Natural land objects. Africa: geographical nomenclature and guidelines
S. I. Rundkov
Natural land objects. AFRICA:
Geographic nomenclature and guidelines
Saransk 2010.
AFRICA
Mice
NEEDLE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image003_1.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 125 "height \u003d" 120 src \u003d "\u003e Yu. Sh., 19 ° 59" in. d.). Located on the territory of the South Africa republic, in 155 km south-east of the Cape of Good Hope.
Rasha Hafun
Hafun, Cape on the Men Somalia, the extreme eastern point of the African continent (10 ° 26 "northern latitude and 51 ° 23" Eastern longitude).
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image014.gif "width \u003d" 19 "height \u003d" 40 "\u003e. GIF" ALT \u003d "(! Lang: Signature:" align="left" width="316" height="130 src=">.jpg" align="left" width="94" height="64"> Эль-Абьяд, мыс на побережье Средиземного моря, в 13 км к северо-западу от г. Бизерта (Тунис). Самая северная точка Африки (37° 21° с. ш. и 9° 45° в. д.).!}
Bays and bays
Cider (Big Sirt)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image021_0.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 106 "height \u003d" 83 src \u003d "\u003e cider (East. Large Sirt) - a large bay of the Mediterranean Sea At the shores of Libya, depth to 1374m, width to 465km (at the entrance to the bay).
Gabes.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image023.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 136 "height \u003d" 112 src \u003d "\u003e 
Gabes - the Bay of the Mediterranean Sea near the north shores of Africa, in ancient times they called Small Sirt. Washes the territory of Tunisia. Extends on more than 100km and has a depth of about 50m. In the southern part of the entrance to the bay is the island of Djerba, and in North - Kerkenna Island
TUNISIAN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image029.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 232 "height \u003d" 96 src \u003d "\u003e Tunisian Bay - a large bay of the Mediterranean Sea near the northern coast of Africa, Washes the territory of Tunisia. On the southern shore of the bay, where the capital of Carthage was previously located, the city of Tunisia is now located.
Guinea
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image031_0.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 126 "height \u003d" 86 src \u003d "\u003e
Guinean Bay - the Bay of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Equatorial Africa. Going into the land between capes Palmas in the North-West (Liberia) and Palmayyrinhasha (Angola) in the south-east. The components of the Gulf of Guinean are bays of Benin (in the north) and Biafra (in the East).
BENIN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image034.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 131 "height \u003d" 102 src \u003d "\u003e Benin - Bay in the Atlantic Ocean on the southern coast of West Africa, The composite part of the Gulf of Guinea. Extends to 640km to the east of the Cape Saint-Paul (Ghana) to the mouth of the Niger River. Benin Bay Water is washed by the coast of Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria.
Biafra
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image037_1.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 104 "height \u003d" 81 src \u003d "\u003e Biafra - Bay in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the Guinean Bay. Water The bay is washed off the coast of Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Laymen and Gabon.
Adensky
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image039.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 298 "height \u003d" 169 src \u003d "\u003e
The Aden Bay is part of the Arabian Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Indian Ocean. Length 890km. The North Bay of Bay is the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen State). The South and West Bay of the Bay is African Continent (Somalia and Djibouti states). In the West, the Bay of Tajura is distinguished, in the south-east, the bay is separated from the rest of the Indian Ocean to Socotra (Yemen). The bay is connected to the Red Sea Bab El Mandantry Strait.
Straits
Gibraltar
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image042.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 148 "height \u003d" 102 src \u003d "\u003e Gibraltar Strait - an international strait between the southern tip of the Pyrenean Peninsula and North - The coast of Africa, connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. Length 65km, width 14-44 km.
Bab El Mandant
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image045.gif "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 186 "height \u003d" 165 src \u003d "\u003e Bab El Mandsky Strait - a shed between southwestern The tip of the Arabian Peninsula (the state of Yemen) and Africa (Djibouti and Eritrea states). Connects the Red Sea with the Aden Bay of the Arabian Sea. The smallest width is 26.5km, the smallest depth on the fixer 182m.
MOZAMBICAN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image048_0.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 123 "height \u003d" 102 src \u003d "\u003e
Ocean flows
Canary
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image051_0.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 172 "height \u003d" 161 src \u003d "\u003e canary current - cold and, subsequently, a moderately warm force In the northeastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. Most water canary flows in Azores and Portuguese current, as well as from the water-rich and rich water minerals. At the beginning it proceeds in the southern and south-west direction along the North-West Coast of Africa and the Canary Islands .
Bengelskoe
Mozambique
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https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image062_0.gif "width \u003d" 64 "height \u003d" 115 "\u003e 
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image065.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 294 "height \u003d" 198 src \u003d "\u003e Amyrah Islands - Archipelago in the Western Indian Ocean to North East of Madagascar Island, approximately 300 km south-west of Seychelles. Participated by the Republic of Seychelles. Area 83 square kilometers.
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Ascension Island is a volcanic island located in the Atlantic Ocean in 1600km to the west of the African coast. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, from which is located in 1287 kilometers to the northwest. Canary
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image072.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 112 "height \u003d" 76 src \u003d "\u003e. jpg" align \u003d "left" width \u003d "100 "height \u003d" 76 src \u003d "\u003e
Green Cape
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image076.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 100 "height \u003d" 76 src \u003d "\u003e. jpg" align \u003d "left" width \u003d "100 "Height \u003d" 76 src \u003d "\u003e The islands of the green cape are a cluster of 10 major and 8 small islands in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal, separated on the subvener and imaginary groups.
Madeira
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image081.gif "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 142 "height \u003d" 172 src \u003d "\u003e div_adblock51"\u003e
Sv. Elena
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image084.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 98 "height \u003d" 69 src \u003d "\u003e 148" height \u003d "40" style \u003d "vertical- Align: Top "\u003e Saint Elena Island is located in the Atlantic Ocean in 2800km to the west of Africa and belongs to the UK. The island of Saint Helena is the overseas ownership of Great Britain, somewhere except the island of St. Helena, enter the islands of Ascension and the Archipelago of Tristan Da-Kunya, as well as small islands and rocks.
Comorese
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image088.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 208 "height \u003d" 88 src \u003d "\u003e Comoros, the Union of Comoros (skate) on the archipelago -sov (Anjouan (Njuani) - 424 square meters. km, Grand Comor (Ngazjja) - 1146 square meters. km, Mayotte (Maor), Mokhli island State in the south-east coast of Africa. Located in the Mozambique Indian Ocean Prioction between the East Coast of Africa. and northwestern about. Madagascar.
Seychelles
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image091.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 89 "height \u003d" 100 src \u003d "\u003e Republic of Seychelles - island state in the western part of the Indian Ocean, A little south of the equator, about 1600 km to the east of African mainland, north of Madagascar. The Republic includes more than 100 islands and islands, inhabited only 33. The largest island - Mae (142 sq. M. Km.). It is the capital of the state - Victoria . Other major islands - silhouette, Praslin, La Dig.
Maskarensky
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image093.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 124 "height \u003d" 84 src \u003d "\u003e. gif" width \u003d "43" height \u003d "137 "\u003e. Pemba
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image098.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 100 "height \u003d" 76 src \u003d "\u003e pemba, coral island in the Indian Ocean, in the eastern shore of Africa , Dissolved from the mainland of the Pemba Strait. The area of \u200b\u200b984 square meters. km. Part of Tanzania. Height up to 99m. Climate Equatorial-monsoon. precipitation up to 1000mm per year. The cloves are cultivated, coconut palm trees.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image102.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 132 "height \u003d" 89 src \u003d "\u003e Zanzibar - Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Tanzania, which And belongs. The largest islands - Pemba and Unguja, in everyday life also called Zanzibar.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image104.gif "width \u003d" 96 "height \u003d" 78 "\u003e. jpg" align \u003d "left" width \u003d "112" height \u003d "85 src \u003d "\u003e .gif" width \u003d "31" height \u003d "106"\u003e 
Madagascar is the fourth largest island of the world, located in the Indian Ocean, the eastern shore of Africa, separated from her Mozambique Strait. Island Area - 590 thousand square meters. km. Length is about 1600 km, width - over 600 km. The state of Madagascar is located on the island.
Socotra
Socotra-small archipelago from six islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia, about 350km south of the Arabian Peninsula.
Guinean Gulf
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image116.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 184 "height \u003d" 116 src \u003d "\u003e the largest islands of Bio, Sao Tome, Principe, Annobon. Bio - island in the Biafra Gulf (part of the Guinean Bay) of the Atlantic Ocean, the largest of the islands owned by Equatorial
Guinea; Ocean.
Peninsula
SOMALIA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image118.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 125 "height \u003d" 107 src \u003d "\u003e Somalia (African Horn) - Peninsula in the east of the African continent. From the north is washed by the waters of the Gulf of the Gulf, from the East - Indian Ocean. The territory of the peninsula is part of the Somalia state, part - in Ethiopia. Area is near sq. M. Km.
River
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image120.gif "width \u003d" 97 "height \u003d" 59 "\u003e NILE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image123.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 92 "height \u003d" 63 src \u003d "\u003e Nile - River in Africa, one of the two greatest longs rivers in the world. The river originates on the East African Plateau flows into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a delta. In the upper course, it takes major tributaries - Bahr el-Gazal (left) and Achva, Sat, Blue Nile and Atbara (right). Below the mouth of the right influx of Atbara Nile flows on the semi-desert, without having tributaries over the past 3000km. The length of the Nile (with Cavero) - about 6700km (the number is most often 6671km), but from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea - approximately 5600km. The area of \u200b\u200bthe pool, according to various sources - 2.8-3.4 million square meters. km. (Fully or partially covers the territory of Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt).
Atbara
Atbara (Arab. Bahr-El Asuad) - River in Africa (in Sudan and Ethiopia), the right influx of Nile (flowing into the Nile River near the city of Atbara in Sudan). The source is located near Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Flows predominantly on Sudanese plateau.
Blue Nile
Blue Nile is significantly shorter than white, but in the formation of the Nile regime below the Khartoum, it plays a much bigger role. Blue Nile originates from Abyssinian Highland, emerging from Tana Lake.
White Nile
Below the river's dog is obtained by the name of the White Neal (Bahr-El-Abead), leaves the bog region behind, and then calmly flows in a wide valley on semi-desert terrain to Khartoum, where it merges with the Blue Nile. From here to the Mediterranean Sea River is called Neil (El Bahr). The distance from Khartoum to Nimule Gorge is approximately 1800 km; Victoria Lake - about 3700km.
Cagra
Kager - River in East Africa, proceeds through the territory of Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as partially on the borders between them. Is the longest influx of the Nile. It is formed during the merger of the Rivers of Niavarongo and Rovuvo not far from Lake River, from where its length is 420km; If you count from the source of the River of the Svetrar, which is located in Burundi near the north edge of Lake Tanganyik and is the most remote from the mouth of the river system of the river system, then its length is about 800 km.
Congo
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image130.gif "width \u003d" 13 "height \u003d" 62 "\u003e Lualaba is the local name of the upper current of the Congo River, foreign researchers are described as the main influx of the Congo. It takes from the source on the plateau of the ball before the waterfalls Stanley in the Congo. The length of about 2100km. HPP was built in the upper thread. In the middle course of the river shipping (644km).
Lupula
Hopper "href \u003d" / "Rel \u003d" Bookmark "\u003e Topper River Congo). Some researchers are considered the main source of the Congo River (Zaire). Length (from the source of the Chambash) Over 1500km, the pool area is 265.3 thousand . sq. Km. Tenganica lakes starts the beginning of the south of Lake, flows several sleeves in Lake Bangveulu, then flows through Lake MVERU, below which is called Luvua.
Like
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image134.gif "width \u003d" 186 "height \u003d" 12 "\u003e
Lukuga
Lomami
Lomas - River in Africa, on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the left influx of the Congo. Length 1450km, pool area about 110000 square meters. km. The river originates on the Katanga Plateau, flows to the north, forming numerous waterfalls and bystrin.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image139.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 256 "height \u003d" 255 src \u003d "\u003e Ubanga
Ubangga, River in Central Africa, the largest right influx of p. Congo (Zaire); proceeds on the borders of the Republic of Zaire with the Central African Republic and the People's Republic of Congo. Food is formed by r. Node and mb. The length of the source by the node is about 2300km (by other data, about 2500km), the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is 772.8 thousand square meters. km.
Quango
Quango-river in Angola and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Quango River is the left tributary of the Kassai River. Its length is 1,100 carometry. The origins are in the Highlands of the Central Angola, the river flows mainly to the north. In its middle course, Quango forms the state border between Angola and Congo, overcomes the Waterfall of the Shut-Temko, then flows through the territory of Congo and below the city of Bandundu in Casa.
Casa
Casia, River to the center. Africa, the largest left tributary p. Congo, the stock is 20% of the Congo drain. Length 2153km, Pool area 880.2 thousand square meters. km. Takes the beginning of the Plateau Lunda, descends from its northern slope, forming picturesque thresholds and waterfalls; Separates Angola and Congo. The main tributaries on the right - Lulua, Sankur, Fimi-Lining, on the left - Quango.
Rufidzhi.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image145.gif "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 208 "height \u003d" 165 src \u003d "\u003e Rufiji - River in Tanzania. The river is formed when the Kilbero rivers configured And Louzega, originating in the mountains to the east of Lake Nyasa (Malawi). The length is about 600km, the source is in the southwestern part of Tanzania. In the upper reaches the mountain river. Below the waterfall Shukuli flows on the lowland in the wide valley. Flies in the Indian Ocean Next to the Mafia Island is about 200 km south of Dar Es Salam. Pool area 178 thousand square meters. Km. The main influx is Big Ruha.
Rouvuma
Interstate structures "HREF \u003d" / TEXT / CATEGORY / MEZHGOSUDARSTVENNIE_STRUKTURI / "REL \u003d" BOOKMARK "\u003e between states of Ami Tanzania and Mozambique. Length is about 800 km, the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is 145 thousand square meters. Km. Takes the beginning in the mountains to V. from Lake Nyasa (Malawi), flows into the Indian Ocean. The largest influx - the r. Luzhdanda (right).
Zambezi
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image149.gif "width \u003d" 125 "height \u003d" 55 "\u003e Zambezi - fourth river in Africa. Pool area - 1 square meters. km, length - 2 574km. The source of the river is located in Zambia, the river flows through Angola, along the border of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, to Mozambique, where it flows into the Indian Ocean.
Kwando
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image152.gif "width \u003d" 172 "height \u003d" 38 "\u003e Luangwa
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Limpopo.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image156.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 220 "height \u003d" 162 src \u003d "\u003e Limpopo - River in South Africa. Proceeds through the territory of South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Takes its origin on the slopes of the Withersrand Ridge, flows into the Indian Ocean. The length of the river is 1600 km, the square of the sq. M. km. Large tributaries: Basha, Ulifantts, Shangan.
Orange
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image158.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 160 "height \u003d" 147 src \u003d "\u003e. gif" width \u003d "116" height \u003d "47 "\u003e. 
Shari, River in Central Africa (Tsai, Republic of Chad and on the border of the latter with Cameroon). Food is formed by r. UAM and Goningi; falls into lake. Chad. Length, according to various sources, 1400-1500km (from the source r. Um), the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is about 700 thousand square meters. km.
NIGER
Niger is the most important river in West Africa. Length 4 180km, pool area 2 118 thousand square meters. km, third for these parameters in Africa after Nile and Congo. The source is in Guinea, then the river flows in Mali, Niger, along the border of Benin, then flows through Nigeria and flows into the Guinean Bay. The main tributaries of Niger: cute, baths (right); Sokhoto, Kaduna and Beniu (left).
BENUE
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Senegal - River in West Africa and forms a natural border between Senegal and Mauritania states. The length of the river is around 1970km. The area of \u200b\u200bthe river basin is 419575 square meters. km. The main tributaries: Fool, Karakoro and Gorgol.
GAMBIA
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Lakes
VICTORIA
Victoria - Lake in East Africa, in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Located in the tectonic deflection of the East African platform, at an altitude of 1134 m. Area 68.870 thousand square meters. km, length 320km, the largest width is 275km. Multiple River Kager, flows out the Victoria-Neal River. The northern coast of the lake crosses the equator.
RUDOLF
 |
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image180.gif "width \u003d" 78 "height \u003d" 58 "\u003e Kyoga is a major shallow-water lake, or rather the complex of lakes, in Uganda, the area is about 1720kv. km, It is located at an altitude of 914m above sea level. White Neil flows into a cogu on the way from Victoria Lake to Lake Albert.
Hruv
Hrakey, Flatless shallow salty lake in East Africa, on Yu.-Z. Tanzania. Lies in a tectonic depression at an altitude of 792m.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image185.gif "width \u003d" 16 height \u003d 16 "height \u003d" 16 "\u003e
Nyasa
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image188.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 220 "height \u003d" 112 src \u003d "\u003e Malawi (Nyasa) - Lake in Central and East Africa. The lake runs from the north to south, the length of 560km, the depth of 706m.
Bangveulu
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image191.gif "width \u003d" 137 "height \u003d" 66 "\u003e 
.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 148 "height \u003d" 132 src \u003d "\u003e MVERU - Mountain Fresh Lake on the border of Zambia and DR Congo. Located at an altitude of 917m above sea level south-west of Lake Tanganica. Maximum length 110km, width 45 km, depth up to 27m. Shipping. In the lake there are bream and tilapia. Described by David Livingston.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image196.gif "width \u003d" 19 "height \u003d" 123 "\u003e 
.gif "width \u003d" 275 "height \u003d" 34 "\u003e Tana.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image201.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 315 "height \u003d" 78 src \u003d "\u003e Tana, Tana, Demba, Lake in Ethiopia, on Ethiopian Highlands, at an altitude of 1830m. length 75km, width to 70km. Area 3100-3600 square meters. Km. Depth up to 70m.
CHAD
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image204.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 127 "height \u003d" 86 src \u003d "\u003e The surface of the lake is not constant: occupying about 27 thousand square meters . Km, the lake on the rainy time of the year is spread to 50 thousand, and in dry - it is reduced to 11 thousand square meters. km. km from the south in the lake, the Rivers of the Shari River with a wide and shallow divida and mbulu, from the West - Kamadugu Vaub, and From the east - the low-water Bar el-Gazal.
ASALAS
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image206.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 122 "height \u003d" 100 src \u003d "\u003e" Livingston Waterfall "- a system of thresholds and rapid in the lower current The Congo River, located on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in Western Equatorial Africa. Named by the Scottish Researcher of Africa D. Livingston, the waterfall system is a spinning section of the river with a length of 350km with a total fall of 270m.
VICTORIA
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Gone
In the upper course of Zambezi. Barots occurs on the plain, having a small drop (for 1200 km on average 0.2 m per 1 km). 100 km below the l. Luanging is a series of thresholds and waterfalls, among which is a waterfall of horses.
Stanley
Stanley Waterfalls, waterfalls in the upper course of p. Congo (Zaire), between Ubundu and Kisangani, in the territory of the Republic of Zaire. 7 significant thresholds separated by the films, at a distance of about 150km; The total drop is about 40m.
Merchson
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image210.jpg "align \u003d" left "width \u003d" 222 "height \u003d" 155 src \u003d "\u003e 
Atlas Mountains, mountain system in North. Africa; to the west. Parts of Morocco - three parallel. Chains: Average (high. Atlas or Idrar-In-Drenne with the top of Jebel-Ayashi. 4500 m., South Anti. And Sev. Er-Reef; in Algeria and Tunisia Two chains: on S. Mal. Atlas or Talla , on Y. Great Atlas (2300m.), between the Schott Plateau (1100m.).
Sugar Atlas
Sugar Atlas, the system of mountain ranges and arrays in Yu. Mountain country Atlas within Algeria. The height of 1200-1500 m, separate vertices over 2000m (Ice up to 2336m).
Antiatlas.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image223.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 124 "height \u003d" 89 src \u003d "\u003e Ethiopian (Abyssinian) Highlands - Mining system in the northeast Africa in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and in the north of Somalia. The average height is the highest point - the mountain Rassed 4533m, fourth in height in Africa.
Mitumba, Mountains
Mitumba, mountain range in the center. h. Vost.-African Plateau, on the SE. and V. Congo (former Zaire). Folded by young volcanic and ancient crystalline rocks. Length with S. on Yu. OK. 400km, height up to 3305m. Flat tops prevail on several levels. Sowing. h. The ridge extends along the tectonic lowering engaged in Lakes Eduard, Kivu and Tanganyik.
Dragons Mountains
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image229.gif "width \u003d" 113 "height \u003d" 77 "\u003e
Cape Mountains
Caps of Mountains, Mountains on Y. Africa, in South Africa, between Port Elizabeth on V. and the mouth of r. Oliphants in the West. Length about 800km. Consist of several parallel ridges. The average height is 1500m, the highest - 2326m.
Ras-Dashan, Mountain
Rashan, the highest peak in the mountains of Semini on Ethiopian Highlands. Height 4620m.
KENYA
Kenya is the highest mountain of Kenya and the second highest mountain in Africa (after Kilimanjaro). The highest peaks are Batianm), Nelion) and Point Lenanam). The mountain is located in the central part of the country a little south of the equator in 150km to the north-northeast of Nairobi.
Kilimanjaro, Vulcan
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image234.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 173 "height \u003d" 120 src \u003d "\u003e Somalia - plateau, bordered in the southeast and north coastal lowlands. River - Dzhubba, Veby Shebeli. Most of the territory is a desert.
Darfur, Plateau
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High plateau is the common name of intergurged semi-desert plateau in the atlas. Height m in the West, 700-800m in the East. Located between the ridges of Tel Atlas on S. and the Sugar Atlas on Yu.
Basin-depressions
Bodele
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Kalahari.
Calahari, Wpadina in the central part of South Africa, which coincides with the Syneclese of the African Platform. Located on the territory of Angola, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, South Rhodesia and South Africa. The area is about 630 thousand square meters. km.
Desert
Arabian
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Arabian desert, Sev.-Vost. h. Sahara (Egypt) between the Valley of the Nile and XP. Ettay extending along the Red Sea. On Yu. (At 22 ° C. sh.) Goes into the Nubian desert. The plateau is reduced from V. on Z. to the Nile Valley from 1000 to 200m, intensely dissected by valleys with dry beds (Wadi).
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image246.jpg "Align \u003d" Left "width \u003d" 149 "height \u003d" 114 src \u003d "\u003e Nubian
Nubian desert, in Africa, mostly in the territory of Sudan, between p. Neil and the Red Sea, from which it separates her ridge Ettay.
Libyan
Libyan desert, desert in Africa, in the northeast of Sahara, west of the river. Neil, within the eastern part of Libya, Western part of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Northern part of Sudan. The area is about 2 million square meters. km.
The name of the second largest continent appeared in II century. BC e. The Roman army founded a colony on the territory of the conquered Carthage, which received a name in honor of the tribes of Afarikov. Modern Africa is very contrast. From the region to the region, climate, relief, nature, culture, kitchen and standard of living is changing.
Main geographical information
Continent is located on both sides. He crosses Africa almost in the middle. Because of this placement, the territory receives a huge amount of heat and light. The area of \u200b\u200bthe continent is 30.3 million km². The territory of the continent from north to south has a length of 8 thousand km, and from west to east - 7.5 thousand km.
The coastline of Africa is practically not cut. The coast is washed by the Atlantic and Indian Ocean, as well as the Red and Mediterranean seas. The extreme points of the continent:
- north - Cape Benx;
- south - needle;
- western - Cape Almadi;
- eastern - Cape Rasha Hafun.
Namib
This desert is about 80 million years. Namib is the most ancient desert on the planet, located along the Atlantic coast. The symbol of the state of Namibia is the plant of the Tumbu, which grows here in large quantities. It withstands drought, feeding exclusively by condensate. The forest of dead trees, deeds, attracts travelers to mystical appearance. The highest dune is 380 m.
Inland waters
lake Victoria
Rivers and lakes are unevenly located. In Africa is Nile - the longest river of the world. His spills had once been a source of fertility of the soils of Egypt. After construction of the HPP, the river level is controlled. Neil meets 10 states in its path. His valley shares the Libyan and Arabian desert.
The second largest, Congo, stretched at 4700 km. It is dangerous due to fast flow and depth. In some places it reaches 25-30 m. Water consumption is uniform during the year, without drying and spill. Scientists explain this location of the pool on both sides of the equator. Congo falls into the Atlantic Ocean. The river has a large industrial, economic and commercial importance. Lakes have a different origin. Great lakes are Tanganyika, Victoria, Albert, Edward, Kivu and Malawi.
Lake Victoria is - and the second in the world.
Climate
Equatorial climatic belt
Due to the location of the mainland, a unique climate environment has been created. Equator divides Africa in half. The following main climatic belts are distinguished:
The life and vital activity of people depend on the specific type of climate. Even in the cold period of the year, the temperature does not fall below -10 ° C. In the tropics, the influence of the oceans is very limited. The north of the continent forms the zones of reduced pressure that apply throughout Africa. From the South Atlantic region monsime blows, reaching the Guinean coast. Here is the wet air and abundant precipitation. States in the north of the mainland are influenced by the Indian monsoon. For all regions, Africa is characterized by temperature difference. The precipitate falls unevenly. There are many rains in the anti-essential areas. The annual amounts of precipitation depends on the terrain. Most rains in the area of \u200b\u200bCameroon.
Flora and fauna:
Vegetable world
Wet tropical forests grow on the east coast and Madagascar. Fine-coniferous forests grow on the outskirts of the southeast. Equatorial Africa framed by savannahs divided into typical, highly harvested and deserted types.
Sugar vegetation is cut. Most often there are shrubs. Palm palm trees refers to the most important trees of oasis. Namib and Kalahari are famous for acacia and succulents. Evergreen forests are represented by a coffee tree, a barisander and baobabas. Cedar, olives and cork oak are growing in the atlas mountains.
Animal world
The abundance of fauna representatives is observed in Savannah. Here inhabit:
- Unlocks:, buffaloes, gazelles and antelopes.
- Monkeys: baboons, gorillas, baboons and chimpanzees.
- Predatory: Jackals, and hyenas.
- Birds: Ostrich, Marabou, Vultures, Venedous cranes.
- Reptiles: Varana, pythons, cobra, crocodiles, chameleons.
Attract tourists with their variety of flora and fauna. In the northern and southern deserts dwell different types of animals. In the north there are carcans, phenykes, jackals. There is a large number of snakes, lizards and other invertebrates. In the southern territories, animals are practically absent. Dune is a natural range for insects and reptiles. On the coastline are arranged to root seals.
In evergreen forests a huge amount of invertebrates, crocodiles live in water bodies. Mammals are represented by a small number of ungulates, birds and monkeys. Tropical reserves of the continent are popular among travelers. Here you can admire the ZEBR, elephants, flamingos and ostriches.
Minerals
Africa is the global storehouse of ore, gases and noble metals. In the East, the foundation of the continent lies shallow, so the minerals are close to the surface. Gold and copper are mined here. The mainland is the leader in the number of reserves of these minerals.
Diamond deposits are located in the center of Africa and the southeast coast. The North and Western part is rich in oil, natural gas and phosphorites. South Africa is the most secured country. Platinum and cobalt are mined here. There are many coal in the state. The processing industry is developed weakly. Because of this, most mining is exported in raw form.
Ecological situation
The main problems of the continent are the excessive use of natural resources. Foresting and the expansion of agricultural land leads to erosion, desertification and a sharp reduction in green arrays.
Freeding resources pollutes air and water. Because of the poaching, many species of animals were under the threat of extinction. Skura, bones and tails are valued in the black market. The prohibitions practically do not affect poachers: in seven years, the elephants population decreased in three times.
The countries are scattered, they lead a policy that is not aimed at preserving unique flora and fauna. Part of the state is concerned about the state of the continent. Animals are guarded in national parks, water in rivers are cleaned, new trees plant in forest arrays. The creation of national parks is the last hope for extinct species of animals and plants.
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The lesson of generalization on the topic "Africa".
The purpose of the lesson: to summarize the knowledge of students on the topic "Africa", summarize the study of the topic.
Tasks lesson:
Educational:repeat the basic objects of nomenclamps (
Developing:consolidate students' skills to determine the location of the main geographical objects of Africa; establish causal relationships between different components of nature; give self-esteem for their activities; Reveal the creative potential of students.
Educational:improving the motivation to the study of the subject, the activation of cognitive interest, education of discipline.
A type: Generalization and systematization of knowledge and skills.
Type of lesson:the lesson of independent work (reproductive type - oral or written exercises).
Methods and techniques:reproductive, project.
Forms of organization of training activities in the lesson:frontal work, individual work.
Equipment:physical carpet of Africa, Atlas, presentation, distribution material.
During the classes.
1. The organizational moment.
Good afternoon friends! I am glad to see you, and really want to start working with you!
2. Independent repetition of the previously studied material.
In front of you on the slide are written various words. Think and tell me, what is the subject of the lesson today? What goals can be allocated for our lesson?
Today, at the lesson, each of you will give a self-esteem for its work in the lesson on the criteria. They are in front of you on the tables.
Task 1 on the map on the knowledge of the nomenclature.
. (Slide 4)
Extreme Western Point (M. Almadi), Island (Madagascar),
bay (Guinean), Sea (Mediterranean), Strait (Gibraltar),
extreme South Point (M. Needle), Sea (Red), Ocean (Atlantic),
peninsula (Somalia), Strait (Mozambique).
.
River Neil, Mountains Atlas, Highlands Efiopic, Lake Victoria, Flagema East - African, River Niger, Mountains Capskie, Congo River, Lake Chad,
Task 2.
Insert the missed words. (slide 5-6)
Africa crosses almost in the middle quat And so it is in northernand south Hemispheres.
Africa Zero Meridian crosses in western parts and it is located in western and eastern Hemispheres.
Africa washed Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Africa has been removed from all the mainland except Eurasia.
Independence of work. 1Ball
Compliance with work time 1 point
Accuracy of performance 1 point
Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.
Task 3.
.
What climatic belts are Africa?
Write them down in the notebook (slide 7)
Equatorial belt
Subscance belt
Subtropical belt
Tropical belt
1. Passes a strip between 20 ° C. sh. and 20 ° sh.
2. Located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tropics
3. It takes the Congo River pool and the Gulf Coast.
4. Lies in the very north and in the very south of the mainland.
5. Only one season - summer.
6. Weather all year round hot and dry.
7. Summer roast and dry, winter warm and wet.
8. Two seasons - wet and dry
9. All year is little precipitation.
10. After a noon, it is almost always a strong shower.
Right answers (slide)
- North - Cape Blanco (Benx Skid, Ras Engel, El Abyad)
- South - Cape Needor
- Western - Cape Almadi
- Eastern - Cape Rasha Hafun
- Joseph Flavius, the Jewish historian of the I century, argued that this name comes on behalf of Abraham Efra's grandson (Gen. 25: 4), whose descendants settled Libya.
- The Latin word aprica, meaning "sunny", is mentioned in the "beginning" of Isidore Seville, volume XIV, section 5.2 (vi).
- The version of the origin of the name from the Greek word αφρίκη, which means "without cold", offered the historian Lion African. He assumed that the word φρίκη ("cold" and "horror"), connected with the negative prefix α-, denotes the country where there is no cold or horror.
- Gerald Massey, the poet and the self-taught egyptologist, in 1881 put forward a version of the origin of the word from the Egyptian AF-RUI-KA, "to turn the face to the opening." Ka is the energy double of each person, and the "hole" means Lono or place of birth. Africa, thus, for the Egyptians means "homeland".
- Cape Colony
- Natal,
- Becouanland (now - Botswana),
- Basutolend (Lesotho),
- Swaziland,
- South Rodezia (Zimbabwe),
- Northern Rhodesia (Zambia).
- Kenya,
- Uganda,
- Zanzibar,
- British Somalia.
- Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, formally considered by the conciliation of England and Egypt.
- Nigeria,
- Sierra Leone,
- Gambia
- Golden shore.
- Mauritius (Island)
- Seychelles.
- French Guinea (now - the Republic of Guinea),
- Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire),
- Upper Volta (Burkina Faso),
- Dagomey (Benin),
- Mauritania,
- Niger,
- Senegal,
- French Sudan (Mali),
- Gabon,
- Average Congo (Republic of Congo),
- Ubanga-Shari (Central African Republic),
- French countryside Somalia (Djibouti)
- Madagascar,
- Comoros,
- Reunion.
- in 1961, the British possessions of Sierra Leone and Tanganyika;
- in 1962 - Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda;
- in 1963 - Kenya and Zanzibar;
- in 1964 - Northern Rodezia (called the Republic of Zambia, by the name of the Zambisi River) and Nyasaland (Malawi); In the same year, Tanganyik and Zanzibar united, creating the Republic of Tanzania;
- in 1965 - Gambia;
- in 1966, Bechuanland became the Republic of Botswana and Basutolend - the Kingdom of Lesotho;
- in 1968 - Mauritius, Equatorial Guinea and Swaziland;
- in 1973 - Guinea-Bissau;
- in 1975 (after the revolution in Portugal) - Angola, Mozambique, the islands of the Green Cape and Sao Tome and Principe, as well as 3 of 4 Comoros (Mayotte remained possession of France);
- in 1977 - Seychelles, and French Somalia became the Republic of Djibouti;
- in 1980, South Rodezia became the Republic of Zimbabwe;
- in 1990 - the Powered territory of South-West Africa - the Republic of Namibia.
- Anklava Spain in Morocco Ceuta and Melilla, Canary Islands (Spain),
- Islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunya and the Archipelago Chagos (United Kingdom),
- Reunion, Islands of the Epars and Mayotte (France),
- Madeira (Portugal).
- promoting the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;
- promotion and protection of the interests of the continent and its population;
- achieving peace and security in Africa;
- promoting the development of democratic institutions, wise leadership and human rights.
Equatorial belt: 3, 5,10
Subscance belt: 1.8
Subtropical belt: 4.7
Criteria for estimating independent work.
Task 4.
(Slide 9-12)
Giraffe,koala, Kangaroo, Polar Bear
Birch ,palm, Sakura, Bamboo
Ostrich,hummingbird, partridge, lyroid.
Condor, tsetsewKONKOS, Kiwi.
Task 5. . (Slide 13-15)
This is a state in North Africa. The main population of the country is Arabs. Washed in the north of the Mediterranean Sea, and in the east - red. Pyramids are attractions. (Egypt)
The state in the western part of the Indian Ocean, on the island engaged in the fourth place in the world. (Madagascar)
State in the south of the mainland. Population - Migrants from the Netherlands - Afrikaner (Buras) and the British. (SOUTH AFRICA)
Evaluation criteria tasks :
The number of scored points will write down in the response sheet.
Task 6.
Make an imaginary journey from the extreme northern point to an extreme western point through the Indian Ocean.
Evaluation criteriacreative task :
3. Culture speech 1 point
Task 7.. "Who it? What?" (Slide 16 - 26)
Giraffe is the highest of modern animals. The mammal spread in Africa south of sugar, where the view usually inhabits the savanna.
Pygmy is a group of low-minded neotroid peoples living in the forests of tropical Africa.
Kilimanjaro - Volcano - the highest point of Africa. Located in East African Plateau
Nil is the longest river in the world. It flows through the Sahara desert and blooms at the end of summer, in the fierce and dry weather.
Tanganic - the longest freshwater lake in the world
(Length 650 km). Located in a narrow long tectonic depression, the maximum depth of 1470 m (second in depth after Baikal).
David Livingston Scottish missionary, an outstanding researcher of Africa. Opened Victoria Waterfall on the Zambezi River.
Victoria Waterfall on the River Zambezi is open to D. Livingston and named the name of the English Queen. Water is overthound with a ledge with a height of 120 m in a narrow (130 m) and deep (140 m) canyon.
Victoria Lake in East Africa, the 2nd largest fresh lake in the world and the largest lake in Africa.
Congo - River in Central Africa, the most free and second on the length of the African River; Twice crosses the equator.
Republic of Congo-State in Africa, the former colonial possession of France. The capital is the city of Brazzaville.
Kenya Mountain - the second in height of the African vertex. Its height is 5199 meters above the ocean level.
Kenya is a state in East Africa, the equator crosses the country almost in the middle. Capital: Nairobi.
Sugar is the largest desert on Earth, located in North Africa, on the territory of more than ten states.
Evaluation criteria
2. Incomplete response 1 point.
Task 8. "Fifth extra".
Find and write down the word of the word in the notebook. (slide 27-28)
Niger, Zambezi, Volga, Congo, Neal
Victoria, Chad, Baikal, Nyasa, Tanganyika
Zebra, Giraffe, Elephant, Lion, kangaroo
Somalia, Egypt, Mexico, Morocco, South Africa
Criteria for estimating independent work.
1. Consumer performance of work. 1Ball
2. Curvancy time of work 1 point
3. Accuracy of performance 1 point
Task 9. Geographic quiz. (slide)
"The most, most ..."
1. The hottest mainland on Earth. (Africa)
3. The longest lake of the world. (Tanganyika)
4. The smallest inhabitants of Equatorial forests of Africa. (Pygmy)
6. The largest area of \u200b\u200bLake Africa (Lake Victoria)
8. The largest waterfall of Africa. (Victoria)
9. The largest island off the coast of Africa. (Madagascar)
10. The largest mainland peninsula. (Somalia)
11. The most unique plant of the desert Namib, which has only 2 sheets, growing within 50 years. (Velvichia)
12. The most powerful tree Savannan Africa. (baobab)
13. The fastest predator of the mainland. (cheetah)
17. The highest peoples of the mainland. (Tutsi, Chemis)
Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.The number of scored points will write down in the response sheet.
Normal rate: 36 points and more - "5",
35 - 29 points- "4",
28 - 16 points - "3",
15 points and less - "2".
3. Reflection.
I was very pleased to communicate with you throughout the lesson, and now I would like you to show me what mood has happened during the lesson.
"Reflection - book":
2 page - I want to say ....
3 Page - I want to wish ...
4. Homework.
A) repeat paragraphs 44 - 52.
B) creative task. Imagine that you are working in a travel agency, and your wage depends on the number of clients who visited Africa. You must write me a letter in which you call at least 10 reasons why I should visit Africa. Work to arrange on a separate sheet.
C) Prepare a message or a presentation for 2-3 minutes on the topic: "Interesting from the world of animals and plants of Africa."
5. Outcome lesson.
Evaluation paper
| tasks | Type of work | Number of scored points |
| Exercise 1 | A) Call Geographic objects of Africa B) Show geographic objects on the map | |
| Task 2. | Insert the missed words | |
| Task 3. | Determine what climatic belt is characteristic of signs | |
| Task 4. | Choose from the proposed words of representatives of Africa | |
| Task 5. | What country is we talking about? Call and show it on the map | |
| Task 6. | Individual creative task | |
| Task 7. | "Who it? What?" | |
| Task 8. | "Fifth extra" | |
| Task 9. | Geographic quiz | |
| Total scores |
Normal rate: 36 points and more - "5",
35 - 29 points- "4",
28 - 16 points - "3",
15 points and less - "2".
Evaluation paper
F. and ._________________________
| tasks | Type of work | Number of scored points |
| Exercise 1 | A) Call Geographic objects of Africa B) Show geographic objects on the map | |
| Task 2. | Insert the missed words | |
| Task 3. | Determine what climatic belt is characteristic of signs | |
| Task 4. | Choose from the proposed words of representatives of Africa | |
| Task 5. | What country is we talking about? Call and show it on the map | |
| Task 6. | Individual creative task | |
| Task 7. | "Who it? What?" | |
| Task 8. | "Fifth extra" | |
| Task 9. | Geographic quiz | |
| Total scores |
Normal rate: 36 points and more - "5",
35 - 29 points- "4",
28 - 16 points - "3",
15 points and less - "2".
The task 1. Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.
The task 2. Criteria for estimating independent work.
1. Consumer performance of work. 1Ball
2. Curvancy time of work 1 point
3. Accuracy of performance 1 point
4. Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.
The maximum number is 12 points.
Task 3.
Criteria for estimating independent work.
1. Consumer performance of work. 1Ball
2. Curvancy time of work 1 point
3. Accuracy of performance 1 point
4. Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.
Maximum number - 13 points.
Task 4. Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.
Task 5 rating criteria tasks :
1. Right name of the country 1Bull
2. correctly show it on the map 1 score
Maximum number of points - 2.
The number of scored points will write down in the response sheet.
Task 6. Evaluation criteriacreative task :
1. Knowing the actual material 2 points
2. Logic presentation of material 1Bull
3. Culture speech 1 point
4. Ability to protect your work 1 point
The maximum number of points is 5.
Task 7.. Evaluation criteria
1. For a full correct answer 2 points.
2. Incomplete response 1 point.
Maximum number -2 points.
Task 8. Criteria for estimating independent work.
1. Consumer performance of work. 1Ball
2. Curvancy time of work 1 point
3. Accuracy of performance 1 point
4. Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.
Maximum number -7 points.
Task 9. Each correct answer is estimated at 1 point.
"Reflection - book":
1 page - Today I am ....
2 page - I want to say ....
3 Page - I want to wish ...
"Reflection - book":
1 page - Today I am ....
2 page - I want to say ....
3 Page - I want to wish ...
Task 8.. Geographical dictation.
On the desk:
Kilimanjaro. 7. RAS-ENGEL 13. Migal.
Madagascar. 8. Bengali. 14. Somalia.
Guinean. 9. Almadi. 15. Gibraltar.
Suezsky. 10. Kalimantan. 16. Vavilov.
D. Livingston 11. Roca. 17. Magonato
30.3 million square meters km 12. Equator. 18. Ras - Hafun
19. 24, 2 million square meters. Km.
The largest island of Africa.
Square Africa.
Extreme northern point.
The most maximum height of Africa is 5895 m. It is called ....
Africa is intersecting almost in the middle ......
From Europe, Africa separates a shallow and narrow strait.
Extreme southern point.
North-East is connected to Eurasia Ist.
The largest Peninsula of Africa.
Big bay of Africa.
Extreme western point.
Recreted Africa from the West to the East, explored Zambezi, opened the Victoria Waterfall, described the upper current of the Congo, Lake Nyasa.
Extreme eastern point.
Collected more than 6000 samples of cultivated plants, established that Ethiopia is the birthplace of valuable wheat varieties.
Answers: 1. 2 6. 15. 11. 9.
2. 6. 7. 13. 12. 5.
3. 7. 8. 4. 13. 18
4. 1. 9. 14. 14. 16.
For the full correct answer - 2 points, incomplete - 1 point.
Africa is the second in Square Continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, red - from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the West and the Indian Ocean from the East and South. Africa is also called part of the world, consisting of the mainland of Africa and the adjacent islands. The Square of Africa is 29.2 million km², with islands - about 30.3 million km², thus covering, thus 6% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe earth surface and 20.4% of the sushi surface. On the territory of Africa there are 54 states, 5 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories (island).
The population of Africa is about billion people. Africa is considered a pranodina of mankind: it was here that the most ancient remains of the early hominids and their probable ancestors were found, including SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS, AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS, A. AFARENSIS, HOMO ERECTUS, H. HABILIS and H. ERGASTER.
The African continent crosses the equator and several climatic zones; This is the only continent stretching from the northern subtropical climatic belt to the southern subtropical. Due to the lack of constant precipitation and irrigation - as well as glaciers or aquifer of mountain systems - natural climate regulation by anywhere, except for coarse, is practically not observed.
The study of cultural, economic, political and social problems in Africa is engaged in the science of Africanism.
Extreme Points
origin of name
Initially, the word "Afri" residents of the ancient Carthagene called people who lived near the city. This name is usually referred to by the Phoenician AFAR, which means "dust". After the conquest of Carthage, the Romans called the province of Africa (Lat. Africa). Later, Africa began to call all the well-known regions of this continent, and then the continent himself.
Another theory says that the name of the people "Afri" comes from Berber IFRI, "Cave", having in mind the cave inhabitants. The Muslim province of Iphrikia, which emerged later, also saved this root in its name.
According to the historian and archaeologist I. Efremova, the word "Africa" \u200b\u200bcame from an ancient language to those (Egypt. "Afros" is a foamy country). This is due to the collision of several types of flows, which form a foam when approaching the continent in the Mediterranean Sea.
There are other versions of the origin of toponym.
History of Africa
Prehistoric period
At the beginning of the Mesozoic era, when Africa was part of a single continent of Pangea, and until the end of the triad period in this region, teropods and primitive poultrytastes were dominated. Examined excavations related to the end of the triad period indicate a greater intensity of the south of the mainland, and not the north.
Human Origins
Africa is considered a man's homeland. The remains of the oldest species of the genus Homo are found here. Of the eight species of this kind, only one was survived - a reasonable person, and in small quantities (approx. 1000 individuals) began to settle around the territory of Africa about 100,000 years ago. And already from Africa, people migrated to Asia (about 60 to 40 thousand years ago), and from there to Europe (40 thousand years old), Australia and America (35-15 thousand years).
Africa during the Stone Century
The oldest archaeological finds indicating the processing of grain in Africa are dated to the thirteenth millennium BC. e. Cattle breeding in Sahara began approx. 7500 BC er, and organized agriculture in the Nile area appeared in 6 millennia BC. e.
In the Sahara, a group of fishermen hunters, archaeological finds were evidenced in sugar. Across Sahara (the current Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Chad, etc.) a lot of petroglyphs and rocky paintings dating from 6000 BC were found. e. until the VII century n. e. The most famous monument of primitive art of North Africa is Tassilin-Agere.
In addition to the group of sugar monuments, rock painting is also found in Somalia and South Africa (the most ancient drawings are dated 25th thousand years BC. E.).
Linguistic data show that the ethnic groups speaking in the band language migrated in the south-west direction, to outstand Koysan peoples from there (Spit, Zulu, etc.). In the settlement of the bow, a characteristic set of grain crops suitable for tropical Africa, including maniacs and yams, was found.
A small number of ethnic groups, such as Bushmen, continue to conduct a primitive lifestyle, engaged in hunting, collecting, like their ancestors a few millennia ago.
Ancient Africa
North Africa
By the 6-5th millenniums BC e. In the valley of the Nile, agricultural crops were formed (Tsyiyan culture, Fayum culture, Merimda), on the basis of which in the 4th millennium BC. e. Ancient Egypt arose. To the south of her, also on Nile, under its influence, Kerma-Kushite civilization was formed, replaced in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Nubian (state education attack). Aloa, Mukurra, the Nabatie kingdom, and others, were formed on his fragments, which were under the cultural and political influence of Ethiopia, Coptic Egypt and Byzantium. 
In the north of Ethiopian Highlands, an Ethiopian civilization appeared under the influence of the South Saori Sabey Kingdom: in the V century BC. e. The Ethiopian kingdom, in the II-XI centuries, is formed from South Arabia. e. The Aksum kingdom existed, on the basis of which Christian Ethiopia (XII-XVI century) has developed. These foci of civilization were surrounded by the cattle breeding tribes of Libyans, as well as the ancestors of modern coschito- and nitilo-speaking peoples.
As a result of the development of horse breeding (which appeared in the first century, N. E.), as well as camels and oasis agriculture in Sahara, the shopping cities of Telga, Debis, Garama, had a Libyan letter.
On the Mediterranean coast of Africa in the XII-II centuries BC. e. The Phoenician-Carthage Civilization flourished. Neighborhood of the Carthaginian slave owner had an impact on the Libyan population. To iv c. BC e. Large alliances of Libyan tribes - Mauritans (modern Morocco to the lower flow of the Muluha River) and Numidians (from the Muluha River to Carthage possessions). By the III century BC e. There were conditions for the formation of states (see Numidia and Mauretania).
After the defeat of the Carthage Rome, its territory became the Roman province of Africa. Eastern Numidia in 46 BC The new Africa was turned into the Roman province, and in 27 BC. e. Both provinces were combined into one, managed by Proconsules. The Maurretan kings became Vassal of Rome, and in 42 the country was divided into two provinces: Mauretania Tingitania and Maurethenia Caesareski.
The weakening of the Roman Empire in the III century caused a crisis and in the provinces of North Africa, which contributed to the success of the invasions of the barbarians (Berberov, ready, vandals). With the support of the local population, Barbara overthrew the power of Rome and formed several states in North Africa: the Kingdom of Vandalov, the Berber Kingdom of Jedar (between Mulule and Ores) and a number of smaller Berber Principles. 
In the 6th century, North Africa was conquered by Byzantia, but the positions of the central government were fragile. African provincial know often entered allied relationships with barbarians and other external enemies of the Empire. In 647, the Carthaginian Exarce of Grigory (cousin's nephew of Emperor Irakli I), taking advantage of the weakening of the imperial power due to the strikes of Arabs, deposited from Constantinople and proclaimed himself with Emperor Africa. One of the manifestations of discontent with the population of Byzantium policies was the widespread extension of heresy (Arianism, Donatism, Monophizite). The ally of the heretical movements became Arabs-Muslims. In 647, the Arab troops broke the Army of Grigory in the battle at Sufetule, which led to the rejection of the Byzantium of Egypt. In 665, Arabs repeated the invasion of North Africa and by 709, all African provinces of Byzantium became part of the Arab Caliphate (for more details, see Arab conquest).
Africa south of Sahara
In Africa, south of Sahara in the I millennium BC. e. Iron metallurgy spread everywhere. This contributed to the development of new territories, first of all - tropical forests, and became one of the reasons for the settlement for the most part of the tropical and southern African of the Batue-speaking peoples who were crowded to the north and south of representatives of Ethiopian and capoid races.
The foci of civilizations of tropical Africa spread in the direction from north to south (in the eastern part of the continent) and partly from the east to the West (especially in the western part).
The Arabs who penetrated into North Africa in the VII century, up to the appearance of Europeans, became the main mediators between the tropical Africa and the rest of the world, including through the Indian Ocean. The cultures of Western and Central Sudan have formed a single West African, or Sudanese, cultural zone, who stood from Senegal to the modern Republic of Sudan. In the second millennium, most of this zone included in the major state formations of Ghana, Kanem-Born Mali (XIII-XV century), Songai.
South of Sudanese civilizations in VII-IX centuries. e. The state formation of an IFE, which became the cradle of the civilization of Yoruba and Bini (Benin, OoO); Their influence also experienced neighboring peoples. To the west of her in the 2nd millennium, Akano-Ashanti Protocylization was formed, whose flourishing came to the XVII-beginning of the XIX century.
In the area of \u200b\u200bCentral Africa during the XV-XIX centuries. We gradually arose different statements - Buganda, Rwanda, Burundi, etc.
In East Africa, the Suakhilian Muslim culture (city-state kilva, Pate, Mombasa, Lama, Malindi, Sofala, and others, Sultanat Zanzibar) flourished.
In Southeast Africa - Zimbabvian (Zimbabwe, Monomota) Protocylization (X-XIX century), in Madagascar the process of the State Education ended at the beginning of the XIX century to the union of all the early political formations of the island around Warry.
Appearance in Africa Europeans
Europeans penetration in Africa began in the XV-XVI centuries; The most contribution to the development of the continent at the first stage was made by Spaniards and Portuguese after the completion of reconquists. Already at the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese actually controlled the Western Coast of Africa and in the XVI century they launched an active slave trade. Alternatively, almost all Western European powers rushed in Africa: Holland, Spain, Denmark, France, England, Germany.
Trade of slaves with Zanzibar gradually led to the colonization of East Africa; Attempts to Morocco seize the Sahel failed.
All North Africa (except Morocco) by the beginning of the XVII century entered the Ottoman Empire. With the final section of Africa between European powers (1880s), a colonial period was occurring, forcibly introduced Africans to industrial civilization.
Colonization of Africa
The colonization process has acquired a wide scale in the second half of the XIX century, especially after 1885 with the beginning of the so-called race or fight for Africa. Almost the entire continent (except for those who remained independent Ethiopia and Liberia) by 1900 was divided between a number of European states: Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, their old colonies were kept and somewhat expanded Spain and Portugal.
The most extensive and rich were the ownership of the UK. In the southern and central part of the continent:
In the East:
In the north-east:
In the West:
In the Indian Ocean
The colonial empire of France was not inferior to the British, but the population of her colonies was several times less, and natural resources were poorer. Most of the French possessions were in Western and Equatorial Africa and a considerable part of their territory accounted for a sugar, adjacent to her semi-desert area of \u200b\u200bSachel and tropical forests:
Portugal owned by Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau), which included the islands of the Green Cape (Cape Verde), San Tome and Principe.
Belgium owned Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in 1971-1997 - Zaire), Italy - Eritrea and Italian Somalia, Spain - Spanish sugar (Western Sahara), Northern Morocco, Equatorial Guinea, Canary Islands; Germany - German East Africa (now - continental part of Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi), Cameroon, Togo and German South-West Africa (Namibia).
The main stimuli that led to the hot fiction of European powers for Africa is considered the economic. Indeed, the desire to exploit the natural wealth and the population of Africa was of paramount importance. But it is impossible to say that these hopes immediately justified. The south of the continent, where the world's largest gold and diamond deposits were found, began to give huge profits. But before receiving income, there were first major investments for the intelligence of natural wealth, the creation of communications, the adaptation of the local economy to the needs of the metropolis, to suppress the protest of indigenous people and finding effective ways to force them to work on the colonial system. All this required time. The other argument of the ideologues of colonialism was not immediately justified. They argued that the acquisition of the colonies will open in the metropolis themselves many jobs and eliminate unemployment, since Africa will become an electric market for European products and there will unfold huge construction of railways, ports, industrial enterprises. If these plans were carried out, then slower than was supposed, and in a smaller scale. Untenable turned out to be an argument that in Africa will move the excess population of Europe. The resettlement flows were less than expected, and were mainly limited to the south of the continent, Angola, Mozambique, Kenia - countries where climate and other natural conditions were suitable for Europeans. The countries of the Gulf of the Gulf, called the "White Man's Grave", seduced little.
Colonial control period
African Theater of Military Activities of the First World War
The First World War was a fight for the redistribution of Africa, but on the life of most African countries, it affected not particularly strongly. Military actions covered the territory of the German colonies. They were won by the troops of the Entente and after the war by decision of the League of Nations were transferred to the countries of the Entente as submanent areas: Togo and Cameroon were divided between Great Britain and France, the German South-West Africa went to South African Union (UAUS), part of German East Africa - Rwanda and Burundi - was transferred to Belgium, another - Tanganica - Great Britain.
With the acquisition of Tanganyiki, the long-standing dream of the English ruling circles came true: a continuous band of British possessions from Cape Town to Cairo appeared. After the end of the war, the process of colonial development of Africa accelerated. The colonies were increasingly turned into agrarian-raw materials appendages of metropolis. Agriculture was increasingly focused on export.
Interwar period
In the interwar period, the composition of the agricultural crops grown by Africans has changed dramatically - the production of export crops has changed dramatically: coffee - 11 times, tea - at 10, cocoa beans - in 6, peanuts - more than 4, tobacco - 3 times and t . d. An increasing number of colonies became the countries of the monocultural economy. On the eve of World War II, in many countries from two thirds to 98% of the total exports accounted for any one culture. In Gambia and Senegal, an earthen walnut became such a culture, on Zanzibar - Carnation, in Uganda - cotton, on the golden shore - cocoa beans, in French Guinea - bananas and pineapples, in South Rhodesia - tobacco. In some countries there were two export cultures: on the shore of ivory and in Togo - coffee and cocoa, in Kenya - coffee and tea, etc. In Gabon and some other countries, the valuable breeds of the forest were monoculture.
The industry created - mostly mining - was even more exported. It developed quickly. In the Belgian Congo, for example, copper mining from 1913 to 1937 increased more than 20 times. By 1937, Africa occupied an impressive place for the production of mineral raw materials in the capitalist world. It accounted for 97% of all diamond produced, 92% of cobalt, more than 40% of gold, chromites, lithium minerals, manganese ore, phosphorites and more than a third of the entire production of platinum. In West Africa, as well as in most areas of Eastern and Central Africa, export products were carried out mainly in the farms of the Africans themselves. European plantation production there was not soaked due to climatic conditions, difficult for Europeans. The main exploiters of the African manufacturer were foreign companies. Export agricultural products were produced on farms belonging to Europeans located in the South African Union, Southern Rhodesia, part of Northern Rhodesia, Kenya, South-West Africa.
African Theater of War of World War II
The fighting during World War II on the African continent is divided into two directions: the North African campaign, which touched Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and was an integral part of the most important Mediterranean theater of hostilities, as well as the autonomous African Theater of Military Action, which battles on which Wore a secondary value.
During World War II, military actions in tropical Africa were conducted only on the territory of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia. In 1941, English troops together with Ethiopian partisans and with the active participation of Somali occupied the territories of these countries. In other countries, tropical and South Africa hostilities were not conducted (with the exception of Madagascar). But hundreds of thousands of Africans were mobilized in the Metropolis Army. An even greater number of people had to serve troops, work for military needs. The Africans fought in North Africa, in Western Europe, in the Middle East, in Burma, in Malaya. On the territory of the French colonies there was a struggle between the vickers and supporters of the "free France", which did not lead, as a rule, to military clashes.
Decolonization of Africa
After World War II, the process of decolonization of Africa quickly went. The year of Africa - the year of the liberation of the greatest number of colonies - was announced 1960. This year, the independence found 17 states. Most of them are French colonies and wards of the UN territory, which were under France: Cameroon, Togo, Malagasy Republic, Congo (former French Congo), Dagomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali. Independently proclaimed the largest country of Africa in terms of population - Nigeria, belonging to the UK, and the largest in the territory of the Belgian Congo. British Somalia and Somalia ward, who were under the control of Italy, were united and became the Somali Democratic Republic.
The 1960th changed the entire setting on the African continent. The dismantling of the remaining colonial regimes has already become unauthorized. Sovereign states were proclaimed:
Proclamation of independence of Kenya, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique and Namibia preceded war, uprisings, partisan struggle. But for most African countries, the final stage of the path was traveled without major bloodshed, it became the result of mass demonstrations and strikes, a negotiation process, and in relation to the wards of the United Nations solutions.
Due to the fact that the borders of African states during the "race for Africa" \u200b\u200bwere carried out artificially, excluding the settlement of various peoples and tribes, as well as the fact that traditional African society was not ready for democracy, in many African countries, after gaining independence, civilians began wars. In many countries, dictators came to power. The conditions arising from this are distinguished by neglecting human rights, bureaucracy, totalitarianism, which, in turn, leads to the crisis of the economy and growing poverty.
Currently, under the control of European countries are:
Changing the names of states
In the period of investigating African countries of independence, many of them changed their names for various reasons. It could be secessions, association, change of regime or the acquisition of the country of sovereignty. The phenomenon of renaming African names of its own (names of countries, personal names of people) in order to reflect African identity was called Africanization.
| Previous name | Year | Current name |
| Portuguese southwestern Africa | 1975 | Republic of Angola. |
| Dahomey | 1975 | Republic of Benin |
| Protectorate of the Bechuanland | 1966 | Republic of Botswana. |
| Republic of Upper Volta | 1984 | Republic of Burkina Faso |
| Ubanga-Shari | 1960 | Central African Republic |
| Republic of Zaire | 1997 | Democratic Republic of Congo |
| Middle Congo | 1960 | Republic of Congo |
| Ivory Coast | 1985 | Republic of Côte d'Ivoire * |
| French territory of Afarov and Issa | 1977 | Republic of Djibouti |
| Spanish Guinea | 1968 | Republic of Equatorial Guinea |
| Abyssinia | 1941 | Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia |
| Golden shore | 1957 | Republic of Ghana |
| part of the French West Africa | 1958 | Republic of Guinea |
| Portuguese Guinea | 1974 | Republic of Guinea-Bissau |
| Protectorate Basutolend | 1966 | Kingdom Lesotho |
| Protectorate Nyasaland | 1964 | Republic of Malawi |
| French Sudan | 1960 | Republic of Mali. |
| Hermann Southwest Africa | 1990 | Republic of Namibia. |
| German Eastern Africa / Rwanda-Urundi | 1962 | Republic of Rwanda / Republic of Burundi |
| British Somaliland / Italian Somaliland | 1960 | Republic of Somalia |
| Zanzibar / Tanganyika | 1964 | United Republic of Tanzania |
| Buganda | 1962 | Republic of Uganda |
| North Rhodesia | 1964 | Zambia |
| South Rhodesia | 1980 | Republic of Zimbabwe. |
* The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire did not change his name as such, but demanded that in other languages \u200b\u200bthe French name of the country (FR Côte d'iVoire) was used, and not his literal translation into other languages \u200b\u200b(ivory coast, Ivory Coast, Elfenbeinküste, etc.).
Geographic research
David Livingston
David Livingston conceived to study the rivers of South Africa and find natural passages deep into the mainland. He made swimming in Zambezi, opened Victoria Waterfall, determined the Water Separation of Lake Nyasa, Taganik and the Lualaba River. In 1849, he first crossed the Kalahari desert and explored the NGAM Lake. During his last trip, he tried to find the origins of the Nile.
Heinrich Bart
Heinrich Bart found that the lake Chad's faceless, the first of Europeans studied the rock paintings of the ancient residents of the Sahara and expressed its assumptions about the change in the climate of North Africa.
Russian researchers
Mining engineer, Traveler Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky helped the Egyptians in search of gold deposits, studied the inflows of the Blue Nile. Vasily Vasilyevich Juncker explored the watershed of the main African rivers - Nile, Congo and Niger.
Geography of Africa
Africa covers an area of \u200b\u200b30.3 million km². The length from north to south - 8 thousand km, from west to east in the northern part - 7.5 thousand km. 
Relief
Mostly - the plain, in the north-west are the atlas of the mountains, in Sakhar - Highlands Ahaggar and Tibesta. In the East - Ethiopian Highlands, south of him East African Plateau, where Kilimanjaro volcano is located (5895 m) - the highest point of the mainland. In the south there are caps and dragons of the mountain. The lowest point (157 meters below the World Ocean) is located in Djibouti, this is the salt lake Assal. The deepest cave is Anu Ifflis, located in the north of Algeria in the mountains of Tel Atlas.
Minerals
Africa is known primarily by its richest deposits of diamonds (South Africa, Zimbabwe) and gold (South Africa, Ghana, Mali, Republic of Congo). Large oil deposits are in Nigeria and Algeria. Boxites are mined in Guinea and Ghana. The resources of phosphorites, as well as manganese, iron and lead-zinc ores concentrated in the zone of the northern coast of Africa.
Inland waters
In Africa there is one of the most extended rivers in the world - Neil (6852 km), current from the south to the north. Other largest rivers are Niger in the West, Congo in Central Africa and the Zambezi River, Limpopo and Orange in the south.
The largest lake is Victoria. Other large lakes - Nyasa and Tanganic, located in lithospheric faults. One of the largest salty lakes is the lake Chad, located on the territory of the state of the same name.
Climate
Africa is the hottest mainland of the planet. The reason for this is in the geographical location of the mainland: the whole territory of Africa is in hot climatic belts and the mainland intersects the equator line. It is in Africa that is the hottest place on Earth - Dullaol, and the highest temperature on Earth (+58.4 ° C) was recorded.
Central Africa and the coastal areas of the Gulf of Guinea are the equatorial belt, there are abundant precipitation during the entire year and there is no change in the seasons. To the north and south of the equatorial belt are the subequatorial belts. Here in summer, the wet equatorial mass of air (rainy season) is dominant, and in the winter - dry air of tropical trade winds (dry season). The north and south of the subequatorial belts are the northern and southern tropical belts. It is characterized by high temperatures with a small amount of precipitation, which leads to the formation of the desert.
In the north is the largest desert of the Sahara, in the south - the Kalahari desert. The north and southern tip of the mainland is included in the appropriate subtropical belts.
Fauna Africa, Flora Africa
The flora of tropical, equatorial and subequatorial belts are diverse. Ceiba, Pipdathenia, Terminal, Combretomum, Brachistgia, Isoberity, Pandan, Tamarind, Rosyanka, Bubble, Palms, and Many others are growing everywhere. In the savannas, low trees and spiny shrubs (acacia, terminal, bush) prevail.
The vegetation of the desert, on the contrary, is scarce, consists of small communities of herbs, shrubs and trees growing in oases, high-rise, and along the water. In the depressions there are salted-resistant salts. On the least secured plains and plateau, types of herbs, small bushes and trees resistant to droughts and heat grow. The flora of the desert regions is well adapted to the irregularity of precipitation. This is reflected in a large variety of physiological adaptations, habitat preferences, creating dependent and related communities and reproduction strategies. Perennial drought-resistant cereals and shrubs have an extensive and deep (up to 15-20 m) root system. Many of herbal plants - ephemers that can produce seeds three days after sufficient moistening and hang them out within 10-15 days after that.
In the mountainous areas of the Sahara desert there is a relict-neogenic flora, an environmentally related kindred Mediterranean, many endemics. Among the relict wood plants growing in mountainous areas - some types of olive, cypress and mastic tree. Also presented types of acacia, tamaris and wormwood, Duma Palma, Oleander, Picture, Timyan, ephedra. In oases culture dates, figs, olive and fruit trees, some citrus fruits, various vegetables. Herbal plants growing in many parts of the desert are represented by triosnica clannice, wildlife and millet. On the coast of the Atlantic Ocean is growing coastal and other salinular herbs. Various combinations of ephemers form seasonal pastures, called ashabami. In reservoirs there are algae.
In many desert areas (rivers, Hamada, partially clusters of sands, etc.) vegetation cover is generally absent. The strong impact on the vegetation of almost all areas was human (grazing of cattle, collection of useful plants, billet fuel, etc.).
The remarkable plant of the desert of Namib - Tumeboy, or Welwitzchia (Welwitschia Mirabilis). It places two giant sheets, slowly growing all its life (more than 1000 years), which can exceed 3 meters in length. The leaves are attached to the stalk, which resembles a huge radister of a conical shape with a diameter of 60 to 120 centimeters, and sticks out of the ground for 30 centimeters. The roots of Velvichia go to the ground to a depth of 3 m. Venelvichia is known for its ability to grow in extremely dry conditions, using dew and fog as the main source of moisture. Velvichia - endemic for Northern Namiba - depicted on the state coat of arms of Namibia.
In a slightly more wet places of the desert, another famous Namib plant is found (Acanthosicyos Horridus), (endemic), which grows on the sand dunes. Her fruits make up the food base and the source of moisture for many animals, African elephants, antelope, dickery, etc.
From prehistoric times in Africa, the largest number of megafaun representatives has been preserved. Tropical Equatorial and subequatorial belt inhabit a variety of mammals: okap, antelope (fools, bongo), dwarf hippopotamus, cystic pig, warter, galago, monkey, flying (needles), lemurs (on about. Madagascar), viverra, chimpanzee, gorilla, and other . Nowhere in the world there is no such abundance of large animals, as in African savannah: elephants, hippos, lions, giraffes, leopards, cheetahs, antelope (Cannes), zebras, monkeys, bird secretary, hyena, African Ostrich, Meerkats. Some elephants, cuff buffaloes and white rhinos dwell only in reserves. 
Jaco, Turako, Tsearok, Rhino Bird (Calao), Cockada, Marabu prevail among birds.
The reptiles and amphibians of the tropical equatorial and subequatorial belt - Mamba (one of the most poisonous snakes in the world), crocodile, python, quanks, wood and marble frogs.
In wet climatic zones, the Malari Komar and Fly Tsetz, causing a sleepy disease, both in humans and mammals, are common.
Ecology
In November 2009, Greenpeace published a report in which two villages in Niger near the mining mines of the French transnational company AREVA have a dangerous level of radiation. The main environmental problems of Africa: desertification - the problem of the northern part, cutting down the tropical forests-in the central part.
Political division
In Africa, there are 55 countries and 5 self-proclaimed and unrecognized states. Most of them were for a long time were the colonies of European states and gained independence only in the 50s-60s of the XX century. Prior to that, independent were only Egypt (C 1922), Ethiopia (since the days of Middle Ages), Liberia (since 1847) and South Africa (since 1910); In South Africa and South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), up to the 80-90s of the 20th century, the regime of apartheid was maintained, discriminatory to the indigenous (black) population. Currently, in many African countries, regimes are legal in relation to the white population. According to the research organization Freedom House, in recent years in many African countries (for example, in Nigeria, Mauritania, Senegal, Congo (Kinshasa) and Equatorial Guinea) there was a tendency to retreat from democratic achievements towards authoritarianism.
In the north of the continent, the territory of Spain (Ceuta, Melilla, Canary Islands) and Portugal (Madeira) are located.
| Countries and territories |
Area (km²) |
Population |
Population density |
|
| Algeria | ||||
| Egypt | ||||
| West Sahara | ||||
| Libya | ||||
| Mauritania | ||||
| Mali. | ||||
| Morocco | ||||
| Niger | 13 957 000 | |||
| Sudan | ||||
| Tunisia | ||||
| Chad |
Nitejamen |
Spanish and Portuguese territories in North Africa:
| Countries and territories |
Area (km²) |
Population |
Population density |
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| Canary Islands (Spain) |
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife |
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| Ceuta (Spain) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Small sovereign territories (Spain) |
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Recently, the ratings have become very popular. On the one hand, they look like somehow primitive, piaristo and subjective. And on the other, in my opinion, help structuring large amounts of information and squeeze a bunch of water and information noise. I also decided to wipe on the William of our Shakespeare.
It was, of course, to acknowledge the topic by catching heading type "10 places in Africa, which must be visited" or something like that. But I will not like to like top bloggers :)
Naturally, the concept of "interesting" hints on the subjectivity of the list: what is interesting to one may be absolutely not interested in another. Therefore, this is the most subjective, but the unbiased list of African interests :)
The reasons for which people go to Africa can be divided into 3 components - animals, people and nature. For me, this is an axiom, which has laid the list.
Valley of the Omo River. Ethiopia
Brent Stirton.
A unique place in Africa, and perhaps on the entire planet, where distinctive tribes are still preserved, minimally affected by civilization. Mursi, Surma, Erbore, Hamer ... Every tribe is peculiar to the text of life, traditions, ornaments of your own body. In the Valley of Omo, you seem to move on a car for many centuries, or even thousands of years, back to the primitive community system.
Of course, the neighborhood with the benefits of civilization influenced the tribes of this part of Ethiopia. It affects and continued here a considerable time of war. Many men instead of copies and bows wear Kalashnikov machines, for example. The local population has already managed to get used to the fact that tourists regularly bring them, and even learned to extract benefits from this. Do not hope that you will be able to picked up the exotic appearance of these proud sons of Africa. Each frame is taken into account and payment is inevitable :)
Masai Mara National Park. Kenya
Perhaps the most promoted African National Park, the icon of the tourist industry Kenya, one of the best parks of the continent. About Masai Mara is often written in excellent degree and, it should be noted, quite deserved.
The park is a continuation of the Serengeti, only in Kenya.
Masai Mara is famous for his prides of Lviv, and in general this is one of the best places in Africa to observe a big cat triple: Lions, leopards and cheetahs.
And, of course, do not forget about the Great Migration, passing in Masai Mara from July to October, when Millionna herds of the GNU arrive in the park from Tanzania. At this time, the most spectacular.
Amboseli National Park. Kenya
Kilimanjaro is the same symbol of Africa as a Waterfall Victoria or Cape of Good Hope, and despite the fact that the Mountain itself is located in Tanzania, the best and most picturesque view of it opens from the Amboseli National Reserve (Kenya). That is why even many Tanzanian tourist sites and offline guidebooks are not bend to illustrate articles about Kilimanjaro photographs, removed in Amboseli.
Elephants and Kilimanjaro, Giraffes and Kilimanjaro, Masai and Kilimanjaro, African Acacia and Kilimanjaro ... If you want to replenish your portfolio with these plots, then you are in.
The park is good and by itself, here there is a big five, but it is Kilimanjaro who makes it special and unique.
Reserved zone Ngoronoro. Tanzania
The highest concentration of wild animals in the world in the natural environment of their habitat. This argument immediately gives odds and increases the attractiveness of the original Ngoronoro zone. Animals are separated from the rest of the world with high slopes of crater ancient volcano. As one client said: "Where will they go on a submarine" :)
NGoronoro boasts a big five, and relatively small sizes and closed space make safari one of the most exciting in Africa.
National Park of Volcanoes. Rwanda
And - the stars of this National Park, located in the north of Rwanda on the border with Congo and Uganda. Not yet met a single person whom these animals would leave indifferent.
In the park, you should not expect a traditional jeep safari when you are brought to the animals and everything you have to do is press the "masterpiece" button on your gems. Moreover, a meeting with these majestic and cute primates must be earned by passing not one kilometer on the mountain tropical rave forest. But this impression is becoming more bright, and the pictures are more valuable :)
Delta Okavango. Botswana
The uniqueness of the Okavango River Delta speaks for itself. Not so much in the world of rivers, which are distinguished by Delta, not going anywhere. The very wild and still not touched by civilization the place in Africa. Forget about Wi-Fi, telephone communication, televisions, etc. Real Tet-A-Tet \u200b\u200bwith Wild Nature of Africa in its primordial form. And be prepared for the fact that wild animals will be closer to you than you can assume.
In a unique combination of a rich animal world (a big five is found in) and a variety of landscapes. Dream for gourmets Safari :)
Alley baobabs. Madagascar
Another symbol of Africa is baobab. In all Africa, these giants scattered a lot, but so that much in one place ...
In my opinion, only one alley of baobabs is a sufficient reason to visit Madagascar. And if you add more lemurs and other endemics of the island to it, then doubts will develop into confidence that you need to go, more precisely, fly :)
Waterfall Victoria. Zimbabwe / Zambia
Included in the top three of the biggest waterfalls of the world and that says it all.
Sosquesflaw. Namibia
The highest and most picturesque dunes in the world are pro. The most mystical valley of dead trees is a pro. The desert Namib nominated in various lists of "new wonders of the world", "natural wonders of the world", but never went to the final. Nevertheless, in my opinion, this is one of the most interesting places in Africa, where we had to visit.
Cape Town. SOUTH AFRICA. Dining Mountain and Cape of Good Hope
With all the desire, to bypass Cape Town does not work. Do not give a dining area and a cape of good hope.
The dining room Mountain entered the list of seven natural miracles of the world, and the cape of good hope is the same sign point of Africa as Waterfall Victoria and Kilimanjaro.
P.S. I am far from the thought that this is the only possible list of ten most interesting places in Africa. Perhaps someone considers that it lacks the Kruger National Park in South Africa or Serengeti, the Canyon of the Blide River (the largest in the world of the sword canyon) or Madagascar Qingi ... and I agree, because there are many interesting places in Africa :)
I am pleased to read alternative opinions