Romanesque and gothic styles belong to times. Culture Middle Ages.
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Belousov prepared M.A., teacher from Romanesque and Gothic styles in the architecture of the Middle Ages.
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Romanesque style (from Lat. Romanus - Roman) - Artistic style that prevailed in Western Europe (as well as raised some countries of Eastern Europe) in the X-XII centuries (in a number of places - and in the XIII century), one of the most important stages of the development of medieval European art. Most fully expressed in architecture. Bamberg Cathedral in Germany, oriental facade with two towers and polygonal choirs.
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The main role in the Romanesque style was given to the harsh fortress architecture. The main buildings during this period are the church-fortress and a castle-fortress, located on elevated places that dominate the terrain. English name Romanesque style - "Norman". The tower on the Nibelung bridge, built in 1887-1900, is a sample of neoroman style. Germany, Worms.
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Greatness Maria Lah Romanesque style. German monastery on the southwest shore of Lake Lake .. Monastery laying 1093g. Palatzgraf Heinrich II background Laah End of construction - 1216 year.
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The term "Romanesque Style" was introduced at the beginning of the XIX century Arsiss de Comoneon (French Antiquarian and the archaeologist from the nobility of the Comons, the founder of the French Archaeological Society), which established the connection of architecture of the XI-XII centuries with ancient Roman architecture (in particular, the use of semi-curvous arches, arches). Roman bridge with semi-curvous arches. Alcantara, Spain
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The arch is an architectural element, a curvilinear overlap of a pass-through or deaf loop in a wall or span between two supports (columns, and stacked bridge). Like any vaulted design creates lateral space. As a rule, the arches are symmetrical relative to the vertical axis. Dudley is a ruined castle in the city of Dudley, to West Midlands, England, 12V.
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Romanesque churches and cathedrals are predominantly three-way: the central num on the eastern side ends with a semicircular - apse. The character's character changes: Wooden construction farms disappear, the stone arch is replaced, first half-round, then the crusade. The characteristic element of the exterior becomes massive towers. The entrance is decorated by the portal (from the lat. "Port" - the door) embedded into the thickness of the walls reduced in perspective by semi-curvous arches.
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The arch (from "to reduce" is to connect, bow) - in architecture the type of overlapping or coating of structures, a design that is formed by a convex curvilinear surface. Vaults allow to overlap considerable spaces without additional intermediate supports.
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Wormsky Cathedral, Germany, Worms (1130-1181) Thick walls, narrow windows, towers - all these style features of architectural structures were performed simultaneously defensive function. The fortest character of churches, cathedrals, allowed the peaceful population to hide in them during feudal internecasters. Internal planning and sizes of cathedrals responded to cultural and social needs. The cathedral could accommodate a lot of people of different classes: laity and clergy, commoners and know numerous pilgrims.
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Gothic (Italian. Gotico is Gothic, Gothic) - a period in the development of medieval art in the territory of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the XII to the XV-XVI century. Gothic came to replace the Romanesque style, gradually pusing it. Salisbury Cathedral (1220-1320) - the Cathedral of the Virgin Mary in the city of Salisbury (England), is considered a sample of English Gothic. It is famous for its 123 meter spire, the highest medieval building in the UK.
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Signs of gothic in architecture: a frame system (the ridiculous arches of crusades are based on the pillars), huge windows, multicolor stained glass windows and light effects. Cologne Cathedral in Germany, Construction: 1248-1437, 1842-1880.
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For Western Europe 5 V. It was characteristic luxury In architecture and sculpture, departure from the realistic image towards stylization and formalism. Plastic arts are increasingly removed from the inherent antiquity of realistic orientation, acquiring distracted and symbolic character.
By its architecture, the building resembled Byzantine buildings. Faodal castles and church cathedrals were continuously built.
Church construction especially increased about 1000 In connection with the expectant, according to the teachings of the Church, the end of the world. Since that time is widely used a rock.
The severity of stone archives could withstand only thick powerful walls with a few and narrow windows. This style got a name romanesky. Example:
Notre Dame in Poitiers, Cathedrals in Toulouse, Arles, Vellezé (France), Cathedrals in Oxford, Winchester, Noric (England), in Lund (Sweden).
For romanesque styles sculptures It is characterized by a complete refusal of realism in the interpretation of nature and the human body.
Exclusively church in content was wall art - plane, denying three-dimensional figures and perspective. Paintingreflected the estate-iera-radical ideas about the world: the saints were depicted larger in size than the king, and the king is larger than his vassals and servants.
TO 12 V.france appears gothic. Gothic Cathedral - High and slim columns collected as it were in bundles and crossed in high height, huge windows decorated with bright multi-colored glasses - stained glass windows. Characteristic damn aspiration of buildings upwards. Pr: Westminster Abbey in London.
At 14 V.. - "Flaming Gothic" - The buildings were decorated with the finest thread on stone - stone lace. At the same time in England, the transition to "Perpendicular style" in Gothic - Stone walls turn into a narrow simple simpleness between the windows.
Roman style
Romanesque style (from _la. Romanus - Roman) developed in the Western European art of the X-XII centuries. It is most fully expressed in architecture.
The term "Romanesque Style" appeared in the XIX century, when the connection of the XI-XII centuries architecture was established. With ancient Roman architecture (in particular, the use of semi-curvous arches, arches). In general, the term is conditional and reflects only one, not the main part of the art. However, he entered into universal use. The main type of romance style is architecture, mainly church (stone temple, monastic complexes).
Style Characteristics
For Romanesque buildings, a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laying outdoor decoration is characterized - the building has always fit into the environment and therefore looked particularly durable and solid. This promoted massive smooth walls with narrow winds and stepped-in-depth portals.
The main buildings during this period are the Fortress Temple and the Fortress Castle. The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle becomes the Tower - Donta. Around her were located the remaining buildings, composed of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders.
As opposed to Eastern Central Type, the Type of Temple, called the Basilica, developed in the West. The most important sign of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone arch. From other characteristic features, thick walls have been cut, cut into small windows, designed to perceive the returnee from the dome, if any, the predominance of horizontal members over the vertical, mainly circular and semi-curvous arches.
Famous buildings in the Romanesque style
* Kaiser Cathedrals in Speyr, Worms and Mainz in Germany
* Libmurg Cathedral in Germany
* Pisa Cathedral and Partially Famous Pisan Tower in Italy
* Abbey Maria Lah in Germany
see also
* Henry Gobson Richardson - revived Romance style in the XIX century
Specificity of Russian architecture.
It begins with the adoption of Christianity.
Kiev architectural style - Monumentality, multidimal. Mosaic and frescoes (Cathedral of Kievan Sofia).
Novgorod style - Stricter Kiev on decoration, more powerful and severely in construction. There are no bright mosaics in the interior, but only the frescoes, but not so dynamic, as in Kiev, and the excess decorations of pagan antiquity with a clearly penetrating pattern of the Yazelkovy Letter (Sophia Cathedral).
It is based on the Byzantine architecture: a crusal building, which is superimposed by tents, stepped longline, top of the top, highness, vertical aspiration and asymmetry.
In antiquity, the temples were built in Vi de Ship and the Cross, and later - in the Forest Star or Circle. Next flax flax.
Up to 17 century The temple was white with golden domes. After penetrating the baroque - color to Russia. ("Naryzhnskoe Baroque").
Temple structure: It is divided into NEFAs (longitudes), an extension-semi-circular (an absides) is divided into 3 parts: the primer, the middle part and the altar (in the east). The entrance to the altar is closed and separates from the middle of the iconostasis (partition decorated with icons in several tiers), in the middle of which the royal gates, along the edges - the northern and southern gates.
Inside:columns, mosaic, biblical plots on walls and ceiling, saints, angels, crosses, icons, carved candlesticks.
Outdoor finish: Dome (odd. quicha. -1,3,5,7,9,13 ..- Enecting its value), crosses on them. Jewelry: belt, browch, two-story niches, arched belts, false pilasters , an odd number of domes.
Russian classicism
The works of Russian classicism are not only the most important chapter of the history of Russian and European architecture, but also our lively artistic legacy. This legacy continues to live not as a museum value, but also as a significant element of the modern city. To buildings and ensembles created in the XVIII and early XIX century, it is almost impossible to attach the name of architectural monuments, so strongly retain the creative freshness, free from the signs of old age.
The construction of the new capital was for the XVIII century not only a huge political, military and national economic enterprise, but also a great nationwide case, in the same sense, in which in the XVI century the national affair of the Russian people was creating and strengthening Moscow.
Classicism as a system of international art culture
No apparent struggle and controversy in Russia have changed public tastes. For five to seven years, Russian Baroque as a dominant style was replaced by classicism; The end of the 1750s is the first time of the first, mid-1760-x - the beginning of the wide distribution of the second. Baroque left, without having survived the stage of decline, without embelling his artistic potential.
Classicism was adopted as a system of international artistic culture, within which the national style variant has developed. The era of the cultural loneliness of Russian architecture stretched for the century.
Among the reasons that accelerated the assertion of classicism in Russia, in addition to the enthusiasm of the educated layer of the Russian nobility, reasonable educational utopias were and the causes of practical related to the expansion of the problems of architecture tasks. The development of industry and the growth of cities again, as in Petrovsky, brought to the forefront of urban planning and multiple types of buildings necessary for the more complex city life. But for trading rows or present places, a genre of major and festive architecture is inappropriate, beyond the limits of which the baroque is not skillful; The magnificence of the palace can not be extended to the whole city. The art language of classicism was, unlike Baroque, universal. It could be used in the construction of the impressive palace buildings and for the "philistine" dwellings, right up to modest wooden houses on the outskirts.
Changes in the circle of architectural forms were touched first of all, the decor. The attitude of the building to urban space was understood in a new way. However, some fundamentally new Classicism schemes suggested. Few options for simple plans, already used by the Russian Baroque, still served in various functions.
It was important that together with the new style, new methods of creativity were finally approved. Harmonization of the work of architecture, its parts and the whole was no longer possible at the "size-1" and the foundation "and not on the scaffolding (where the staff of Rastrelli was left or cut the elements of the decor from the tree), at work on the project drawing. Thus, the division of work was finally blusted, replaced by the former "archery". The idea and development of the form carrying the image, became the case of one architect acting as the author (although it was not accustomed to this outside of the profession, which is why there are so many issues related to the authorship of works of early classicism, including the largest as Pashkov House and Palace of Razumovsky in Moscow or engineering castle in St. Petersburg).
For architectural form, in all details a predetermined project, the samples have already served no so much building as their image, analogues of the design drawing. The norms of classicism were reduced to a strict system. All this together allowed to fully and accurately master the style according to the design and texts of theoretical treatises, which was almost impossible for the baroque with its capricious personality. Classicism is therefore easy to spread to the province. It became the style of not only monumental structures, but also all urban fabric. The latter was possible because classicism created a hierarchy of forms, which allowed any structures to subjugate to its norms, while expressing the place of each in the social structure.
Talented and skillful architects were a bit, they would not be able to design all the buildings in a variety of cities. The general nature and level of architectural solutions was maintained through the use of exemplary projects performed by the largest masters. They were engraving and sent to all cities of Russia.
Design addressed from construction; This expanded the impact on the architecture of professional literature and books in general. The role of the word in the formation of an architectural image has increased. Its connection with the images of historical and literary provided general concern for people well (the enlightened nobility layer was combined with a common circle of reading and book knowledge).
It made the style equally inevitable the intentions of the absolutist power and the ideas of its enlightened opposition, tastes of the richest, powerful nobles and limited in the means of poor nobles
St. Petersburg classicism was, above all, the style of the official "state" culture. Its norms were based on the mistake of the life of the imperial court and a large nobility, they were prescribed to state institutions. Here, the influence of people's "outside the style" culture on professional activities of architects is not significantly.
St. Petersburg strict classicism has developed as a completed style version in the 1780s. I.E. Starov (1745-1808) and Jacomo Kurengy (1744-1817) were its typical masters. Their construction was distinguished by the clarity of composite reception, the conciseness of volumes, perfect harmony of proportions within the classic canon, a thin drawing of parts. Images constructed by them buildings are full of courageous strength and quiet dignity.
Surgo solemn created by the Old Tauride Palace (1783-1789). Having rejected the Baroque imbound systems, the master, in accordance with the rationalistic logic of classicism, combined the premises into functional groups. Reception of a spatial organization of a whole, where developed side wings associated with transitions with a powerful central volume form a deep front courtyard, comes from Palladian villas. The location of the frontal hall is allocated the deep axis of the composition, however, a giant large gallery is stretched in parallel to the facade, which took off the elementary simplicity of contrast.
The facades are liberated from a small relief, a member of the wall on the panels and the blades, the architects are no longer followed by the examples of the French architecture of the middle of the century, somehow did the Petersburg wizards of the time transition from Baroque to classicism (and how the old workers did in the early works). Smooth white columns of strongly protruding strict doric porticors for the first time in Russian architecture really carry antables. They stand out against the background of intensively painted smooth walls cut through openings without platforms. The contrast emphasizes the tectonics of the walls of plastered brick. The "four times of eighteen" columns in the double colonnades of the big gallery had Greco-Ionic Capitals (replaced by L. Russian on familiar Roman) - one of the first for Russian classicism of examples of appeal to Herlinsky heritage. Derzhavin wrote about the building of the Tauride Palace: "An ancient graceful taste is his dignity; It is simple, but majestically. " The palace became the ideal standard of a large building - Petersburg, Russian, and at the same time for contemporaries. His drawings enthusiastically appreciated Napoleon, who had a particularly celebrated Great Gallery and Winter Garden, as followed by Persions and Phonten in the text of the "Best Royal Palaces of the world published by them.
The main stages of the development of classicism
So the Winter Palace, despite the entire Rastrelievsky glossy forms and on the undoubtedly dominant importance of this building in the center of the capital, turned out to be in an architectural relation to the subordinate building of the main headquarters. Not because the classic (or "imperious") forms of this last "stronger" baroque forms of the palace, but because Rossi built against the Winter Palace not only some new large structure, but also created a new architectural whole, a new ensemble, a new architectural unity. In this new unity, organized by the laws of Rossi, and not Rastrelli, the work of the latter seemed to be included in the new composition and as a result of the subordinate building of Rossi, and not vice versa, although it is not necessary to talk about any formal "superiority" Rossi over Rastrelli, the main headquarters Over the Winter Palace. So Zakharovsky Admiralty began to "hold" the entire spatial organism of the central Petersburg squares began to "hold" in his monumental hands. A comparatively low building of the stock exchange pulled the nodal point of this center, which was previously located in the high volume of the Petropavlovsk fortress. So, further, the monumental buildings of the quarters turned out to be included in new ensembles and subordinate to them: the state bank-in the orbit of the architectural impact of the Kazan Cathedral, Connogvardeysky Manezh-in the Ensemble of the Senate Square created by Zakharov, Rossi and Monferran; The Academy of Sciences, the Catherine Institute, Maltese Chapel is also entirely subject to a new architectural surrounding. This happened not because all these buildings, built with outstanding masters of a large classic form, are less significant, something that used to be or later was created next to them, but because in their architectural nature they were not designed for the organizing role in The ensemble and the ensemble at all. Comparison of the Exchange, built on the Krepanenga project, with an exchange built Tomon clearly demonstrates the difference between these two architectural approaches to the city's problem: in one case-self-smoking architectural composition of the building, which is almost not considered with its future environment, in another building, component of the urban ensemble .
During the period of completion of the spatial compositions of the main parts of St. Petersburg, during the first decades of the XIX century, as far as the architectural quest of the entire XVIII century synthesize, they are synthesized and subordinate to new forms, a new style, powerfully superimposing its printing for the entire appearance of the city. By this time, St. Petersburg acquires his "strict, slender species", according to Pushkin. And no matter how much we assessed in the qualitative and formal attitude of the late St. Petersburg classicism compared to the achievements of Rastrelli, or a krepanengi, or Rinaldi, we must recognize precisely this, final, the value of the most important urban planning stage in the development of St. Petersburg.
Russian Baroque
it was manifested in the redundancy of pure Russian architectural jewelry: rows of bump and kokoshnikov, columns, such as window openings, combination of plaster with brick masonry, gilding, and others. Domestic decoration. Then arose architecture of the so-called. "Naryshkin Baroque" - obviously western orientation, using lace stucco, faceted domes, columns. The formerly declaration difference of church architecture from secular disappears. Of course at this stage (k. 17 century) there are no direct analogues between the elements of the Russian and Western Baroque: if the essence of Western Baroque is in the free flow of volumes, the smoothness of voluntary ducts, then the "Naryshkin Baroque" - the rag of multifaceted cells on the quadiffs (four-fledged building ).
Western baroque was brought already under Peter Italian and French masters.
In the first years of the reign of Peter, the orientation on Protestant countries was reflected in the architecture of Domenico Trezini, which used the baroque forms, which gave a special charm of the emergence of the Northern Capital. Dry practicism changed the nature of Russian painting: the art department created in 1724 at the Academy of Sciences was intended to subordinate the art of the tasks of scientific study of nature.
Further follow over the path of sacralization of absolutism was reflected in attracting Masters of Baroque and classicism to Russia. The frank desire to surpass the luxury of Versailles was reflected in the creation of the French architect Lebed - Peterhof, the suburban residence of Peter. It was quite recognized in Russia the creativity of the Baroque masters who were not demanded in the West - especially the Father and Son Rastrelli. But the spirit of the palace voluntarism matches the Rococo style, to which the art of 18 centuries.
During the vague time, Russia was in a state of ruin. Monumental architecture and painting did not develop, did not build new chambers, temples, did not write frescoes. Builders and painters left Moscow and other major cities. Separate machine icons (works of Stroganovsky masters) reflected anxiety and flour of their time. Icon "Bogolyubskaya Our Lady" (N. 17B.), Image of Tsarevich Dmitry, Russian Saints, monks, whims, writing about the salvation of Russia. Stroganovskaya School of Iconopy (Prokokiy Chirin, etc.): Bitter pessimism, inferiority of images. Icons are presented in the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow, in the Novodevichy Monastery. In addition, in Russian art H.17V. Heroic, combat motifs appear. Rostov: Shyed Banner with the image of Archangel Mikhail and Joshua Navina in the Borisoglebsky monastery. Icon "Archangel Mikhail-Voevod" (N.17V.). In the 17th century, after the expulsion of Inogensev, the ancient Russian architecture is experiencing a new rise. The Moscow Kremlin becomes the symbol of the greatness of Russia. Constructions and walls are restored and an additional decorative decoration is obtained. Spasskaya, Arsenal Angle, Moskvoretskaya Corner, Trinity, Borovitskaya, Water-Building Angle and others. Towers are crowned with stone tents with state coat of arms. Decorative stone top of the Spasskaya Tower was maintained in 1625. English architect Christopher Galofem and the Russian architect Bazhenia Ogurztsov. Successfully combined with a tent Russian form with gothic motifs. The tent tops of other Kremlin towers were erected in 17B. Russian builders. The Moscow Kremlin becomes one of the most original creations of architecture. The upper parts are organically merged with their bases. In 17v. Many buildings are erected in the Kremlin: ordinary chambers, churches, monastic castings, boyars and courtyards. The overabundance of large and small buildings made the Kremlin closed. Locating the slightness and clarity of architectural development, the Moscow Kremlin acquired in 17B. The fabulous beauty of the ancient Russian baroque. In 1636 A terragen palace is erected (arch. Benage of Cucumbers and Trofim Sharutin). The 3-storey stone building on the blockage had a long-tier character. White painted painted platbands, gilded roofs with repiges, the eaves made up a rich decoration of buildings.
Towers Trinity-Sergius Residents also received a new appearance in the style of ancient Russian baroque. Prototypes of Russian temples 17B. The Moscow Kremlin facilities were (the Assumption Cathedral1479. IT. Aristotle's architectotel Fiorobati). Based on Moscow architecture, a communional architecture has been created, which instilled the concept of the territorial and political integrity of Russia. Inexhaustible fiction and creative invention are full of the best samples of church architecture 1 Paul. 17B.: Kazan Cathedral on the Kremlin Square, built by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky Church of the Trinity in Nicnics in Moscow. The extensive building of the Patriarcharian Court in the Kremlin (1655) with the Church of the Twelve Apostles, put on the villages of the away gate, marked the beginning of the construction of bishops and refectory chambers. The large cross chamber of this facility was blocked with a closed arch and did not have support pillars. In 2pol. 17B Stone architecture in Russia takes monumental scope and exceptional decorativeness. Tent temples are no longer built. The architects are developing the motives of the 5-chapters and 9-European temples: the magnificity and splendor of the Temple of the Trinity in Ostankina, Church of Nikola in Khamovnikh (1679), the Pokrovsky Cathedral in Izmailov. All R. and 2 floors. 17B Construction goes in Yaroslavl, Uglich, Kostroma, Rostov Great.
The Temple of John Zlatoust, John the Forerunner, the Resurrection Cathedral in the new Jerusalem near Moscow (2P. 17B.). Poles-bells, built according to the sample of Ivan the Great - in Savvino-Storozhevsky, Novojerusalem, Novodevichy and in other monasteries. Ancient Russian architecture in bizarre forms, in fancy decorations of buildings moves to the Baroque style. Church chapters in the form of a military helmet acquire forms close to a bulb or pear. Terracotta belt, tiles, round and cososhniki, pilasters, polychry major. The Old Russian Baroque was known to West European. Novojerusalem Monastery, Palace in Kolomensky (1681), Krutitsky Teremok in Moscow (1680).
Russian villages have been built up with logs, covered with tone and straw, with foci without pipes. In 17v. There is an effect of stone architecture on a wooden, and there was before the other way around. Church in the Kizhi (twenty-dvullava), church in the Vytegorskaya Piolence (seventeenthilag). The motive of the traditional five-chapter comes from the architecture of the Assumption and Arkhangelsk Cathedrals.
Reunion in 17B. Ukraine has caused lively cultural ties between both peoples. The new flow in stone architecture, "Naryshkinskoy Baroque", successfully combines Russian and Ukrainian construction techniques, as well as the features of the Western European order. Temple chapters in the facilities "Naryshkin Baroque" take the kind of royal gate or crown. The bell tower of the Novodevichy Monastery, the Church of the Intercession in the filiacs.
In 2pol. 17B Proverageous stone temples are being built - the top floors of the holy gates of monasteries and the Kremlin. The gates of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, crowned with the temple, became known in Moscow as a result of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. In Ser.17V. The Kremlin is losing their defensive appointment and become decorative.
Simeon Polotsky - (in the world Samuel Emelyanovich Petrovsky-Sitinianovich) (1629-1680) Belarusian and Russian public and church leader, writer. Polemized with split figures. Mentor of royal children. He taught at the School of the Zaikonospassky Monastery. Co-author of the project of the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy. One of the prosecutors of Russian silabic poems and dramaturgy.
Epiphanas Slavinetsky - (? - 1675) Russian and Ukrainian figure and scientist. He wrote sermons, spiritual songs, book epic songs of philosophical content, the first scientific essays. The compiler of Greco-Slavic-Latin and philological dictionaries.
Sculpture perild classics
The archaic period, during which a system of architectural orders was created, marked the beginning of Greek plastic and painting, identified ways of further evolution of the Allenian culture. The next, classic one period in the history of ancient Greece was a period of flourishing of its civilization, and the V-IV centuries. BC. - Time of the highest achievements. At this time, Athens is put forward to the fore, which was due to the formation of democracy there. Private citizens of the city are able to solve important issues of political life at the People's Assembly. The idea of \u200b\u200bawareness of themselves by citizens of the policy, and not just his residents affected the work of Sofokla, Euripid, Eschila, whose tragedies contributed to the successful development of the Greek theater. In many respects, it is the last, being publicly available, brought up patriotism and citizenship. In art, the ideal of a Hero person, perfect physically and morally, was fully embodied. Most sculptures reached us in late Roman copies. From the preserved Greek originals there is a famous statue of the "Delphian edition", created by about 470 g. BC. A young man is depicted in a growth in a long chiton, intercepted the belt on the waist, with the windows in his hands. The flowing folds of his clothing resemble the flutes of the Doric Column, but his face with the eyes of colored stone acquires an extraordinary stability, spirituality. This image, full of harmony, personifies the ideal of a perfect person equal to the heroes of the epic.
In the period of the early classics of the wizard V c. BC. Successfully solve the problem of synthesis of architecture and sculpture. And that, and the other act as completely equal, complementing each other's art. Sculptural decor of the frontones of the temple of Zeus in Olympia (470-456 BC) is the best example.
An open lesson on the history of arts for grade 2 art branch.
Topic: "Artistic culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic styles. "
The lesson is compiled by a teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilovaya K.S.
Purpose: Formation of students from students about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.
Tasks: familiarize students and the origins and nature of romance and gothic styles;
Identify distinctive features of romance and gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;
Educating the moral and aesthetic perception of the world of art, interest in art and its history.
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An open lesson on the history of arts for grade 2 art branch.
Topic: "Artistic culture of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and Gothic styles. "
The lesson is compiled a teacher of theoretical disciplines Kurilova K.S.
purpose : Formation of students from students about the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.
Tasks :
Acquaint students and the origins and character of romance and gothic styles;
Identify distinctive features of romance and gothic styles; develop cognitive activity;
Educating the moral and aesthetic perception of the world of art, interest in art and its history.
An illustration:
Presentation that clearly reflects all the features of the architecture of the Middle Ages.
Other materials:
Label to perform practical work, oil (or other) pencils.
Slide number 1.
During the classes
Organizational stage.
Slide number 2.
In pursuit of verse, behind the slip
I love the castles to leave the medieval.
My heart pleases their gloomy quiet,
I have somehow sharp takeoff of their black and gray roofs,
Sullen teeth on towers and gates,
Squares of glass in lead bindings.
Lifting bridges, deep pvv dips,
Steep stairs and vaulted rooms,
Where the wind is silted and moaning in the embroidery,
About battles and feasts tell me ...
And immersed with a dream in the past, I see again
The greatness of the knighthood and the brilliance of the Middle Ages.
This romantic image of a medieval castle created a French writer and poet of the XIX century Theophilent Gautier.
And it's not by chance that the opposites merged in the words of the poet: "acute takeoff" and "sullen teeth", "deep rally" and "vaulted halls", "the greatness of chivalry" and "gloss".
Today, at the lesson, we continue to get acquainted with the artistic culture of the Middle Ages.
Studying a new material.
Setting goals.
The leading view of the art of the era of the Middle Ages is architecture. Other types of art are organically connected with it - music, visual, applied and others. Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the architectural styles of the Middle Ages. We will try to understand them and distinguish between themselves. But how? - You ask. With the help of the language.
Language, he gives us the opportunity to express your feelings and thoughts. Art also has a gift to speak their special artistic language about human spiritual values \u200b\u200bin different epochs. This language in art is called style.
We look into samples of architectural monuments and try to understand, from whose mouth is the "words" about the past?
On the screen samples of the Romanesque and Gothic style.Students consider samples and are trying to determine for whom, for which one or another building is built for what purpose.
Slide number 3.
Romanesque style sample - castle, fortress, the building is quite massive. Who speaks with us from the past?
Teacher: Why, in your opinion, served this construction?
Students: This building was created to protect against the enemy, reminds the era of the knights.
Slide number 4.
Gothic style sample - church, building air and directed up.
Teacher: Who speaks with us in this case? What is this building created for?
Students: This is the church, it is designed for believers, monks.
The word of the teacher.
And indeed the architecture of the Middle Ages era has two faces - these are the so-called Romance and Gothic styles. But before you prepare for detailed consideration, we need to know the meaning of terms that determine these styles.
We had two students' search groups, which prepared information on these styles.
Slide number 5.
Message of a student about the origin of the term "Romanesque art".
Term "Romanesque art" Appeared at the beginning of the XIX century. So denoted European art X - XII centuries. Scientists believe that the architecture at that time was under the strong influence of the so-called "Romanesque" architecture (from Lat. Romanus - Roman). Later, the look of researchers in medieval art has changed, but the name "Romanesque art" has been preserved.
The formation of romance art in various countries and areas of Europe occurred unevenly. If in the north-east of France the period ended at the end of the XII century, then in Germany and Italy, the characteristics of this style were observed even in the XIII century.
Slide number 6.
Work in the notebook.The term "Romanesque art" arose in the XIX century, so indicate the style of European art of the X-XII centuries.
The word of the teacher.
Slide number 7.
The main and most significant romanesque style facilities were a fortress monastery, a fortress temple, a castle-fortress. Maybe from there and the expression "My house is my fortress".
But the times of the knightly wars were held and today we can quite take a journey through the Romanesque Cathedral. But before entering, consider it outside.
Slide number 8.
The temple seems strict and massive. In the Romanesque temples did durable stone overlaps. Huge severity of stone arches demanded powerful, thick walls that can withstand a large load. The windows in the temples are small and narrow so that the walls do not lose reliability. Therefore, in the Romanesque Cathedrals most often dominated the twilight.
Slide number 9.
The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle becomes the tower -donzhon . Around it was located the remaining buildings made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, cylinders.
Slide number 10.
The most important sign of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone arch.
Arch - The type of overlapping, which is formed by a convex curvilinear surface. Single support forvault architecture finds in the wall.
Slide number 11.
The entrance to the building began with the portal, which entered the environment.
Slide number 12.
An important element of the Romanesque architecture is a column with a decorated sculptural ornament of the cap.
The walls of the temple are smooth. Guys, what way can you decorate a smooth wall?
Students: Painting, mosaic, frescoes.
Teacher: This is true, the walls of Romanesque temples were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Unfortunately, the painting of the Romanesque period is practically preserved.
In the romance period, a monumental sculpture appeared for the first time. Sculptural images - reliefs - located, as a rule, on portals (architecturally decorated inputs).
Slide number 13; fourteen.
The sculpture of the Romanesque temple is special. Here everything so that the believer thinks about his sins. The plots of a terrible court, biblical scenes, there was even a place of the monster, devouring the sinner.
If the temple was represented by the fortress of God, then the castle is the fortress of the knight. Romanesque stone castles with powerful defensive walls were impregnable fortresses. Locks near the river on a hill surrounded by a moat with water, a lifting bridge was thrown through the ditch.
Slide number 15.
Message of a student about one of the monuments of Romanesque architecture.
Cathedral in Worms (1171 - 1234) It is worth only to take a look at this temple in Worms, you feel his special spirit. He is like a ship disseminating the waves. Four narrow towers Watchman Temple from East and West. There is nothing superfluous in his architecture, the finish is very restrained, only the arches emphasize the main lines. The sculpture of the temple is unusual, wild, sometimes monstrous animals. They are like a stone book - created to reflect the believer of God and his laws.
Slide number 16.
Intermediate conclusions.
It was in the Romanesque architecture for the first time a huge buildings appeared, completely built of stone. Vaults, massive thick walls, large supports, abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornament - characteristic features of the Romance Church.
We will continue to get acquainted with the architecture of the Middle Ages. And the next gothic style.
Message of a student about the origin of the term "Gothic Art".
Slide number 17.
Name "Gothic art" (from Ital. Gotico - "Gothic", according to the name of the German tribe is ready) arose in the era of revival. "Gothic" in those days meant "barbarian" in counterweight "Roman": Gothic called art that did not follow the ancient traditions, which means it did not imagine interests for contemporaries.
The ideas that Gothic art is shameless and does not deserve attention, changed only in the XIX century, when the Middle Ages era ceased to consider "dark centuries" in the history of mankind. However, the name "Gothic" is preserved for the European art of the late Middle Ages. In various European countries, Gothic had its own characteristic features and chronological framework, but its flourishing falls on the XIII - XIV century.
Slide number 18.
Work in the notebook.The term "Gothic Art" arose in the Renaissance. So indicate the style of European art of the XII - XV centuries.
The word of the teacher.
Slide number 19.
The word "Gothic" is of later origin, it comes from the word "Goths". Goths are barbaric tribes that destroyed Rome and destroyed antique art. But looking at these wonderful, air gothic cathedrals we will not find anything in common with the barbarians. A single artistic idea is felt in the Gothic style, and it is consistently carried out in all kinds of art: in architecture, sculpture, music, applied art and even in a written font. In the Gothic cathedrals, the stone turns into a lace, and instead of heavy stone walls, the visitor of the cathedral sees the light sparkling through the stained glass window. Overcoming materiality - this is perhaps the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe Gothic style. Spirit transforms matter, changes it.
Slide number 20.
Gothic temple - This is the spiritual symbol of the era embodied in stone. How to read this symbol? The temple is embodied the image of the universe. Stone walls lose their power and begin to shine. And instead of the thick walls, we see fragile, peaned stained glass windows. Leaving the earthly, the Gothic temple rushes up to heaven, winning the whole severity of the stone.
Slide number 21.
It was the architects of the Middle Ages that it was possible to create such a miracle, where fragile walls consisting almost entirely of stained glass windows are not treated under heavy stone vaults using a frame system with inclined arcs. It was this system that made it possible to embody inside the Gothic temple a soaring arch.
Slide number 22.
The sculptures of the Gothic Cathedral are full of meaning. Here are scenes from the Bible, images of Christ and the Mother of God, the saints and prophets, the kings of antiquity and modernity and even the medieval calendar - signs of the zodiac and the scene of agricultural work.
Slide number 23.
A distinctive part of the medieval gothic in architecture is a central window-stained glass window."Gothic Rose". At first glance, this is just a set of various multi-colored glass - the eye is lost in this infinity. But if you look at, you can see that there is no chaos at all. All in their places. Moreover, the gothic rose depicts nothing but the order of the universe. In the center - God, around him - Angels, then - the apostles, then saints, bishops, kings, and so on.
We will take a small journey through the European medieval gothic cathedrals. And our guides will be students of the expert group who were engaged in the study of gothic style cathedrals.
Messages students.On the screen illustrates architectural monuments.
Slide number 24.
Cologne Cathedral - The Roman Catholic Gothic Cathedral in Cologne (Germany), which ranks third in the list of the highest churches of the world and is among the monuments of the World Cultural Heritage. The construction of the main church of Cologne Archbishopia was conducted in two receptions - in 1248-1437 and in 1842-1880. At the end of construction, the 157-meter Cathedral for 4 years has become the highest building in the world.
Slide number 25.
Cathedral in Reims It was built in the XIII century, that is, later the Cathedral of the Paris's Mother of God and Cathedral in Chartra. The Reims Cathedral is one of the most famous samples of Gothic art in France due to its architecture and sculptural compositions, he is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Starting from the period of the Middle Ages and until the XIX century, the cathedral was the location of the coronation of almost all French monarchs.
Slide number 26.
Cathedral in Chartre - Catholic Cathedral, located in Chartres. Located near Paris and is one of the masterpieces of gothic architecture. For example, the Cathedral in Chartra has a length of 130 meters. To get around it, you need to overcome the path in Polkilometer. In 1979, the Cathedral was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Slide number 27.
Cathedral of the Paris's Mother of God (Notre Dame de Paris) - The Christian Cathedral in the center of Paris, the geographical and spiritual "heart" of the French capital, is located in the eastern part of the Island, at the site of the first Christian church of Paris - the Basilica of St. Stephen.
The majestic Notre Dame de Paris was laid in 1163 (the first stone of the future cathedral was laid by Papa Alexander III), but its construction continued for several centuries to the XIV century. The temple leads three entrances - portals framed by go-deep in arches; They are niches with statues - the so-called "Royal Gallery", images of the biblical kings and the French kings.
For many years, the cathedral stood on a dilapidated Roman Viktor Hugo in 1831, marked the revival of interest in historical heritage, and gothic art in particular, and attracted attention to the deplorable state of the great architectural monument. The king of his decree instructed to restore the temple. Since then, the constant care of the authorities is to preserve the cathedral in its true form.
Slide number 28.
Notre Dame de Paris is famous for his bells. The biggest bell is Maria, named after the Mother of God and the patroness of this cathedral, his weight is 6,023 kg. The bell is hung on the southern tower. His story engraved on it.
In the architecture of the Cathedral, the duality of stylistic influences is manifested: on the one hand, there are echoes of the Romanesque style of Normandy with a powerful and dense one inherent in it, and on the other hand, the innovative architectural achievements of the Gothic style, which give the building ease and create the impression of the simplicity of vertical design.
Slide number 29.
Generalization by gothic style.
The Gothic Cathedral is infinitely complicated, changing the game of openwork forms. Arches, galleries, towers, huge windows are narrow and high, then round (so-called gothic roses) with colored glasses and the most complex binding frames. The cathedral inside and outside is populated with a mass of sculptures (for example, in the Charther Cathedral about 9 thousand alone statues). In the word, the Gothic Cathedral is a whole world.
Generalization and consolidation of knowledge gained.
The word of the teacher. Each of you I distribute a table with the characteristics of the styles of the Middle Ages, your task, with the help of knowledge and tables,reveal What style includes the proposed images on the screen(on the screen 3 slide with images of comparison of romance and gothic style).
Work on the images.
Slide number 30 - 33.
(This table is distributed to each student for inserts to the notebook)
Features of the styles of medieval art
ROMAN STYLE | GOTHIC STYLE |
|
Church architecture | The buildings of the cathedrals are heavy and squat, it was huge structures - because Their main task was to accommodate a large number of people during worship. Characteristics: Thick walls, large supports, smooth surfaces. | The Gothic Cathedral has a lightweight design, directed upwards. The innovation of the architecture of the Gothic period is the arches system. The walls ceased to carry out a carrier role, which means they did not need to do thick and massive. |
Painting | As a rule, on the arches and walls of the temple, the biblical stories were depicted, which had to be viewed, moving along the temple. The painting of the Romanesque period was asked. | In the Gothic Cathedral, the wall painting, gave way to the stainedure - an image composed of the glasses bonded between themselves, which was placed in the opening of the window. |
Sculpture | In the romance period in Western Europe, a monumental sculpture first appeared. Sculptural images - reliefs - located on the portals of churches. Reliefs were usually painted - it attached to them greater expressiveness and persuasiveness. | The sculptural and picturesque decoration of cathedrals, made on religious and secular stories, carried a system of views and ideas that the Middle Ages should be guided in their everyday life. |
Slide number 34.
Teacher: To secure the knowledge of the Gothic style, I suggest you to portray on a sheet of paper one of the elements of the stained glass ornament - "Visitnik".The tribal - the symbol of the Christian faith, symbolized the Holy Trinity: God-Father, Son and the Holy Spirit.
The outcome of the lesson.
Today, at the lesson, we continued to get acquainted with the artistic culture of the Middle Ages and on the basis of the comparative comparable analysis of the architecture of that time received an idea of \u200b\u200bthe two main styles of medieval architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.
Recording to the notebook: The term "Romanesque art" appeared in the XIX century. So denote the style of European art X - XII centuries.
Bamberg Cathedral, Oriental Facade with Two Towers The main buildings during this period are the fortress temple and castle-fortress
A characteristic feature of Romanesque architecture is thick walls cut into small windows.
The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle becomes the Tower - Donta. Around it was located the remaining buildings made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, cylinders. DONZHON (FR. Donjon) - the main tower in the European romance style castles.
The most important sign of Romanesque architecture is the presence of a stone arch. The arch is the type of overlap, which is formed by a convex curvilinear surface. The only support for the architecture opens in the wall.
The building carefully fit into the surrounding nature, looked strong and solid. This promoted massive smooth walls with narrow winds and stepped-in-depth portals.
Portal - entrance to the temple with embedded walls in the thickness of the walls.
In the 12th century, sculptural images are used for the first time for decoding the facades of churches. The plots most often served the formidable prophecies of the apocalypse and a terrible court.
Sculpture of the Romanesque Temple
St. Peter's Cathedral in Worms
Some conclusions: huge buildings appear for the first time in Romanesque architecture, completely built of stone. Vaults, massive thick walls, large supports, abundance of smooth surfaces, sculptural ornament - characteristic features of the romance style architecture.
Preview: "Gothic Rose"
Cathedral in Cologne (Germany)
Cathedral in Reims (France)
Cathedral in Chartres (France)
Cathedral of the Paris's Mother of God (Notre Dame de Paris)
Some conclusions: the appearance of the Gothic Cathedral is the built up construction. Easy, the design of the design is attached to the arches, galleries, dome vaults, huge windows. Stained glass, feature of the Gothic Cathedral, Round Window - "Gothic Rose" play a special role. The Gothic Cathedral inside and outside is populated by a mass of sculptures.
Romanesque city-fortress Carcassonne in Provence (XII-XIII century), France
Gothic Cathedral in York, XIII century, England
Gothic Chapel-Reliquary Holy Capella Saint-Chapel, XIII century, France
Romanesque fortress of conquistadors, X-XIB., Germany
Visitnik - a symbol of the Christian faith.
Homework: Draw a sketch of the castle in the Romanesque style.
GOU SOSH № 000 ZOOWO Moscow
Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles:
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
Project work on MHC
11 "in" class
Leader:
teacher of History, Socology, Rights, MHC
Moscow 2010.
Introduction. 3
CHAPTER 1. Characteristic of the romance style. five
Chapter 2.. Features of gothic architecture. nine
Chapter 3.. Romanesque and gothic styles are unity and opposite. 17.
Conclusion. 21
Literature. 22
application. 23
Introduction
I was always interested in the Epoch of the Middle Ages. Romanesque and gothic styles caused admiration and inexplicable feeling of secret, unusual, great.
Subject relevant. Many Romanesque Churches and Gothic Cathedrals are under the supervision and protection of the state, some are the property of UNESCO.
I decided to get acquainted in more detail with this topic on the examples of the cathedrals built in these styles and pleasing eyes of a person to the present.
Object of study - Universal history, the era of the Middle Ages.
Subject of study - Medieval European art, masterpieces of romance and gothic architecture.
purpose - to systematize, summarize and expand the knowledge of roman and gothic artistic styles in their comparative characteristic, explore the most famous and significant romance and gothic cathedrals.
Tasks:
· Search, selection, systematization of material on chosen topics;
· Describe the features of the Romance and Gothic architecture;
· Get \u200b\u200bacquainted with the most prominent Romance and Gothic cathedrals of France, Germany, England, Italy;
· Find out the influence of the romance style on the Gothic style;
· Determine the place and role of these styles in history;
· Examine artwork works of poets and writers (legends, legends) on these topics;
· Create a computer presentation using the POWER POINT program to illustrate project positions.
Research methods: Description, comparison, comprehensive analysis of sources, systematization and generalization of the information received.
Hypothesis: Gothic style arose by the evolution of the Romanesque architecture and meant the transition to a new, higher development stage.
Romanesque style dominated Western Europe in the X-XII centuries. (In some places - and in the XIII century), one of the most important stages of the development of medieval European art. The main type of romance style art is architecture, mainly church.
Romanesque style has developed in the era of feudal fragmentation, and therefore the functional purpose of the Romanesque architecture is defense. The motto of the Romanesque style, "My house is my fortress," an equally determined the architectural features of both secular and cult builds and corresponded to the way of life of the Western European society of that time.
The formation of the Romanesque architecture contributed to the large role of monasteries as centers of pilgrimage and foci of culture, distributing uniform artistic forms. In the monasteries there are first workshops with specialists of various profiles necessary in the construction of a temple or cathedral. The first construction artels were monastic. Their priority began by the end of the Romanesque period, when the construction of cities began throughout Europe.
Gothic style is an artistic style that came the final stage in the development of medieval art of the countries of Western, Central and Partly Eastern Europe (between the middle of the XII central and 15-16 centuries). Gothic developed in countries where the Catholic Church dominated, and under its aegid, the feudal-church foundations were maintained in the ideology and culture of the Gothic era.
A special place in the art of Gothic was held by the Cathedral - the highest sample of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting.
Gothic reflected fundamental changes in the structure of a medieval society. Gothic cathedral represents undoubted interest. The Cathedral of the Parisian Mother of God, the Cologne Cathedral, the Cathedral of St. Vita and others admire the greatness and beauty and are rightfully considered genuine gems of gothic architecture.
Practical significance is that the project materials can be used in MHC lessons, extracurricular activities.
CHAPTER 1
Characteristic of the romance style
Romanesque style (from Lat. romanus. - Roman) developed in the Western European art of the X-XII centuries, one of the most important stages of the development of medieval European art.
Romanesque style perfectly rejected proportional canons and forms of ancient architecture, typical of her arsenal of ornamental and decorative means. That is a little, which has been preserved from architectural parts of ancient origin, it was extremely strongly transformed and coated.
The term "Romanesque Style" appeared at the beginning of the XIX century, when the connection of architecture of the XI-XII centuries with ancient Roman architecture was established. In general, the term is conditional and reflects only one, not the main part of art. However, he entered into universal use. The main type of romance style is architecture, mainly church (stone temple, monastic complexes). Its development was associated with monumental construction, which began in Western Europe at the course of education and the heyday of feudal states, revitalizing economic activities and the new growth of culture and art. The monumental architecture of Western Europe arose in the art of barbaric peoples. Such, for example, the Tomb of Theodorich in Ravenna (526-530), the church buildings of the late era of Carroling - the court chapel of Karl the Great in Aachen (795-805), the church in the Gernton of the Otonovsky period with its plastic wholeness of large masses (the second half of the X century). Combining classic and barbaric elements, distinguished by severe greatness, it prepared the formation of a romance style, in the future aimed at two centuries.
Romanesque architecture has developed as a result of combining the original local and Byzantine forms. She was the earliest etching of Western European architecture. New types of structures were identified - feudal castle, urban fortifications, large city churches, cathedrals. There was a new type of urban residential building.
The severity and power of romance structures were generated by concerns about their strength. Builders were limited to simple and massive forms of stone, which are impressive with their power, internal force, combined with external tranquility.
The most famous gothic style monuments.
France
· Cathedral in Chartra, XII-XIV centuries.
· Reims Cathedral, 1211-1330, where French kings were crowned.
· Cathedral in Amiens, 1218-1268.
· Cathedral of the Paris's Mother of God, 1163 - XIV century.
· Cathedral in Bourget, 1194
Germany
· Cologne Cathedral, 1248 - XIX century.
· Munster Cathedral in Ulm, 1377-1543.
England
· Cathedral in Canterbury XII-XIV centuries, the main temple of the English kingdom
· Cathedral of Westminster Abbey XII-XIV centuries. in London
· Cathedral in Salisbury 1220-1266.
· Cathedral in Exeter 1050
· Cathedral in Lincoln to. XI century.
· Cathedral in Gloucester XI-XIV centuries.
Czech Republic
· Gothic architecture of Prague
· St. Vita Cathedral (1344-1929)
It is difficult to find suitable words to describe the impressions of the Gothic Cathedral. They are high and stretch to the sky endless arrows of towers and turrets, vimpers, phials, pointed arches. Walls are not felt, there are no matter how. Arches, galleries, towers, some sites with arcades, huge windows, farther and further - an infinitely complex, openwork game of openwork forms. And all this space is inhabitable - the cathedral and inside and outside the sculpture is populated. They occupy not only portals and galleries, but they can also be found on the roof, eaves, under the cradle, on the screw stairs, arise on the drainage pipes, on the consoles. In a word, the Gothic Cathedral is a whole world. He really absorbed the world of a medieval city.
Chapter 3.
Romanesque and Gothic styles - unity and opposite
ROMAN STYLE
Prevailing and trendy colors: Brown, red, green, white.
Lines: Boar, semi-curvous, straight, horizontal and vertical.
The form: Rectangular, cylindrical.
: semi-curvous frieze, repeating geometric or vegetable pattern; Halls with open ceiling beams and supports in the center.
Designs: stone, massive, thick-walled; Wooden plastered with visible skeleton.
Window: Rectangular, small, in stone houses - arched.
Doors: Board, rectangular with massive loops, lock and casing.
GOTHIC STYLE
Prevailing and trendy colors: Yellow, red, blue.
Lines: Strengthened, forming a set of two intersecting arcs, ribbed repetitive lines in the house finish.
The form: rectangular in the plan of the building; String arches, passing into the poles.
Characteristic elements of interior : Faurest arch with supports or caissional ceiling and wooden wall panels in the decoration of apartments; Defined complex ornament; High, narrow and long halls, or wide with supports in the center.
Designs: frame, openwork, stone; stretched up, shaded arches; Stressed skeleton of structures.
Window: stretched up often with multicolor stained glass windows; At the top of the building sometimes round decorative windows.
Doors: Strelded ribbed arches of doorways; Doors oak violent.
Creative searches for gothic architects were focused on the creation of a grandiose city cathedral, simultaneously responded by the requirements of the Church, which raised the prestige of the French kingdom, glorifying the French kings, embodied the strengthening and the flourishing of the new urban culture, expressed the most sublime and daring hopes and the aspirations of the century. The appearance of the Gothic Cathedral produces a deep impression. He snaps over the city as a huge magnificent ship. With each tier of the Western facade - portals, windows, sculptural galleries and balustrade - the powerful movement of architectural forms upwards is growing. The trapped in heaven, the cathedral does not bother with its mass over the city running downstairs, but it takes and soar over it.
The development of Gothic style in Il de France is striking speed, unity and focus. The experience gained by French masters in the second half of the XII century, and the experimental nature of the early construction has already allowed the first half of the XIII century to create the most brilliant and perfect samples of Gothic. The dare of aspirations, creative courage, the power of the spiritual impulse has accompanied its creators throughout the existence of a gothic style. Witnesses of the first steps of gothic architecture did not react indifferently to the emergence of a new style.
Historical and literary documents of the second half of the XII century are rich in comments of contemporaries about new tastes in architecture and art. Opinions about the style that appeared then divided. Like any innovation, Gothic was borne alone and liked others. However, in one, all the contemporaries were agreed - in the developmental novelty of the Gothic style, not similar to any previously existed.
Although the largest Romanesque temples could successfully compete with the gothic cathedrals and the gradation of the inner space, the witnesses of the emergence of Gothic immediately saw in it a significant innovation, a new artistic style and tried to determine its stylistic features. The frost and the closure of Romanesque statues were changed by the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the viewer.
As the main differences of the new Gothic Church of Saint-Denis Abbey from the old Romanesque Basilica Abbot Sugarya calls:
· Spatio (the choir "enlarged the beauty of length and width");
· Verticalism (the wall of the central neopa "suddenly rises up");
· Saturation light ("Light amazing and endless sacred windows").
Gervasi Canterbury, comparing the old Romanesque building with the new erected Gothic Cathedral, notes the difference between the two structures:
· Nobility of the forms of the new building;
· A significant increase in the length of the pillars (while maintaining their former thickness), that is, the height of the temple;
· Subtlety of new carved and sculptural work compared to the unassumature of the former sculptural design;
· Vaults are equipped with ribs (Arcuatae) and castle stones;
· "Code of stone and lightweight tuff composed", and not "wooden ceiling, excellent painting decorated";
· Large height of the new building - just at the height of the windows.
Description Gervasia testifies that contemporaries were able to reasonably and subtly judge about the changes occurring in the architecture and art and represented what the difference between old and new styles consisted, and they were inclined to oppose them.
A modern researcher cannot not be noted the closest ultrasound binding gothic with all the previous development of medieval art, and above all its close relationship with the art of the Romanesque era. The entire two-century Romanesque construction experience and churches and the complete approval of the majestic system of Romanesque art thinking was necessary for the appearance of the Gothic style.
Gothic architects followed the plan developed into the Romanesque era plan of the church structure and the scheme of its internal membership, and a slim iconographic system of the XIII century increased on the basis of the Romanesque iconographic tradition. Indeed, even the most superficial comparison of the main artistic principles of the Gothic and Romanesque eras shows the complexity of their relationship with each other.
Gothic developed on the basis of a romance style, but at every step contradicted him, putting forward his own system of architectural and artistic thinking. Therefore, no wonder the emergence of Gothic and the development of a new style in Il de France. Not only the most important political and economic reasons played the role here, but also the fact that Il de France was one of the weakest links in the chain of Romanesque architectural schools. In the XII century, it was one of the few areas where Romanesque style did not work out and was not finally established, and where the archaic architectural forms continued to hold: simple wooden flat coatings, powerful square poles, static closure of the internal space. The weakness of the Romanesian traditions of Il de France allowed the young, style to quickly strengthen and develop in an atmosphere of creative searches, free from the gag of old rooted artistic ideas.
Gothic cathedrals are not only high, but also very extended: For example, Charter has a length of 130 meters, and the length of the transput is 64 meters, and to get around it it is required to go through at least half aalkometer. And with each point, the cathedral looks in - new. Unlike the Romance Church with its clear, easily disorderly forms, the Gothic Cathedral will be uncomclosed, often asymmetric and even heterogeneous in their parts: each of its facades with its portal is individual.
The Cathedral of the Parisian Our Lady is located in the center of the French capital, on the island of Sita. Notre Dame de Paris - located on the place where the Basilica of St. Stephen was previously located. In the cathedral, the various architectural styles and images are fancy: Romanesque style (with its massiveness), Gothic (giving building a space and simplicity).
Conclusion
In the development of the European architecture of the early Middle Ages, two periods can be distinguished, two styles: Romanesque (XI-XII centuries) and Gothic (XIII-XV centuries). The second of these two stages - Gothic - originated by the evolution of the Romanesque architecture and meant the transition to a new, higher stage of development.
And Romanesque, and Gothic archites developed in the same generally in the main socio-historical conditions. Composite techniques were also common. The main difference between the named styles was that Romanesky was characterized by a special massiveness of structures, and the gothic structures acquired more perfect, lightweight skeleton in nature.
The entire two-century Romanesque construction experience and churches and the complete approval of the majestic system of Romanesque art thinking was necessary for the appearance of the Gothic style.
Gothic developed on the basis of a romance style, but at every step contradicted him, putting forward his own system of architectural and artistic thinking.
Opinions about the Gothic style then divided. Like any innovation, Gothic was borne alone and liked others. However, in one, all the contemporaries were agreed - in the developmental novelty of the Gothic style, not similar to any previously existed.
A comparison of the main artistic principles of the Gothic and Romanesque epoch shows the complexity of their relationship with each other.
If Romanesque architecture was based on the oldest ideas about the patterns of construction and the relationship between the structural elements in the architectural structure, adjacent to the Roman construction tradition, the Gothic Epoch offers a new architectural solution and creates a new constructive system that breaks the old ideas about the technical capabilities of architecture and the following own architectural logic.
The bold and complex frame design of the Gothic Cathedral, which embodied the triumph of a dorned engineering thought of man, allowed to overcome the massiveness of Romanesque buildings, alleviate walls and vaults, create a dynamic unity of the internal space. In Gothic, enrichment and complication of the synthesis of arts, the expansion of the system of scenes, which reflected the medieval ideas about the world.
Medieval monuments of art of Western Europe constantly remind of its relatively recent barbaric past, manifested in the motive of the pre-Christian wicker ornament, the figure of a fantastic creature, which looks out of the vegetable plexuses of Romance capitals or a gilding from the heights of the Gothic Cathedral.
Used Books
1. Collars and art. - Mall: Harvest LLP, 1996.
2., Smirnova in world artistic culture. - M.: Publishing and book-moving center A3, 1997.
3., Hurumov artistic culture. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2008.
4. Rapack artistic culture. - M.: Humanitarian Publishing Center Vlados, 2007.
5. Architecture of the Romanesque style. Romanesque art.
http: //*****/architec041.html
6. Gothic architecture style. http: // Revolution. ***** / construction / _0.html
application
Roman style
Gothic style
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Introduction
The Middle Ages (Middle Ages) is a historical period that separated antiquity (i.e. Greco-Roman antiquity) from its "Renaissance" in the XV-XVI centuries. The political map of the Middle Ages was the states of the modes, langobards, francs, sharp and others.
For a long time, the attitude to Middle Ages was only negative: his art was considered rude for its inconsistency standards of an ideal classical form, culture - primitive. Dominance at this time of religious worldview was perceived as "reactionary" dominance of the church.
Western European culture is a close relationship with religion; This is proximity to folk creativity; symbolism; Painting and sculptures adorning medieval temples, as well as architecture.
The art of Western European Middle Ages is divided into three stages: Doromanian (VI-centuries), Romanesque (XI-XII centuries) and Gothic (XII-XV centuries). In this test work, it will be about the romance and gothic styles, namely about architecture.
In the era of Gothic, many cathedrals were built - high, with elongated windows decorated with stained glass windows. This was the Cathedral of Notre Dame De Paris (Cathedral of the Paris Mother of God) in France. And not only was, he is now acting and he is the spiritual heart of Paris. In more detail about this wonderful cathedral, it will be in the fourth paragraph.
"One of my main goals is to inspire a nation with love for our architecture" - wrote V. Hugo in the preface to the Notre Dame de Paris novel. Who else from the writers inspired this beautiful Paris Cathedral, we will learn in the fifth point.
Romanesque and Gothic styles in architecture
As mentioned above, Romanesque and Gothic styles belong to the Epoch of the Middle Ages. Romanesque style belongs to the art of Western and Central Europe of the X-XII centuries. (In a number of countries until the XIII century), when the domination of feudal-religious ideology was the most complete. The name of the style comes from the Latin name of the city of Rome (Roma), as the style occurs in areas, in the past part of the Roman Empire. Romanesque architecture is the development of the preceding, the origins of which lie in Christian antiquity, and, therefore, the Roman architecture.
At the beginning of the XI century. First of all, in the areas adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, the first Romanesque buildings appear. These most ancient monuments have a characteristic masonry from the greatest roughly erected stones. Facades of structures were often decorated with flat reliefs and "fake" deaf arcades. The main role in the Romanesque style was given by a harsh, serf type of architecture, massive stone structures were usually erected on elevated places and dominated the terrain. The appearance of Romanesque buildings was distinguished by monolithic solidity and solemn power, the building consisted of simple, clearly identified volumes underlined by uniform members; Power, the thickness of the walls intensified with narrow winds of windows, stepped in in-depth portals and impressive towers. The same features of massiveness are characteristic of temple structures that from the inside covered wall murals - frescoes, and outside - brightly painted reliefs. For the painting and sculpture of the Romanesque type, a plane two-dimensional image, a generalization of forms, violation of proportions in the images of figures, lack of portrait similarity with the original, intense spiritual expressiveness. Images are filled with severity, often extremely naive.
Knight's castle, monastic ensemble, church are the main types of Romanesque facilities that have come down to our time. Characteristic patterns of Romanesque architecture are: NOTRE DAME Cathedral in Poitiers, Cathedrals in Toulouse, Orsinvale, Veleza, Arne (France), Cathedrals in Oxford, Winchester, Noric (England), in Stanger (Norway), in Lidida (Sweden), Monastery Church Maria Lah (Germany). Romanesque style monuments are in Austria, in Scandinavian countries, Poland, Hungary, and other countries.
By the end of the XII century. Romanesque style is replaced by Gothic (from the Italian word Gotico - Gothic, according to the name of the German tribe is ready).
Gothic style differs from the preceding; This is a style that created a completely different system of forms, the organization of space and the volume composition. The era of Gothic coincided with the time of the formation and development of urban centers during the classical Middle Ages. The first temple buildings of the Gothic style, which became a sample for later structures, are characterized by driving up by slender columns, assembled as it were in bundles and dropped on the stone arch. The general plan of the Gothic temple is based on the form of the Latin Cross (Fig. 1). Outside and from the inside the cathedrals were decorated with statues, reliefs, stained glass windows, painting, emphasized the most characteristic trait of Gothic - aspiration is swept. Such were the gothic cathedrals in Paris, Chartres, Bourget, Beauvais, Amiens, Reims (France).
The Cathedrals of England were somewhat different, for whom the big length of the arches and the peculiar cross arches were characterized. The most striking samples of the Gothic style of England are Westminster Abbey in London, Cathedrals in Salisbury, York, Canterbury, etc.
The transition from Romance style to Gothic in Germany was slower than in France and England. This explains the presence of a large number of eclectic style structures. The lack of building stone, especially in the northern regions of Germany, caused a brick gothic gothic to life, spread quickly throughout Europe. The first brick gothic temple was the church in Lübeck (XIII century).
In the XIV century A new technique arises - a flaming Gothic, for which the decoration of the building with stone lace was characterized, that is, the thinner thread on stone. The Masterpieces of Flaming Gothic can be attributed to the cathedrals in the cities of Amber, Ambea, Alasone, End, Corby (France).