The origin of the Belarusian ethnos. The role of ethnogenesis of Belarusians in the formation of national statehood

The process of the formation of the Belarusian ethnic volume is quite complicated and contradictory. Among scientists there is no consensus as the time of the appearance of Belarusians as an ethnos and about the ancestors of modern Belarusians. It is believed that the ethnogenesis of Belarusians occurred in the territory of the upper subway, the middle move and the top show. Some researchers (Georgy Shtykhov, Nikolai Ermolovich, Mikhail Tkachev) believe that the Belarusian ethnic has existed already in the XIII century. The archaeologist Valentin Sedov believed that the Belarusian ethnic community was developed in the XIII-XIV centuries, Moses Greenblat - in the period from the XVI century.

The emergence of Belarus as an ethnic territory, its East Slavic population is an integral part of the process of formation of the Belarusian people (ethnogenesis). It is impossible to answer numerous questions about the origin of Belarus without considering a number of problems of the Belarusian ethnogenesis, without an answer to the question of the ancestors of the Belarusians, the historical roots of our people.

To date, unfortunately, among scientists of Belarus there is no single point of view regarding the ethnogenesis of Belarusians. There are many diverse versions about where Belarusians come from where their ethnic roots are located, within which state formations there are formation of our nation, our nation. The presence of several concepts of the emergence of Belarus and the origin of the Belarusian people is due to the complexity of the process of formation of the ethnic territory and methods of its research, a variety of sources that are very often different from each other.

There are several fundamentally different concepts of ethnogenesis of Belarusians:

Curvic theory of origin (ethnogenesis) of the Belarusian people

One of these theory of origin of the Belarusian people is a curvic theory, formulated in the main features in the second half of the XIX century and obtained significant development at the beginning of the 20th century in the works of a number of scientists, in particular the well-known Belarusian historian and public figure of Vaclav Lastovsky (1883-1938). V. Lastovsky argued that the traditional culture of one of the first East Slavic ethnic communities is based on the formation of the Belarusian people, which are the ancestors of Belarusians. The scientist proceeded from what exactly Crivichi was the most numerous community among the tribes in the territory of modern Belarus and occupied some of the land beyond. Moreover, it was on the territory of the settlement of the curvice that such a state education was formed as the Polotsk Principality, which had a significant impact on the development of the rest of the Belarusian lands. V. Lastovsky also expressed the idea that Belarusians were more correct to call "Curves", and Belarus - "Curvia". Despite a number of facts testifying to this theory, its main provision that the ancestors of Belarusians are curvaciations, and the ethnic territory of the Belarusian people was formed on the ethnic territory of curvice, contradicts reality. Crivichi and their ethnic territory (curvia) disappeared in the middle of the XII century, and the Belarusian ethnos, his ethnic territory at that time was not yet formed. The controversy of this concept is revealed and in the fact that it cannot convincingly explain the emergence of ethnic traits of the South Belarusian population, since curviti lived only in the northern and central part of modern Belarus.

Famous Belarusian scientists Ya.F. Karsky and V.I. Pichet incorporated into the ancestors of Belarusians not only curvacres, but radar and dregovich, to some extent overcame the one-scenes of the Criminal theory. However, they did not take into account the important factor that between Slavic tribes, on the one hand, and Belarusians - on the other, there is no direct continuity. Dregovichi, Curvichi and Radmichy disappeared in the XII century, and the Common Language and Cultural Complex at that time had not yet formed.

Balt theory of origin (ethnogenesis) of the Belarusian people

There is another fairly interesting and well-argued theory of origin of the Belarusian people. This is the Balt theory, which formed in the 60s - early 70s of the 20th century and connecting the origin of Belarusians with living on the territory of modern Belarus in the twilithic period of the Balt. One of the authors of this theory was the Moscow Archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences V. V. Sedov. He expressed the idea that the mixture of Slavs and Balts had its result the formation of the Belarusian ethnos, the originality of his culture and language. At the same time, the scientist argued, the Balts in the ethnogenesis of Belarusians played the role of a substrate (shareholders). His theory V.V. Sedov argued the data of archaeological excavations, which spent on the territory of Belarus and in Smolenc region. He found a number of decorations, tools, weapons, which were characteristic of Balt culture and did not belong to the Slavs. Based on the archaeological data, V. V. Sedov came to the conclusion that at the end of the bronze and during the period of the Iron century on the territory of the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the drier of the Don, including the Oka Swimming pool, and from the subway station to the Kyiv region lived, from the middle of the first millennium The migration of Slavs began. But they could not oust the Balts, moreover, the Balts took an active part in the ethnogenesis of the Slavic tribes, entered their staff and took various dialects of their language. Thus, the main, determining factor in the formation of the Belarusian ethnos, according to the Baltian theory, is considered to be colonization of the Slavs of the territory located north of Pripyat, including the top small, the upper move and the subnet, assimilation of them of the Balts, the impact of the Balts into the language and culture of the Slavic tribes. The proof of this is the fact that many elements of the language and culture of Belarusians have Balt roots, for example, worshiping the horror and stones in the traditional religion of Belarusians, Lapti of direct weaving, the construction technique of housing, a number of sounds of Belarusian phonetics (solid "R", "Akane" etc.).

Despite the significant argumentality of the Baltian concept, a number of scientists found many controversial points in approving that the allocation of the Belarusian ethnos from other groups of the Slavic population is due to the main impact of the Balts. Several doubts are given a significant influence of the Balts on the formation of the Belarusian people, his culture, language, the conclusion of Belarusians from other East Slavic peoples - Russians and Ukrainians.

Old Russian concept of origin (ethnogenesis) of the Belarusian people

The other concept of the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians is also a controversial concept - ancient Russian concept. One of its theoretics was our countryman - the Associate Professor of the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy M. O. Koyavilovich (1828-1891), who defended the Panxlavist concept of the history of Russia and believed that the Russian people consist of three parts: Velikorsov, Malororsov and Belarusians. According to this theory, Curvich, Radmichi, Dregovichi, as well as other East Slavic tribes have changed in ethnically before the formation of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian peoples. Initially, the general Eastern Slavonic community came to replace the East Slavonic ethnic community, and their ethnic territories were formed by Kievan Rus, which was the predecessor of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.

Today, this theory is disputed by many scientists, a minority of which deny the existence in the past of the common East Slavic community - ancient Russian nationality. Indeed, there are a lot of questions that this theory does not give answers. In essence, the chronological framework of the existence of such a nationality was not confirmed by the actual material (developed in the IX-X centuries, broke up in the XII century) in Belarus. Simplified theory also explains the path of the emergence of Belarus from the ethnic territory of ancient Russia, the complexity of the methods and ways of education of the new ethnic territory is not taken into account, the impact on this process is not only evolution, but also the diffusion phenomena of culture and language, names. It does not convince the assertion that the disappearance of the Old Russian nationality was influenced by the process of disappearing from the political map of Kievan Rus and education on its territory of the Grand Duchy of the Lithuanian and Moscow State, as well as the invasion of Mongol-Tatars and Crusaders. But the ancestors of modern Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians together lived in one state, in operation, during the XIII-XVIII centuries, however, the process of completing the formation of ancient Russian nationality was never implemented. This may mean that each of the abnormal peoples walked its own historical way. Brought them block, of course, the Old Russian language, common traits of culture, general ethnic self -lation (Russian, Rusians, Rusins), a single Orthodox religion.

. "Finnish" concept

There is also a "Finnish" concept, put forward by the writer Ivan Laskov. According to her, Finno-Ugry spoke to the ancestors of Belarusians. The concept is formed on the basis of the presence of a significant amount of ancient Finno-Ugric Hydrons on the territory of Belarus (for example, Dvina, Svir). Now, however, it is believed that Finno-Ugry spoke to the substrate not Belarusians, but the Balts.

. "Polish" and "Great Russian" concept

The "Polish" (L. Galebovsky, A. Rpinsky) and "Velikoruskaya" (A. Sobolevsky, I. Szrevnevsky), according to which the ethnic territory of Belarusians was considered as an originally Polish or original Great Russian, respectively, the argument to the absence of Belarusians of a separate language. Meanwhile, even at the beginning of the 20th century, Evvy Karavsky in the fundamental work "Belarusians" proved the independence of the Belarusian adverb, both from the Polish language and the Great Russian Adjustment of the Russian Language, thereby refuting the main argument of supporters of these concepts.

Slavs highlighted from Indo-Europeans to the middle of 1 millennium BC. The first Slavs came from the south (6-7V. AD) there was an opinion that the Slavs went to Belarus only from the south, but Karasky proved that the main Masa Slavyan moved from the South and the West. Hypotheses about the appearance of Slavs: 1) Most researchers consider the Slavs to be granked from Karpat to Dniester's leaders in the south before the Verkhovyev Pripyat and Vistula in the north. 2) Oder and Vistula pool. Glory settled next to the Balts often subordinate them and occupying their settlements. They exceeded the Balts in terms of social. Economic Development, engaged in agriculture knew two-pole, used the iron tip. In 8-9 centuries. Great groups of Salads have advanced and downtown in all regions, installed close contacts with the Balt population. The main mass of Slavs B. was: - Dregovichi, -Krivichi, - Radmichi.

Dregovichi settled the Earth between the Posyat and Zap. Motina. The place of place is the name of the tribes from the word Dygava (swamp). But Nikolai Ermolovich believes that the name has a patronomical character and comes from the Slavic named Dangivit. In their collapse, the Slavic elements prevailed, their language was-Slavic. Women wore temporal rings, on the cat. Dressed Copper Beads, there was ceramics, spiral rings, star buckles.

Radmichi - East from Dregovichi lived radar. The downtown area of \u200b\u200bthe population is the pool of the rivers of the river and Iput. In culture, the Slavic elementanik was dominated by Slavic. Slavic elements: ceramics, rings. Balt: bracelets with snares comes from the mythical personality of the radics.

Krivichi-north of Roddimichi and Dreshechi lived curvitus, they occupied the expanses of the move, and the upper cut from their breeding center was Polotsk. Culture was divided into 2 groups: Polotsk-Smolensk and Pskov. Language - Slavic. Summary of a few hypotheses about the names of the tribes: 1) from the ladle of the priests of Kreveten Kreveten 2) on behalf of the X-Kryvet Krivete 3) from the mountainous terrain (crumunum) 4) the similarity of the word blood (Crane)

The main concepts of the whiteness of the Beloush ethnos. Modern discussions on this topic.

In 19V. Appeared Polish and Great Russian concept. They denied land. Independent bel. Ethnicome on the basis of the fact that the population of Belarus buds would not be. self-language. Supporters of the Polish Concept - Galimbovsky and Repinsky considered Belarusians part of the Polish Ethnic Sheet and Belarus part of Poland. Belarusian language - by the nurse of the Polish language. The Great Russian Concept (Sobolevsky and Radnevsky) is based on the submission that Belarus is part of Russia. Bel. Dyes.- the narest Russian language. The Kar's scientist in labor "Belarusians" has proven that the Belarusian language of the Yavl-S. Independent Slavic language, which in its lexical composition is included in the group of shipylo-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bas equally.

The curvist concept (20B): It is based on the presentation that almost all the features of which Belarusians differ from Ukrainians and Russians are perceived by them from the curvice. The authors were identified by Belorus and Krivich, offered to call Belarusians - curvitis, and Belarus - Crvia. The preciousness of this concept was that the curviti and the territory of Crvia disappeared to the sir. 12th century, and Belarusians as an ethnos were not formed at the time, there was no common television language.

Balt. According to which the appearance of Belarusians is explained by the fact that the territory of Belarus, the Balt lived before the appearance of Slavs. According to this theory, the merge of Slavs with the Balts as if he would have led to the appearance of the Belarusian ethnos, language. (Sedov). Many elements of the language and culture of Belarusians have the Balt roots. Continules considered that the main position is not confirmed by any actually theoretically. The elements shown above the culture and a shchery are characteristic of both the Slavs and Batam,

Finnish. (Laskov) draws attention to the fact that Belarus has the names of the rivers and lakes of Fminian origin.

old Russian concept. (Mavrodin, Tokarev). According to which the sources of Bel, Ukrainian and Russian and Russian is the Old Russian nationality - East Slavic ethnic communities that have developed as a result of mixing, k, r, d, rall and northerners. However, this concept has many opponents (Ermolovich, bayonets). They completely deny the fact that the Essence of the Old Russian nationality.

Peelippenko in the 90s in the 90s 20Vek formulated a new concept. He denies the role of the Balts as ancestors of Belarus. In the reassessment and mixing of Slavs with the Eastern Balti, communities were formed - K, D, R,. Consolidated Community Consolidated Community - Russian Nativity

- The process of formation of the Belarusian ethnos.

The Belarusian people are one of the branches (subgroups) of the Eastern Slavs as part of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of peoples. Formed as a result of long and complex ethnic processes, which took place at different times on the territory of Belarus, imagined and reworked a diverse genetic foundation for several millennia.

The genome of the Belarusian nation

Upon concentration of genes "M" and "N", the Belarusian ethnos occupies an intermediate position between Central and Eastern European zones (the main three:

• western
• central I.
• eastern).

Local versions on the territory of Belarus give two main zones:

• south-Western with the frequency of the gene "M" more than 60% and
• northeast With a frequency of less than 60%.

In the populations of Western Polesia, homozygots are more common with statistical accuracy, which indicates their relative isolation in the past. Research data of the Rh Factor Indicates the autochonomy of Belarusian rural populations. According to the sensitivity to phenylthicarbeamide, Belarusians with Lithuanians and Ukrainian are almost no different. But there are their difference from the Poles and Russians. Haplotypes have been studied to argue that the Belarusian population is more than other corresponds to the East Slavic ancestors of generality. The term "East Slavic" is used conditionally in Belarusians, leaving more accurate use of the term "Eastern European" in relation to the people of Belarus.

In 2005-2010, at the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus it was The study of the gene pool of Belarusians according to the data of the three types of genetic markers - autosomal, mitochondrial and y-chromosomes.

Conclusions of research

"The differences between Belarusian populations are less than the differences are between Ukrainian populations, and much less than the differences are present in within Russian populations. I.e, Different populations of Belarusians are genetically very similar to each other. " At the same time, on the issue of the similarity of the gene pool of Belarusians on the Balts and Slavs, it was determined that "in the father's line, the differences in Belarusians from the Balts are expressed very clearly - in the haplogroup" Y "Belarusians belong to the circle of Eastern and Western Slavs. In the maternal line (MTDNA hplogroup), Belarusians are equally similar to the Balts and the Slavs - as western so I. eastern ».

Research Y-chromosome

According to this study, most of the studied genomes of Belarusians contained the haplogroup "R1a" (60%) and "I1B" (17%). Based on the frequencies of the Haplogroups of the Y-chromosome (the descendants of the male), the genuine of Belarusians can be described as European (which indicates a haplogroup "R1B3"), Eastern European (on the predominance of the Haplogroup "R1A") and the Northeast (due to the presence of the haplogroup "N3"). The presence of a significant part of the population of Belarus's Gaplogroup "I1B" testifies in favor of the presence of genetic relations with the peoples of Southern Europe. So comparison The results with the genome of other European peoples shows that in the markers of Y-chromosome Belarusians "show high similarity with the eastern Slavs and most Western Slavs, but are genetically far from the Balts." Moreover, A genetic community was found, which "forms a single dense cluster, including Belarusians, Poles, southwestern residents of the territories of modern Russia related to the ethnic history of Belarus and Ukraine (Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol regions), as well as Russians of the Tver region." In addition, the differences between the northern and southern Belarusians in this marker were minimal. The third largest game of the Gaplogroup "N1C", and on average its frequency varies from 8% on the south to 15% on the north. This Y-chromosome marks the migration flow from The north associated with the threshold component.

Research on mitochondrial DNA

Research of mitochondrial DNA, which is transmitted from mother to descendants of both sexes, showed that most of the geneticular of the Belarusians is represented by a haplogroup H (38%), and the rest of the haplogroup "j", "u5a", "t" (7-10%) . There are "significant differences between south and northern Belarusians. They are achieved by pronounced originality. north Belarusians, which is not associated with the Balt Substrate in the Mother Inheritance Lines - Northern Belarusians are equally genetically removed from the Balts and from Western Slavs (including from Poles), and from Finno-Ugrov, from almost all populations of Eastern Slavs. " It is noted that in the mitochondrial DNA "very large similarity south Belorus S. south and Western Russian populations: to them southern Belarusians are 3-5 times genetically closer than to Northern Belarusians. "

Outosomal DNA Research

A comparative analysis of the Genofords of Western Eurasia has shown that "in autosomal DNA markers, all Eastern Slavs are included in one cluster of Eastern Europe. However, the Ukrainian and Russian populations are closer to each other than to Belarusians ... Ukrainians and Russians are closer to the populations of Western and Southern Europe than Belarusians. Unfortunately, according to these markers, the nearest Western and Northern Neighbors of Belarusians, and in particular, the Baltic peoples were not studied. It can be assumed that some of the originality of the gene pool of Belarusians is associated with the contribution of the Balt Substrate. "

Concept ethnogenesis

• "Tribal" concept

At the beginning of the 20th century, a concept was formed in the Belarusian National Intelligentsian environment, according to which Belarusians took place from the chronicle tribe of Krivich. The author of "Crivitsky" concept was Vaclav Lastovsky. Previously, such ideas were conventionally called "tribal" concepts, they were voiced by Nikolai Kostomarov and Mikhail Pogodin. The concept has not been widespread, but served as ideological basis for forming "Crivitsky-Dregovichsky-Radmyceki" Concepts. Her authors were famous historians and lingules of Efim Karasky, Moses Greenblat, Mitrofan Dovanar-Zapolsky and Vladimir Pestet. The concept is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bforming the Belarusian ethnos as a result of ethnic consolidation of the tribes that inhabited the ethnic territory of Belarusians. The popularity of this concept is large enough, although it does not take into account the chronological gap between the disappearance of the chronicle tribes in the middle of the XII century and the formation of the common Belarusian ethnic complex.

• "Balt" concept

In the 1960s - in the early 1970s, a new concept was formed by the Moscow archaeologist Valentin Sedov. According to its Belarusian ethnos, it was formed from mixing and allowed asymissions of local balts with Slavs, besides the Balts in the ethnogenesis of Belarusians played the role of a substrate (shareholders). The concept was built on the basis of the assignment of the archaeological crops of the late Iron Century in Belarus in the Balt, which now almost nobody is disputed. During numerous excavations, Valentin Sedov found a number of jewelry, workers, weapons that were characteristic of Balt culture and did not belong to the Slavs. In his opinion, the migration for these territories of Slavs began in the middle of the first 11th millennium of our era, besides, during this period, Slavs settled only the territories of south of g. Pripyat. The settlement of the Slavs of the main part of the territory of Belarus, according to V. Sedov, applies only to the VIII-X centuries. As an argument in favor of the "Balt" concept, the fact of the presence in many elements of the language and culture of the Belarusians of the Balt roots is given. For instance, Worship of the Horm and Stones in the traditional religion of Belarusians, Lapti direct weaving, housing construction technique, a number of sounds of Belarusian phonetics (solid sound "P", Akane). On the other hand, Ukrainian lapties are the same as the Belarusian, and the reverence of stones is found in all Eastern Slavs. Although most modern researchers are generally accepted by the "Balt" concept, Often cast doubt on the "big" influence of the Balts on the formation of the Belarusian people, his culture and language. According to the statements of the ethnologist Mikhail Pilipenko, the Balts made a substrate not for the formation of directly Belarusians, but as a preparing the Slavic communion of Crivic, Dregovich and Radmich. However, according to Vyacheslav Nosorevich, the "new concept" of Mikhail Pilipenko is an attempt to smooth out the contradictions between the Balt, "Crivitsky-Dreshechsky-Radmitskoye" and "Ancussian" concepts, and she does not bother anything new.

• "Finnish" concept

The writer Ivan affectionately nominated. According to her, Finno-Ugry spoke to the ancestors of Belarusians. Existing on the basis of the presence of a significant amount of ancient Finno-Ugric Hydnimes in Belarus (eg, Dvina, Svir). However, the financial-speaking population in the territory of Belarus lived in deep antiquity, and were notymigined by the Slavs, and the ancient balts were settled in Ponimania, the arms and subnet in the bronze age. Finns on the territory of Belarus became a substrate not Belarus, but ancient balts.

• "Old Russian" concept

After the Second World War in the KGB controlled KGB science, under the leadership of the CPSU, the dominant role was taken by the "Old Russian" concept, according to which Belarusians, along with Ukrainian and Russian, were formed in the consequence of the collapse of the Unified Old Russian nationality in the XII-XIII centuries. Along with this, Belarusians were prohibited from scientific research that would contradict the pro-Russian imperial ideology of the USSR CPSU. Theoretically, this concept was substantiated by Sergei Tokarev, the archaeologists of Peter Tretyakov and Boris Rybakov also took part in its development. The individual provisions of the "Old Russian concept" were subjected to a serious scientific criticism by Archaeologists Valentina Sedov and Eduard Zagorulsky. Against the hypothesis about the "single" ancient Russian nationality actively acted as an archaeologist Georgy Shchykhov, after which a division "To the problem of ancient Russian nation", containing criticism of this concept, was accepted into teaching benefits on the history of Belarus. Despite the criticism, the "Old Russian" concept remains common and at the beginning of the XXI century.

• "Polish" and "Russian" concept

Theories of the substantiation of the stay of Belarus in the composition of the Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. "Polish" concept (presented - L. Galebovsky, A. F. Ripinsky) and "Russian" Concept (represented by A. I. Sobolevsky, I. I. Szrevnevsky) has a common position, according to which the ethnic territory of Belarusians It is considered as "invoking the Polish territory" or "original Russian", on the explanation of this they put forward the idea of \u200b\u200b"absence" of Belarusians a separate Belarusian language (which was experiencing in parallel with these theories of discrimination against the authorities of both these statements). But at the beginning of the 20th century, the scientist Yu. F. Karasky in the fundamental work "Belorus" proved the independence of the Belarusian language from the Polish language and from the Russian language, thereby refuted the main "argument" of supporters of these concepts. Now the point of view regarding Belarusians and the Belarusian language as an independent ethnic group and a language in the composition of the Eastern Slavic group, absolutely prevails in academic science.

Causes, ethnic basis and the time of the appearance of Belarusians

The emergence of the Belarusian people is a natural result of the past ethnic development of the population of Belarus, due to the laws of ethnogenesis. In the historical literature, the appearance of the Belarusian people is not always covered correctly, out of connection with the laws of ethnogenesis and real historical circumstances. Often, instead of fundamental, theoretically substantiated developments based on a wide source material, suggested at different times of assumptions are far from scientifically. It is difficult to call scientific concepts some of the considerations of non-professionals, lovers. For example, the idea On the emergence of Belarusians based on the Finnish ethnic volume. She was proposed laskovo I. A., far from humanitarian sciences. It was enough for him to indicate that there are separate Finno-Ugric toponyms on the territory of Belarus. An insignificant number of Finno-Ugric Hydronism really exists, but in the north-east of Belarus. In general, Balt river names are dominated in the hydroimines of Belarus. However, the advantage of non-Slavonic hydronismics may indicate only the fact that the Slavs also preceded the Finno-Ugric population and the Balt population. In addition, the Finno-Hungarian hydrimeimics appeared even in Neolithic before the attack of the Balt, partially began to be used last. And the Slavs later found in this territory not the most finno-thieves, but the Balts. In this way, There could not provide any influence on the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians of the Finno-Ugri.

The fact that the Slavs spread to the territory of the previously busy ballots, which explains the use of the river names, which was used by the local Balt population, including Finno-Ugric Hydronima. It is considered erroneous proposed Sedov V.V. The thesis on the decisive role in the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians of the Balt substrate. According to this idea, Yermolovich M. I. Directly calls the Belarusians "Slavic Balts".

Never a substrate can be an ethnic ethnic database that is formed. Slavs as carriers of the culture of Prague type began to be mixed with the Balta in the VI-VII centuries. Our era, shortly after their settlement in the daily Bug and Dnieper, where part of the balt lived in them. Balt substrate at that time played a well-known role in the formation of the eastern group of Slavs, which became the core of the Old Russian nationality. Therefore, the share of the Baltian component is present in all Eastern Slavs, which settled later in Eastern Europe. But the Slavs did not become neither Belarusians, nor Ukrainian or modern Russians.

Slavs who came later on the territory middle and north Belarus, again assimilated some part of the balt. But far from any mixing can lead to ethnic transformation and appearance of an ethnic. The inclusion of other ethnic groups can be tangible and considered as the influence of the substrate, but it does not lead to the loss of its main ethnic characteristics. Superstratus can suffer only minor changes, to acquire some new features under the substrate, in culture or in the anthropological type, but the degree of influence of the ethnic substrate in ethnogenesis is different and depends on many factors. It is more considerable when the substrate carrier is large in quantitative terms and level of cultural development. It is believed that in ethnic interactions, the victory receives an ethnic group with a high level of economic, cultural and social development. However, it should be recalled that the development of an ethnos determines not only one substrate.

Everything points out that the interaction of the Slavic and Balt population on the territory of Belarus was precisely an assimilant nature and did not lead to a noticeable transformation of the Slavic ethnic volume. Slavic culture, ancient Russian language and, especially important, Russian ethnic self-consciousness are preserved. As the sources testify, the Slavic Balt held quickly and ended at the beginning of the XI century. In the next century, after completing the assimilation of the Balts, the Slavs continued to consider themselves and call themselves Russian. Even the first Russian chroniclers who knew and recorded the Slavic population of Balts, who knew and recorded the fact that Slavs were the indigenous population of ancient Russia and came here in the process of Slavic settlement.

It is difficult to imagine that the Balt Substrate could show himself in a few centuries after the disappearance of the Baltian population in the territory of Western Russia, and besides, it is still the main reason for the appearance of Belarusians.

In the problem of the origin of Belarusians it is important to decide on the dates. The erroneous position of some authors, compliance with the provisions on the decisive role in the appearance of the Belarusians of the Balt substrate, is brought to the point of absurdity, that the mixing of the Balts with Slavs, regardless of time and circumstances, automatically led to the birth of the Belarusian ethnicule. This hypothesis logically coincides with the point of opponents of the existence of ancient Russian nationality, which is why in their representation of the formation of the Belarusian ethnos should occur in the second half of the I thousand N. E .. So, in some teaching guides on the history of Belarus, the section on the occurrence of Belarusians began to place immediately After the section "Iron Age" before the era of ancient Russia. Following the erroneous theses about the appearance of Belarusians to mix the Balts and Slavs, Shnyhov G. V. Belarusians or "Prabilorus" called carriers of Bansersoi and Kolochinsky cultures (the middle of the second half of the I-th thousand N. E.), in which there was nothing Slavic. And Belarusians are the organic part of the Slavic world. No other ethnic basis, except for Slavic, could not be in the formation of Belarusians.

The second common mistake is to bring the origin of the Belarusians directly from the so-called East Slavic tribes: Krivichi, Dregovich and Radmich. When Eastern Slavs began to settle the territory of Belarus to the north of Pripyat, they were no longer a tribe, and a higher type of ethnic community - ancient Russian nationality. She became the basis on which Belarusians were formed, as well as Ukrainians, and later Russians. So the emergence These peoples belong to the wrigatory period.

The Belarusian ethnos was formed not throughout the territory of ancient Russia, and on the basis of the part of the ancient Russian nation, they settled the main territory of modern Belarus. And if this part of the Old Russian nationality, the chronicle of the "Tale of Bygone Years" sometimes called the curvists, radar and tregovichi, then it is necessary to keep in mind that it is not about tribes, but about Territorial the groups of the Old Russian population, ethnically among themselves did not differ. The accuracy in determining these ethnonyms is not given in the works of Greenblat M. Ya. And Pilipenko M. F., devoted to the problem of the origin of Belarusians. Such uncertainty in concepts may cause a question about the place in the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians of the so-called "Old Russian nationality." Also erroneous is the hypothesis about the appearance of Belarusians based on only a lonely "Curvitian tribe".

The emergence of the Belarusian ethnicome among other Slavic peoples was due to all those factors that manifest themselves in ethnogenesis: this is the ethnic past, and the spatial factor (the large territory that Eastern Slavs occupied), and the effect of ethnic substrates, and the role of the political separation of the Eastern Slavs, which Began in the XIII century, a different political environment in which various East Slavic areas developed. All this should be considered when explaining the reasons for the appearance of the Belarusian people.

Exploring the problem of the origin of Belarusians, it is necessary to allocate the main characteristic features of Belarusians in language, material and spiritual culture; Trace when, how and why they arose. It is very important to find out the formation and introduction of Belarusian ethnic identification.

Genofond and anthropological type

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Anthropologist and Genetic Aleksey Mikulich (in 1976-1978), taking into account anthropological signs, as well as the prevalence of certain blood groups, approves on a single racial type of Belarusians, Aukstileta, Latgalov, inhabitants of Chernihiv region, Smolensk region, Bryanzachina , the so-called "New Mazovia" and reduces this type to the Neolithic population of Eastern Europe. Belarusians anthropologically and genetically unchanged at least 3,500 at least 140 knees in the Belarusian ethnic gathering (and the Slavs appeared only in the IV-VI centuries. E.), that is, Belarusians are autochthon and wrong is to bind the origin of Belarusians only with Slavs.

Anthropologist Yefim Chepurkovsky in 1913 allocated two main types among Belarusians:

1. population with a predominance of dark pigmented leather, round-headed and lowered in Polesie, and
2. more blonde, light-eyed population, long-headed in the basin of the Neman rivers and Western Dvina.

Population population for the aggregate factors was most often isolated from other populations in Belarus, which makes it possible to assume that it is anthropologically closer to the aboriginal population.

The emergence of Belarusians should be considered as a result of their past ethnic history. Very remote events were reflected in some ethnic and anthropological characteristics of modern Belarusians.

In the ethnic history of Belarus, several periods are allocated:

• indo-European, which coincides with the stone time (XXV-III thousand to n. e.);
• balt which coincides with the bronze and iron days (II thousand to n. e. - Ser. I thousand N. E.);
• slavic (From the second half of the first thousand - to the present day).

• old Russian (until the XIII century)
• belorussky (from the XIV-XVI centuries to this day).

These dates and boundaries between ethnic periods are conditional, since ethnic processes proceed very slowly, and the transition from one period to another can take a long time. The center of gravity of "ethnic clouds (ranges)" of Belarusians and Ukrainian in space is located near, but "clouds" are indicated only by half, almost leaving the "clouds" of Russians. In addition, if the Ukrainian ethnic not borders S. Finno-Ugric component, and Belarusian - only touches then the Russian population is in one cluster with Finno-Ugric, and not with Slavic ethnic groups. The geographical structure of the Belarusian gene pool corresponds to the ranges of ancient archaeological crops. For example, The attachment of the Genogeographic Area is superimposed on the expansion of the Neolithic Narva Culture (IV-III thousand to N. E.). According to the weighted average effectively rewarding demographic sizes and, according to the eight anthroposses of genetic signs, Belarus was settled in the ancestors of modern Belarusians about 10,000 years ago - with the genetic continuity of the local population of modern Belarusians with a high propriety, we can consider the descendants of the local ancient population. Belarusian subareals are combined into one, and the main Russian space does not have condsomalidity differing in a significant degree of mosaic, that is, the Genofund of Belarusians significantly different from Russian.

Genogeographic analysis allows you to allocate from the point of view of anthropogenetic typologies regions:

• northern,
• Northwestern,
• southwest and
• northeastern.

They retained the substrate features of the Aboriginal Divanic day in Belarus. These regions are well listed on the developed scheme of cultural and geographical zoning of Belarus. As a result, not only environmental dependence, but also the possibility of inter-ethnic influence of ancient layers of the autochthonous population of Belarus, signs of three genetically anthropological complexes with an appropriate concentration of genes in Belarus:

• Impute
• Central Belarus I.
• Polesia.

First ethnic formations

The first settlements of people in Belarus appeared in the late Paleolithic 27 thousand years ago. In the south of the country, in the Gomel region, two parking lots have been identified and explored: Berdizka in Chechersk district (23 thousand years ago) and Yurovichka - in Kalinkovichi (existed 26 thousand years ago). Adverse climatic conditions due to prolonged placement of the glacier prevented by the development of the person of this territory. Strengthening cold weather has often forced people to leave her and go south. It is possible that the entire population in Belarus during this period did not exceed a hundred people which united in a few early generic communities.

After the end of the glacial period (about 10 thousand years ago, during the mesolitis), the active settlement of the territory of Belarus begins during the IX-V thousand to our era. The various mesolitic tribes of hunters penetrated here from the neighboring regions and formed 3-4 ethnocultural areas, which differ little among themselves in elements of material culture. Later (IV-III thousand BC) on their basis, neolithic cultures developed.

Different territory of initial settlement immediately determined differences in the ethnic composition of the population of Belarus throughout the Stone Age. Several tribal groups of hunters and fishermen lived on its territory, which were the direct descendants of the most ancient population of Eastern Europe.

Borders that took shape in the mesolite between individual tribal groups were sufficiently stable and persisted for several millennia. The stability of the ethnic groups and their territories in the conditions of the same lifestyle with the level of the same economic and social development of these tribes indicates complex inter-ethnic relations that excluded significant mixing and penetration of some one tribes into the territory of others.

The language is mostly neolithic tribes of Belarus, it is not amenable to definition, but it is undoubted that the then tribes did not belong to the Indo-European group of peoples. Therefore, they can be conventionally called "Doindo-European".

At the end of Neolithic (III thousand BC), new tribes with a characteristic culture of waste-grained ceramics have come to the northern districts of Belarus, which archaeologists associate with ancient Finno-Ugrons. This conclusion is also confirmed in the results of anthropology and linguistics research.

In this way, The initial period of the ethnic history of Belarus coincides with the stone time and the dominance of the assigning form of the farm, can be called an oldest period or Indo-European. He was the longest, covered the time from the moment the first people appeared on the territory of Belarus and by the end of the III mil. BC. e. The main occupation of them was hunting, fisheries and gathering. Wood-rich forest and developed system of rivers with lakes created favorable conditions for such classes. The entire population of Belarus by the end of the Stone Age was not more than 5 thousand people.

Balt period

The most important changes in the historical fate of the population of Belarus occurred at the end of the III - early II thousand to n. E .. New Indo-European tribes of cattle breeders and farmers began to settle on its territory. A large migration of Indo-European tribes, which covered the huge spaces of Asia and Europe, was caused by the transition of Indo-Europeans to cattle breeding and agriculture, which created completely new opportunities for the existence of people. Livestock reliably provided man with meat, milk, fats, wool. This quickly affected the level of life of the Indo-Europeans: children's mortality rate significantly reduced and the life expectancy of people increased. All this led to a sharp increase in the number and density of the population. Own territory for Indo-Europeans was not enough then. Going beyond your "Pranodina" and began to gradually master the neighboring territories.

The migration of Indo-Europeans from their initial place-location (ancestor) was carried out in different directions, and took several thousand years. At the beginning of the III thousand to n. e. One of their groups, passing through Iranian plateau and Central Asia, settled in the southern steppes of Eastern Europe between the Volga and Dnipro. There was a major focus of further promotion of Indo-European in the Northern and Western regions of Europe, including the territory of Belarus.

In the resettlement of Indo-Europeans, the main features of the culture were kept, the cultural achievements of the ancient world (production forms of farm, metallurgy, wheel transport, etc.) were broadcast. The advantage of a new economy and culture has become a decisive cause, because they not only managed to gain themselves in new places, but also become winners in the process of ethnic interactions with local tribes of hunters and fishermen. The local population perceived the higher economy of the aliens and gradually moved to the Indo-European system of life.

The exit beyond the initial small area of \u200b\u200bresidence and resettlement into large spaces, which were accompanied by mixing with various peoples, led to the breakdown of Indo-Europeans into many related peoples, languages \u200b\u200band cultures.

Around the middle of the III thousand to n. e. A part of the Indo-European tribes has moved from southern steppes to the north, and settled in the middleprovier. WHERE BEGINING Energetic Mixing with Tribes of Local Neolithic Culture (Dnieper-Donetsk), as a result of which a new archaeological culture of the early Bronze Age arose - the Middle Persian.

At the turn of the III-II millennium BC. e. The tribes of the Middle Purchase culture began to quickly settle in Belarus. This marked the beginning of the new Indo-European period in the ethnic history of Belarus.

With the resettlement of Indo-Europeans, not only the ethnic composition of the population changed, but also changed the whole era: the stone age gave way to bronze. The ancient economy, based on hunting, fisheries and cleaning, was gradually replaced by production - cattle and farming. Social changes were as significant. Parental order and patriarchal relations dominated in Indo-Europeans. New forms of religions have spread, for whom it is characteristic of honoring the heavenly shining, primarily the Sun.

The cattle breeding and agricultural tribes that settled on the territory of Belarus, and further in the Baltic States represented one of the new branches of Indo-Europeans - the oldest balts, which occupied this territory before the arrival of Slavs here. Archaeological and anthropological studies suggest that the ancient Dooino-Education of the population remained in its places and gradually assimilated by the aliens. But for this it took more than a thousand years.

At the beginning of the I thousand BC. e. Balt tribes learned to receive iron from local marsh and meadow ores, marked the beginning iron Age (I thousand BC. E. - Middle I thousand n. E.). If earlier the tribes had a lack of metal, which went to the territory of Belarus from the Caucasus and the Carpathians are mainly in the form of finished products, weapons and decorations, now the population has become its metal. Metal became increasingly introduced into the economic life of people. With the help of an iron ax, the man freed the land plots from the forest, began to keep agriculture on them. With this period, the emergence of numerous fortified settlements, which served as a place of residence of large patriarchal families. Such a family was simultaneously the main economic and public unity. In Belarus, there are about a thousand such settlements. If we assume that an average of 50 to 70 people lived on the settlement, then it is possible to calculate that the entire population of Belarus in the iron era was from 50 thousand to 70 thousand people. In the period VII century. BC E. - VIII centuries. n. e. Most of the modern territories of Belarus settled Balt tribes Lithuania and yatvyov; only for south and south-west lived Slavs.

Patriarchal families united in childbirth, childbirth - in the tribes. On the territory of Belarus, several peculiar archaeological crops were formed, reflecting tribal population membership. The most important of them Milogradskaya, Zarubinetskaya, stroked ceramics, Dnipro-Dvinskaya. All of them were quite developed, despite the fact that the forest area and relatively poor soils did not contribute to economic development.

By the middle of the I thousand N. E. In the life of the tribes of ancient Belarus there were noticeable changes. Private settlements gave way to their place in favor of unaffected settlements, on which not only related, but also unrelated families, which together accounted for a neighboring (territorial) community. The fortified settlements remained the time near settlements, as a place where the population was hiding in the event of military danger.

In the second half of the I thousand N. E. On the basis of the cultures of the early Iron Age, three or four new archaeological crops were formed (long mounds, Kalochinsk and Banzerovari-Tuschulsky). The Balt population of these cultures survived to coming and resettlement in these areas of Slavs.

In this way, The Balt period of the ethnic history of Belarus conditionally continued with the II thousand to n. e. to middle I thousand n. e., and in center and north Belarus — Almost before end I thousands of our era. With this period, the appearance of the Balt names of Belarusian rivers is connected.

Old-timing year

TO The middle of the I thousand N. E. Eastern Europe had a complex ethnic structure. Linguistic data indicate that there were several different linguistic zones. TO The north of the Western Dvina was an ancient Finno-Ugric array. TO The Balt array was located to the middle subway. South In the steppes lived carriers of old-person language. Although there are various hypotheses about the "place of Slavic Pranodina", linguistic and archaeological data are inclined to the idea of \u200b\u200blocalization of it in the area between p. Elbe and p. Vistula, Mountains by the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea. The yield of the Slavs beyond its ancestor and the settlement of them of Southeast and Eastern Europe occurred relatively late, about mid. I thousand N. E .. By that time, the first most accurate information about the Slavs in written sources in which they act under their ethnic name ("Splavins" - Slavs). A long stay within its ancestors and relatively later resettlement was the cause of the proximity of languages \u200b\u200band cultures in different Slavic groups of the early Middle Ages. Slavs were able to preserve their own general self-configuration - "Slavs".

With the increase in the population growth, Slavs began to notice the lack of territory, and when favorable geopolitical conditions have developed, they took part in the great resettlement of peoples: they began to settle in neighboring territories outside their ancestors. One part of the Slavs settled the Balkan Peninsula. The other - went to the east and settled on south Belarus I. north Ukraine. Where in the VI century. The first accurate general Slavonic monuments of the culture of Prague type appeared. The yield of the Slavs beyond its ancestors and mixing them with local tribes led to the separation of Slavs into three branches:

• western
• eastern and
• southern Slavs.

South Belarus I. north Ukraine has become the Pranodina of the Eastern Slavs. This was the beginning of the Slavic period in the ethnic history of Belarus.

The period of stay of the Slavs in Southern Belarus and Northern Ukraine turned out to be very important in their history. Chronologically, it takes the shade of time from the VI century. To the second half of IX in .. in the V-VIII centuries. Belarusian lands inhabited Slavs that are genetically associated with early referred to ethnopolitical education IX-X centuries. Polotsk Krivichi, Dregovich, Radmichiv, petland Volininan petland Drevlyan petland Sailor; And the local balt tribes were assimilated. In the process of mixing various Slavic groups among themselves and the local Balt population in this part of the Slavs, new, newly inherent in the signs:

• east Slavonic Type of Language,
• the only culture
• general ethnic self-consciousness.

There is reason to say that it is during this period that they, as in the Western and South Slavs, for the first time statehood is formed. All this has become a manifestation of common historical patterns. By the beginning of the settlement, Slavs were at the last stage of primitive, at that stage, which is called the "military democracy".

The development of new territories accelerated the process of the final destruction of the primitive-commodity system and led to the emergence of the Slavs of the first state formations. From written sources aware of the emergence in the VII century. The state itself in the Western Slavs, successfully fought against Avars. In the Eastern Slavs, the first political center is destined to become Kiev. Kiya and his two cheek brothers and choriv - the chronicler calls the heads of childbirth on the ground of Polyan. After their death, their descendants were reigning in Polyan. Hereditary power remained by the genus of Kiya. It was the first local Slavic dynasty known to us. The same printed, according to the chronicles, were and the Drevlyan. They are called some other areas of north g. Pripyat, but they cannot be connected to the Slavs, since the Slavs did not penetrate there at that time. An indication of the Chronicles on the fight of pollas and the streets and Drevlyans, it is obvious, represents the memory of Kyiv's struggle for combining some tribes around him. The union tribes breaks down after the death of the chapter or the struggle begins for superiority between individual childbirth or tribes. During this period, the Eastern Slavs rebelled the overall self-breaking "Rus", "Russians".

In this way, on the south Belarus I. north Of Ukraine, the Slavs have formed all signs that allow us to talk about the emergence of a new type of Eastern Slavic ethnic community - the nationality, which is customary to be called ancient Russian. It characterizes the general East Slavic (Old Russian) language, general culture, common to all self-consciousness and self-rinking. Archaeological data indicate that Eastern Slavs crossed r. Pripyat and began their further resettlement on extensive spaces of Eastern Europe only in the second half of the 9th - x centuries .. so far the main population middle and north parts of Belarus remained the Balts, and on the North I. northeast The Finno-Ugry lived from them. Taking into account this situation, the chronicle of the "calling on Rus Varyagov" should be considered. This story is based on the legend recorded almost 200 years after the indicated events, which could lead to significant distortion. Until the 60s of the IX century. In Eastern Europe, there was a difficult situation. According to the chronicle, its northern regions have become an object of frequent and devastating raids from the Varyags. Where local tribes are reported (chok, all, etc.), which were to pay them tribute. According to some researchers, it should not mean their constant dependence on the Varangians. By analogy with other countries where Normans (Varyags) acted, it was a ransom or one-time payments in their raids. Most likely, the power of Varyagov on the Slavs, who lived to the south of R. Pripyat, then did not apply.

Some other tribes of Eastern Europe, who lived on the Oka River and G. Iolate, as well as part of Slavs (Northerners in G. Disney and Polyany on the river. Dnieper), judging by the annals, paid tribute to the Khazar Kaganat, whose capital was in the lower reaches R. Volga. In this way, Eastern Europe in IX century. It was divided into two spheres of influence. In her north Half periodically appeared with the wary of the Varyagi, on south Khazara did the same.

In 882, the Varangian conken Oleg captured Kiev and made it his capital. After establishing the Earth's Eastern Slavs (Polyan) and becoming the Grand Duke of the state, called the "Kiev Rus", Oleg quickly subordinated to the lands of Slavic and not Slavic. The chronicle consistently lists the hiking of Oleg on the land of Drevlyan (883 g.), Northerners (884), Radmichi (885). For the period between 885-907. Oleg managed to significantly expand the boundaries of Russia and turn it into multi-ethnic state that inhabited

• slavs (Rus - "Russian"),
• balts I.
• finno-Ugry.

The supporting points of state power became the fortified fortresses of the city. A large part of their population was warriors. To x in. According to the testimony of archaeological data, more than 90% of the professional warriors of the Kiev princes were Slavs. The broad territory and the multi-ethnic composition of the population of Russia in the IX-X centuries. have not yet had a strong state. Strengths were regional separatist trends. Kiev princes more than once had to stop attempts by individual peoples to get out of the power of Kiev. In 966. g. For example, was the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav on Vyatichi, who lived on r. Eyes. As a result, he managed to subjugate them and impose a tribute. However, after the death of Svyatoslav, Vyatići go out again, and Vladimir Svyatoslavich had to be packed by Vladimir Svyatoslavichu twice. In 984, Vladimir opposed the radios, and his governor named Wolf's tail broke them on the river. Sandy. The strengthening of the government of Kiev princes on the ground depended on the success of the Slavic settlement to the north of. Pripyat, and it probably encouraged every way. Together with the development of cities, the intensive settlement of the Slavs of the Great Power is beginning. It is by the end of the IX-X centuries. attribute the oldest Slavic mounds north g. Pripyat. The tenth century dates back to the emergence of early Slavic cities arising in the territory. The resettlement in new places of Slavic warriors could not have to learn to the Slavic of the local population, only a fast sorts of local nobility took place. The general satellite occurred in the conditions of ethnic contacts of the most ethnic groups. Taking into account the final result of ethnic processes, it should be considered that not only the warriors moved to new areas, but also the Slavic agricultural population. In the settlement (colonization) of more northern lands, residents of the southern regions of Russia were participating, which were subjected to permanent raids and destruction by nomads. The arrival of the territory of the Slavic migrants from the south is confirmed in archaeological materials.

According to the chronicler, on new places of residence, the Slavs received new names. Some of them probably moved to the Slavs from the names of local peoples. So the Slavs, as they mix them with the locals, there were other names - curviti, radar and tregovichi. Eastern Slavs performed as one people, the carrier of a single archaeological culture, which is convincingly evidenced by real sources of the IX-X centuries. Judging by linguistic information, the process of assimilation by the Slavs of the local population on the territory of Belarus stretched for a long time, until the XII in .. What did not pass Difficult and for the Slavs themselves who experienced the action of local ethnic substrates.

The era of ancient Russia is one of the brightest in the history of East Slavic peoples, which preserved memory not only in the chronicles, in the artistic literature, in various monuments of history and culture, but also in oral folk art. As part of Russia, most of the Belarusian lands were. Kiev princes annually collected tribute from all over the country and spent well organized overseas trading. Through the territory of Belarus, Dnipro passed one of the most important trading paths, famous for the annals as the path of "Varyag in Greeks". Where trading with the Byzantine Empire went. The River West Dvina and Pripyat tied Russia with Western Europe. Flow r. Dnieper and r. The Volga is closely suitable for each other, which made it possible to cross the commercial ships to the Volga trading path, which led to the countries of the Middle East and the Middle East. In the territory of Belarus, a lot of buried treasures were identified (evidence of the then lively trade) containing silver eastern Coins and decorations, as well as glass products. During the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, Rus acquired the features of the early refortel monarchy. In 988, Christianity was adopted, which was of great importance for strengthening state power and affected ethnic processes.

The mental image, folk customs, like the household culture of Belarusians, were formed historically in ancient Russia. The territory of Belarus amounted to the organic part of Russia, its Western lands. By the middle of the XIII century. They achieved high cultural development. Literacy has spread, as evidenced by the inscriptions on household subjects: ridges, fibers, dishes, letters on birch crust. In Polotsk, tours and Novogrudok, the chroniclel was conducted. In charges and monasteries were collections of handwritten books. Wide popularity in church literature received works by Kirill Torovsky (XII century). The Slavic population of the then Russia with its Western regions was a single Old Russian nationality. For which it was characterized by a single language, one culture, one religion and general ethnic identification. The population of Russia considered themselves in one people and called themselves "Russians" (Rusyn). The unity of the language and culture of the Slavic population of Russia is no doubt of the linguists, nor among archaeologists. Among the signs of the nationality, an ethnic consciousness had a particular importance, which manifested itself primarily in self-registration, an idea of \u200b\u200ba single homeland, its geographical spaces. The Slavic population of all of Russia realized itself as a single people living within their common and unified state. Awareness of the generality of origin, strengthening economic and cultural ties between various regions of Russia, the structure of state power, the joint struggle against the external danger, the only religion and the dissemination of literacy - all these factors contributed to integration processes in the development of the ancient Russian people. At the same time, the factors that led to the gradual separation of the ancient Russian people were also influenced to the East Slavonic Ethnos, settled on large spaces. on the three separate peoples:

• belarusians,
• Ukrainian I.
• russians.

Physical type

The historical past determined the physical type of Belarusians. Its anthropological features were inherited from the past as the result of ethnic processes, migrations and mixing of various ethnic groups. With them, the presence of various anthropological types in the modern Belarusian population should be associated. The events of ancient ethnic history, marked by the mixture of Slavs with non-Slavic tribes directly or through intermediate ethnic groups, formed the anthropological type of Belarusians. According to its anthropological characteristics, the Slavic population of Belarus is presented three Basic groups.

On the south Countries in Polesie Belarusians are represented by the Polesan version of the Eastern European anthropological type, which is characterized by dark hair and eye pigmentation, a relatively narrow face, an average nose pointer (the ratio of the width and height of the nose) with dents of the nose backrest, moderate brachiecephalide (the ratio of the head width to length). In all these signs, the type is close to the population north Ukraine, where Slavs spread from their ancestors in the V-VI centuries. n. e .. compared to the population north Parts of Belarus Residents of the Polessian region have low growth.

The population of Dvina and the Upper Subway, where the Slavs penetrated the X century, has light pigmentation of the hair, a wider face, a more concave nose back and smaller the head shape pointer.

These anthropological features and differences between south and north Regions of Belarus can be explained by the circumstances of the settlement of the territory of Belarus with the Slavs and their interaction with the local Dlavyan population. Thus, broadcine, short-leading and low nose were characteristic of the Finno-Ugric population, settled in these places in the Neolithic era, in the III milk. BC. E .. in II-I thousand BC e. Finno-Ugric tribes were assimilated by the Balti, which came here, and most likely, took over these signs, giving them part of the Slavs of the northern part of Belarus. Interestingly, these features moved to the Slavs not directly from the Finno-Things, which inhabited these terrain in the Neolithic day, and from the Balts.

It is not entirely clear what the anthropological type of the Neolithic population middle and The southern part of Belarus, but he was distinguished from Finno-Ugorsky and did not become noticeable on the physical type of Slavs. It is believed that more significant dolichokronism was assimilated from the Baltian Indo-Europeans, who settled here in the Bronze Age. However, the Slavs themselves, when they came out of the praodine, had the same Indo-European type. In any case, the first Slavs, carriers of the archaeological culture of "Sharovid Amphorus", on anthropological indicators were typical Indo-Europeans.

However, the population middle parts of Belarus has intermediate anthropological indicators between Polesskaya and north Group groups. Ethnologist MF Pilipenko explains this diffusion processes, later movements of the population in the middle part of Belarus from the Northern and Southern Regions, and their assimilation. But it is impossible to exclude opportunities if the population has lived here is different from Finno-Ugrome here north Belarus, then it is little closer to Indo-European anthropological signs, even before the arrival of the Balts. This explains the presence of the population of this zone of anthropological traits, medium between the Polesky and North-Belarusian types. Since in general for Belarusians is characteristic light hair color and eye, then it can be argued that this sign got it from the ancient dointo European population The Belarusian region, so classic Indo-European migrants belonged to the Multiazia-Mediterranean anthropological type that had dark hair color and a nose with a high nose.

The formation of the Belarusian ethnos.

Disintegration of the ancient Russian nation

Belarusian nationality, as Ukrainian and Russian, were formed on a common basis - ancient Russian nation. This process was gradual. For several centuries, the main signs of the inherent in the Belarusian ethnic group were manifested:

• territory,
• mutual language,
• economy Manifests in folk culture
• ethnic self-consciousness.

Different reasons determined this process. Signs peculiar to the Belarusian ethnicity began to ripen still in the depths of the ancient Russian state. The peculiarity of the Belarusian language is captured already in the documents of the first half of the XIII century. And in the text of the Berevian diploma with m. Vitebskaya, which refers to the end of the XIII century. - The beginning of the XIV century. Nicely characteristic of the Belarusian language "Ceground". But the Belarusian language was not yet formed yet, and it is possible to talk only about the emergence of dialects within the framework of the Old Russian language, on the basis of which Belarusian language was developed in the subsequent period. Even more convincing evolution exhibits itself in material culture. Attempts to look for another basis for the development of the Belarusian Ethnic Sheet, to transfer this process into more distant times, bypassing the Old Russian period and the Old Russian nationality, do not have a historical basis and contradict the theory of ethnogenesis.

The resettlement of the Slavs on the main territory of Belarus north of G. Pripyaty is for the period when an ancient Russian state has arisen with the center in G. Kiev, and East Slavic Ethnos acquired qualitatively different features inherent in nation. In the era of Russia, the process of strengthening the unified economic and cultural characteristics of its population continued in the then new historical characteristics of its population, considered himself one "Russian" people. Therefore, the Belarusian ethnos could not arise on the basis of the tribal East Slavic groups, then there was simply no. The Belarusian ethnos was formed on the basis of the part of the Old Russian nationality, historically inhabited by the main territory of modern Belarus. So the emergence Belarusians, as Ukrainian and Russians, applies already to a new period that came to shift old Russian Period.

In the XIII century. - XIV centuries. In the history of Eastern Slavs, important political changes occurred, which for a long time determined their further development. Part of Russia was under the authority of the Golden Horde, and western and southern Earth Ruses gradually entered the new state formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some historians believed that these events were the decisive cause of the separation of the East Slavonic (Old Russian) ethnos and the emergence of Belarusians, Ukrainian and Russians. This fact, undoubtedly played a well-known role in the process of separation of the Eastern Slavs, but it cannot be considered decisive, because the part of the Eastern Slavs in the general state for them (the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian) did not prevent them from the division of them on Belarusians and Ukrainian.

Disintegration of the Eastern Slavic community, the emergence based on it three Close peoples should be considered as a natural historical process, manifestation of general laws of ethnogenesis. In the premium of natural economy, relatively weak internal economic ties, rare migrations of large groups of people who are tied to their land, house, city, to preserve the unity of the language and culture on the entire then large territory, where East Sewankovsky (Old Russian) population lived, was impossible . Language and culture do not stand in place in a canned form. But develops and changes. And these changes could not occur exactly equally in the territory from black to the White Sea. When the only ethnos was influenced by a number of factors that led to disunity. Already in the day of ancient Russia, the prerequisites of differentiation. Large land plots hammered regular internally ethnic contacts. Feudal fragmentation, and then political dressing even more increased differentiation processes. An ethnic substrates became a famous separation factor. The gradual Slavication of non-Slavic indigenous tribes could not pass without a trace. Slavs have increasingly noticed the opposite effect on the part of various ethnic substrates. On the territory of Belarus (White Rus) it was the Balt Substrate on northeast Rus - Finno-Ugric, on south Rusi - Iranian and Turkic.

Scientists noticed the fact that belarusian population It originated in that part of Russia, where the Baltic tribes lived in the settlement of Slavs. The process of assimilation by their Slavs took several centuries. The inclusion of a significant part of the Baltic people with his peculiar linguistic and cultural peculiarities could contribute to the emergence and consolidation of some features in this part of Slavs that have become characteristic only by Belarusians. This affected the phonetic stroke of the Belarusian language and on the anthropological type of Belarusians. But absolutizing the role of the Balt Substrate in the formation of Belarusians is not worth it. The Balt Substrate is not only in Belarusians, but also from a significant part of the Russian people, since the Balt tribes before the arrival of Slavs spread in the east to Tver, Moscow and Kursk. It should be added to this that neither in writing sources of that time nor folk memory process of mixing, and those meaning its influence on ethnic signs of Belarusians, not traced. Belarusians remained the Slavs. Enriching the new vocabulary and have undergone some changes in phonetics, Belarusian retains many old-Russian rice. The spatial and substrate factors acted in different ways, with different intensity into separate ethnocultural characteristics, but the final result is known: on the spot old Russian nationality, inhabited in the IX century. - XIII centuries. Rus, in the XVI century. - XVII centuries. Matured three new narodi: Belorussian, ukrainian and russian.

Which factors were decisive in the formation of the Belarusian people - it is necessary to consider comprehensively, given all the factors and trace the gradual statement in the population of Belarus of those signs in language, culture and ethnic self-consciousness, which are inherent in Belarusians, and distinguish them from other peoples. What does not exclude the fact that some of these signs can be in other ethnic groups.

Formation of the territory of Belarus

The territory is one of the mandatory components of the ethnic. The modern territory of the Republic of Belarus almost completely coincides with the area of \u200b\u200bthe resettlement of Belarusians. Some of the ethnic Belarusians live in neighboring countries, but they even do not constitute most of the population in the nearest regions. That is why the government of the Republic of Belarus officially declared that he had no territorial claims to any neighboring state.

The territory of Belarus was formed in the process of the formation and development of the Belarusian ethnic volume. Throughout this period, Belarus did not have a large influx of nebilorous population, determined the monolith of the ethnic composition of Belarus. But the country has repeated more than once, and its individual parts were part of different states, then united again.

TO Mid XIII century Belarusian lands, on the territory of which the Belarusian nationality was formed, was the organic part of ancient Russia, settled by the only Old Russian nationally. In Russia, in the future modern Belarusian lands, almost completely two large Old Russian Principles were located - Polotsk and Tourvskaya. Part of the Belarusian lands on the West was part of the Volyn Principality, on the East - Smolensky, on southeast - Chernigov and Kiev. And these large areas were divided into specific principalities. The foundations of the future territorial administrative division of Belarus were laid in the era of ancient Russia. "Western Russia" amounted to a prototype of future Belarus.

In the middle of the XIII century. The entire territory of Belarus became part of the Great Principality of Lithuanian, Zhemight and Russian. Under the general name of "Russian lands", they were in it 9/10 of all its historical territory. Former put on ones and principalities have long retained their borders. For this period, the formation of the Belarusian ethnos.

In 1569, the Grand District Lithuanian, together with Belarusian lands, became part of the Commonwealth.

In the 1770-1790s, the Commonwealth has become a light prey of neighbors, and in the consequence of three sections, its territory was divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria. According to the first partition 1772, Russia has departed eastern Part of Belarus with cities Vitebsk, Mogilev, Gomel, Polotsk. In the second in 1793. — Central Belarus with Minsk and in the third section in 1795. - Western Part of Grodno and Beresta. In the consequence of these sections, all Belarusian land became part of the Russian Empire.

Under the leadership of Russia in the October state coup, Bolsheviks in 1917, the territory of Belarus was divided into 5 provinces - Vilensk, Grodno, Vitebsk, Minsk and Mogilevskaya. The insignificant part of the Belarusian population lived in Smolensk, Chernihiv and Volyn provinces.

After the coup in October 1917, the Belarusian People's Republic of Belarus was proclaimed in 1918, and in January 1919. The creation of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed. However, as a result of the unsuccessful war with Poland 1920 for Soviet Russia in 1921, Western Belarus went to Poland.

On December 30, 1922, after the end of the civil war of Russia and military intervention against Soviet Russia, four Soviet republics were formed - the BSSR, RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and ZSFSR; which were combined into one state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

In May 1923, at the request of the then leadership of Belarus, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided to transfer the Belarusian ethnic territories to the Related District of the RSFSR, in which the Belarusian population prevailed. To implement the decision, a mixed commission was created, which included representatives of the BSSR, Vitebsk, Gomel and Smolensk Gubernia RSFSR. The territory of Belarus amounted to only 55.2 thousand km, with a population of 1 million 555 thousand people.

In March 1924, on the basis of the RSFSR decree from Vitebsk province Heilings were departed to the BSSR: Vitebsk, Gorodoksky, Drisensky, Lepelsky, Orshansky, Polotsky, Sennhens and Surazky. From the lineup Gomel province - Mogilev, Rogachovsky, Bykhovsky, Klimovich, Cheryikovsky, Chaustian counties, and volosts (Draniovichsky, Mukhoidivsky, Narovlyansky, Krukovytka, Karpovitka, etc.). From the lineup Smolensk province Fully Goretsky County and Mustlava County volost (Shamovskaya, Staroselskaya, Kazimir Slobodskaya) were departed to Belarus with the city of Mstislavl. As a result of this consolidation of the BSSR, its territory increased to 110.5 thousand km, and the population is up to 4 million 171 thousand people. In the same year, administrative division was changed. Cancellation and parish were canceled. The territory of the BSSR was divided into 10 districts (Minsk, Vitebskaya, Bobruisk, Orsha, Polotsk, Mogilevskaya, Mozyr, Kalininskaya with a center in Klimovichi, Borisovskaya, Slutskaya) and 100 districts.

In 1926 .. Took place Second consolidation of the BSSR. Gomel and Richitsky county were joined in Belarus, which increased its territory by 120 thousand km, and the population is up to 5 million people. Belarusian territory, population and economic opportunities were part THE USSR.

Western Belarus remained as part of Poland in September 1939, when later the Belarusian ethnic lands were involved in the Branch of Poland at the beginning of World War II in the BSR (USSR) in the early World War II. But, Belostok region inhabited in a large part of Belarusians, departed to Poland. During World War II, a German occupation administrative division called "Collections" also existed in Belarusian expanses.

Despite the fact that the territory with the Belarusian population consistently entered the composition of various states (the Grand District of Lithuanian, the Commonwealth, the Russian Empire, the USSR) and for some time it was divided by state borders, she was able to preserve its integrity, which created the conditions for the formation of the Belarusian people. So completed the formation of the territory of modern Belarus, which has numbered about 10 million people.

Formation of culture of Belarusians

The formation of the Belarusian ethnicome occurred mainly during the Great Principality of Lithuanian, and then continued, since ethnic processes do not have breaks.

In the territory of Belarus, the Belarusians were characterized by Belarusians, ethnographic peculiarities in material culture. Almost everywhere approved the agriculture system. The same types of devices for the processing of soil and harvesting are distributed. The main arable device was a two-way soha. For soil loosenings, seeds in it, seeds and sowing care began to apply a wooden, often wicker harrow.

Acquired homogeneity household culture. The most common log house with sustainable internal planning. Based on the ancient Russian male and female costumes, the characteristic types of pople clothing of Belarus were formed. General for all Belarusian areas features are noted in food, rites and customs, folk artistic creativity.

Subsequently, the revival of economic activity in cities has formed a strong urban state of its characteristic life.

Events related to the organization of government management, and the introduction of unified legislation caused a tangible blow to the specific system, separated by the country into many small estates. Strong supreme power installed at the end of the XIV century. - At the beginning of the XV century, a considerable extent contributed to unifying processes, closer economic and ethnic relations between different areas. This was created prerequisites for the formation of the ethnic territory of Belarusians.

The formation of the Belarusian language

Significant transformations occurred in the language of the East Slavic population of the specified territory. Gradually, she acquired new features inherent in the tongue of the new ethnos. These changes affected phonetics, vocabulary and syntax. Among the phonetic changes, "Zeka" and "Ceaning" ("Dzed", instead of the Old Russian "Grandfather", "Ten" instead of "Shadow"), was the solid pronunciation of sound "P", "Akane" and "Yakan" (Bel. Biroza), the use of attachment and vowel sounds at the beginning of the word (Bel. Easy Instead of "white lakes ", white ilinany Instead of "white linen ", That is, "linen" from "Len").

The state of the East Slavic language in the Grand Duch of Lithuanian as the official language of state documents, legislation and legal proceedings contributed to its enrichment of a new vocabulary reflecting various sides of socio-political life. The terminology associated with the system of feudal relations was formed. They became common names of the duties and taxes, officials and government bodies.

In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania united with the Polish kingdom as part of the new state education - Commonwealth. The period of finding Belarusian lands in the composition of this state was unfavorable for the development of the Belarusian language. Most of the Belarusian feudalists left the native language and froze sick influence in the state of Belarusian culture, the development of the Belarusian literary language slowed down. In official writing, the Belarusian language was to give up the pressure of the Polish language. Cyrillic began to replace Latin graphics (Latin).

In 1697, the Polish Sejm banned the use of the Belarusian language in court, government agencies and in a typography. Many words and terms borrowed from Polish and medieval Latin have penetrated into the Belarusian vocabulary. People's masses of the peasantry were able to preserve the language and national culture, which was the absolute majority of the population of Belarusian lands. The Belarusian language continued to develop as a people-dialectic.

At the end of the XVIII century. Belarusian land entered the Russian Empire. It saved the Belarusian people from the final polonization, but there were problems with Russification. Belarusians were considered by Russia as a branch of the Russian people, and the Belarusian language in the works of Russian linguists were ranked at the "special South Russian pronunciation" with the Ukrainian language (for example, in Shahmatova A. A. et al.). Therefore, on the part of the Russian state, there were practically no action to preserve and develop the Belarusian language. Moreover, everything was done in order to replace the Belarusian language in Russian in Belarus. Training in the Belarusian language was considered the "local dialect" and was recommended to lead only in elementary school. The Belarusian language was not applied in official Russian documents in Belarus under the rule of the Russian Empire. There was a fairly paradoxical situation when especially in the major provincial cities of Belarus, where state-administrative institutions of Russia and educational institutions, the language of communication and official documents were planted russian language. And in the rural area of \u200b\u200bBelarus, where they were mainly not competent, the Belarusian language was (similar to the situation with the Ukrainian language in Ukraine).

According to the results of the All-Russian census of the population of 1897. Within the limits of the ethnic territory of Belarusians, where about 4800,000 people lived (residents of 35 counties of the five Belarusian provinces with 47) were named in their native language. It was mainly a rural population that prevailed numerically. And by the end of the XIX century. The urban population has increased from 350 thousand to 650 thousand, where the proportion of Belarusians was 14.5%. In the process of capitalist development, Belarusian cities turned into industrial and cultural centers, played a unifying role for the formation of the Belarusian nation. The role of bourgeois social groups increased and the formation of a working class, the national intelligentsia, was accounted for. The merchants who called the Native Belarusian language during the mentioned census lived in 23 counties from those mentioned 35, as well as less than half of the Belarusian cities. Belarusian language called the native language about 52% of the hereditary nobles of the specified 35 counties, and in rural areas this indicator should be 60.3%. Belorussky's native language believed 60% of the then teachers, 40% of imperial officials, 29% of postal telegraph officials, 20% of doctors, 10% of the lawyers of the Russian Empire. They constituted the basis of the Belarusian National Intelligentsia, the Belarusian Elite. It should also include writers and other creative personalities associated with the Belarusian culture.

In the XX century Belarusian language was recognized as National for Belarus. After the bolsheviks state coup in 1917 and the proclamation of the BSSR for the first time, Belarusian language was recognized in the constitution by the state language. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was very much done for the improvement of the Belarusian language, developed by the grammar compiled by dictionaries. Belorussian language was introduced into public life. During the years of Soviet power, outstanding works were written and published in the Belarusian literary language, which enriched the Belarusian language.

Formation of ethnic self-consciousness of Belarusians

One of the most important signs of the ethnos is ethnic identification. Ethnic self-consciousness is developing slower than other signs of the ethnos. However, only the formation of a new ethnos concludes with its statement.

The Lithuanian has a long-standing traditional name in Belarusians - humidies, which arose from the name is ready period II-III st ..

One of the famous names of the people of Belarusians is "Lithuania" within the framework of the territories of modern Belarus, which arose from the word "Lutvia". Which in turn got out of the name of the people of migrants of the Luthich-Warriors from the Polan Slavs; Migration of which took place from Pomerania in western and Central Belarus, where Black Rus, through the basin of the River River and Vilia - because of the "crusade" of the Germans against Slavs. Where more than 55 settlements founded. It was the wife of the Warriors-beasts of the tribe of Luthich called "casting", and the core of their society was formed in the area between Novogrudkom, Minsk, Slonim and Krevo. This is the territory of the ancient Lithuania, the Lithuanian land with the capital Novogrudkom (this is the city of Novgorod in the chronicle Rurik, Novgorod-Lithuanian), which was not by chance became the first capital of the Grand District of Lithuania.

Etnonym "Belarusians" until the end of the XIX century. I pushed out all the other names, although local Ethiefs "Polischuki", "Polopley" were also used in some localities; And the inhabitants of remote areas could not determine their national-ethnicity and called themselves "local", "natives".

so The ethnonym "Belorus", the name "Belorus", "Bellaye Russia", "Belarus" were entrenched at the specified population and their country not immediately. The term "White Rus" is in Latin form as "Lat. Alba Russia. "In the Polish Chronicle for 1382," Lat. Alba Rossia. "In the German chronicles of the XIV in .. at the end of the XVI century. - XVII centuries. The name "White Rus" was used in Russian documents. According to sources, residents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian, and then the speeches of the compulculation, which came to Muscovy, called themselves "BE Belarus", "Rusins", "Bilorusin" or "Litvin", sometimes "Litvini-Belarusians." In addition, Lithuanians usually called themselves residents more western Slavic regions of the Grand Principality of Lithuanian. For comparison, the population of Muscovia Litvini-Belarusians was called Muscovites, and their language - Moscow, they called Russian (including in written documents). Residents of the Moscow state, and then the Russian Empire, most often called the ancestors of the Belarusians "Lithuanians", should not be confused with the modern concept of "Lithuanians", and such a situation remained until the beginning of the XIX century. About such a long-term ancient name is evidenced by the events of August 5, 1772 (the first section of the Commonwealth). When the Governor-General on the Belarusian lands captured by Russia, Ekaterina II appointed his favorite of Count Zakhar Chernyshev. He received the highest order:

At the same time, a new ethnonym appeared - "Belarusians" ("Belorussk"). At first he belonged only to the population of Smolensk province, Mogilev province and partly Vitebsk province. It was all brightly, it was all depicted on the map of Guillae de Bopop "Magnusducate Lithuaniæ & Russia Alba" of the XVII century.

Residents of the Alpine Podneprove, G. Polotsk and G. Vitebskaya called themselves, as a rule, "Belarusian". The reason for such differences in the name of the population was because western The lands of Belarus entered the Russian-Lithuanian state (incl) earlier than the Nadnepryansky. Therefore, in some then documents, that part of Belarus is called "Lithuanian Rus." Eastern The region, on the contrary, retained the name of Russia for a long time. The word "white" has several values. It means not only color. Its synonyms are the words "free", "light" -cifty from slavery and "West" in Slavic worldview. An unlikely idea that was offered by Academician Efim Karassa, that the national name of Belarusians is connected only with their "Light traditional folk clothing "and "Lightland color Eye and hair. " In the era of the ancient Russia of her western the lands had the same anthropological characteristics, but did not have such self-calf. In the then period, the concept and word "white" was also used in the "large territory" on the West or north By the sea, or by the "pagan people, still unresolved into a new Christian religion", that is, the ancient peoples of the Doharistian era. And Lithuanian "Baltai" (Baltika) - is white, lit. Baltas. - White, lit. Baltarusiai. - Belarusians. It seems very convincing that the name of the country with the Belarusian people is connected with the word "free" (with the non-random title of the city of G. Freely within the ethnic history of Belarusians) in the meaning of "Freedom". After all, the history of Belarusian lands gives grounds for such explanations. Since the Belarusians had freedom-loving mentality, the traditions of Russia (election of the princes) were in the sentence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and under the influence of the compulculated speech. Where the Charter of Lithuanian was a model for civilization of European countries, and the then state education with Belarusians was a cradle of modern European democracy: the king chose a gentleman (electors of the noble electorate, deputies of deputiation from sending gentlemen, was Rokosh, there was a liberty gold, etc.). Therefore, the Russian occupation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian with a repressive "gentlement" became the national tragedy of Belarus, accidentally expressed to the uprising of Tadeusch Kostyutko against Russia, the legal assessment of the illegality of the illegality of the then historical events and more.

During a long stay in the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and the Commonwealth, the Belarusians did not separate themselves as ethnos from the population of other areas of the former Russia and called themselves as early as Russians (Rusins). So called himself in his books a large Belarusian enlightener of the XVI century. Francis Skorgin. He also called Russian books. Such identification was also supported by the fact that the inhabitants of Belarusian lands (White Rus) and Ukrainian lands (Red Rus) understood each other when communicating, and also with the inhabitants of Muscovy, although the latter did not find part of Russia. They confessed the Christian religion, which provided in those days a very strong impact on the consciousness, lifestyle and behavior of people. For a long time ethnicity often replaced religious. The concept of "Orthodox" could be identified with the concept of "Russian". Therefore, almost all who professed Orthodoxy, stereotypically could consider themselves Russian. Although 250 years of the Greek-Catholic Church, against which the civil regime acted against the Belarusian lands were influenced by the formation of the Belarusian identity. The awareness of the unity of the Eastern Slavs was made by some thinkers. In the Gustinsky chronicle of the end of the XVI century. - The beginning of the XVII centuries. Written:

A simple and illiterate people did not know about the gradual loss of East Slavic ethnic unity, the appearance and consolidation of new elements in the various areas of public life in the language and traditional culture was disturbed by the former ethnic homogeneity, more and more distance from each other inhabited areas of East Slavic regions.

Together with this, in relations with Lithuanians, Germans or Poles, residents of Belarusian lands clearly realized their difference and above all - in language and religion. The offensive of Roman Catholicism and the spread of Polish and culture in the medium of the dominant layer of feudalists, which began after the conclusion of the great principality of Lithuanian with Poland, even more strengthened the part of the people in the consciousness of his difference from Roman Catholic-feudal, who spoke on someone else's language, I did not go to church, but in the church. All this emphasized the ethnic difference and contributed to the growth of national self-consciousness.

Also, regular negative historical events from Muscovia from the century in the century strengthened in the self-consciousness of the Belarusian people separately, strengthened the desire for national identity, to independent of Muscovia Belarusian public life. Belarusians subjected to the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian, contemporaries of that historical period left evidence of their worldview in documents where it is possible to meet that everything outside the city of Smolensk Eastern Lithuanian Principality is "not Russia", but "Russian's outskirts". The then Consciousness of the Ethnic Sheet of White Rus has witnessed the form of the genocide caused by the Russian army in 1654-1667. In Belarus (ethnic cleansing), participation in this Ukrainian Cossacks hired for money and given under the leadership of the Moscow king (with the consequences of the death of half of the Belarusian people). When peaceful residents of Belarusian provinces were totally cut (county) - 50% of the peaceful people of Belya Russia is lost forever. For example, in g .. Mstislavl in 1654 from the hands of Russian troops 15,000 Belarusians died, and about 700 inhabitants remained alive. Thence of the Belarusians did not want to join the ranks of the Ukrainian Cossacks under the rule of the king of Muscovy. Because of what among the patriots of Belarus, it is still possible to meet a disgust for the Cossacks.

The repression of Russia against Belarusians and the Russian destruction of inclusion, repression against the Greek Catholic Church of Belarus (which existed by that time already 250 years) and the plantation of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (which completely had no place in the territories) already at the beginning of the XX century. Led to distortion national self-consciousness of Belarusians: Forcibly becoming russian Orthodox The population of Belarus often called themselves Russians, and the violent planting of the Russian language and the Russian interpretation of Belarusian history enshrined the Russification of Belarusians in the Russian Empire, continued in the USSR. A large role in the formation of the Belarusian ethnic self-consciousness belongs to national literature and literary language. A powerful factor in the approval of the national identity and national pride was the proclamation of the first national Belarusian state (BNR) in 1918 and the independent Republic of Belarus 1991. Consolidation of the Belarusian people as part of its own sovereign state and approval of ethnic self-consciousness completed the formation Belarusian nation, its general information and economic space.

At all times, the Belarusians were characterized by attachment to the Earth-Kormilice, in native land, adaptation of labor and recreation in natural seasonal cycles, patriotism and humanity. Their consciousness evolved from piousness to atheism, from magically mythological representations to materialism.

Modern Belarusians Due to the experience of resettlement of the ancestors, communities in a marsh-wooded area have the existing courage in overcoming difficulties, natural individualism. As adaptive mechanisms, due to the frequent aggression of neighboring peoples in the mentality of the Belarusians, the features of religious tolerance, calm, endurance, and aggressiveness, equilibrium, thrift (efficiency), unconfluousness (phlegmism), inconspiciality, were manifested. The feeling of the priculturalness of the West-East of Europe stimulated the search for their national path of development of Belarusians. In general, Belarusians have no imperial sense of superiority over other peoples. They are law-abiding, few, restrained, there is no tendency to the rapid expression of emotions, they are experiencing their problems internally without exposing them to the public. At the same time, from the experience of the resettlement of the ancestors on the plain, the established openness was inherited, the trick, good nature, naivety; They are peace-loving, have good humor, self-criticism and recognition of dignity in other nations of the world. The Russian authorities disappeared with the Russian language to the restoration of the historical development of the language of Belarusians during the period of stay of Belarusians in the USSR and in the Russian Empire. And Belarusian language still has forcibly limited functions, and the position of the Belarusian language is now critical through the harmful influence of the Russian Federation. Even due to the foreign influence on Belarus, contemporaries of the Belarusian people is a weakened mechanism of national-cultural identification.

Identification

As for the self-confusion "Belorus", it was long rare and formed gradually:

1. Western Balts, Venteda, casting (Luthichi), Yatvägi (Dinov), Prussians: Yatvägia, Cosovia.
2. slavs of Black Rus and White Russia (Kievskaya Rus): Dregovichi, Radmichi, Curvichi.
3. bilorusins, Litvini (Grand Duchy Lithuanian): Rusins, Russians, Russians, Polishchuki.
4. belarusians (BNR, BSSR, Republic of Belarus).

Video on the topic

It doesn't like to many Belarusians when we are confused abroad with Russia and called Russians. But we do not like even more when the Russians themselves relate to our independence, culture and language. Mel Internet magazine, speaking for peace all over the world, decided to collect evidence of the differences of Belarusians from the Russians, ranging from genetics and an ethnos and ending with the size of the genital organ and the heroes of fairy tales.

Belarusians are Western Balts with an admixture of Slavic blood. Differences of genetic level

A couple of years ago, studies under the name "Russian Genofund" were conducted in Russia. The government even allocated a grant by scientists from the laboratory of the Center for the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Scientists for the first time in the history of Russia were able to fully focus on the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It turned out that the Russians are no eastern Slavs, but Finns. Thus, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between the Russians and Finns of Finland is only 30 conventional units (close relatives). And the genetic distance between the Russian man and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsami, Mordvoy, etc.), living in the territory of the Russian Federation, equal to 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are identical.

The results of DNA analysis have shown that another closest rod of Russians, except Finns, are Tatars: Russians from the Tatars are located at the same genetic distance in 30 conventional units that separate them from Finns.

The analysis of the gene pool of Belarusians showed that they are genetically very far from the Russians, are actually identical to the northeastern Poles - that is, residents of the Polish province of Mazaz. That is, the study of the gene pool only confirmed the historical realities: Belarusians are Western Balts (with some admixture of Slavic blood), and the Russians are Finns.

In 2005, the results of similar studies were published in Belarus. Publishing house "Teknalogiya" published the book of Alexei Mikulich "Belarusians in the genetic space. Anthropology of the ethnos. " The conclusions of the author are very similar to the opinion of Russian colleagues. Each of the three East Slavic ethnic groups, according to anthropological data, has its own uniqueness. They were formed in different geographical space, on special substrate praosnov. The graphic interpretation of the generalized characteristics of their gene pools placed in the book makes it possible to visually see the degree of similarity and differences. "Ethnic clouds" [the ethnos of each people was represented by the cloud and, depending on the similarity, in contact with the "other clouds"] of Belarusians and Ukrainians are quite compact and on the attached diagram partially overlap. The Russian "cloud" is very blurred, and only a minor share is overlapped with the first two. While the Ukrainian "ethnic cloud" does not border at all with Finno-Ugrics, and Belarusian only concerns them - the center of the "ethnic cloud" of Russian populations is in one cluster with Finno-Ugrics, and not Slavic ethnic groups.

"Who to be Lithuania is the eternal dispute of Slavs." The differences in the ethnos of Belarusians and Russian

If you believe the "Belarus" encyclopedia, the Belarusian ethnos was formed in the 13th and 6th centuries, passing the stage from uniting tribal unions through nationality to the nation.

That is, he has formed before the aggression of the kings of Ivan Grozny and Alexei Mikhailovich, and by the time of the Russian occupation incl. 1795 it was a long-established ethnic group with his centuries-old history of national statehood. For in the speech of compulculation, inclues possessed by all state attributes: its authority (the chancellors of incl, not a single gem - almost all Belarusians, several Poles), their national Belarusian army, their laws of the country (the statutes of incl - in the language of Belarusians, have not yet been translated into The language of the jets and aukstilette), with their national currency (this is the Belarusian taler, who minted several centuries until 1794, when the last Belarusian Thaler has crossed the Grodno Mint), etc.
At the same time, speaking today about the Belarusian ethnicity, we must first understand what is in question. Belarusians (as an ethnos with such a name) appeared only in 1840, when they were renamed tsarism from Litvinov in Belarusian after the uprising of 1830-1831. After the uprising of 1863-1864, when Litvins appeared already by the "Belarusians", the Governor-General of the Muravyev forbade himself and itself invented by the ideologists of the tsarism and the secret office of Belarus, introducing "West-Russian Territory" instead. Therefore, the term "Belarus" and "Belarusians" - is extremely conditional, this is the production of tsarism, im and forbidden. And, for example, Litvini or Tuarey (local) continued to call all the villagers of the Minsk Region, even in the early 1950s, according to the polls of ethnographers.

By 1840, a number of reprisals of tsarism followed against the captured people who dared to rebel the second time. The Uniate Church in Belarus was destroyed by the Decree of the Tsar, the Russian service in Belarusian and book publishes, the action of the statute of incl (acting, by the way, only in Belarus, not in the region - now the Republic of Lithuania) is prohibited, the word "Lithuania" itself is prohibited. Although earlier Pushkin, it was about Belarusians in his verses about the rebellion of 1830-1831. "Russian slanders": "With whom to be Lithuania is the eternal dispute of Slavs."

That is, from the point of view of science, speaking of Belarusians and Russians, we are not talking about the peoples and ethnic groups, but about the nations of the neighbors. This is a completely different category, where there are already inappropriate thoughts about the "merger of peoples" allegedly under the pretext of their any "ethnic community". Nation can never merge with each other, because it is not predisposed by definition.

We always belonged to European culture. Mentality differences

"Belorus is not a completely imperial person, he never will come to mind the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world revolution or third Rome," says the philosopher, essuraist and literary critic Valentin Akudovich. With the words of the famous Belarusian cultural representative, you can easily agree. Vladimir Orlov.For the Word, too, the famous Belarusian writer and historian, in one of the interviews said "Belarusians historically and mentally - Europeans. It is very shocking everyone who is trying to get closer to the country. People are surprised by the fact that Belarusian cities had Magdeburg law, which in Belarus also had his own Renaissance. We always belonged to European culture, the border between Europe and Asia took place here. We lived in the empire - the Grand Duch of Lithuanian, - which stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea, but it was not an empire. There were completely different principles of building a state, everyone was one people were tolerance and tolerance. Orthodox, Catholic and Uniate churches, a synagogue and mosque were peacefully on the squares of the Belarusian cities. Here we differ from Western Europe, we have never had religious clashes and such events as Warfolomeevian night. "

"Despite all the efforts of Russian historians, the Moscow Principality of Centuries was under the Golden Horde IGA. In fact, then they did not free themselves from this oppression - mentally, of course. Even after the leaving of the Horde, everything remains the same: and the construction of the state, and military doctrine, the idea of \u200b\u200bdominance, if not all over the world, then on its significant part. From there, the Russian thought remained from the Russians that "if these lands do not take it, then our enemies will be captured and from there will threaten us." Events in Ukraine testify that such a mental situation exists now, "Valentin Akudovich also believes.

Double hit: more on centimeter and per unit IQ

We decided to compare two people in many indicators, and found a table of the length of the men's genital bodies of residents of different countries. According to the latest data, at the average Belarusian sexual body - 14.63 cm. This is a very good indicator (Belarusians are part of the 10th largest penises in Europe). The eastern neighbors are going much worse - the average Russian may boast only a length of 13.3 cm.

It is difficult to speak about external differences. Although it is hardly able to distinguish an externally pole, Ukrainian and Belarusian too.

At the same time, experts derive such patterns: the longer the penis, the lower the level of intelligence. In this regard, Belarusians also have something to boast: the average IQ among representatives of our nationality is one of the high in the world: 97. The inhabitants of our oriental neighbor the point of intelligence is less than - 96.

"Putsuy Pіlnah - Budzu Vіlny!". Different fabulous hero

The most ordinary hero of Russian fairy tales - Emely, who sits on the stove and wants him to get everything in a whitewash. Or Ivan-Durak, having a dad-king and do not understand than. The hero of the same Belarusian fairy tales: "Praceavіta duel Maul Yanka", working for whole days and the mockery of "pano-dyar". Lododr in Belarusian fairy tales is ridiculed, children are taught that the real hero is the one who works hard and hard, despite the blows of fate. In general, Putsuy Pіlnah - Dwise Vіlnya! ". In Russian fairy tales, everything is absolutely the opposite. There is an interesting study of Belarusian fairy tales written by the cultureologist Julia Chernyavskaya. In our fairy tales there is another injury: for example, the fact that we have no lucky hero, who has everything, and he will not be bad for it. All Belarusian fairy tales - about hard work, and if you find some treasure, then you are very sternly punished. Our fairy tales are not about laziness, but about work.

Very different. Belarusian and Russian

Recently, the main difference between Belarusians from the Russians is gaining popularity in our country. Belarusian-speaking sports events are held, free courses of studying "Rodnai Mow" are opened. Of course, the Belarusian language is rather similar to Russian, but knowing the same Ukrainian or Polish, you can see that Mova is similar to them much more. To prove the fact that the Belarusian is an independent language and not the appendage of Russian, you can analyze several basic words. "Fortune" in Russian means "good". In the Belarusian "good" means "badly". When root basic words have completely different meanings, it says that languages \u200b\u200bare completely different.

The process of the formation of the Belarusian ethnic volume is quite complicated and contradictory. Among scientists there is no consensus as the time of the appearance of Belarusians as an ethnos and about the ancestors of modern Belarusians. It is believed that the ethnogenesis of Belarusians occurred in the territory of the upper subway, the middle move and the top show. Some researchers (Georgy Shtykhov, Nikolai Ermolovich, Mikhail Tkachev) believe that the Belarusian ethnic has existed already in the XIII century. The archaeologist Valentin Sedov believed that the Belarusian ethnic community was developed in the XIII-XIV centuries, Moses Greenblat - in the period from the XVI century.

The emergence of Belarus as an ethnic territory, its East Slavic population is an integral part of the process of formation of the Belarusian people (ethnogenesis). It is impossible to answer numerous questions about the origin of Belarus without considering a number of problems of the Belarusian ethnogenesis, without an answer to the question of the ancestors of the Belarusians, the historical roots of our people.

To date, unfortunately, among scientists of Belarus there is no single point of view regarding the ethnogenesis of Belarusians. There are many diverse versions about where Belarusians come from where their ethnic roots are located, within which state formations there are formation of our nation, our nation. The presence of several concepts of the emergence of Belarus and the origin of the Belarusian people is due to the complexity of the process of education of the ethnic territory and the methods of its research, a variety of sources, which are very often in the root differ from each other Kucherenko E.I., Kucherenko M.E. Toponymics in local lore work. M., 2008. P. 131-142 ..

There are several fundamentally different concepts of ethnogenesis of Belarusians:

Curvic theory of origin (ethnogenesis) of the Belarusian people. One of these theory of origin of the Belarusian people is a curvic theory, formulated in the main features in the second half of the XIX century and obtained significant development at the beginning of the 20th century in the works of a number of scientists, in particular the well-known Belarusian historian and public figure of Vaclav Lastovsky (1883-1938). V. Lastovsky argued that the traditional culture of one of the first East Slavic ethnic communities is based on the formation of the Belarusian people, which are the ancestors of Belarusians. The scientist proceeded from what exactly Crivichi was the most numerous community among the tribes in the territory of modern Belarus and occupied some of the land beyond. Moreover, it was on the territory of the settlement of the curvice that such a state education was formed as the Polotsk Principality, which had a significant impact on the development of the rest of the Belarusian lands. V. Lastovsky also expressed the idea that Belarusians are more correctly called "Curves", and Belarus - "Curvia". Despite a number of facts testifying to this theory, its main provision that the ancestors of Belarusians are curvaciations, and the ethnic territory of the Belarusian people was formed on the ethnic territory of curvice, contradicts reality. Crivichi and their ethnic territory (curvia) disappeared in the middle of the XII century, and the Belarusian ethnos, his ethnic territory at that time was not yet formed. The controversy of this concept is revealed and in the fact that it cannot convincingly explain the emergence of ethnic traits of the South Belarusian population, since curviti lived only in the northern and central part of modern Belarus.

Famous Belarusian scientists Ya.F. Karsky and V.I. Pichet incorporated into the ancestors of Belarusians not only curvacres, but radar and dregovich, to some extent overcame the one-scenes of the Criminal theory. However, they did not take into account the important factor that between Slavic tribes, on the one hand, and Belarusians - on the other, there is no direct continuity. Dregovichi, Curvichi and Radmichy disappeared in the XII century, and the Common Language and Cultural Complex at that time had not yet formed.

Balt theory of origin (ethnogenesis) of the Belarusian people. There is another fairly interesting and well-argued theory of origin of the Belarusian people. This is the Balt theory, which formed in the 60s - early 70s of the 20th century and connecting the origin of Belarusians with living on the territory of modern Belarus in the twilithic period of the Balt. One of the authors of this theory was the Moscow Archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences V.V. Sedov. He expressed the idea that the mixture of Slavs and Balts had its result the formation of the Belarusian ethnos, the originality of his culture and language. At the same time, the scientist argued, the Balts in the ethnogenesis of Belarusians played the role of a substrate (shareholders). His theory V.V. Sedov argued the data of archaeological excavations, which spent on the territory of Belarus and in Smolenc region. He found a number of decorations, tools, weapons, which were characteristic of Balt culture and did not belong to the Slavs. Based on archaeological data V.V. Sedov came to the conclusion that at the end of the Bronze and during the Iron Century on the territory of the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the head of the Don, including the Oki Swimming pool, and from the subway station to the Kyiv region, the Migration of Slavs began from the middle of the first millennium. But they could not oust the Balts, moreover, the Balts took an active part in the ethnogenesis of the Slavic tribes, entered their staff and took various dialects of their language. Thus, the main, determining factor in the formation of the Belarusian ethnos, according to the Baltian theory, is considered to be colonization of the Slavs of the territory located north of Pripyat, including the top small, the upper move and the subnet, assimilation of them of the Balts, the impact of the Balts into the language and culture of the Slavic tribes. The proof of this is the fact that many elements of the language and culture of Belarusians have Balt roots, for example, worshiping the horror and stones in the traditional religion of Belarusians, Lapti of direct weaving, the construction of housing, a number of sounds of Belarusian phonetics (solid "r", "Akane" etc.).

Despite the significant argumentality of the Baltian concept, a number of scientists found many controversial points in approving that the allocation of the Belarusian ethnos from other groups of the Slavic population is due to the main impact of the Balts. Several doubts are put by the significant influence of the Balts on the formation of the Belarusian people, its culture, language, the cutoff of Belarusians from other East Slavic peoples - Russian and Ukrainians Sharhuhu I.N. Belarusians in anthropological and ethnic space // Pskov regionological magazine. 2008. No. 6. P. 145 ..

The other concept of the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians is also a controversial concept - ancient Russian concept. One of its theorists was our countryman - Associate Professor of the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy M.O. Kojavich (1828-1891), who defended the Panxlavist concept of the history of Russia and believed that the Russian people consist of three parts: Velikorosov, Malororsov and Belarusians. According to this theory, Curvich, Radmichi, Dregovichi, as well as other East Slavic tribes have changed in ethnically before the formation of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian peoples. Initially, the general Eastern Slavonic community came to replace the East Slavonic ethnic community, and their ethnic territories were formed by Kievan Rus, which was the predecessor of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.

Today, this theory is disputed by many scientists, a minority of which deny the existence in the past of the common East Slavic community - ancient Russian nationality. Indeed, there are a lot of questions that this theory does not give answers. In essence, the chronological framework of the existence of such a nationality was not confirmed by the actual material (developed in the IX-X centuries, broke up in the XII century) in Belarus. Simplified theory also explains the path of the emergence of Belarus from the ethnic territory of ancient Russia, the complexity of the methods and ways of education of the new ethnic territory is not taken into account, the impact on this process is not only evolution, but also the diffusion phenomena of culture and language, names. It does not convince the assertion that the disappearance of the Old Russian nationality was influenced by the process of disappearing from the political map of Kievan Rus and education on its territory of the Grand Duchy of the Lithuanian and Moscow State, as well as the invasion of Mongol-Tatars and Crusaders. But the ancestors of modern Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians together lived in one state, in operation, during the XIII-XVIII centuries, however, the process of completing the formation of ancient Russian nationality was never implemented. This may mean that each of the abnormal peoples walked its own historical way. Brought them block, of course, the Old Russian language, common traits of culture, general ethnic self -lation (Russian, Rusians, Rusins), a single Orthodox religion.

There is also a "Finnish" concept, put forward by the writer Ivan Laskov. According to her, Finno-Ugry spoke to the ancestors of Belarusians. The concept is formed on the basis of the presence of a significant amount of ancient Finno-Ugric Hydrons on the territory of Belarus (for example, Dvina, Svir). Now, however, it is believed that Finno-Ugry spoke to the substrate not Belarusians, but the Balts.

1. The concept and signs of the ethnos.

2. Formation of signs of the Belarusian ethnic

Ethnography, ethnogeography, ethnolinguistics, anthropology, etc., ethnogenesis, ethnos, ethnic group, sub-ethnic group, ethnic territory, ethnic culture, ethnic self-consciousness, ethnic language, mentality, material culture, banucleus culture, culture of Korchak, etc., Indo-Europeans, Slavs, Balts, Germans, Romantic, Greeks, and others, Dregovichi, Curvichi, Radmichi.

The history of mankind is calculated by several millions of years. The first people most likely stood out from the world of animals in East Africa. This process is associated with the beginning of the manufacture of workers. The main material for a long time was a stone, mostly flint, so the first and most prolonged era in the history of mankind is called the stone age. The resettlement of a person on the planet was delayed for millions of years, and in the territory of modern Belarus, the first people may have appeared in the era of Middle Paleolithic (Mousti). In favor of this, the finds of the Mustier's tools are testified near the village of Chechersky, Klewyukovichi and Abidovichi Bykhovsky districts near the village of Podlogier.

In the era of the upper (late) Paleolithic, people have already undoubtedly lived in Belarus. In the Stone Age, people lived in extreme conditions when for survival had to apply incredible efforts, and the average life expectancy was 20 years. The direct influence on the existence of human teams was provided by climatic conditions, among which Olion occupied a special place, as a result of the onset of which people were forced to leave already mastered regions or even gibbles.

The oldest inhabitants of Belarus were engaged in a corruption hunt for large animals: Mammoth, cave bear, woolly rhino. Animals were used in food, the bones served for the manufacture of workers and amulets-decorations, were used to erect housing and fuel, animal skins were used in the construction of housing and as clothing. Another occupation was gathering: everything was used in food: wild-growing fruits, roots and leaves, insects, etc. It is early enough for a person learned to catch fish. The economy was carried out collectively: only the United's entire efforts could withstand powerful animals, unfavorable natural factors. Stone tools of labor contributed to the existence of a person: Pozdrochones, cutters, scrapers, hand cut. The stone was processed with other stones, bones, horns. The person used a variety of processing techniques: upholstery, chip, shock and squeeze retouching, sawing, drilling, etc. Slowly, but steadily there was a process of improving the technique and technology of processing instruments of labor, which led to the creation of more advanced and productive labor instruments. Workers of labor from wood, bone and horns were also used. Near GP The Krasnoselsky Volkovysk district was investigated by a unique complex: mines for mining of silf and workshops on making instruments from it (the mines were developed at the end of neolithic - the bronze age).

Gradually, the person accumulated the experience, I made numerous discoveries: I got acquainted with the beneficial properties of fire, and then the way it was artificially obtained, mastered the houseworking and making clothes, the combined tools of labor (ax, bows of arrows) was invented, studied to manufacture dishes and so on.

The accumulated knowledge summed up a person to master the producing types of farms: agriculture and cattle breeding, which appeared on the territory of Belarus at the end of Neolithic. The first fields were treated with wooden sticks and hoes, cultivated barley and other cereals. The first tamed animal was a dog, then a large and small horned cattle, a pig and a horse. New producing economy coexisted with traditional hunting, collecting and fishing; A comprehensive management system weakened the dependence of a person from nature, contributed to the rapid increase in the population.

The spread of the producing economy occurred in the Bronze Age, Belarus is far from the regions, where the components for bronze were mined, so stone guns were still dominated here; The local bridal case arose in the first half of the II thousand to AD.

The genesis of society, the evolution of marriage-family relations, is associated with the economic activities of human teams. The ancient association was Prab region: a human herd, jointly engaged in manufacturing activities and regulating the distribution of labor results.

In the upper Paleolitis functioned the ranked green community. The genus consisted of female relatives, their descendants and nagged men from another kind. Members of the genus had the right and obligation to marry with members of another kind (group marriage), the expense of kinship was conducted on the maternal line. In a family and society, a woman occupied an exceptional place: an equal participant in labor activity, the continuer of the kind, the custodian of the family hearth, etc. It was the period of the so-called matriarch.

At the end of the Neolithic - the Bronze Age, with the emergence and formation of producing industrial facilities, the generic community is transformed. In the family and society, a man took the dominant position, the woman turns into a row of her husband, the expense of kinship is carried out on the male line, a pair marriage is distributed. It is highlighted by a birthbroken to know (the Council of Men-Warriors, Military Chiefs), violates the former equality, there is a private property.

From ancient times to the middle of the Millennium AD. The Balt Summer-Lithuanian ("East Lithuanian") tribes lived in the northern and gentlemen of Belarus. As for the south and southeast of Belarus, how scientists suggest, it is very likely that this territory included in the zone of early settlement of Slavs.

In the first centuries, N.E., under Natius, who came from Scandinavia and landed near the mouth of the Vistula, the Slavs began their migration to the east. With the pool of the Wises, they moved to the Popioti pool and reached the Dnieper. As a result of the "great resettlement of peoples", Slavs were divided into three large groups: southern, western, oriental. Slavic tribes that settled on the Balkan Peninsula, became the ancestors of modern Yugoslavian peoples - Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Chernogorstsev. They mixed with the local Thracian and Illyrian population, which previously oppressed Byzantine slave owners. Western Slavic tribes together with the population living on the shores of the Vistula, became the ancestors of Polish, Czech, Slovak peoples. Almost simultaneously with the Western and South Slavs, the third group - Eastern Slavs, ancestors of modern Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians were distinguished.

About how and when the Slavs were seized in the territory of Belarus, there were almost no written sources. Therefore, there are still no scientific disputes, there are different points of view, various hypotheses for all these issues. Basic data, except for brief information about the settlement of Slavs in the "Tale of Bygone Years", scientists draw from archaeological sources.

Archaeologists allocate different cultures and identify them with those or other ethnic groups, they note that in the south of Belarus monuments of Prague culture (the culture of the Rannesian School of tribes, which in U-UE, were preserved by the territory of Dnipro and Oz. Ilmen in the east and to The Elaba and the Danube west and south) or, more precisely, its local version - Corchak Type Cultures (the archaeological culture of the tribes, which in the UI-UII century, lived in the territory of North-Western Ukraine and South Belarus) . It is considered indisputable that these monuments belong to the Slavs.

But the main territory of Belarus and neighboring regions in the U-Uiіі c. There were other tribes that left behind the monuments of the so-called Banserser culture. She received its name from the settlement Bancersmannishment on the left bank of the Swisle. As for the belonging to Bansersovsky culture, there is no consensus between scientists. Some consider her Balt, others - Slavic, or called the "peculiar ballet-Slavic culture." It happens because there are signs of culture and Slavic, and, during excavations in material culture. Balt.

In general, to resolve the issue of the formation of a separate ethnic, it is necessary to apply special ethnographic materials.

The term "Belarus" is closely related to the term "Belarusians" - the name of the people living in this territory. The emergence of Belarus as ethnic territory is an essential part of the Belarusian ethnogenesis, that is, the process of forming the Belarusian people. It is impossible to scientifically investigate the emergence of Belarus, without examining a number of problems in the Belarusian ethnogenesis, without responding to questions: "Who was the ancestors of Belarusians"; "When Belarusians have formed as the people - Ethnos"; "How and under what conditions this process developed when, for what reasons that it contributed to what territory is" - the list of issues seems unlimited.

However, the fundamental question requiring priority permission is the question of the concept and origin of the ethnos.

The essence of the material is that in the study on this problem, it is primarily necessary to take into account the role of many factors of economic, political, historical. Only comparing these diverse sources, you can come to the conclusion that the process of the formation of Belarus, the Belarusian people was much more difficult than he was trying to submit many researchers so far.

Initially, it is necessary to find out the content of the main concepts, determine the method of research and analyze the capabilities of sources on this issue.

Ethnos - (from the Greek word Ethnos - society, group, tribe, people), is defined as historically established sustainable community of people, which can be expressed in the form of a tribe, nation, nation. The main conditions for the occurrence of the ethnic volume are the community of territory and language, usually acting as signs of the ethnos. However, the main signs of the ethnos are ethnic self-consciousness and mentality, a totality of material and spiritual culture.

Ethnic community - (ethnos) - historically arising from the sustainable social grouping of people submitted by the tribe, nationality, nation. This term is close to the concept of people in the ethnographic sense.

Ethnographic group - (subecadet) - a separate part of the nationality or nation, preserving some of the features of the language, culture and life.

Ethnic territory - the territory of the preemptive placement of this ethnos, typically including the area of \u200b\u200bits formation and compact resettlement, as well as the areas of mixing with other nationalities.

Ethnogenesis - (from Greek - tribe, people and genesis), origin of peoples. Includes both the initial stages of the occurrence of any people and the further formation of its ethnographic, linguistic and anthropological characteristics.

Ethnography - science of ethnic groups (nations), which studies their origin and resettlement, life and culture.

Ethnogeography - section of science that studies the peculiarities of the settlement (in the past and present) peoples of the world, individual countries and regions to determine ethnic boundaries, the dynamics of their development and the number of people.

Ethnolinguistics - direction in linguistics learning the interaction of linguistic, ethnocultural and ethnopsychological factors in the functioning and evolution of the language.

Anthropology - Science, which studies the origin of the person and the evolution of the physical organization of a person and its Russ.

One of the most common theories about the origin of Belarusians is the theory of substrate origin. A supporter of this theory is the famous Russian archaeologist V. Sedov. He created the theory of the substrate origin of Belarusians. What is it? Under the Balt Substrate (from the Latin term - the basis, lining) means the ethnocultural heritage of the Balt ethnos, which influenced the formation of the Belarusian nationality. Supporters of this theory argue that as a result of the Slavic Slavic Slavication, a mixture of Slavic, a separation of part of the Eastern Slavic nation has occurred, which led to the formation of the Belarusian language and nationality.

Other researchers argue that settling in the territories, which previously occupied the Balt tribes, the Slavs partially pushed them together, partially destroyed. And only small islands of the Balts, which were probably submitted to the Slavs, were preserved in the arms, the upper subway, but the right bank of the Middle Pononan was left behind the Balta and some parts of the territory between Neman and Pripyat.

There is no clear generally accepted opinion from researchers and on the formation of tribal unions, which amounted to the basis of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian ethnic groups. Some suggest that as a result of the intensive development of the Slavs of the territory of Belarus, where the Balts were previously lived, in the UII-i centuries. Ethnic tribal Unions-Crivichi, Dregovichi, Radmichi, partially Volynians have developed. On their basis, the staple ethnos was formed. It is compactly located in the Upper Podneprovye, the arms, Pononania. Representatives of some other ethnicities were attended by representatives of some other ethnic formations, among which Yatvägi and some other butterfly tribes.

The borders of the Belarusian ethnos, which developed over the centuries, is approximately one and a half times higher than the territory of modern Belarus.

The ancestors of the Eastern Slavs, which settled in the Pripyat-Skome Polesie, assimilated the Balt tribes. As a result, the territory he was held by the Dnieprovsky Balts, East Slavic tribes arose - Dregovichi, Curivichi, Radmichi - ancestors of modern Belarusians. On the territory where the Iranian tribes had already lived, Poland, Drevlyan, Northerners, Volynians - ancestors of modern Ukrainians. The assimilation of the Finugor's tribes led to the emergence of Novgorod Slavs, Vyatichi, partially Uppervolzh Krivichi - the ancestors of modern Russians.

Supporters of another point of view represent this picture somewhat differently. First, they believe that supporters of the foregoing hypothesis exaggerate the role of the Balts in the ethnogenesis of Belarusians. Another thing is, they note, the average lowrama, where the Balts constituted a significant part of the population at the beginning of the II Millennium. In the Slavicization of these lands, a significant role belongs to Volynians, Dregovichs, to a lesser extent - to rallies and curvacons. Recognizing that the basis of the Starobelorussian ethnos was Crivichi, Dregovichi, Radmichi and, to a lesser extent, Volynian, and that the total territory of their settlement exceeded the boundaries of modern Belarus, they believe that there is no reason to say that it was 1.5 times. This indicates that both part of Volynyan (most of whom participated in the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians) took part in the formation of Belarusians and part of the Ukrainians - in the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians. Radmichi equally participated in the formation of Belarusians and one of the groups of the Russian ethnic group. Curvichi played a big role not only in the formation of Belarusians, but also in the formation of the northwestern part of the Russian ethnic group.

As for the formation of the Belarusian ethnos, it should be said that the main signs of the formation of the Belarusian ethnos passed the complex stages in their development.

The Belarusian language arose as a result of mixing, northern-Dolospesko-Dneprovskiy and southern - Popedic elements of the spoken speech of the East Slavic population. The characteristic features of the Starobelorussian language, or more correctly to say Starussky, are fixed in writing monuments of 15-16 centuries.

Thus, in the 15-16th centuries in the northern part of the Plumbing (Polessky) district, the central region and the southern zone of the South Dnieper region, the system of New, East Slavic language, which was called "Belorussky", this means one of the most important features of the Belarusian ethnos.

During the formation of the Belarusian nationality, the features of a material and spiritual culture were developed and strengthened.

Ethnic self-consciousness, which is one of their main indicators of the consolidation of the people - awareness of people belonging to their people, its distinction. On the territory of Belarus, it arose, first of all, surrounded by progressive citizens, gentlemen, clergy. It is known that the national self-consciousness of Belarusians was subjected to deformation under the influence of first polarizer, and then rusifatory trends. Simultaneously with the self-consciousness, the mindset of the people, his psychology, that is, the Belarusian mentality.