Early Netherlands Painting. Pictures of Dutch artists famous artists of Holland

Dutch artists have made a large contribution to the work of masters, beginning their activities from the XVII century and not stopping until this time. However, they had an influence not only on their colleagues, but also on professionals of literature (Viensenin Proust, Donna Tartt) and photos (Ellen Kooy, Bill Gecas and others).

Start of development

In 1648, Holland received independence, however, for the formation of a new state, the Netherlands had to undergo an act of revenge from Spain, which destroyed about 10 thousand people in Flemish at that time the city of Antwerp. As a result, the inhabitants of Flanders emigrated from the territories controlled by the Spanish authorities.

Based on this, it will be logical to recognize that the impetus to independent dutch artists proceeded from Flemish creativity.

Since the XVII century, both government and artistic branches occur, which leads to the formation of two, distinguished by the nationality of art schools. They had a common origin, but in signs quite strongly differed. While Flanders remained under the wings of Catholicism, the Holland experienced absolutely new flourishing, starting with the XVII century.

Dutch culture

In the XVII century, the new state only rose on the path of its development, completely breaking the connection with the art of the past era.

The struggle with Spain gradually fastened. The national mood began to be traced in folk circles when the authorities of Catholic religion imposed on previously imposed.

Protestant domination was a contradictory look at the decoration, which led to a reduction in work on religious themes, and in the future only played in the hand of secular art.

Even before this time, so often in the pictures did not depict a real surrounding reality. In their works, Dutch artists wanted to show an ordinary household life without embellishment, exquisite tastes and nobility.

The secular artistic explosion spawned such numerous directions as a landscape, a portrait, a household genre and still life (about the existence of which even the most developed centers of Italy and France did not know).

Own vision of Dutch artists of realism, expressed in portrait, landscape, interior works and paintings of still life, gave rise to the interest of all layers of society to this skill.

Thus, the Dutch art of the XVII century called the "golden age of Dutch painting", consolidating the status of the most outstanding era in the painting of the Netherlands.

It is important to know: There is an erroneous opinion that the Dutch school has portrayed only the mediocrity of human being, but the masters of those times brazenly crushed the framework with the help of their fantastic works (for example, "Landscape with John Bluamarta's John Bestor).

Dutch artists of the 17th century. Rembrandt.

One of the largest artistic figures of Holland is considered by Rembrandt Harmens Wang Raina. In addition to the activities of the artist, he also engaged in engraving and was considered to be the master of blacks.

His legacy is rich in individual variety: portraits, genre scenes, still lifes, landscapes, as well as paintings on stories, religion and mythology.

His ability to own a light allowed the emotional expressiveness and spirituality of a person.

Working over the portraits, he worked on the facial character.

In connection with the heartbreaking tragic events, his late work was filled with dim, implanting the deep experiences of people with light, as a result of which brilliant work became nobody interesting.

At that time, there were external beauty in fashion without attempts to dive into depth, as well as naturalistic, coming apart with frank realism.

The painting "Return of the Prodigal Son" will see each Russian fan of fine art, as this work is located in the Hermitage of the city of St. Petersburg.

France Hals.

France Hals is a great Dutch artist and the largest portraitist, helped to introduce a free letter genre in domestic art.

The work that brought him fame was the picture called "Banquet of Officers of Rifle Company St. George", written in 1616.

His portrait works for that time were too natural, which went apart with a real day. Due to the fact that the artist remained incomprehensible, he, like the Great Rembrandt, graduated from his life in poverty. "Gypsy" (1625-1630) is one of its most famous works.

Yang Wall

Yang walls are one of the most witty and fun at first view of Dutch artists. Having ridiculed social vices, he loved to resort to the skill of Satiur's satire. He, entertaining the viewer with harmless, funny images of a walk and ladies of easy behavior, actually warned against such a lifestyle.

The artist also had more relaxed paintings, for example, the work of the "morning toilet", at first glance, which seemed absolutely innocent action. But if you look at the details, it is possible to surprise enough of their revelations enough: it is traces from stockings, formerly squeezing legs, and filled with something indecent near the pot, as well as a dog that allows themselves to be right on the hostess pillow.

In the best own work, the artist was ahead of his colleagues on the elegant skillful combination of the color palette and the skill of ownership of shadows.

Other Dutch artists

This article lists only three bright people from dozens worthy of on a par with them to stand in the same list:

So, in this article you got acquainted with the Dutch artists of the 17th century and their works.

Decided to make a selection of Dutch, in my opinion, famous all over the world ...

So proceed to:

Oh yes, in the first place, of course - Vincent Van Gogh., not recognized during life, but who loved the modern world for bright colors and imaginary simplicity. To date, this is the most popular artist among thieves.

Rembrandt Van Rhine - Great Dutch painter and engraver. One of the most famous his pictures is a night watch, the picture will hear mysterious. Art historians and lovers of painting for centuries break heads over this web. So one respectable Dutch historian of the art of the beginning of the 19th century spent the years to prove that the detachment goes to the parade on the occasion of the arrival of the Amsterdam of the French Queen Mary Medici in 1639. The most mounted among the puzzles of the "Watch" - an image of a strange girl in a gold dress ... Modern Dutch people love and honor this artist ... Since the beginning of the 20th century, the policy of returning pictures of this artist back to their homeland.

Jan Vermeer Delftsky. For a long time who lived, little writing, late open. The most famous and "touring" job of Vermeer - "Girl with a pearl serving" belonging to the Hague Museum. The most paintings of the Vermeer belongs to museums and private collectors in the United States. There is not a single work of this Dutch artist in Russia.

Anna Frank - Dutch girl Anna Frank Dutch Girl - one of the most famous and impressive documents on the atrocities of the Nazis. Anna led a diary from June 12, 1942 to August 1, 1944. At first she wrote only for himself, until in the spring of 1944 he heard the performance of the Minister of Education by the Netherlands of Bollastein. He said that all the evidence of the Netherlands of the occupation period should become a national treasure. Under the impression of these words, Anna decided to publish a book after the war, which would form her diary.

Paul Verkhovlen - Famous Dutch director. The creator of such paintings, like: Fantastic fighter "Robocop" (1987), which gathered at the holder of more than 50 million dollars, Superwood "Recall All" (1990) with Arnold Schwarzenegger in the lead role. The largest success was expected by the cult thriller "Main Instinct" (1992), the main roles in which Sharon Stone and Michael Douglas were performed. Shot by the Verkhoven Following this, the erotic drama "Shougels" (1995) completely failed at the box office. Partially "rehabilitated" by the director managed, removing the fantastic fighter "Star Tail" (1997). The fantastic thriller "Invisible" (2000) was the same partially successful, after which Verkhovlen took a six-year-old creative pause.

Mata Hari. - Main Kurtisana World Spunty. Margaret Gertrude Zelel connected himself to marriage with a 38-year-old Rudolph Mac-Lawode. The acquaintance of the couple, the difference between the ages of which was 20 years, occurred on the announcement through the newspaper: a lone officer Mac-Leod wished the romantic communication with the opposite sex, and it was his Margaret who chose as an object of passion. However, some time after the marriage and moving to Java Margaret, Java Margaret was disappointed in his elect: the Dutchman of Scottish origin Mac-Lodine suffered from alcoholism, hesitated all his anger and unrealizations in military affairs on a spouse and two children, and also contained mistresses. The marriage endured the collapse, and Margaret focused on the study of Indonesian traditions, in particular - local national dances. According to legend, it was in 1897 that she first began to perform under the pseudonym Mata Hari, which in Malay means "Sun" ("Mata" - Eye, Hari - day, literally "eye of the day"). From that time, the conversion of the spy begins ...

Armin Van Buren - For all electoral music fans, the name of the Dutch Armina Van Burene is the name of the present legend. And this is not an exaggeration. It is really difficult to overestimate the significance of this musician, DJ and simply an exceptionally energy personality for the entire trans industry.

Tiesto. - Real name: Tiys Vest. Tiesto DJ number 2 in the world (and often and number one in the DJMAG list). TiSeto broke the world record for drinking Red Bull during the day, he was able to drink 31 banks - almost a double deadly dose, but he doesn't want to take it for it.

Dirk Nicholas lawyer - Netherlands footballer (midfielder) and football coach, former coach of the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, South Korea, Belgium, Russia, as well as St. Petersburg "Zenith", "Rangers" and other clubs. After winning Zenit, the Russian Football Championship 2007, the lawyer became the first foreigner coach, who managed to win in this tournament. On May 28, 2008, Dicky lawyer assigned the title of honorary citizen of St. Petersburg. And for this, the city parliament had to publish a special law personally for the coach, because to assign wild on the title of honor of an honorary citizen "on the general basis" did not allow the law of St. Petersburg "On the title" Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg ""

Benedict Spinoza - Netherlands philosopher-rationalist, naturalist, one of the main representatives of the philosophy of the new time. He was born in a Jewish family, but the Jews excused him from the church. The equally hated him and Christians. Although the idea of \u200b\u200bGod is dominated in all his philosophy, Churchings accused him of atheism. The years of the life of Spinoza coincided with the beginning of the era of the new time. In his work, he implemented the synthesis of scientific ideas of the Renaissance from Greek, Stoic, Neoplatonic and Scholastic Philosophy.

Which of the famous Dutch you know still, share in the comments)

Dutch painting to the end of the XVI century is inseparably connected with Flemish and has the general name of the Netherlands School. Both of them, being a branch of the German painting, consider the Van Eykov brothers with their own expenses and go for a long time in one direction, develop the same technique, so the artists of Holland are no different from their flank and Brabant counterparts.

When the Dutch people got rid of the oppression of Spain, the Dutch painting acquires a national character. Dutch artists distinguishes the reproduction of nature with special love in all its simplicity and truth and a subtle feeling of color.

The Dutch was the first to comprehend that even in an inanimate nature breathes his life, everything is attractive, everything is capable of causing the thought and excite the movement of the heart.

Among the landscape players who interpret their domestic nature are especially respected by Jan Wang Goyen (1595-1656), who, together with Ezaias Van de Veld (approx. 1590-1630) and St. Peter Moles Senior (1595-1661), is considered the founder of the Dutch landscape.

But the artists of Holland can not be distributed to schools. The expression "Dutch School of Painting" is very conditional. In the Netherlands, organized societies of artists, who presented free corporations, who defended the rights of their members and did not influence creative activities.

The name of Rembrandt (1606-1669) shines especially brightly, in the personality of which all the best qualities of Dutch painting focused and his influence was reflected in all its birth - in portrait, historical paintings, household scenes and landscape.

In the XVII century, household painting successfully developed, the first experiments of which are noted in the old Netherlands school. In this genre, the names of Cornelis Bega (1620-64), Richard Brannyburg (1650-1702), Cornelis Duzart (1660-1704), Cornellis Duzart (1660-1704), Henric Rockies, nicknamed by Cherg (1621-82),

To the category of genre, you can rank artists who wrote scenes of military life. The chief representative of this industry of painting is the famous and unusually prolific Phillips of Hoover (1619-68)

In a special discharge, masters can be distinguished, which in their paintings combined the landscape with the image of animals, a famous in a number of such painters of rural idylli - Poulus Potter (1625-54); Albert Cape (1620-91).

With the greatest attention, the artists of Holland belonged to the sea.

In the work of Villem Wang de Velte Senior (1611 or 1612-93), his famous son Villem Wang de Velte Jr. (1633-1707), Lyudolf BakMaisena (1631-1708), the painting of marine species amounted to their specialty.

In the field of still life, Yang-Davids de Gem (1606-83), his son Cornelis (1631-95), Abraham Mignon (1640-79), Melchior de Gundecter (1636-95), Maria Osterweik (1630-93) .

The brilliant period of Dutch painting has long stretched - only one century.

With the beginning of the XVIII century. Its decline comes, the reason for the tastes and the views of the sprayed era of Louis XIV. Instead of a direct attitude towards nature, love for domestic and sincerity, the domination of biased theories, conventionity, imitation of the centers of the French school. The main distributor of this regrettable direction was settled in Amsterdam Flemandes Gerard de Lesshes (1641-1711),

The famous Adrian Wang de Verff (1659-1722) also contributed (1659-1722), the dull flavor of the pictures of whose paintings was no time as the riding perfection.

A foreign influence on the twentieth centuries of the XIX century.

Subsequently, Dutch artists turned to their old days to strict observation of nature.

Especially rich in the newest Dutch painting by landscapeists. Andreas Selfhaut (1787-1870), Barn Kookkuk (1803-62), Anton Mauwe (1838-88), Jacob Maris (r. 1837), Johannes Weissengruh (1822-1880), etc.

Between the newest Marinists of the Netherlands Palm Championship belongs to Johannesu Schotel (1787-1838).

In the painting of animals, the great art of Worthers Vershur showed (1812-74).

You can buy reproductions of paintings by Dutch artists in our online store.

The Netherlands is a historical area that occupies part of the extensive lowland in the North European coast from the Gulf of Finland to the strait of La Mans. Currently, the Netherlands (Holland), Belgium and Luxembourg are located on this territory.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Netherlands turned into a motley accumulation of large and small semi-independent states. The most significant among them were the duchy of Brabant, County Flanders and Holland, Utrecht bishop. In the north of the country, the population was mostly German - Friezes and the Dutch, the descendants of Galov and Romans prevailed in the south - Flemis and Wallon.
Netherlands selflessly worked with their special talent "without boredom to make the most boring things," as the French historian was expressed by the IPPOLIT TEN about these people, undividedly loyal everyday life. The sublime poetry they did not know, but the simplest things were revealed, the simplest things: a pure cozy dwelling, a warm hearth, a modest, but delicious food. The Netherlands is used to looking at the world as a huge house in which he is designed to maintain order and comfort.

Basic features of the revival of the Netherlands

Common for the art of rebirth in Italy and in the countries of Central Europe is the desire for a realistic image of a person and the surrounding world. But these tasks were solved differently due to the difference in the nature of cultures.
For Italian artists, Renaissance was an important generalization and the creation of the perfect, from the point of view of humanism, the image of a person. For them, science played an important role - artists developed the theories of prospects and teachings on proportions.
Netherlands masters attracted a variety of individual appearance of people and wealth of nature. They do not seek to create a generalized image, but transmitting characteristic and special. Artists do not use the theories of perspectives and others, but transmit the impression of the depths and space, the optical effects and the complexity of black-related relations due to careful observation.
They are characterized by love for their land and amazing attention to all trifles: to the native Northern nature, to the peculiarities of life, to the details of the interior, costumes, to the difference of materials and textures ...
Netherlands artists with marginal care are reproduced by the smallest details and recreate the sparkling wealth of paints. These new picturesque tasks could only be solved with the help of new oil painting techniques.
Opening of oil painting is attributed to Jan Van Eyka. From the middle of the 15th century, this new "Flemish manner" displaces the old Tempera technique and in Italy. It is not by chance that at the Dutch altars, which are a reflection of the whole Universe, you can consider everything that it consists, - every blade and a tree in the landscape, architectural details of cathedrals and urban houses, stitches embroidered ornaments on the robes of saints, as well as the mass of others, the smallest, details.

Art XV century - the golden age of the Netherlands painting.
The brightest representative Jan Van Eyk. OK. 1400-1441.
The greatest master of European painting:
He opened his work a new era of early rebirth in the Dutch art.
He was a court artist of the Burgundy Duke of Philip Kind.
One of the first mastered the plastic and expressive possibilities of oil painting, using thin transparent layers of paint, laid one on top of another (the so-called Flemish manner of a multilayer transparent letter).

The largest work of Wang Eyka was the Gent Altar, which he performed with his brother.
Gent altar is a grand multilingual polyptype. Its height in the central part is 3.5 m, width in the disclosed form - 5 m.
On the outside of the altar (when it is closed) depicts a casual cycle:
- In the lower row, Donators are depicted - the city dweller of Yodok Waidt with his wife, praying in front of the statues of Saints John the Baptist and John the Theologian, the patrons of the Church and Capella.
- The above-mentioned scene is located, and the figures of Our Lady and Archangel Gabriel are separated by the image of the window, in which the city landscape is evaporated.

The festive cycle is depicted on the inside of the altar.
When the altar flaps are revealed, in front of the viewer there is truly stunning transformation:
- the size of the polyptic increases twice
- The picture of everyday life is instantly replaced by the spectacle of the earthly paradise.
- Tight and duskamy camorks disappear, and the world seems to break off: the spacious landscape lights up with all the paints of the palette, bright and fresh.
The painting of the festive cycle is devoted to rare in the Christian fine art the topic of the celebration of the Transfiguration World, which should come after the commitment of a terrible court, when evil will be defeated finally and on Earth will approve truth and consent on Earth.

In the top row:
- In the central part of the altar, the god-father is depicted, sitting on the throne,
- To the left and right of the throne, the Mother of God and John the Baptist,
- Further on both sides are singing and musitizing angels,
- A number of Nagi Figures of Adam and Eve are closed.
The lower row of paintings depicts the scene of the worship of the Divine Lamb.
- In the middle of the meadow, an altar rises, it's a white lamb, it flows the blood from his pierced chest
- Closer to the viewer is a well, from which live water is poured.

Jerome Bosch (1450 - 1516)
The connection of his art with folk traditions, folklore.
In his works, bizarrely joined the features of medieval fiction, folklore, philosophical paracho and satire.
Created multifigure religious and allegorical compositions, paintings on the topics of folk proverbs, sayings and parable.
The works of Bosch are filled with numerous scenes and episodes, sturdy and fancy-fantastic images and details, full of irony and allegory.

The creativity of Bosch had a huge impact on the development of realistic trends in the Netherlands painting of the XVI century.
Composition "The Temptation of St. Anthony "- one of the most famous and mysterious works of the artist. The masterpiece of the master became the Triptych "Garden of pleasure", an intricate allegory that received many different interpretations. In the same period, the Triptychs "Terrible Court" were written, "worship of the Magi", the compositions of "St. John on Patmos "," John the Baptist in the Desert ".
By the late period of Bosch's creativity include Triptych "Paradise and Hell", the compositions of "Broadcasting", "Cross,".

Most paintings of the Bosch of the mature and late period are bizarre grotescas containing a deep philosophical subtext.

The artist's mature period of artist's creativity belongs to the Big Triptych "WHO SENA", highly estimated by Philipp II Spanish. At the heart of the altar composition probably lies with the old Netherlands Proverb: "The world is a stack of hay, and everyone tries to grab how much it can."

The temptation of St. Anthony. Triptych. Central part tree, oil. 131.5 x 119 cm (center. Part), 131.5 x 53 cm (sash) National Museum of Antique Art, Lisbon
Garden of pleasure. Triptych. About 1485. The central part
Tree, oil. 220 x 195 cm (center part), 220 x 97 cm (sash) Museum Prado, Madrid

Netherlands art XVI century. It is noted the emergence of interest in the antiquity and activities of the Masters of the Italian Renaissance. At the beginning of the century there is a flow based on the imitation of Italian samples, the name "novelism" (from Roma, Latin name of Rome).
The top of the Netherlands painting the second half of the century was creative Peter Breygel senior. 1525 / 30-1569. Noin Menitsky.
He created deep national art based on the Netherlands traditions and local folklore.
They played a huge role in the formation of the peasant genre and the national landscape in the works of Breygel, the rude folk humor, lyricism and tragedy, realistic details and fantastic grotesque, interest in detailed narration and the desire for a wide generalization were difficult to intertwine.

The works of Bruegel are proximity to the moral ideas of the medieval folk theater.
The Shutovskaya Duel of Maslenitsa and the post - the usual scene of fairness of fairness, suitable in the Netherlands in the days of winter wires.
Life boils everywhere: there are a dance, they wash the windows here, some play the bones, others sell, someone asks for a chance, someone is burying ...

Proverbs. 1559. The picture is a peculiar encyclopedia of the Netherlands Folklore.
Bruegel's characters lead each other behind the nose, sit down between two chairs, fight their heads about the wall, hang between the sky and the earth ... The Netherlands saying "and in the roof there are cracks" is close in meaning to Russian "and the walls have ears." The Netherlands "throw money into the water" means the same as the Russian "silence money", "let the money for the wind". The whole picture is dedicated to in vain spending money, forces, the whole life - here the roof is pancakes, let the arrows into the emptiness, cut pigs, are warmed by the flame of a burning house and confess the hell.

On the whole earth was one language and one adverb. Moving from the East, they found Sennar Plain in the ground and settled there. And they said to each other: "Making bricks and burn fire." And they became bricks instead of stones, and earth resin instead of lime. And they said: "We will build a city and a tower to height to heaven, and make a name before you scatter the face of the earth. And the Lord came up to see the city and the tower, which the Sons of Human were built. And the Lord said: "Here is one people, and one in all the language, and that's what they started to do, and they will not retain from what they wondered to do. We will take advantage and mix them there, so that one does not understand the speech of another. " And scattered their Lord from there all over the Earth; And they stopped building the city and the tower. Therefore, it was given a name: Babylon, for the Lord mixed the Lord of the entire earth there, and from there scattered their Lord throughout the land (Genesis, Ch. 11). Unlike the motley bustle of the early works of Bruegel, this picture striking the viewer with his calm. The tower depicted in the picture resembles the Roman Amphitheater Colosseum, which the artist saw in Italy, and at the same time - an anthill. On all floors of a huge structure, tireless work boils: the blocks rotate, the stairs are blocked, the workers figurines are blown. It is noticeable that the connection between the builders is already lost, probably because of the "mixing languages" began: somewhere construction is in full swing, and somewhere the tower has already turned into ruins.

After Jesus was devoted to the crucifix, the soldiers took a heavy cross on him and led to the frontal place called Calvary. On the way, they grabled Simon from Kirinya, who returned home from the field, and forced him to bear the cross for Jesus. For Jesus, there were many people, among them were women who cried and sobbing about him. "The cross of the cross" is a picture of religious, Christian, but this is not a church picture. Bruegel corrected the truth of the Holy Scriptures with personal experience, reflected on biblical texts, gave them his interpretation, i.e. Frankly violated the imperial decree from 1550 g, which, under the fear of death, prohibited an independent study of the Bible.

Bruegel creates a series of landscapes "Months". "Snow hunters" is December-January.
Every time of the year for the master is, above all, the unique state of the Earth and the sky.

The crowd of peasants captured by the rapid rhythm of the dance.

Major trends, stages of painting development and sign paints of Holland.

Dutch painting

Introduction

The Dutch painting of the XVII century is sometimes mistakenly considered art for the middle class, bowing to the Flemish painting of this period and calling it the court, aristocratic. No less erroneous is the view that Dutch artists only deal with the image of the direct human environment, using the landscape, city, the sea, the lives of people, while Flemish art is devoted to historical painting, which in the theory of art is considered a more elevated genre. In contrast, for public buildings in Holland, who had to have an impressive appearance, as well as rich visitors, whatever their religious beliefs or origin, were required paintings on allegorical or mythological topics.

Any division of the Netherlands School of Painting on Flemish and Dutch branches until the beginning of the XVII century. In view of the constant creative exchange between the regions it would be artificial. For example, Peter Artsen, born in Amsterdam, before returning to his hometown in 1557 he worked in Antwerp, and his student and nephew of Joachim Bubeer spent his whole life in Antwerp. In connection with the signing of Utrecht Unia and the extraction of seven northern provinces, many residents after 1579-1581. Emigrated from the Northern Netherlands to the Protestant part of the artificially divided country.

"Butcher shop". ARTSEN.

Development of art

The impetus to the independent development of Dutch painting proceeded from Flemish artists. Bartolomeus Spranger, born in Antwerp and educated in Rome, became the founder of a virtuoso, court, artificial style, which as a result of the temporary residence of the spranger in Vienna and Prague became an interethnic "language". In 1583, the painter and theorist of the art of Karel Van Mandender brought this style in Harlem. One of the main masters of this charalian or Utrecht mannerism was Abraham Blumart.

Then Isaia Wang de Velda, born in the Holland in the family of emigrants from Flanders, and who studied in the circle of painters, whose center was Flemish artists David Wincbons and Gillis Konpslo, developed a realistic style of painting, who sent to Jan Breighel-senior, with Bright color gradations of art plans. About 1630 g, in Holland approved a tendency to combine the artistic space and the merger of colors of different layers. Since then, the multi-faceted nature of the pictures of the believes gave way to the feeling of the space and the atmosphere of air hasshes, which were transmitted to the gradually growing monochrome use of color. Isaia Wang de Elder embodied this stylistic round of art with his student Jan Wang Guen.

Winter landscape. Velda.

One of the most monumental landscapes of High Baroque, "Big Forest", Jacob's brushes Van Reydal, belongs to the next period of development of Dutch painting. The viewer no longer have to worry enough by the amorphous appearance of the extending space in gray-brown tones with several motifs rushing; From now on, the impression produces a fixed, energetically accented structure.

Genre painting

The Dutch genre painting, which, in fact, can hardly be called just portraying everyday life, often carrying the moralistic message, presented in Vienna the works of all its main masters. Her center was Leiden, where Gerard Du, the first student of Rembrandt, founded the school, known as the "Leiden School of Graceful Painting (Fijnschilders)."

Figurative painting

Meeting company officers. France Hals.

Three greatest Dutch masters of figurative painting, France Hals, Rembrandt and Yang Vermeer Delft, followed each other with an interval of almost a whole generation. Hals was born in Antwerp and worked in Kharlem mainly as a portraitist. For many, he became an impersonation of an open, cheerful and spontaneous painter-virtuoso, while the art of Rembrandt, a thinker - as the clichée says, "reveals the origins of human destiny. This is simultaneously fair, and wrong. What immediately rushes into the eyes when looking at the portrait or group portrait of Hals's brush, so this ability to convey the person who overflow emotions, in motion. In order to portray an eluding moment, Hals uses open, noticeably irregular strokes, crossed by zigzags or in the form of hatching. This creates an effect of a constantly flickering surface, similar to an outline that merges into a single image only when viewed from a certain distance. After the return of the "gifts" of Rothschild, the expressive portrait of a man in black was purchased for the collection of Prince Liechtenstein and thus returned to Vienna. The Museum of Art History Own only one picture of Franz Hals, a portrait of a young man who has already performed in the Karl VI collection as one of the few samples of the Protestant art of Holland. Portraits written in the late period of Hals creativity, closer to the work of Rembrandt on psychological penetration and lack of posterity.

Due to the subtle transitions of shades and areas of Chiarostkuro Rembrandt, as if he envelops the figures with a sounding space, in which the mood is inhabited, the atmosphere, something intangible and even invisible. Rembrandt's creativity in the Vienna Art Gallery is represented only by portraits, although the "Mother of the Artist" and the "Son of the Artist" can also be considered single historical paintings. In the so-called "big self-portrait" of 1652, the artist appears before us in brown blouse, with a turn of a person in three quarters. His look self-confident and even calling.

Vermeer.

The art of Yana Vermeer deprived of drama is completely focused on contemplation, was considered a reflection of the Dutch middle class, now independent and contented what he has. However, the simplicity of the artistic concepts of Vermeer is deceptive. Their clarity and calm are the result of an accurate analysis, which includes the use of the latest technical inventions, such as the obscura camera. "Allegory of Painting", created around 1665-1666, the vertex work of the Vermeer in terms of working with color, can be called the most ambitious picture of it. The process started by Jan Aykom, the native of the Northern Netherlands, the passive, suspended contemplation of the immovable world, has always remained the main theme of Dutch painting and in the work of the Vermeer reached the allegorical and at the same time a valid apotheosis.

Dutch painting

Updated: September 16, 2017 by the author: Gleb