Perhaps, for any student, the most difficult part in the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is the composition of part C. And the paragraph, which, presumably, should contain arguments, is completely capable of driving you to hysteria. What to write? How to write? And most importantly, what literary works to choose? It's not that scary! On our site you will find arguments for writing Part C on almost all topics! Moreover, this page is constantly updated as we post more and more new arguments! Visit us more often, and on the exam in the Russian language you will feel quite calm and confident. For ease of reference, we group the arguments into tables by topic. Save yourself the tables you need, or just study them, and then you don't need to re-read a bunch of literary works to write a good essay in Part C. So, arguments!

THE PROBLEM OF AN EXTRA PERSON!

1) The problem of the “superfluous person” was reflected more than once in Russian literature. “Superfluous person” is a special concrete historical socio-psychological variety of a more general type of “strange person”. “A superfluous person” we can call the main character of the work Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" Pechorin. The personality of Pechorin in the novel is wider than his time, environment, specific circumstances, offered to him by the society of social roles. Awareness of himself as a spiritually free integral person, responsible not only for individual actions, but also for the choice of a life position, for the implementation of his “high purpose”, and at the same time a tragic misunderstanding of his purpose makes Pechorin “an extra person”.

2) Another hero, which may well be called "Superfluous person, is the hero of the same name novel in verse by Eugene Onegin... Onegin lives by the principles of the surrounding society, but at the same time he is far from it. Belonging to the light, he despises it. Onegin does not find his true purpose and place in life, he is burdened by his loneliness. It is Eugene Onegin who opens a whole "gallery of superfluous people" in Russian literature.

PROBLEM OF HARD CHILDHOOD!

1) We will find many works of Russian classical literature that reflect this problem. Let us recall, for example, little twelve-year-old Vaska from Kuprin's works "In the bowels of the Earth", who is forced to work in a mine, which seems to him a strange and incomprehensible monster. Vaska is also a child with a stolen childhood. He is forced to go to work in the mine, although he does not understand the customs prevailing among the workers, and the work itself is too hard for a boy of twelve years old.

2) It's not just literary works that teach us to appreciate what we have. Almost every child knows the real stories about children participating in the military battles of the Great Patriotic War. We remember the names of Leni Golikov, Vali Kotik, Zina Portnova, Nadia Bogdanova. All of them lost their childhood in the war, and some of them lost their lives.

THE PROBLEM OF BRIBERY AND OFFICIALITY!

1) Recall the work N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General"... Upon learning of the visit of the inspector, officials are terribly frightened and try to “prepare” for his arrival. For example, the trustee of charitable institutions is advised to dress the sick in clean caps, and indeed, to make sure that there are fewer sick people. As a result, all the officials decide to give a bribe "supposedly on credit" to Khlestakov, who is taken for the auditor. All this shows that already in the time of Nikolai Vasilyevich, bribery and lawlessness of officials were a rather big problem.

2) B Dante's Divine Comedy in one of the circles of hell, the devils throw bribe-takers into a ditch filled with boiling tar. The devils also make sure that the bribe-takers do not protrude from the boiling resin, and those who protrude, they beat with hooks.

THE PROBLEM OF FATHERS AND CHILDREN!

1)"Fathers and Sons" I. S. Turgenev. The protagonist of the novel, Yevgeny Bazarov, denies all kinds of feelings, friendship, love. He never shows his warm attitude towards his parents, who are madly in love with their son and admire him. The hero does not communicate much with his parents, after a long separation he leaves, having stayed for only a few days .... Only before his death Bazarov realizes how much he really loves them.

2) “Stationmaster” A.S. Pushkin. The author tells us the story of a poor station superintendent, whose only joy was his beloved daughter. But the girl leaves her father. He tries to find her, at least just to see her, but he is kicked out of his daughter's house. And only after his death, when the girl comes to visit her father, she realizes what she has done.

THE PROBLEM OF FATE IN HUMAN LIFE!

1) Ballad of Zhukovsky "Lyudmila"... The main idea of ​​Zhukovsky's ballad, written in imitation of “Lenore” by Burger, was the conviction that murmuring at fate is a sin. Lyudmila, who has lost her fiancé, is just murmuring about fate, so her prayer becomes heard by heaven. A dead groom comes for Lyudmila, who takes her to the grave.

2) "A Hero of Our Time" M. Yu. Lermontov. In the chapter "The Fatalist" of M. Yu. Leromontov's novel, we also face questions of fate. The officers start a dispute about whether the fate of a person is written in heaven. Lieutenant Vulich is called to resolve the dispute, who at random takes a weapon from the wall, decides to shoot himself in the head and ... makes a misfire! But Pechorin is sure that he saw the stamp of death on his face. Indeed, Vulich dies on the same evening at the hands of a drunken Cossack.

THE PROBLEM OF THE "LITTLE PERSON", THE RELATIONSHIP OF A STRONG PERSON TO A WEAK!

1) "The Overcoat" by N. V. Gogol. The problem of the “little man” has been reflected more than once in Russian literature. Let us recall the protagonist of the story "The Overcoat" by N. V. Gogol. Akaki Akakievich is a typical image of a “little man”: a humiliated and powerless official who has worked all his life in the department, rewriting papers. The theft of a new overcoat becomes a tragedy for this hero. Akaki Akakievich tries to seek help from higher officials, but does not find a response in society. And everyone he turns to thinks his problem is insignificant and not worthy of attention.

2) A. Pushkin's "Stationmaster". Another example of the reflection of the problem of the “little man” is the work of A. Pushkin “The Station Keeper”. In this work, the author tells us the story of Samson Vyrin, whose only daughter leaves with a hussar and leaves her poor father. Vyrin can't even see her daughter! He feels a huge gap between him, his life and the new position in the society of his Dunya. Still not resigned to the betrayal of his daughter, he dies.

THE PROBLEM OF MORAL CHOICE!

1)"The Master and Margarita" by M.A. Bulgakov. This problem has been reflected more than once in Russian classical literature. Let us recall Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, in which Woland and his retinue tempt Muscovites, who repeatedly make the wrong choice, for which they receive their punishment. Nikanor Ivanovich Barefoot takes a bribe, the barman cheats, Styopa Likhodeev is debauched ... And, of course, speaking of moral choice, one cannot but recall Pontius Pilate, who was never able to make the right choice. After all, he realizes too late that "this afternoon he irretrievably missed something."

2) "Eugene Onegin" A.S. Pushkin. Another literary hero, who also could not make a choice in good faith, is Eugene Onegin. The hero realizes that his duel with Lensky is absolutely meaningless, but he still accepts the challenge. Why? A.S. Pushkin gives a completely unambiguous answer: “And here is the public opinion! Spring of honor, our idol! And that's what the world turns on! " That is, for Onegin, public opinion was more important than the life of a friend. But if the hero tried to make a choice, relying on his conscience, then everything would end well.

PROBLEM INFLUENCE OF NATURE ON PERSON AND CAREFUL ATTITUDE TO IT!

1)A word about Igor's regiment. Nature reflects the state of mind of the heroes, indicates the danger, warns the princes.

2)"War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy. Natasha Rostova admires the beauty of the night landscape in Otradnoye, he inspires him. And the changes that take place in the soul of Andrei Bolkonsky are reflected in the external appearance of the oak, which he sees when he goes to Otradnoye and back. The oak here is a symbol of change and a new, better life.

3) "Grandfather Mazai and Hares" N. A. Nekrasov. During the spring flood, the hero of the poem rescues drowning hares, gathering them into a boat, and heals two sick animals. The forest is a native element for him, and he worries about all its inhabitants.

Discussion is closed.

In preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian, there are often problems of talent, which are raised by many authors of texts. Therefore, we decided to find the most popular aspects of this problem and select literary arguments for each of them.

1. A. Pushkin, "Mozart and Salieri". This work from the collection "Little Tragedies" tells the story of the life and relationships of two composers. One of them is the great and brilliant Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and the other is Antonio Salieri, who envies his talent. While the former writes music, as if he lives, filling it with his feelings and emotions, the latter, “killing sounds” and decomposing music into almost algebraic components, composes his own works. Both have achieved good fame, but Salieri understands that his talent cannot be compared with the genius of Mozart. Unable to resist his nature and temptation, and also realizing the impossibility of enduring being in the shadow of real talent, he destroys it with the help of poison. Only after committing an atrocity does he realize his insignificance. It is impossible to become a genius by taking out of the way the one who is more talented. A true gift is something that cannot be achieved by evil deed.
2. I. S. Turgenev, "Two Quatrains". This is a prose poem, more like a parable, from the writer's cycle called “Senilia” (senile). It describes the performances of two poets in a certain city, whose inhabitants cannot live without good poetry. After one of them (the poets), by the name of Junius, read his lines, the people drove him out of the pulpit with shouts and blasphemy, calling him "a pea buffoon." After a while, applause and enthusiastic shouts are heard there: they applaud Julius's lines. Junius learns from a man in the crowd what the second poet presented, but it turns out to be his own poems, only slightly altered. The poet is in despair; true talent, speaking at the wrong time, was rejected, and the copy, being in the right place at the right time, collected all the laurels. The audience again turned out to be not sensitive to a real genius, recognizing such a miserable imitator.

Ruined talent

1. Jack London, Martin Eden. The novel tells the story of an uneducated sailor who falls in love with a girl from high society named Ruth and, thanks to her, begins to learn and enlighten spiritually and intellectually. Having crossed that border of education, beyond which the girl does not go, Martin Eden breaks up with her and begins to write stories, sending them to various magazines. None of the publishers wants to publish them until the moment when he is lucky enough to be published one day. Instantly the glory of a great writer falls on the young man, but he, having gone through many hardships and trials, does not understand the nature of this idolatry and masquerade of the secular circle in which he found himself. His previous works, rejected by publishers, are no worse than what he writes now, so why did no one need them? A writer who has realized the stupidity and illegibility, the public's deceit and the futility of the existence of his talent, takes his own life by jumping from the ship. So the real talent is drowning in the sea of ​​idleness, indifference and philistine.
2. N. V. Gogol "Portrait". The protagonist of the story, a poor young artist Chartkov, who possesses "a talent that prophesied a lot," realizes the unpopularity of true art. After buying a portrait of an Asian, whose look on the canvas frightened him and ... as if tempted, Chartkov's life changed. A bundle with a thousand ducats falls out of the picture, and with this money the artist acquires everything he needs to paint, and also moves to a luxurious apartment. He begins to make portraits to order so as not to starve, and gradually gains the fame of an excellent painter and recognized critic. One day he sees a picture painted by his old friend, and it amazes him to the core. The artist tries to create something beautiful again, but nothing but mediocre poses and faces comes out of him. Through his own fault, in pursuit of his fortune, Chartkov lost his talent and remained unhappy, realizing this.

A sacrifice for talent

1. A. N. Ostrovsky, "Talents and Admirers"... In his comedy in four acts, the writer brings a young girl, actress Alexandra Neginu, onto the stage as the main character. Her mother, also an actress, says that from childhood, her daughter could not be kept from the stage, theater is her life, something she cannot live without. She is poor, the game is her only income. Negina has a fiancé, Pyotr Meluzov, who teaches her sciences and an honest life. They love each other and are going to get married. However, at the last moment, the girl accepts the offer of the rich landowner Velikatov to become his kept woman and actress in the theater, which he will manage. Realizing that family life is impossible for her, that she will leave her husband in order to be on stage again, even though this is a lowly married woman of the 19th century, Alexandra sacrifices her love in the name of her vocation, her talent.
2. M.Yu. Lermontov, "The Poet" ("My dagger shines with gold decoration ..."). In his poem, the lyricist contrasts the poet, who writes for the public, who has won fame and riches, to the true creator, the herald of truth. The author urges to discard thoughts of material values, because talent is not for sale. It clearly demonstrates the contempt of Lermontov's own lyrical self. In his opinion, being poor, but creating poetry worthy of being considered real poetry, is more important than false and undeserved wealth.

Unrecognized talent

1. M. Yu. Lermontov, "The Prophet". The work of the poet became a kind of controversy with the poem of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. In it, the lyrical hero is a person rejected by society, an outcast. Due to his talent and thirst for justice, he could not lie, he decided to "proclaim pure teachings of love and truth," however, remained incomprehensible to society. The audience, deaf to the poet's word, dooms him to eternal loneliness, wandering and misfortune. This is the tragedy of unrecognized talent.
2. MA Bulgakov, "The Master and Margarita". The most famous novel of the writer, which takes place in two realities, tells the story of the main characters, lovers, one of whom is a writer. The master (the author deliberately calls him this way, as if recognizing the unconditional purity of his talent) abandons everything in order to write his novel, which was a truly valuable literary work. But critics, whose role was to trample everything that is not pro-Soviet propaganda, condemned the novel and its author. People, for whom literature and art have long turned into word and rhyming, simply could not understand and were jealous of the appearance of true talent within this spiritless and flat, almost dystopian reality. As an antithesis, Bulgakov introduces a number of "writers" in the novel, whose activity and care consists mainly in visiting a restaurant in Griboyedov's house in MASSOLIT. Art and genius are out of the question in such an environment.

The healing power of talent

1. L.N. Tolstoy, "Albert". The main character, whose name is given to the story, is a poor violinist who has lost his love on the basis of social inequality. Personal drama led him to alcohol - he is miserable, unhappy and poor. However, Albert did not lose his gift. Once at the ball, he begins to play and with his skill and soulful performance surprises all the guests. He himself is also changing in the eyes of the audience, but especially in the eyes of Delesov. The melody of the violin revived his former beloved in his soul, and he wanted to take the violinist to him in order to pull him out of that miserable and undeserved position in which he lived. Real talent is able to turn a person's life and outlook on the world.
2. K.G. Paustovsky, "The Old Chef"... In this story, the author writes about a dying old man who went blind a few years ago from the heat of the furnace with which he worked all his life. He does not like priests, so he gives his daughter Mary an assignment to bring the first person he meets from the street to confess to him. The stranger, entering the house, asks about the last wish of the old cook, and he replies that more than anything in the world he would like to see his deceased wife. The stranger begins to play the harpsichord, and this music revives in the minds of the dying his beloved, and when he asks for the name of the stranger, the stranger answers: "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart." This is how true talent with his creativity makes the impossible possible for people, helping to overcome even the most difficult moments in life.

Interesting? Keep it on your wall!

Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov", "Obelisk" A vivid example of moral choice can be found in the work of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov". Partisan Sotnikov, faced with a choice between life and death, was not afraid of execution and confessed to the investigator that he was a partisan, and the rest had nothing to do with it. Another example can be found in the story "Obelisk" by Vasil Bykov: the teacher Frost, having the choice to stay alive or die along with his students, whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person.

Arguments for the composition

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" The hero with high moral qualities is Petrusha Grinev - the character of Alexander Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". Peter did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when it was possible to pay for it with his head. He was a person of high moral character, worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave unpunished Shvabrin's slander against Masha, so he challenged him to a duel. Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Grinev: this is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself to please his momentary desires.

Happiness

Arguments for the composition

A.I.Solzhenitsyn "One day of Ivan Denisovich" Everyone understands happiness differently. The hero of the story, for example, by AI Solzhenitsyn “One Day in Ivan Denisovich” is aware of himself “happy” because he did not get into the punishment cell, got an extra bowl of soup, did not get sick, but the main thing is that he enjoys honest labor. The writer admires the patience and hard work of a Russian person who believes in God and hopes for his help.

Evil, good and artistic activities

Arguments for the composition

Akutagawa Ryunosuke "The Torment of Hell" Creates a psychological portrait of the elder-artist Yoshihide, who is very famous in his places - first of all, for his terrible, asocial character and corresponding paintings. The only thing that pleases his eyes is his only daughter. Once the ruler ordered from him a painting depicting Hell and the torment of sinners in it. The old man agreed, however, on condition that, for greater realism, he saw the death of a woman in a falling carriage. He was given such an opportunity, however, as it turned out later, his own daughter turned out to be that woman. Yoshihide is quietly working on the painting, but upon completion of it, he commits suicide. Thus, it is worth evaluating art through morality, but this assessment entirely depends on the actual ideals of the evaluating subject. Yoshihide had one value - his daughter, whom he lost because of art.

Does a person have freedom of choice?

Arguments for the composition

V.Zakrutkin "Human Mother" The main character Maria, having met a wounded enemy (German), faced a moral choice, to kill him or not to kill? for all their atrocities, but it was a boy, his shout "mom" stopped her, the heroine could not take a desperate step, managed to stop in time, realizing that the hatred that overtook her would not lead to anything good. V.Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" On the banks of the Angara, the authorities were going to build platinum, which would flood the nearby island, so the population had to move to another place. The main character, old woman Daria, is presented with the right of a moral choice: to leave, or to defend her right to happiness, to life in her native land.

The attitude of the crowd to the people who stand out from it

Arguments for the composition

Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" Comedy "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov. Chatsky - a rebel, a rebel, rises against the crowd., Moscow society of that time. His habits are wild and alien to him, he is amazed by the morality of society. He is not afraid to voice his opinion. In the monologue "Who are the judges?" its essence is fully revealed. The problem with the crowd is that they don't know how to listen and don't even want to listen to the truth. They consider the "truth" the covenants of their hypocritical fathers that have long outlived their usefulness. Creativity Mayakovsky Mayakovsky's work is dedicated to the theme of the confrontation between the hero and the crowd. The crowd is a vulgar life without spirituality. They do not see beauty, they do not understand real art. The hero is alone in his world. He does not leave the crowd, does not hide, but boldly challenges her, is ready to fight misunderstanding. For example, in the poem "Could you?" a sharp line is drawn between "I" and "you".

National enmity

Arguments for the composition

A. Pristavkin "A golden cloud spent the night" The problem of national enmity is especially acute in A. Pristavkin's story "A golden cloud spent the night." The author shows us the tragic events of the 40s of the twentieth century, associated with the relocation of orphanages to the Caucasus, on the territory "liberated" from local residents - Chechens. Revenge of people forcibly evicted from the land of their ancestors falls on innocent people, including children. We see how the brutal murder separates the twin brothers Sashka and Kolka Kuzmenysh. It is symbolic that at the end of the story, Kolka calls the Chechen boy Alkhuzur the brother of the Chechen boy. So the author convinces us that all peoples are brothers, that the humane human principle is stronger than evil, that the power that incites national hatred is committing a crime against humanity and humanity.

The tragedy of the "little man"

Arguments for the composition

N.V. Gogol "Overcoat" The problem of the "little man" is most fully revealed by the Russian writer, poet, critic N.V. Gogol. In the story "The Overcoat" the playwright tells the reader about Akaki Akakievich, a poor titular adviser from St. Petersburg. He zealously fulfilled his duties, was very fond of manual rewriting of papers, but in general his role in the department was very insignificant, which is why young officials often laughed at him. In his tragedy of the theft of a new overcoat, the hero does not find a response to the help of society.

Personality in history: Peter I

Arguments for the composition

A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" A.S. Pushkin wrote in "The Bronze Horseman" ... Nature is destined here to cut a window to Europe ... These lines were written about Peter the Great. He is a man who changed the course of history, one of the most prominent statesmen who determined the direction of Russia's development in the 18th century. Peter launched large-scale reforms of the Russian state, changed the social order: he cut off the boyars' sleeves and beards. He built the first Russian fleet, thereby protecting the country from the sea. Here he is, that person, that person who has accomplished a lot of great and heroic things in her life, made history. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy denied the possibility of an active influence of an individual on history, believing that history is made by the masses and its laws cannot depend on the wishes of the individual. He viewed the historical process as the sum of “an uncountable number of human arbitrariness,” that is, the efforts of each person. It is useless to resist the natural course of events, it is useless to try to play the role of arbiter of the destinies of mankind. This position of the writer is reflected in the novel War and Peace. Using the example of two historical figures: Kutuzov and Napoleon, Tolstoy proves that it is the people who are the creators of history. Millions of ordinary people, and not heroes and commanders unconsciously move society forward, create great and heroic, make history.

Rudeness

Arguments for the composition

M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog" The protagonist of the story M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog", Professor Preobrazhensky is a hereditary intellectual and an outstanding medical scientist. He dreams of turning a dog into a man. So Sharikov is born with the heart of a stray dog, the brain of a man with three convictions and a pronounced passion for alcohol. the affectionate, albeit cunning Sharik turns into a boorish lumpen capable of betrayal. Sharikov feels himself the master of life, he is arrogant, arrogant, aggressive. He quickly learns to drink vodka, be rude to servants, turn his ignorance into a weapon against education. The life of the professor and its inhabitants apartments become a living hell. ”Sharikov is an image of a boorish attitude towards people. D.I. Fonvizin "Minor" Outraged by other people's rudeness, people often do not notice that they themselves sometimes behave in the same outrageous way. Perhaps this can be best seen in the relationship between parents and children. The character of a person is formed in the family, but what kind of person could Mitrofanushka become? He took over from his mother all the vices: extreme ignorance, rudeness, greed, cruelty, contempt of others, rudeness. Not surprising, because parents are always the main role model for children. And what example could Mrs. Prostakova set to her son, if she allowed herself to be rude, rude, humiliate others in front of his eyes? Of course, she loved Mitrofan, but in this regard, she greatly spoiled him.

False / true values, the search for the meaning of life

Arguments for the composition

I. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is. US Moham "Burden of Human Passions" The novel by the famous English writer W.S. Moham "The Burden of Human Passions" touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there a meaning in life, and if there is, what is it? The main character of the work, Philip Carey, is painfully looking for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at the Persian carpets and refuses further explanation. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip realizes what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is purposeless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still get satisfaction by choosing various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, marries, gives birth to children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or striving for success - they hide, perhaps, some kind of disturbing beauty of their own. "

Self-realization, aspirations

Arguments for the composition

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov" A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, could not overcome himself, his laziness and licentiousness, did not reveal his best features. The absence of a high purpose in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. US Maugham "Razor's Edge" In his later novel, The Razor's Edge, W.S. Maugham_ draws the life path of a young American Larry, who spent half of his life reading books, and the other half of his life in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image stands out clearly against the background of young people of his circle, who waste their lives and outstanding abilities in vain on the fulfillment of fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, not paying attention to the misunderstanding and censure of loved ones, he was looking for the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He completely surrendered himself to the spiritual principle in order to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, to discover the meaning of the universe. D. London "Martin Eden" The protagonist of the novel of the same name by American writer Jack London Martin Eden - a working guy, a sailor, a native of the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation of English words and awakens in him an interest in literature. Martin finds out that magazines pay decent royalties to the authors who are published in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he managed to fall in love. Martin composes a self-improvement program, works on his language and pronunciation, reads a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will moves him towards the goal. In the end, after going a long and thorny path, after numerous refusals and disappointments, he becomes a famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is so, just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that fulfilling a dream does not always bring happiness) Scientific facts A shark, if it stops moving its fins, will go to the bottom like a stone, a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. So a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked in by a thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Likewise, a person who ceases to seek, think, strive, loses "beautiful impulses of souls," gradually degrades, his life becomes a pointless, pitiful vegetation.

Self-sacrifice

Arguments for the composition

M. Gorky "The Old Woman Izergil" In the story of the Russian writer, prose writer and playwright Maxim Gorky, "The Old Woman Monster" strikes the image of Danko. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. Danko was "the best of all, because a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes." He led people through the forest with calls to conquer the darkness. But weak people on the way began to lose heart and die. Then they accused Danko of mismanaging them. He overcame his indignation and, in the name of his great love for people, tore open his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame the difficult road. And then they forgot their hero. And Danko died. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" In his work "Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky turns to the topic of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving someone else's soul, revealing it on the example of the image of Sonechka Marmeladova. Sonya is a poor girl from a dysfunctional family who goes after Raskolnikov to hard labor in order to share his burden and fill him with spirituality. Out of compassion and a sense of high social responsibility, Sonya goes to live "on the yellow ticket", thus earning bread for her family. People like Sonya, who have "infinitely insatiable compassion" are found today. (another option) Self-sacrifice, compassion, sensitivity and compassion are controversial issues. This is clearly seen in the work of the great Russian playwright FM Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Two of his heroines, Sonechka Marmeladova and Dunya Raskolnikova, sacrifice themselves in the name of people dear to them. The first sells her own body, thus earning her family's bread. The girl suffers severely, is ashamed of herself and her life, but denies herself even suicide, because she understands that her relatives will be lost without her. And the family gratefully accepts her sacrifice, practically worships Sonya, her self-sacrifice is for the good. The second is going to marry a low, mean, but rich man in order to help a mendicant brother.

Compassion, love in one's neighbor

Arguments for the composition

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" In the story "Matryonin Dvor" by the Russian writer, Nobel Prize winner in literature A.I. Solzhenitsyn is struck by the image of the peasant woman Matryona, her humanity, selflessness, compassion and love for everyone, even for strangers. Matryona “helped strangers for free,” but she “didn’t chase after the acquisition”: she didn’t start “good”, didn’t try to get a tenant. Especially her mercy is shown in the situation with the upper room. She allowed her house (where she had lived all her life) to be dismantled into logs for the sake of her pupil Kira, who had nowhere to live. The heroine sacrifices everything for the sake of others: the country, neighbors, relatives. And after her quiet death, there is a description of the cruel behavior of her relatives, who are simply overwhelmed by greed. Thanks to her spiritual qualities, Matryona made this world a better and kinder place, sacrificing herself, her life. Boris Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." In the work "My Horses Are Flying ..." Boris Vasiliev tells a story about a wonderful man - Dr. Jansen. Out of compassion, the doctor, at the cost of his life, saved the children who fell into the sewer pit! L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Once captured, Pierre Bezukhov met a simple soldier Platon Karataev there. Plato, in spite of his suffering, lived lovingly with everyone: with the French, with his comrades. It was he who, with his mercy, helped Pierre find faith and taught him to value life. M. Sholokhov "The fate of man The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Raskolnikov out of compassion gives the last money for Marmeladov's funeral.

Ingratitude of children, parental love

Arguments for the composition

A. Pushkin "Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin, the protagonist of the story, has a daughter, Dunya, in whom he does not like a soul. But a passing hussar, having laid eyes on the girl, tricked her out of her father's house. When Samson finds his daughter, she is already married, well dressed, lives much better than him and does not want to return. Samson returns to his station, where he subsequently drinks himself and dies. Three years later, the narrator drives through those places, and sees the grave of the caretaker, and a local boy tells him that in the summer a lady came with three barchats and cried for a long time at his grave. F.M. Dostoevsky "Humiliated and Insulted" Natasha, the heroine of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Humiliated and Insulted", betrays his family, running away from home with her lover. The girl's father, Nikolai Ikhmenev, painfully perceives her departure to the son of her enemy, considering it a shame, and curses her daughter. Rejected by her father and having lost her beloved, Natasha is deeply worried - she has lost everything that was valuable in her life: a good name, honor, love and family. However, Nikolai Ikhmenev is still madly in love with his daughter, in spite of everything, and after long mental anguish, at the end of the story, he finds the strength to forgive her. In this example, we see that parental love is the most powerful, disinterested and all-forgiving. D. I. Fonvizin "Minor" Despite the fact that Mrs. Prostakova is a rude, greedy landowner, she loves her only son Mitrofan and is ready for anything for him. But her son turns away from her at the most tragic moment. This example shows us that parents try to do everything for the benefit of their children. But children, unfortunately, cannot always appreciate and understand this. A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" The Russian writer A.S. Griboyedov did not bypass the problem of fathers and children in his work "Woe from Wit". The comedy traces Famusov's relationship with his daughter Sophia. Famusov, of course, loves his daughter and wishes her happiness. But he understands happiness in his own way: happiness for him is money. He accustom his daughter to the idea of ​​profit and thus commits a real crime, because Sophia can become like Molchalin, who has adopted only one principle from her father: to look for profit wherever possible. The fathers tried to teach the children about life, in their instructions they conveyed to them what was most important and significant for them.

Generational conflict

Arguments for the composition

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" The novel of the Russian writer I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". We see a generational conflict in the relationship between Bazarov and his parents. The main character has very contradictory feelings towards them: on the one hand, he admits that he loves his parents, on the other hand, he despises the “stupid life of fathers”. First of all, his beliefs are alienated from Bazarov's parents. If in Arkady Kirsanov we see a superficial contempt for the older generation, caused rather by a desire to imitate a friend, and not coming from within, then with Bazarov everything is different. This is his position in life. With all this, we see that it was precisely to the parents that their son Yevgeny was truly dear. The old Bazarovs are very fond of Eugene, and this love softens their relationship with their son, the lack of mutual understanding. She is stronger than other feelings and lives even when the main character dies.

Teacher influence

Arguments for the composition

In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" an ordinary rural boy, a difficult fate and hunger force him to contact local boys and start playing for money. Having found out that the child is malnourished, and he has no other way to get the funds he needs, a young teacher of French, Lydia Mikhailovna invites the boy to study additionally in French. But this is only a plausible excuse. In fact, she seeks to somehow help a child in a difficult situation, but he, out of pride, refuses to dine with his teacher, indignantly returns a parcel with groceries to her. Then she offers to play with her for money, knowing for sure that he will beat her, receive his cherished ruble and buy milk, which he needs so much. She deliberately commits a crime from the point of view of pedagogy, breaks all the current rules for the sake of her student, showing genuine philanthropy and unseen courage. The director of the school, however, considered playing with the student a crime, seduction and fired Lydia Mikhailovna. Having gone to her place in Kuban, the woman did not forget the boy and sent him a parcel to school with food and even apples, which the boy had never tasted, but only seen in pictures.

Globalization, technical and scientific progress, their impact on people and society

Arguments for the composition

EI Zamyatin - Russian writer of the early 19th, late 20th centuries "We" In the novel "We" by Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin, the main character, D-503, describes his life in the totalitarian "One State". He enthusiastically talks about the organization, based on mathematics, the life of society. The author in his work warns people about the harmful influence of scientific and technological progress, about its worst sides, that scientific and technological progress will destroy morality and human feelings, since they do not lend themselves to scientific analysis. Mikhail Bulgakov - Russian Soviet writer and playwright of the 20th century "Fatal Eggs" The problem of scientific and technological progress is reflected in the story of M. Bulgakov "Fatal eggs". Pursuing only his own goals, Professor Rokk thoughtlessly uses Persikov's invention and raises giant reptiles, ostriches. In this ridiculous catastrophe, Rokka's wife Manya, thousands of people and Persikov himself perish. M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog" The problem of interaction between people and nature is reflected in the literature. In M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog" Professor Preobrazhensky performs an operation to transform a dog into a man. In the work, the reader sees how a pretty dog ​​Sharik turns into a disgusting Sharikov. "The moral of this fable is this" - you cannot interfere with the natural processes of nature without foreseeing the nature of the consequences.

Memory of the heroic deeds of soldiers

Arguments for the composition

K. Simonov The poet Konstantin Simonov, who during the war years worked as a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper and was constantly in the active army, writes: "Do not forget about the soldiers, Who fought with their last strength, They moaned in bandages in the medical battalions And so hoped for peace!" I am sure that none of those soldiers, whom Simonov wrote about, will never be forgotten, and their feat will forever remain in the memory of posterity.

Arguments for the composition

MASholokhov "The Fate of a Man" The main character, Andrei Sokolov, fought to save his homeland and all mankind from fascism, losing relatives and comrades. He endured the hardest trials at the front. The news of the tragic death of his wife, two daughters, and a son fell upon the hero. But Andrei Sokolov is a Russian soldier of unbending will, who endured everything! He found the strength to perform not only a military, but also a moral feat, adopting a boy from whom the war took away his parents. A soldier in the terrible conditions of war, remained a man under the onslaught of enemy forces and did not break down. This is the real feat. Only thanks to such people, our country won a victory in a very difficult struggle against fascism. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich, Galya Chetvertak and foreman Vaskov, the main characters of the work, showed real courage, heroism, moral endurance, fighting for the Motherland. They could save their lives more than once, it was only necessary to give up a little from their own conscience. However, the heroes were sure: you can't retreat, you need to fight to the end: "Not to give the German a single piece ... No matter how difficult it is, no matter how hopeless it is, to keep it ...". These are the words of a true patriot. All the characters in the story are shown acting, fighting, dying in the name of saving the Motherland. It was such people who forged the victory of our country in the rear, resisted the invaders in captivity and occupation, and fought at the front. Boris Polevoy "The Story of a Real Man" Everyone knows the immortal work of Boris Polevoy "The Story of a Real Man". The dramatic story is based on the real facts of the biography of fighter pilot Alexei Meresiev. Downed in a battle over the occupied territory, he made his way through the steeped forests for three weeks until he got to the partisans. Having lost both legs, the hero subsequently shows amazing strength of character and replenishes the account of aerial victories over the enemy.

Love to motherland

Arguments for the composition

S. Yesenin, the poem "Rus" The theme of love for the motherland permeated the work of S. Yesenin: "But most of all Love for the native land tormented me, tormented and burned me." With all his soul wishing to help the Fatherland in difficult times, the poet writes the poem "Rus", in which the voice of the people's anger is heard. Yesenin fully reveals the theme of love for the Motherland: "If the saint shouts:" Throw you Rus, live in paradise! " I will say: "No need for paradise, Give me my homeland" " A. Blok A.Blok's lyrics are filled with a very special love for Russia. He spoke of his homeland with endless tenderness, his poems are full of sincere hope that his fate and the fate of Russia are inseparable: "Russia, impoverished Russia, Your gray huts are for me, Your songs are windy to me, Like the first tears of love! .." Legend There is a legend that one day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak tree that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?" The oak replied that it was not the trunk that held him. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the ground, its roots hold on to it. This ingenuous story expresses the idea that love for the homeland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of ancestors makes the people invincible. Blok, "To sin shamelessly, not awake" In the lines of the poem, Russian everyday life is traced, reflecting the stupidity, inertia of its social system. The main idea is contained in the lines: Yes, and such, my Russia, You are dearer to me than all. What a strong feeling the poet has for his native land! He believes that a true patriot should love Russia as it is. Despite the imperfection of his country, its troubles and difficulties, everyone needs to have bright feelings for her. This example of sincere and unselfish love for the Motherland, perhaps, will help someone to look at their father's home in a different way.

In the texts for preparing for the exam, we have repeatedly encountered the problem of egoism in its various manifestations, each of which is a heading in our list. Literary arguments from foreign and domestic books are selected for them. All of them are available for download in the form of a table, the link is at the end of the selection.

1. In the modern world, the tendency of selfishness is gaining momentum more and more. However, it should not be argued that this problem did not exist before. One of the classic examples is Larra - the hero of the legend from the story M. Gorky "The Old Woman Izergil"... He is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman, which is why he considers himself smarter, stronger and better than others. In his behavior, disrespect for others and, especially, for the older generation is noticeable. His behavior reaches its climax when Larra kills the daughter of one of the elders only because the girl refused to satisfy his whim. He is immediately punished and expelled. Over time, the hero isolated from society begins to experience unbearable loneliness. Larra returns to the people, but too late, and they do not accept him back. Since then, he has wandered a lonely shadow on the earth, because God punished the proud man with eternal life in exile.
2. V short story by Jack London "In the Far Land" selfishness is equated with instinct. It tells of Weatherby and Cutfert, who were left alone in the North by chance. They went to distant lands to search for gold and are forced to wait out the harsh winter together in an old hut. After the lapse of time, real natural egoism begins to manifest in them. Ultimately, the heroes lose the struggle for survival, succumbing to their base desires. They kill each other in the fiercest fight for a cup of sugar.

Selfishness as a disease

1. Two centuries ago, the great classics described the problem of selfishness. Evgeniy Onegin is the protagonist of the novel of the same name, written by A.S. Pushkin, is a prominent representative of people with "Russian blues". He is not interested in the opinions of others, he misses everything that happens around him. Because of his cowardice and irresponsibility, the poet Lensky dies, and his insensitivity offends the feelings of a young noblewoman. Of course, he is not hopeless, at the end of the novel Eugene realizes his love for Tatiana. However, it is already too late. And the girl rejects him, remaining faithful to her husband. As a result, he himself condemns himself to suffering for the rest of his days. Even his desire to become lovers, married and respected by everyone, Tatiana betrays his selfish motives, which he cannot get rid of even in love.
2. Selfishness is like a kind of disease, it destroys a person from the inside and does not allow him to adequately interact with the people around him. Grigory Pechorin, who is the central character in novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", constantly repels people dear to his heart from himself. Pechorin easily understands human nature, and this skill plays a cruel joke with him. Having imagined himself higher and smarter than others, Gregory thereby fences himself off from society. The hero often plays with people, provokes them to different actions. One of these cases ends with the death of his friend, the other - the tragic death of his girlfriend. The man understands this, regrets, but cannot throw off the shackles of the disease in any way.

Self-deprecation of the egoist

1. A prime example of a selfish person is the hero novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov. He, like many of his acquaintances, lives poorly and blames others for everything. At one point, he decides to kill an old woman, who is a pawnbroker, in order to take her money and distribute it to poor citizens, freeing them from debt obligations in relation to Alena Ivanovna. The hero does not think about the immorality of his deeds. On the contrary, he is sure that it is for a good purpose. But in fact, just for the sake of his whim, he wants to test himself and check what type of people he can attribute himself to: "trembling creatures" or "entitled to". Still, breaking one of the commandments out of selfish desire, the hero dooms himself to loneliness and mental anguish. Pride blinds him, and only Sonya Marmeladova helps Raskolnikov to get back on the right path. Without her help, he would probably have gone mad from the pangs of conscience.
2. Despite the fact that sometimes a person crosses all moral and legal boundaries in order to achieve his selfish goals, we tend to experience pangs of conscience. So is one of the heroes of the poem A.N. Nekrasov "Who Lives Well in Russia" realized he was wrong. The peasant Yermil Girin uses his position of headman to free his brother from the recruiting duty. Instead, he records another villager. Realizing that he ruined the life of a person and his family, he regrets his selfish act. His guilt is so great that he is even ready to commit suicide. However, he repents to the people in time and accepts his sin, trying to make amends.

Female selfishness

1. Selfish people never have enough. They always want to have something more. Material wealth for them is a way of self-affirmation. The heroine of a fairy tale A.S. Pushkin "About the fisherman and the fish" not happy with my life of poverty. When her husband catches the goldfish, the woman only needs a new trough. However, each time she wants more, and in the end, the old woman wants to become the sea mistress. Easy prey and selfish morals overshadow the mind of the old woman, because of which, in the end, she loses everything and again finds herself at a broken trough. The magical power punishes her for the fact that the lady, in pursuit of the satisfaction of her pride, did not at all appreciate either her husband or the benefits that she got.
2. Women are often called selfish because they like to spend a lot of time looking after themselves. However, real selfishness is much worse. Heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragina proves to the reader that heartlessness is characteristic of true egoists. The princess was a beautiful girl and had many admirers, nevertheless, she chooses an ugly and awkward gentleman, Pierre Bezukhov, as her husband. However, she does this not out of love. She needs his money. Literally immediately after the wedding, she gets a lover. Over time, her impudence reaches incredible proportions. Helen, with the onset of the war, when you need to worry about the fate of the homeland, thinks only about how to get rid of her husband and marry one of the fans again.

The ruthlessness of selfishness

1. Lack of sympathy, pity, compassion - these are the traits that are characteristic of egoists. No wonder they say that such people, for the sake of their whims, are ready for the most terrible acts. For example, in I. Turgenev's story "Mumu" the lady takes from her servant the only joy in his life. One day Gerasim picks up a homeless puppy, raises it, takes care of it. However, the puppy irritated the lady, and she ordered the hero to drown him. With bitterness in his heart, Gerasim carries out the order. It is just through a simple whim of a selfish person that he loses his only friend and ruins the life of an animal.
2. Obeying selfishness, people lose control of themselves and make irreparable mistakes. For example, Hermann in the work of Alexander Pushkin "The Queen of Spades" learns about the secret of three cards, which guarantees a win in any card game. The young man decides to get him at any cost, and for this he pretends to be in love with the pupil of the only guardian of the secret - the elderly countess. Making his way into the house, he threatens the old woman with murder, and she really dies. After that, she comes to Hermann in a dream and gives out a secret in exchange for an oath to marry her pupil. The hero breaks his promise and wins victory after victory. But having put everything on the line, he loses the decisive game with a crash. The ambitious young man went mad after paying for his atrocities. But before that, he poisoned the life of an innocent girl who believed his words.

Interesting? Keep it on your wall!

Arguments for the composition

It is my deep conviction that the invention of writing and, in the future, printing are two of the greatest achievements of civilization, without which, in fact, civilization itself would be impossible. Maxim Gorky urged:

A.P. Chekhov wrote:

Often books become the most important factor in the formation of personality. This happened with Tatyana Larina, who read the works of romantic writers. In Onegin, whom she endowed with the features of a romantic hero, Tatyana quickly figured out, but was not disappointed. But the elevation, the denial of the bustle of society and its petty values, largely shaped by the books of romantic writers, remained in the heroine forever. Therefore, Tatyana differs from all those whom we see in the work of Pushkin, therefore, her author loves her so much.
Another great book also had a huge impact on the revival of the soul of the protagonist.

This is the Bible. There is an episode in the work where Sonya Marmeladova reads to Raskolnikov an excerpt about the resurrection of Lazarus. This episode is very significant for understanding the novel, since it was introduced by the author in order to convey the idea of ​​God's boundless mercy and forgiveness even for the greatest sinners, whose souls will surely be revived in the event of sincere repentance. It is the Bible that the hero reads, being already in prison, it is after this that his spiritual resurrection begins.

it is shown what became of humanity after the complete destruction of books. There are no social problems in society, since there are no books that make one think, analyze, and make decisions. But this society, which does not know doubts, worries, emotional ups and downs, is spiritually dead.

The book played the most important role in the life of the hero.

The events of the work unfold in military Moscow, where people have to literally survive, fleeing hunger and cold. The dream of the boy, the protagonist of the story, is to buy a kilogram of potatoes with the proceeds from the sale of firewood. His imagination draws potatoes in the most enticing forms: boiled, fried, with broth. But without knowing how, literally under the hypnosis of an armless invalid, the hero buys a book instead of potatoes, which turned out to be A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin". Recovering himself, the boy begins to cry, but quickly realizes that what has been done cannot be corrected, and at first begins flipping through the pages of the book without interest. But the novel very quickly carries the hero away, takes him away from the military Moscow, the seething, ruthless market to balls, champagne, dreams and freedom. The book gives the boy a feeling of delight, raises him above the bustle and everyday life.
the main character is also a boy, who was presented with a book of fairy tales by G.-H. Andersen. The boy was so carried away by the fairy tales that he forgot about the holiday and the fun, and so he fell asleep under the tree, and in a dream he saw the storyteller himself. The hero thanks Andersen, this sweet eccentric, for the fact that he met him on the eve of the difficult and terrible twentieth century and taught him to believe in a miracle, made him believe that good always triumphs over evil, as the sun always fights against darkness, that the kindness of the human heart is able to overcome the most difficult obstacles, and life is beautiful and you need to enjoy every moment of it.