), Eversett Shinn ( 1876-1953), A.B. Davis (1862-1928), Maurice Predandergast (1859-1924) and Ernest Lawson (1873-1939). Critics were criticized by their school "trash bucket" for addiction to the depiction of slums and other prosaic items. In 1913 on the so-called. "Armori Show" was put up the works of masters belonging to various directions of postmingness. American artists divided: Some of them turned to the study of the possibilities of color and formal abstraction, others remained in the Lona realistic tradition. The second group included Charles Berchfield (1893-1967), Reginald Marsh (1898-1954), Edward Hopper (1882-1967), Fairfield Porter (1907-1975), Andrew White (r. 1917) and others. Pictures of Avesha Albright (1897-1983), George Tuker (R. 1920) and Peter Bloom (1906-1992) are written in the style of "magical realism" (similarity with kindness in their works is exaggerated, and the reality is rather reminiscent of sleep or hallucination). Other artists, such as Charles Schieler (1883-1965), Charles Demouge (1883-1935), Lionel Feyninger (1871-1956) and Georgia about "Kiff (1887-1986), combined elements of realism, cubism, expressionism in their works and other trends of European art. Sea species of John Maryna (1870-1953) and Marsden Hartley (1877-1943) are close to expressionism. Images of birds and animals in the pictures of Maurice Graves (r. 1910) still retain a connection with a visible world, although the forms in His works are very distorted and brought to almost extreme symbolic designations. After World War II, the leading direction in the American art was the right-purpose painting. The main attention was paid to the picturesque surface of itself; it was considered as an arena of interaction of lines, masses and color spots. Most significant place Abstract expressionism took this years. He became the first course in painting, which arose in the United States and had international importance. The leaders of this movement were Arshail Gorki (1904-1948), Villem de Coning (Cunning) (1904-1997), Jackson Pollock (1912-1956), Mark Rotko (1903-1970) and Franz Kleline (1910-1962). One of the most interesting discoveries of abstract expressionism was the artistic method of Jackson Pollock, who dried with paints on canvas or threw them to obtain a complex labyrinth of dynamic linear forms. Other artists of this area - Hans Hofmann (1880-1966), Klaford Still (1904-1980), Robert Mazerwell (1915-1991) and Helen Frankenteler (r. 1928) - practiced canvase painting techniques. Another option of impreitated art represents Painting Joseph Albers (1888-1976) and Ed Rainharta (1913-1967); Their pictures consist of cold, precisely calculated geometric forms. Among other artists who worked in this style: Elsworth Kelly (R. 1923), Barnett Newman (1905-1970), Kenneth Noland (r. 1924), Frank Stella (r. 1936) and El Held (r. 1928); Later, they headed the direction of OPT-art. In the late 1950s, Robert Raushenberg (r. 1925), Jasper Jones (r. 1930) and Larry Rivers (R. 1923) and Larry Rivers, were performed against the - 1930) and Larry Rivers (r. 1923), including the Assemblage technique. They included in their "paintings" fragments of photographs, newspapers, posters and other items. In the early 1960s, the Assembllage spawned a new movement, the so-called. Pop Art, whose representatives are very carefully and accurately reproduced in their works a variety of items and images of American pop culture: banks of Coca-Cola and Canned, packs of cigarettes, comics. Leading artists of this area - Andy Warhol (1928-1987), James Rosenkuist (r. 1933), Jim Dyan (r. 1935) and Roy Lakhtenstin (R. 1923). Following Pop Art, an OPT-art appeared, based on the principles of optics and optical illusion. In the 1970s, various schools of expressionism continued to exist in America, Geometric Hard-EJ, Pop Art, more and more in fashion photorealism and other style art styles.

LITERATURE
Chegodaev A.D. The art of the United States of America from the war of independence to the present day. M., 1960 Chegodaev A.D. Art of the United States of America. 1675-1975. Painting, architecture, sculpture, graphics. M., 1975.

The encyclopedia of the colley. - Open Society. 2000 .

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"Players in cards"

Author

Paul Cesanne

Country France
Years of life 1839–1906
Style Postpressionism

The artist was born in the south of France in a small town of Ex-en-Provence, but painting began to engage in Paris. This success came to him after the personal exhibition organized by the collector Ambruz Vollar. In 1886, 20 years before his care, he moved to the outskirts of his hometown. Young artists called him called "pilgrimage in ex".

130x97 cm
1895 year
Cost
$ 250 million
sold in 2012
on private trading

Creativity Cezanne is easy to understand. The only rule of the artist was the direct transmission of the subject or the plot on the canvas, so his paintings do not cause the viewer's perplexity. Cezanne connected two main French traditions in his art: classicism and romanticism. With the help of a colorful texture, he attached an amazing plasticity of items.

A series of five paintings "Players in Maps" was written in 1890-1895. Their plot is the same - several people play poker enthusiastically. Available only by the number of players and canvas sizes.

Four paintings are stored in the museums of Europe and America (Museum of D'Orce, Metropolitan Museum, Barnes Foundation and the Kurto Institute), and the fifth time until recently was the decoration of the private collection of Greek billionaire-shipowner Georg Embyricos. Shortly before his death, in the winter of 2011, he decided to set it on sale. Art dealer William Akvavella and a glimpical name of Larry Gagosyan, who offered it about $ 220 million, who were offering about $ 220 million dollars for it by the potential buyers of "free" work. As a result, the picture went to the royal family of the Arab state Qatar for 250 million. The largest art deal in the history of painting was closed in February 2012. This in Vanity Fair reported a journalist Alexander Pierce. She found out the cost of the picture and the name of the new owner, and then information penetrated the media around the world.

In 2010, the Arab Museum of Contemporary Art and the Qatari National Museum opened in Qatar. Now their collections are replenished. Perhaps the fifth version of the "players in the card" was acquired by Sheikh for this purpose.

SAMIdear paintingin the world

Owner
Sheikha Hamad
bin caliph al-tanya

The Al-Tanya dynasty rules Qatar over 130 years. About half a century ago, huge oil and gas reserves were found here that the VMIG made Qatar one of the richest regions of the world. Thanks to the export of hydrocarbons in this small country, the largest GDP per capita is recorded. Sheikh Hamad Bin Califa Al-Tanya in 1995, while his father was in Switzerland, with the support of family members seized power. The merit of the current ruler, according to experts, in a clear strategy for the development of the country, creating a successful state image. Now the Constitution and Prime Minister appeared in Qatar, and women received the right to vote in the parliamentary elections. By the way, it was the emir of Qatar that founded Al-Jazeera news channel. Huge attention of the Arab state's authorities pay culture.

2

"Number 5"

Author

Jackson Pollock

Country USA
Years of life 1912–1956
Style Abstract expressionism

Jack Sprayer - such a nickname was given to the American public for the special technique of painting. The artist refused the brush and easel, and the paint spilled over the surface of the canvas or fibrolite during the continuous movement around and inside them. From an early age, he was fond of Philosophy Jedda Krishnamurti, the main promise of which - the truth opens during the free "outpouring".

122x244 cm
1948.
cost
$ 140 million
sold in 2006
on the auction Sotheby's.

The value of the work of the midfield is not as a result, but in the process. The author did not accidentally call his art of painting action. With his light hand it became the main domain of America. Jackson Pollock mixed paint with sand, broken glass, and wrote a piece of cardboard, masticic, knife, scoop. The artist was so popular that in the 1950s, the imitators were found even in the USSR. The picture "Number 5" is recognized as one of the strangest and expensive in the world. One of the creators of DreamWorks David Hepfen acquired it for a private collection, and in 2006 sold at the Sotheby`s auction for 140 million dollars to Mexican David Martinez. However, soon a law firm on behalf of his client released a press release, which reported that David Martinez is not the owner of the painting. Apparently only one thing is known: the Mexican financier has indeed recently collecting works of contemporary art. It is unlikely that he would have missed such a "large fish" as "number 5" of the midfield.

3

"Woman III"

Author

Villem de Kuning

Country USA
Years of life 1904–1997
Style Abstract expressionism

The leaving from the Netherlands, he emigrated in the United States in 1926. In 1948, a personal exhibition of the artist took place. Art critics appreciated complex, nervous black and white compositions, recognizing in their author of the Grand Artist-modernist. He suffered most of his life with alcoholism, but the joy of creating new art is felt in every work. De Kuning is distinguished by the impulsiveness of painting, wide strokes, which is sometimes the image does not fit in the boundaries of the canvas.

121x171 cm
1953.
Cost
$ 137 million
sold in 2006
on private trading

In the 1950s, women with empty eyes, massive breasts, ugly features of the face appear in the paintings of De Kuning. "Woman III" became the last work from this series participating in the auction.

Since the 1970s, the picture was kept in the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, but after the introduction of hard rules of morality in the country, they sought to get rid of it. In 1994, the work was taken out of Iran, and after 12 years its owner David Hepfen (the most producer who sold the Jackson Pollock "Number 5" canal) gave the picture to Milliona Stephen Cohen for $ 137.5 million. Interestingly, Hepfhen began to sell his painting collection in one year. It gave rise to a weight of rumors: for example, that producer decided to buy Los Angeles Times newspaper.

At one of the art-forums, an opinion was expressed about the similarity of the "Women III" with the picture of Leonardo da Vinci "Lady with Mornosta". For a toothy smile and a shapeless figure of the heroine, the connoisseur of painting saw the grace of the royal blood. This is evidenced by the poorly painted crown, the wedding head of a woman.

4

"Portrait of AdeliBloch-Bauer I »

Author

Gustav Klimt.

Country Austria
Years of life 1862–1918
Style Modern

Gustav Klimt was born in the family of an engraver family and was the second of seven children. Three Sons of Ernest Klimt became artists, and only Gustav had become famous for the whole world. Most of the childhood he spent in poverty. After the death of his father, he was responsible for the whole family. It is at this time that climt develops his style. In front of his paintings, any viewer freezes: under thin smears of gold is clearly visible to frank eroticism.

138x136 cm
1907 year
Cost
$ 135 million
sold in 2006
on the auction Sotheby's.

The fate of the picture, which is called "Austrian Mona Liza", can easily become the basis for bestseller. The work of the artist was the cause of the conflict of a whole state and one elderly lady.

So, on the "portrait of Adeli Bloch-Bauer I" depicted an aristocrat, Ferdinand Bloch's wife. Her last will was to transfer the picture of the Austrian state gallery. However, fleas in his will canceled donation, and the canvas expropriated the Nazis. Later, the gallery hardly bought the "Golden Adel", but here the heirs appeared - Maria Altman, the niece of Ferdinand Bloch.

In 2005, the loud process of "Maria Altman against the Austrian Republic" began, following which the picture "left" with her in Los Angeles. Austria adopted unprecedented measures: there were negotiations on loans, the population sacrificed money to buy a portrait. Good and did not won evil: the price of Altman raised to $ 300 million. At the time of the proceedings, she was 79 years old, and she entered the story as a person who had changed the will of Bloch Bauer in favor of personal interests. The picture was acquired by Ronald Laoupere, the owner of the "New Gallery" in New York, where it is still in this day. Not for Austria, for him Altman lowered the price of up to $ 135 million.

5

"Creek"

Author

Edward Munk.

Country Norway
Years of life 1863–1944
Style expressionism

The first picture of the mud, which has become famous worldwide, - "Sick Girl" (exists in five copies) - devoted to the sister of the artist who deceased from tuberculosis aged 15 years. Minka has always been interested in the theme of death and loneliness. In Germany, his heavy, manic painting even provoked a scandal. However, despite the depressive plots, his paintings have special magnetism. Take at least Creek.

73,5х91 cm
1895 year
Cost
$ 119.992 million
sold B. 2012.
on the auction Sotheby's.

The full name of the picture is der Schrei Der Natur (translated from the German - "Creek of Nature"). The person is whether the person is, or aliens expressing despair and panic - the same emotion is experiencing a viewer when looking at the picture. One of the key works of expressionism warns the themes that have become acute in the art of the XX century. According to one of the versions, the artist created it under the influence of mental disorder, who suffered all his life.

The picture twice was stolen from different museums, but it was returned. The resulting small damage after theft "Creek" was renovated, and he was again ready to show at the Mill Museum in 2008. For representatives of the pop culture, the work became a source of inspiration: Andy Warhol created a series of its print-copies, and the mask from the film "Creek" was made in the image and likeness of the hero of the picture.

For one plot, the Munk wrote four versions of the work: the one is in the private collection, pastels are performed. Norwegian billionaire Petter Olsen put it on auction on May 2, 2012. The buyer was Leon Black, who did not regrepresent the "cry" of the record amount. Founder of Companies Apollo Advisors, L.P. and Lion Advisors, L.P. Known by his love of art. Black is a patron of College Dartmouth, Museum of Contemporary Art, Art Center Lincoln, Metropolitan Museum of Arts. It has the largest collection of paintings of modern artists and classic masters of past centuries.

6

"Nude on the background of bust and green leaves"

Author

Pablo Picasso

Country Spain, France
Years of life 1881–1973
Style cubism

By origin, he is a Spaniard, and in spirit and place of residence - a real Frenchman. Picasso's own art studio opened in Barcelona when he was only 16 years old. Then he went to Paris and spent a majority of life there. That is why in his surname double emphasis. At the heart of the style, invented Picasso, there is a denial of opinion that the object depicted on the canvas can be considered only under one view.

130x162 cm
1932 year
Cost
$ 106.482 million
sold in 2010 year
on the auction Christie's.

During his work in Rome, the artist met Olga Khokhlov's dancer, who soon became his wife. He finished with vagrancy, moved with her to a luxurious apartment. By that time, recognition found a hero, but the marriage was destroyed. One of the most expensive paintings of the world was created almost by chance - in great love, which, as always, Picasso was short. In 1927, he was carried away by the young Marie Terez Walter (she was 17 years old, he was 45). In secret, he left his wife with his mistress in the town near Paris, where he wrote a portrait, depicting Marie Terez in the image of Daphne. The canvas acquired the New York dealer Paul Rosenberg, and in 1951 sold him Sydney F. Brouda. Spouses Brody showed a picture of the world only one day and only because the artist was 80 years old. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Brody, in March 2010, put a work on auction in the House of Christie's. For six decades, the price has grown more than 5,000 times! An unknown collector acquired her for $ 106.5 million. In 2011, "Exhibition of One Pattern" took place in Britain, where she saw the light of the second time, but the name of the owner is still unknown.

7

"Eight Elvis"

Author

Andy Warhole

Country USA
Years of life 1928-1987
Style
pop Art

"Sex and parties are the only places where you need to appear with your own person," said the cult artist Pop Art, director, one of the founders of the InterView magazine, designer Andy Warhol. He worked with Vogue and Harper`s Bazaar, drawing up the cover of the records, came up with shoes for I.miller. In the 1960s, pictures of America symbols appeared: Campbell`s soup and Coca-Cola, Presley and Monroe - made it legend.

358x208 cm
1963 year
Cost
$ 100 million
sold in 2008
on private trading

Warholovsky 60s - so called Pop Art's era in America. In 1962, he worked in Manhattan in the Studio "Factory", where all Bohemia New York gathered. Its bright representatives: Mick Jagger, Bob Dylan, Trueman Hood and other person known in the world. At the same time, Warhol tried silkographic technology - a multiple repeat of one image. He used this method and when creating "eight Elvis": the spectator seems to see the frames from the movie, where the star comes to life. There is everything that the artist loved so much: the win-win public image, the silver color and the premonition of death as the main promise.

There are two art dealers promoting the work of Warhol on the world market today: Larry Gagosyan and Alberto Morbai. The first in 2008 spent 200 million dollars to acquire more than 15 works of Warhol. The second buys and sells his paintings as christmas cards, only more expensive. But not they, and the modest French art consultant Philip Segalo helped the Roman connoisseur of the art of Annibal Berlingheri to sell the unknown buyer "Eight Elvis" for a record for Warhol - $ 100 million.

8

"Orange,red Yellow"

Author

Mark Rotko

Country USA
Years of life 1903–1970
Style Abstract expressionism

One of the creators of painting the color field was born in Dvinsk, Russia (now - Daugavpils, Latvia), in a large family of the Jewish pharmacist. In 1911, they emigrated to the United States. Rotko studied at the Art Faculty of Yale University, achieved scholarships, but the anti-Semitic sentiments forced him to leave his studies. In spite of everything, the art criticism of the artist was guarded, and museums pursued all his life.

206x236 cm
1961 year
cost
$ 86,882 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Christie's.

The first artistic experiments of Rotko were a surrealistic orientation, but over time he simplified the plot to color spots by depriving them of any object. At first they had bright shades, and in the 1960s they poured brown, violet, thickening to black to the time of the death of the artist. Mark Rotko warned against the search for any meaning in his paintings. The author wanted to say exactly what said: Only a color dissolving in the air, and nothing more. He recommended looking at the work from a distance of 45 cm so that the viewer "delayed" in color, as in a funnel. Caution: Looking for all the rules can lead to the effect of meditation, that is, gradually come to the awareness of infinity, complete immersion in itself, relaxation, cleansing. The color in his paintings lives, breathes and has a strongest emotional impact (they say, sometimes healing). The artist stated: "The viewer should cry, looking at them," and such cases were indeed. On the theory of Rotko, at this moment people live the same spiritual experience as he in the process of working on the picture. If you managed to understand it on such a thin level, then you will not be surprised that these works of abstraction criticism often compare with icons.

The work "Orange, Red, Yellow" expresses the whole essence of painting Mark Rothko. Its initial cost at Christie's auction in New York 35-45 million dollars. An unknown buyer offered a price twice as exceeding Estimate. The name of the happy painting owner, as it often happens, not disclosed.

9

"Triptych"

Author

Francis Bacon

Country
Great Britain
Years of life 1909–1992
Style expressionism

The adventures of Francis Beckon, a complete namesake and besides a long descendant of the Great Philosopher, began when the Father renounced him, unable to accept the homosexual tendencies of the Son. Bacon went first to Berlin, then to Paris, and then his traces are confused throughout Europe. During his life, his work was exhibited in leading cultural centers of the world, among which the Guggenheim Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery.

147,5х198 cm (each)
1976
Cost
$ 86.2 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's.

Prestigious museums sought to possess paintings of Bekon, but the primary English audience was in no hurry to survive on such art. The legendary Prime Minister of British Margaret Thatcher talked about him: "A person who draws these horrific paintings."

The starting period in his work, the artist himself considered post-war time. Returning from service, he again engaged in painting and created the main masterpieces. Before the participation of Triptych, 1976 in the auction of the most expensive work of Bacon was "Etude to the portrait of Pope Innokentia X" ($ 52.7 million). In Triptykh, 1976, the artist depicted a mythical plot of the persecution of Oresta Fury. Of course, Orest is Bacon himself, and Furi is his torment. For more than 30 years, the picture was in the private collection and did not participate in exhibitions. This fact gives it a special value and, accordingly, increases cost. But what is a few million for a connoisseur of art, and even in Russian generous? Roman Abramovich began to create his collection in the 1990s, the girlfriend Dasha Zhukov had significantly affected him, which became a fashionable gallery in modern Russia. According to unofficial data, in the personal ownership of the businessman, there are works by Alberto Dzhacometti and Pablo Picasso, bought for amounts exceeding $ 100 million. In 2008, he became the owner of Triptych. By the way, in 2011 another valuable work of Bekon was acquired - "Three sketches to the portrait of Lucien Freud". Hidden sources say that Roman Arkadyevich again became the buyer.

10

"Pond with water lily"

Author

Claude Monet

Country France
Years of life 1840–1926
Style impressionism

The artist is recognized by the ancestor of impressionism, "patented" this method in its canvases. The first significant work was the painting "Breakfast on the grass" (the original version of the work of Edward Mane). In his youth, he painted caricatures, and a real painting took up during his travels along the coast and outdoors. In Paris, he led the bohemian lifestyle and did not leave him even after the service in the army.

210x100 cm
1919 year
Cost
$ 80.5 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Christie's.

In addition to the fact that Monet was a great artist, he also enthusiastically engaged in gardening, adored living nature and flowers. In his landscapes, the state of nature is lightly, items as if blurred by air movement. The impression is enhanced by large smears, from a certain distance they become imperceptible and merge into a textured, three-dimensional image. In the painting of late Monet, the topic of water and life in it occupies a special place. In the town of Giverni, the artist was his own pond, where he grown pita from seeds, specially brought from Japan. When their flowers bloomed, he searched to drawing. A series of "Sweets" consists of 60 works that the artist wrote for almost 30 years to death. His vision has deteriorated with age, but he did not stop. Depending on the wind, the time of year and the weather, the pond has constantly changed, these changes wanted to capture Monet. Through thorough work towards him, an understanding of the essence of nature came. Some of the shells of the series are stored in the leading galleries of the world: the National Museum of Western Art (Tokyo), Orangery (Paris). The version of the next "pond with water lily" went into the hands of an unknown buyer for a record amount.

11

False Star t.

Author

Jasper Jones

Country USA
Year of birth 1930
Style pop Art

In 1949, Jones entered the Design School in New York. Along with Jackson Pollock, Willem de Cunning and others, he is recognized as one of the main artists of the 20th century. In 2012, he received the "Presidential Medal of Freedom" - the highest civilian award of the United States.

137.2х170.8 cm
1959
Cost
$ 80 million
sold in 2006
on private trading

Like Marseille Dushan, Jones worked with real objects, depicting them on canvas and in sculpture in full accordance with the original. For their work, he used simple and understandable items: a beer bottle, flag or card. The False Start picture has no clear composition. The artist as if plays with the audience, often "wrong" signing colors in the picture, turning the concept of color itself: "I wanted to find a way to portray color so that it can be determined by some other method." His most explosive and "durable in himself", according to critics, the picture was acquired by an unknown buyer.

12

"Sittingnude on the sofa"

Author

Amedeo Modiganiani

Country Italy, France
Years of life 1884–1920
Style expressionism

Moodigaliani often sick since childhood, during a feverish nonsense, he recognized his designer of the artist. He studied painting in Livorno, Florence, Venice, and in 1906 he went to Paris, where his art flourished.

65x100 cm
1917 year
Cost
$ 68,962 million
sold in 2010 year
on the auction Sotheby's.

In 1917, Modigliani met 19-year-old Jeanne Ebutern, who became his model, and then his wife. In 2004, one of her portraits was sold for $ 31.3 million, which became the last record before selling "Sitting Nude on the Sofa" in 2010. The picture acquired an unknown buyer for the maximum for Modigliani at the moment the price. Active sales of work began only after the death of the artist. He died in a poverty, sick tuberculosis, and the next day she committed with him and Zhanna Ebutern, who stayed on the ninth month of pregnancy.

13

"Eagle on the pine"

Author

Qi Bayshi.

Country China
Years of life 1864–1957
Style Gokhua

Interest in calligraphy led Qi Baisha to painting. At the age of 28, he became a student of the artist Hu Zinyuan. The Ministry of Culture of China appropriated to him the title of "Great Artist of the Chinese People", in 1956 he received an international award of the world.

10x26 cm
1946
Cost
$ 65.4 million
sold in 2011
on the auction China Guardian.

Qi Bayshi was interested in those manifestations of the surrounding world, which many do not give values, and in this his greatness. A man without education became a professor and an outstanding creator in history. Pablo Picasso spoke about him: "I'm afraid to go to your country, because in China there are Qi Baisha." The composition "Eagle on a pine" is recognized as the largest work of the artist. In addition to the canvas, it includes two hieroglyphic scrolls. For China, the amount for which the work was bought, represents a record - 425.5 million yuan. Only a scroll of an ancient calligrapher Juan Tinjiang was sold for 436.8 million.

14

"1949-A-№1"

Author

Clifford Still

Country USA
Years of life 1904–1980
Style Abstract expressionism

At the age of 20, he visited the Metropolitan Museum in New York and was disappointed. Later, he was signed up for the course of the student league of the arts, but left 45 minutes after the start of the classes - it turned out to be "not it." The first personal exhibition caused a resonance, the artist found himself, and with this recognition

79x93 cm
1949 year
Cost
$ 61.7 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's.

All their works, and this is more than 800 canvases and 1600 works on paper, the stylist won the American city, where the museum of his name will be opened. Denver became such a city, but only construction was expensive to the authorities, and for its completion, four works were put up for auction. The works of Stille are unlikely to participate in the auction ever yet, which advanced their price in advance. The painting "1949-A-No.1" was sold for a record for the artist, although the experts predicted the sale of 25-35 million dollars.

15

"Suprematic composition"

Author

Kazimir Malevich

Country Russia
Years of life 1878–1935
Style suprematism

Malevich learned painting in the Kiev Art School, then at the Moscow Academy of Arts. In 1913, he began to write abstract-geometric paintings in style, which called Suprematism (from Lat. "Dominance").

71x 88.5 cm
1916
Cost
$ 60 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's.

In the urban museum Amsterdam, the picture was kept about 50 years old, but after a 17-year-old dispute with Malevich's relatives, the Museum gave her. The artist wrote this job in one year with the "Manifesto of Suprematism", so Sotheby`s was announced before the bid, it would not go to the private collection in a private collection. So it happened. It is better to look at it: the shapes on the canvas resemble the view of the Earth from the air. By the way, a few years earlier, the same relatives exproprical from Moma Museum another "Suprematic composition" to sell it at Phillips auction for $ 17 million.

16

"Buckles"

Author

Paul Gajen

Country France
Years of life 1848–1903
Style Postpressionism

Up to seven years, the artist lived in Peru, then with his family returned to France, but children's memories constantly pushed him to travel. In France, he began writing paints, was friends with Van Gogh. He even spent several months with him in Arles, until Van Gogh during a quarrel cut off his ear.

93,4х60.4 cm
1902 year
cost
$ 55 million
sold in 2005
on the auction Sotheby's.

In 1891, Gauguen arranged to sell his paintings to go deep into the island of Tahiti to the reversed money. There he created work in which the fine relationship of nature and man is felt. Gogen lived in a straw hut, and a tropical paradise flourished on his canvases. His wife became the 13-year-old Tahitiankah tehra, which did not prevent the artist to join disorderls. Illness syphilis, he left for France. However, Mogen was closely, and he returned to Tahiti. This period is called "Second Taitian" - it was then that the picture of the "swimsters" was written, one of the most luxurious in his work.

17

"Narcissus and a tablecloth in blue and pink tones"

Author

Henri Matisse

Country France
Years of life 1869–1954
Style Fovisov

In 1889, Henri Matisse had an attack of appendicitis. When he was recovered from the operation, the mother bought him paints. At first, Matisse from boredom copied color postcards, then - the works of great painters, which saw in the Louvre, and at the beginning of the 20th century came up with a style - Formism.

65.2х81 cm
1911
Cost
$ 46.4 million
sold in 2009
on the auction Christie's.

The picture "Narcissus and a tablecloth in blue and pink tones" for a long time belonged to Iva Saint-Laurent. After the death of Kuturier, his whole collection of art has moved into his friend's hands and lover Pierre Berez, who decided to set it at Christie's auction. The pearl of the sold collection was the painting "Narcissus and a tablecloth in blue and pink tones", written on an ordinary tablecloth instead of canvas. As a sample of foxism, it is filled with color energy, paints seem to explode and shout. From the famous series of paintings written on the tablecloth, today this work is the only one, which is in the private collection.

18

"Sleeping girl"

Author

RoyLie

khtenstein

Country USA
Years of life 1923–1997
Style pop Art

The artist was born in New York, and graduating from school, went to Ohio, where he went to art courses. In 1949, Liechtenstein received a master's degree in elegant arts. Interest in comics and the ability to ironize the cult artist of the last century.

91x91 cm
1964
Cost
$ 44,882 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's.

One day a chewing gum hit Liechtenstein. He redraged the picture from the liner on the canvas and became famous. In this plot from his biography, the entire pop art mission is concluded: consumption is a new god, and in the candy from Zhwachka no less beauty than in Mont Lisa. His paintings resemble comics and cartoons: Liechtenstein simply increased the finished image, drawing the rasters, used stencil printing and silk screen. The picture "Sleeping Girl" belonged for almost 50 years to collectors Beatris and Philip Pearrs, whose heirs sold it at auction.

19

"Victory. Boogie Woogie"

Author

Pete Mondrian

Country Netherlands
Years of life 1872–1944
Style Neolasticism

His true last name - Cornelis - the artist changed to Mondrian, when in 1912 he moved to Paris. Together with the artist Teo Vann Dusburg founded the movement "Nexousticism". In honor of Mondrian, the Piet programming language is named.

27x127 cm
1944
cost
$ 40 million
sold in 1998.
on the auction Sotheby's.

The most "musical" from the artists of the 20th century earned a living by watercolor still lifes, although it became famous for a neoplastic artist. In the US, moved in the 1940s and spent there the remainder of life. Jazz and New York - this is what inspired him most! Picture "Victory. Bogi-Vuy "is the best example of this. "Branded" neat squares were obtained due to the use of sticky tape - Mondrian's favorite material. In America, he was called the "most famous immigrant." In the sixties, Yves Saint Laurent released the Mondrian dresses known to the whole world with a print into a large color cell.

20

"Composition number 5"

Author

BasilKandinsky

Country Russia
Years of life 1866–1944
Style avant-garde

The artist was born in Moscow, and his father was from Siberia. After the revolution, he tried to cooperate with the Soviet power, but soon realized that the laws of the proletariat were not created for him, and was not emigrated to Germany without difficulties.

275x190 cm
1911
cost
$ 40 million
sold in 2007.
on the auction Sotheby's.

Kandinsky one of the first completely refused the subject painting, for which he received the title of genius. During Nazism in Germany, his paintings were attributed to "degenerative art" and have not been exhibited anywhere. In 1939, Kandinsky adopted French citizenship, he participated in the artistic process in Paris. His paintings "sound", as if the Fugue, so many were called "compositions" (the first was written in 1910, the latter - in 1939). "Composition number 5" is one of the key works in this genre: "The word" composition "sounded for me as a prayer," said the artist. Unlike many followers, he planned what would depict on a huge canvas, as if wrote notes.

21

"Etude Women in Blue"

Author

Fernian Leo

Country France
Years of life 1881–1955
Style cubism-postpressionism

Legeway received architectural education, and then he was a listener of the school of elegant arts in Paris. The artist considered himself the follower of Cezanna, was an apologist of the cubism, and in the XX century he was also successful as a sculptor.

96,5x129.5 cm
1912-1913 year
Cost
$ 39.2 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's.

David Norman, president of the International Department of Impressionism and Modernism Sotheby`s, considers a huge amount paid for the "lady in blue", quite justified. The picture belongs to the famous lesion collection (the artist wrote three pictures on one plot, in private hands today - the last one. - Ed. Ed.), And the surface of the canvas is preserved in pristine. The author himself gave this job to the gallery of Der Sturm, then she fell into the Hermann Lang collection, the German Gatherers of Modernism, and now belongs to an unknown buyer.

22

"Street scene. Berlin"

Author

Ernst LudwigKirchner

Country Germany
Years of life 1880–1938
Style expressionism

For German expressionism, Kirchner became a sign person. However, local authorities accused him of commitment to "degenerative art", which tragically affected the fate of his paintings and in the life of the artist who committed suicide in 1938.

95x121 cm
1913 year
cost
$ 38,096 million
sold in 2006
on the auction Christie's.

After moving to Berlin, Kirchner created 11 sketches of street scenes. He was inspired by the turmoil and nervousness of a big city. In the film sold in 2006 in New York, an alarming state of the artist is particularly acute: people in Berlin Street resemble birds - elegant and dangerous. She became the last work from the famous series sold at the auction, the rest are stored in museums. In 1937, the Nazis were cruelly dealt with Kirchner: 639 of his works were withdrawn from German galleries, destroyed or sold abroad. The artist could not survive this.

23

"Recreationdancer"

Author

Edgar Degas

Country France
Years of life 1834–1917
Style impressionism

The history of Degi as an artist began with the fact that he worked as a copywriter in Louvre. He dreamed of becoming "famous and unknown," and eventually it was possible. At the end of the life, the deaf and dazzle 80-year-old degas continued to attend exhibitions and auctions.

64x59 cm
1879 year
cost
$ 37,043 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's.

"Ballerina has always been for me only a pretext to portray fabrics and grab the movement," said Degas. Plots from the life of dancers as if peeped: girls are not posted by an artist, but just become part of the atmosphere caught a look of Degas. The "resting dancer" was sold for $ 28 million in 1999, and in less than 10 years they bought it for 37 million - today it is the most expensive work of the artist, ever put up for auction. Much's attention was paid to Ramam, he himself designed them and banned them. I wonder what kind of frame is installed on a sold picture?

24

"Painting"

Author

Juan Miro.

Country Spain
Years of life 1893–1983
Style abstract art

During the Civil War in Spain, the artist was on the side of the Republicans. In 1937, he ran from fascist power to Paris, where he lived in a poverty with his family. During this period, Miro writes the picture "Help Spain!", Paying attention to the whole world on the dominance of fascism.

89x115 cm
1927 year
Cost
$ 36.824 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's.

The second name of the picture is the "Blue Star". The artist wrote it in the same year when he announced: "I want to kill painting" and mercilessly mocked the canvas, scratching paint with nails, gluing to the canvas of feathers, covering work with garbage. His goal was to debunk myths about the sacrament of painting, but, coping with this, Miro created his own myth - surrealistic abstraction. His "painting" refers to the cycle of "Snowstice". At the auction, four buyers were fighting for her, but one phone call incognito solved the dispute, and "painting" became the most expensive picture of the artist.

25

"Blue Rose"

Author

Yves Klein

Country France
Years of life 1928–1962
Style Monochrome painting

The artist was born in the family of painters, but he studied oriental, seafarers, the Crafts of the Golden Ram, Zen-Buddhism and a lot. His personality and cheeky tricks were at times more interesting in monochrome paintings.

153x199x16 cm
1960.
Cost
$ 36,779 million
sold in 2012
At Christie's auction

The first exhibition of monophonic yellow, orange, pink work did not cause interest among the public. Klein was offended and the next time I presented 11 identical canvas stained with ultramarine interspersed with a special synthetic resin. He even patented this method. In history, the color entered as the "International Blue Color of Klein". Another artist sold the emptiness, created pictures, substituting the paper for the rain, setting on the cardboard, making on the canvas of the human body imprint. In a word, experimented as he could. To create a "blue rose" used dry pigments, resins, pebbles and a natural sponge.

26

"In search of Moses"

Author

Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema

Country Great Britain
Years of life 1836–1912
Style Neoclassicism

The prefix "Alma" to his surname Sir Lawrence added himself to be the first in the artistic directories. In the Victorian England, his paintings were so claimed that the artist was assigned the knightly rank.

213,4х136.7 cm
1902 year
Cost
$ 35.922 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's.

The main theme of the creativity of the Alma Tadema was antiquity. In the pictures, he tried in the smallest details to portray the Epoch of the Roman Empire, for this even engaged in archaeological excavations on the Apenninsky Peninsula, and in his London house reproduced the historical interior of those years. Mythological plots have become another source of inspiration for him. The artist was extremely in demand during his lifetime, but after death he quickly forgot. Now interest is reborn, as the cost of the picture "In Search of Moses", seven times, exceeding the pre-sale estimate.

27

"Portrait of sleeping nude official"

Author

Lucien Freud.

Country Germany,
Great Britain
Years of life 1922–2011
Style Figurative painting

The artist is grandson Sigmund Freud, father of psychoanalysis. After establishing fascism in Germany, his family emigrated to the UK. The works of Freud are located in the London Museum "Meeting of Wallace", where no modern artist was previously exhibited.

219.1х151.4 cm
1995.
Cost
$ 33.6 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Christie's.

While fashion artists of the 20th century created positive "color stains on the wall" and sold them for millions, Freud wrote extremely naturalistic paintings and sold them even more expensive. "I capture the shouts of the soul and suffering fading flesh," he said. Critics believe that all this "inheritance" Sigmund Freud. The paintings were so actively exhibited and successfully sold that specialists had a question of doubt: did they have hypnotic properties? The "Portrait of Sleeping Nude Official" auction, according to the Sun edition, acquired a connoisseur of the beautiful and billionaire Roman Abramovich.

28

"Violin and guitar"

Author

H.uan Gras.

Country Spain
Years of life 1887–1927
Style cubism

Born in Madrid, where he graduated from school art and crafts. In 1906, he moved to Paris and entered the circle of the most influential artists of the era: Picasso, Modigliani, Marriage, Matisse, Lyzh, also worked with Sergey Dyagilev and his troupe.

5x100 cm
1913 year
Cost
$ 28,642 million
sold in 2010 year
on the auction Christie's.

GRIA, according to his own words, was engaged in "plane, color architecture." His paintings are precisely thought out: he did not leave a single random smear, which relates creativity with geometry. The artist created his version of the cubism, although Pablo Picasso, the founder of the direction very much respected. The successor was even dedicated to him his first job in the style of cubism "Tribute to Picasso." The painting "Violin and Guitar" is recognized as outstanding in the work of the artist. During the lifetime, Gras was known, clinically critics and art historians. His works are exhibited in the world's largest museums, stored in private collections.

29

"PortraitElouar fields »

Author

Salvador Dali

Country Spain
Years of life 1904–1989
Style surrealism

"Surrealism is me," said Dali, when he was excluded from the group of surrealists. Over time, he became the most famous surrealist artist. Creativity was given everywhere, and not just in the galleries. For example, it came up with a packaging for Chupa-Chupa.

25x33 cm
1929 year
Cost
$ 20.6 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's.

In 1929, visit the Great Provocator and Scandalist Dali came the poet Paul Eluro with his Russian wife Galo. The meeting was the beginning of the history of love that lasted more than half a century. The picture "Portrait of the Eloire Field" is written just during this historic visit. "I felt that I was charged with a duty to capture the Poet's face, with the Olymp of which I kidnapped one of the music," the artist said. Before acquaintance with Galo, he was a virgin and experienced disgust with thought about sex with a woman. The love triangle existed before the death of Eluar, after which he became a duet Dali Gala.

30

"Anniversary"

Author

Mark Shagal

Country Russia, France
Years of life 1887–1985
Style Avangard

Moisha Segal was born in Vitebsk, but in 1910 he emigrated to Paris, replaced the name, became close to the leading avant-gardists of the era. In the 1930s, when capturing the authorities, the fascists went to the United States with the help of the American Consul. Returned to France only in 1948.

80x103 cm
1923
Cost
$ 14.85 million
sold in 1990
at Sotheby's auction

The picture "Anniversary" is recognized as one of the best works of the artist. It has all the features of his creativity: the physical laws of the world have erased, the feeling of fairy tales in the scenery of the Meshchansky life remains, and in the center of the plot - love. Chagall did not draw people from nature, but only in memory or fantasizing. In the picture "Anniversary" captured by the artist with his wife Bel. The picture was sold in 1990 and since then did not participate in the auction. Interestingly, in the New York Moma Museum Moma is absolutely the same, only called "Birthday". By the way, she was written before - in 1915.

project prepared
Tatyana Palaceov
rating made up
by list www.art-spb.ru.
magazine TMN №13. (May-June 2013)