Portrait of a genre of machine painting. About painting genres in fine art
Types Monumental Stankovaya Monumentally Decorative Icon Painting Miniature Painting Genres Styles Mythological Battle Historic Landscape Portrait Still Life Animalist Housing Nude
Look at how beautiful around! People have always been looking for ways to save and remember what he saw. You can take a picture of the world around yourself, but before there were no cameras, and it is much more exciting to draw!
The painter can do wonders - show the events of the distant past, to show before us the epic heroes and the heroes of fairy tales, move into the future and present to us non-existent characters.
The main expressive means of painting is color. The artist is usually the color on the palette, and then transfers paint on the canvas pattern, creating a color order - color.
The flavor can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark. Color creates a picture of the picture.
To create a picture, in addition to color, a composition is necessary, that is, the location of the details of the pattern. The artist begins work on the web with sketches - sketches.
Painting is divided into machine and monumental. The artist writes pictures on Molbert, which is also called a machine. Hence the name "Stank painting".
And the word "monumental" says something big and significant. Monumental painting is large pictures on the walls of buildings in the subway, airports, churches. Topics for monumental paintings are also selected significant: historical events, heroic exploits, folk tales.
Monumental painting includes mosaic and stained glass windows, which can also be attributed to decorative art. Mosaic is a drawing made up of small pieces or various materials.
Stained glass window is a picture on glass or pieces of multicolored glass. Stained-glass windows insert instead of windows or on the door.
The fresco - the painting technique with water colors on crude plaster on the walls, requires very fast work until the plaster dried.
What did not write pictures! Paints were made using egg squirrel, glue or fig tree juice. Then there were oil paints, based on vegetable oil.
Painting based on egg yolk or protein is called tempera. Using temporal equipment, the artist should not mix the paints, they must be imposed in a very thin layer, one next to the other, without transitions. Mixed tones can be obtained only overlapping one layer on another.
Wax painting painting based on glue is called a gouache. Gouache paints are dense, matte. They draw on paper, cardboard, canvas, folod, bones.
Pastel - painting technique and drawing on a rough surface of paper or cardboard with special pencils. At the same time, they begin harsh pencils and finish soft, and the colorful powder is triturated with fingers.
Watercolor - painting technique with watercolor paints. Usually watercolor performed on paper, dissolving paints in water. Watercolor painting transparent and soft.
Mastichein is a tool in the form of a knife or blades with a curved handle. Mastichein is used by artists to remove undecked paint from the picture. Sometimes Mastichein is used instead of a paint brush with a smooth layer or embossed smear.
Painting genres appeared when artists began to display different topics in their paintings. The main task of the artworksazhist - Show nature in all its beauty.
Translated from French, the word "still life" means "dead nature". Still life called the image of things that surround a person - dishes, fabrics, flowers, vegetables and fruits, seafood and game.
Portrait is an image of a man or group of people. In the portrait, the artist not only conveys the external similarity, but also tries to tell about life, human classes.
In an antique era, a person sought to portray the world in the paintings as he saw him himself. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings and tombs.
The genres of painting appeared in the Renaissance Epoch, which we already considered - landscape, still life, portrait, animal, household, mythological, historical, battle.
Classicism is an artistic style, focused on the form of ancient, above all, Greek classics. Special attention artists gave lightness. Pay attention to how exactly the author with the help of shadows depicted folds on the tissues. And more artists of classicism in their paintings used only three paints - red, blue and yellow, - and they were mixed with different colors.
The word "baroque" means "strange", "quaint". Pictures in the style of Baroque - bizarre, lush. They often combine very large and - on the contrary - very small details, and light and shadows do not smoothly go into each other, and sharply outlined.
Painting romanticism often reflects the events of history and modernity, used the contrast of light and shadow, saturated flavor.
A coup in painting was the appearance of impressionism, who had a passage to convey a mumbling impression, avoiding all sorts of details in the picture. Such pictures were written in the fresh air, and watch them better, going out a few steps.
If artists-Impressionists interested in all the mumbling, random, then the representatives of the sending of postimipressionism were looking for constant, sustainable. The paintings were written not by an instant impression, but taking into account the course of light rays, the calculation of the shadows.
Modernism sought to approve his foundations of art. Modernism united many artistic flows: expressionism, cubism, constructivism, surrealism, abstractionism, pop art. Expressionism is a direction in art for which the test, grotesqueness is characteristic.
Cubism style paintings depict real objects in the form of a set of intersecting, semi-floating planes (four-triggers, triangles, semi-rays).
Abstract painting, it is sometimes called avant-garde, abstractionism or underground, uses bold, unusual colors, correct, as defined figures.
Look at the work of the author working in the style of Fovisov. He uses some colors, just like in your box with paints. He also uses clear contours, as if he first painted a pencil, and then only inks. Figures in the drawing - without shadows, without volume.
The primitivism is the direction in the visual arts, the paintings of which resemble the works of primitive, medieval, folk and children's creativity.
How many all sorts of "-isoms"! Even scary to take for a brush or pencil! But do not be afraid, each of the artists whose paintings you now saw, once took paints and paper for the first time. And he also did not immediately succeed. Brew - fantasy, Create, draw!
Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia
Stank painting - One of the birth of painting, whose works have independent value and are perceived regardless of the environment. Literally - painting created on Machine Molbert.
The work of machine painting is a picture - it is created on nonstationary (unlike monumental painting) and non-narration (unlike decorative painting) based (canvas, cardboard, board, paper, flush) and implies an independent and unconditional perception.
Major painting materials - oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, the painting of masculine was prevalent, (mainly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy.
Training of machine painting is conducted in art schools and studios, in secondary artistic schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School them. G.K.Vagner in Ryazan and in Moscow.
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An excerpt characterizing the glass painting
And on the answer, that churches are more than two hundred, he said:- What is the abyss of churches?
- Russians are very pious, - Balashev answered.
"However, a large number of monasteries and churches are always a sign of the backwardness of the people," said Napoleon, looking at the chenkura for the assessment of this judgment.
Balashev constantly allowed himself to disagree with the opinion of the French emperor.
"Every country has its own morals," he said.
"But nowhere else in Europe has nothing like," said Napoleon.
"I apologize to your Majesty," said Balashev, "except Russia, there are still Spain, where many churches and monasteries are also.
This answer Balashev, hinting at the recent defeat of the French in Spain, was highly appreciated later, according to Balashev's stories, at the courtyard of Emperor Alexander, and very little was rated now, at the dinner of Napoleon, and passed unnoticed.
According to indifferent and perplexes, Lord Marshals showed that they were perplexed, what was the sharpness, which was hinted by the intonation of Balashev. "If she was, then we did not understand her or she is not at all witty," said the expressions of the marshals. So little was appreciated by this answer that Napoleon did not even resolutely noticed him and I naively asked Balashev about what cities there is a straight road to Moscow. Balashev, the former lunch all the time of the lunch, answered that Comme Tout Chemin Mene A Moscou, [as any road, according to the proverb, leads to Rome, and all the roads lead to Moscow,] What is a lot of roads, And that, among these different paths, there is a road to Poltava, which Karl XII elected, said Balashev, who unwittingly flashes from pleasure in good luck of this answer. Balashev did not have time to take the latter words: "Poltawa", as the Knewkur already spoke about the inconvenience of the road from St. Petersburg to Moscow and about its Petersburg memories.
After lunch, he moved to drink coffee into the office of Napoleon, four days ago, the former Cabinet of Emperor Alexander. Napoleon sat down, totroogy coffee in the Sevra cup, and pointed himself to the chair, Balashev himself.
, cardboard, chalkboard, paper, fucked), and implies an independent and unconditioned surroundings.
Major painting materials - oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, the painting of masculine was prevalent, (mainly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy.
A special place is occupied by monotypia - pseudo-stained painting technician, using the applied layer characteristic of the ethampa, applying a colorful layer on paper by imprinting from a board (metallic, plastic, glass).
The European picture, as a rule, is separated from the environment of the frame or Pasparta, the Eastern tradition leaves painting in a sheet or scroll, sometimes duplicated on a decorative base.
Stank painting is one of the main types of fine art, the richest genres and styles.
Training of machine painting is conducted in art schools and studios, in secondary artistic schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School them. G.K.Vagner in Ryazan and in Moscow.
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Watch what is "Stank painting" in other dictionaries:
A variety of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not related to architecture, is independent. Works of machine painting (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries. Term ... ... Artistic Encyclopedia.
The appearance of the visual art, the works of which are created with the help of paints applied to which or solid surface. In the artworks created by painting, color and drawing are used, lightness, expressiveness ... ... Artistic Encyclopedia.
The appearance of the visual art, the works of which are created with the help of paints applied to which or surface. Painting an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, impact on the thoughts and feelings of the audience. ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
AND; g. 1. Fine art, reproducing objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Oil, watercolor. J. Oil. Portrait, landscape. Genre, battle g. Engage in painting. Interested in painting. Lessons ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
painting - And, only units., w. 1) view of the visual art, reproducing objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Watercolor painting. Portrait painting. The history of the development of painting. 2) Sobir. Works of this type of art. Exhibition… … Popular Dictionary of the Russian Language
PAINTING - view of the visual art, the works of which are created on the plane using paints and color materials. The system of color combinations (color) allows you to transmit the finest nuances of reality, and in general, pictorial ... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to J. Explanatory Dictionary
Antique painting - muffins with wax colors (enkauski) or temperatic on plaster, mramor, limestone, wood, clay; Known murals of societies, and residential buildings, crypts, tombstones, as well as the contract. Meal painting. Bolt in monuments Dr. c. Painting ... ... Antique world. Dictionary-directory.
painting - ▲ Artity, color tone Painting Art depicting reality with paints. Stank painting: painting picture of painting. canvas. canvas. diptych. triptych. Monumetral decorative painting: Wall painting, ... ... The ideographic dictionary of the Russian language
Painting, and, wives. 1. Fine art Creating artistic images with paints. Painting lessons. School painting. 2. Sobir. Works of this art. Wall Stankovaya | arr. Picturesque, Aya, Oe. Picturesque workshop. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Type of visual art, artworks that are created with the help of paints applied to which or solid surface. Like other art types (see Art), J. Performs ideological and informative tasks, and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Books
- Jotto di Bondone. Stank painting, Yuri Astakhov, the era of the prevention caused the humanistic art of Jotto di Bondone. His frescoes secured the artist to the glory of the first master of that time. In many respects, it was he determined ... Category: Foreign artists Series: Painting Masterpieces Publisher:
Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and species. Each genre is limited to its circle of plots: the image of a person (portrait), the surrounding world (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) painting differ in their destination.
In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today and talk.
Stank painting
The most popular and famous type of painting is a glass painting. So it is called for the reason that it is performed on the machine - Molbert. The basis is used wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on the subframe. The glass picture is an independent product made in a certain genre. It has a richness of color.
Oil paints
Most often, steel painting is performed by oil paints. Oil colors can be operated on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.
Oil paints
Oil colors - suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or olifah or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of excipients. Used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.
V. Pereov "Portrait of Dostoevsky" (1872). Canvas, oil
But the picturesque picture can be created with the help of tempera, guasies, pastels, watercolors.
Watercolor
Watercolor paints
Watercolor (FR. Aquarelle - Watering; ITAL. Acquarello) - picturesque technique using special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of a thin pigment, due to the effect of lightness, airiness and thin color transitions.
J. Törsner "Firwaldstetic Lake" (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britan (London)
Gouache
Gouache (Fr. Gouache, Ital. Guazzo Water paint, splash) - a type of adhesive water-soluble paints, more dense and matte than watercolor.
Gouache paints
Gouache paints are made of pigments and glue with the addition of Belil. The impurity of Belil gives guashi frosted velvetiness, but when the color is dried, they are somewhat quit (evil), which should take into account the artist in the process of drawing. With the help of gouache paints, you can overlap dark tones with light.
Vincent Van Gogh "Corridor in Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)
Pastel [E]
Pastel (from lat. Pasta - Dough) - Art materials used in graphics and painting. Most often produced in the form of fine or pencils without rims having a form of bars with a round or square cross section. Pastel happens three types: "dry", oil and wax.
I. Levitan "Valley of the River" (Pastel)
Tempera
Tempera, from Latin Temperare - Mix paints) - Water-fused paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder of temperatic paints is served by the water diluted with a yolk chicken egg or a solid egg.
Tempets are some of the oldest. Until the invention and the spread of oil paints up to the XV-XVII centuries. Tempered paints were the main material of machine painting. They are used for more than 3 thousand years. The famous paintings of the Sarcophages of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs are made by tempera paints. The tempera was mainly the steel painting of the Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of the temporary letter was predominant until the end of the XVII century.
R. Streltsov "Chamomile and violets" (temperature)
Encaustic
Enkaausky (from Dr. Greek. Ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning) - the technique of painting, in which the binding of the paint is wax. Painting is performed by paints in molten form. Many early Christian icons are written in this technique. Originated in ancient Greece.
"Angel". ENKAUSTIC technique
We draw your attention to the fact that you can meet another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques that use paper and water-based paints are related to the graph. They combine the features of painting (tone wealth, formation of shape and space color) and graphics (active role of paper in the construction of the image, the absence of a specific relief of the smear characteristic of a picturesque surface).
Monumental painting
Monumental painting - painting on architectural structures or other bases. This is an oldest kind of painting, known from Paleolithic. Thanks to the stationary and durability, its numerous samples remained almost from all cultures who created the developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, and the secoration, mosaic, stained glass window.
Fresco
Fresco (from Ital. Fresco - Fresh) - painting on crude plaster with water colors, one of the techniques of wall painting. When drying, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film that makes the fresco of durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and durable in a closed room.
Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church of the Blessed Virgin. Fresco on the top and south side of the Arc de Triomphe
And point
And the point (from Ital. A SECCO - on dry) - wall painting performed, in contrast to the fresco, on solid, dried plaster, secondally moistened. Paints are used, arranged on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. The seko allows you to paint a large surface area over the working day than with fresco painting, but is not so durable technique.
Equipment and the seko developed in medieval painting along with the fresco and was especially common in Europe in the XVII-XVIII centuries.
Leonardo da Vinci "Last Supper (1498). Technique and Sko
Mosaic
Mosaic (FR. Mosaïque, Ital. Mosaico from Lat. (Opus) Musivum - (Work) dedicated to Muses) - Decorative and applied and monumental art of different genres. Images in the mosaic is formed by a layout, a set and fixing on the surface of multicolored stones, smalts, ceramic tiles and other materials.
Mosaic Panel "Cat"
Stitched
Stained glass window (FR. Vitre - window glass, from lat. Vitrum - glass) - a product of stained glass. For a long time, the stained glass has been used in the temples. In the era of Renaissance, the stained-shop existed as painting on the glass.
Stained glass delivery "InterSuzny" (Murmansk)
Diorama and panorama are also related to the varieties of painting.
Diorama
Diorama building "Sapun-Mountain Storming on May 7, 1944" in Sevastopol
Dirama - a lintel-shaped semicircular picture with a semicircle with an forward object. The illusion of the presence of the viewer in the natural space is created, which is achieved by the synthesis of art and technical means.
Diorams are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most diras are devoted to historical battles.
The most famous diorams: "Sapun-Mountains" (Sevastopol), "Defense of Sevastopol" (Sevastopol), "Fights for Rzhev" (Rzhev), "Breakthrough of Leningrad Blockads" (Petersburg), "Berlin's assault" (Moscow), etc.
Panorama
In painting, the panorama is called a picture with a circular review, on which a flat picturesque background is combined with a volume of the subject first plan. Panorama creates the illusion of the real space surrounding the viewer in the full circle of the horizon. Panorama apply mainly for the image of events covering a significant territory and a large number of participants.
Museum-Panorama "Borodino Battle" (Museum Building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Museum-panorama "Borodino battle", "Volochaevsky battle", "defeat the German fascist troops near Stalingrad" in the Museum-Panorama "Stalingrad Battle", "Defense of Sevastopol", panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Franz rubo. Panorama Borodino Battle Panorama
Theatrical Decoration Painting
Decorations, costumes, makeup, butafory help deeper reveal the content of the performance (movie). The scenery gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe place and time of action, activates the perception of what is happening on the scene. Theatrical artist is striving in sketches of costumes and makeups to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era and much more.
In Russia, the flourishing of theatrical-December arts falls on the line of the XIX-XX centuries. At this time, outstanding artists MA began to work in the theater. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.
M. Vrubel "City of Lolliolets". Sketch of scenery to opera N.A. Roman Corsakov "Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian private opera in Moscow. (1900)
Miniature
Miniature is a picturesque product of small forms. Particularly popular portrait miniature was especially a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of the letter, a kind of equipment, and the use of funds inherent only in this visual form.
Types and formats miniatures are very diverse: they were written on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, on metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special art enamels or oil paints. The author can enter an image, in accordance with its decision or at the request of the customer, in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. The classic portrait miniature is considered a thumbnail made on a thin plate from ivory.
Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of miniatures of Morselli
There are several miniatures techniques.
Lacquer Miniature (Fedoskino)
Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (jewelry of yusupov)
As the ancient legend says - painting happened from the girl in ancient times when she lied on the wall shadow of her beloved man. Well, in this legend there is a deep meaning, because the beginning of painting gave the need for a man's portrait.
Portrait, still life, landscape, plot is genres related to easel painting. Why exactly "Stank painting"? All because the name comes from the word "machine", i.e. This painting made on Molbert.
By the way, the word Molbert (from "MalBrett") has German roots and decrypt as a "drawing board".
Stank painting is a genus of painting, independent of any objects and is completely autonomous art. For example, there is a monumental painting, which is tied to architectural buildings. It implies the decoration of walls, ceilings and other buildings. There is a decorative painting - painting of glasses, clothes, dishes, furniture, etc. But the old painting is perceived as an independent unit. This is like a window to another reality or time.
The most famous artists of this painting are considered: Pablo Picasso, Vincent Van Gogh, Ivan Aivazovsky, Mikhail Vrubel, Diego Velasquez and others.
4 basic genuine painting genres
The world of painting is huge! And in order to somehow delimit, the genres of easel painting began to appear, which helped artists to navigate in their field and summarize artistic features.
Interesting! Once there was a time in which every genre had its own rank. The ladies were considered the genres of landscape and a portrait, and the top rating was the plot genre of historical variety. Even then, the famous Voltaire considered these installations unfair. For him, all genres were good, not counting boring.
1. Portrait.
In front of the artist of this genre is a difficult task. To write a portrait of a person, you need to have experience and mature craftsmanship. It seems that it is easy, but the portrait should not just be similar to the original, but be alive.
As Kramskaya said - "Write it would be necessary for it, as if it smiles, it was not that no, now how the lips were drown down, the word, the hell knows what, alive!".
Remember, you probably saw portraits on which a person is depicted with accurate similarity. But something in it was not as if it was replaced by him. However, but not like. Familiar?
All because you need not only accurately draw the forms of the person's face, you must still feel his inner world, and even better to know a person well. But then you can fully transfer the "live" person to the canvas, which is called - personality. Make sure these words can be seen on the portraits of Velasquez, Serov, Rembrandt or Repin.
2. Landscape.
In this genre, the artist transmits the viewer with all the completeness of experiences and emotions from the perception of nature: sea view, landscapes, buildings, etc. The artist not only depicts the nature of a certain place, but also puts its worldview, mood and thought associated with the object in the picture.
Interesting! If you remember the famous "Vladimir" I. Levitan, the picture immediately causes some feeling of grief, sadness and severity. But in fact, the picture shows the road, according to which the arrestants were chawls at the Kingdom.
It is impossible not to mention the masters of the Soviet landscape:
- M. Saryan;
- Nissky;
- S. Gerasimov.
3. Plot
Scene painting has 5 subspecies: historical, household, mythological, religious and battle. This genre requires the artist to restore all the completeness of events - the atmosphere, people, life priorities, time, feelings, etc. As if the painter renews one, but a very bright and accurate fragment from the past.
Some pictures of this genre can be perceived by a person easily. And others may require some kind of knowledge in the field and special attention (for example, religious or mythological pictures).
Historical and battle subspecies are interconnected. The first subspecies of the painter depicts as if the picture is a portal in the past, which shows all the problems of that time: life, prejudices and beliefs. In the second subspecies, the artist tries to pass the hostile atmosphere, military life, the battle for his homeland, the courage of warriors and patriotism of the people.
As for a domestic subspecies, the master emphasizes our attention on ordinary things in everyday life so that they are perceived in new and unusual in the picture.
The characters Anatoly Kozelsky are remembered with a smile: it is necessary, so much humor and fantasy - delightful!
4. Still life.
This French word is deciphered as "dead nature". The painter of this genre depicts inanimate objects: food, interior, flowers, etc. But this is not the blind repetition of the shape and color of the object, the artist also leaves his minds, mood and experience in the picture.
In their still lifes, "Sand Moscow. Meat, game" and "Moskovskaya. Bread" I. Mashkov transmits his admiration and education from the gifts of nature, as well as a life-affirming look and optimism, which has always been peculiar to Soviet people.
How did the masters write a machine picture?
Classic of machine painting - canvas, oil or tempera paint. Sometimes pastels are used, watercolor paints, gouache and even mascara (in the Far East). Well, nowhere without old, good easel. Centers have already passed, and this is the same three- or four-legged tool.
By the way, did you know that in the past century as the basis for machine painting used a tree? In the West, artists took rice paper, silk and parchment. But now, of course, this is a combined and processed canvas.
It so historically happened that most often the picture is written by oil. The paints retain brightness and their color for a long time.
Paints are not less used. They differ in a uniform dryer and do not give cracks (cracker), as it may happen to some oil paints. The temperature is a strict and hard technique. For example, for the transition of the tones, the painter imposes one layer to another, and the volume is detected by changing the pygment tone or hatching.
Finally
An experienced master does not immediately take a brush and begins to create masterpieces! At first, the artist begins with a sketch, then deals with the contours of the situation, forms of objects and the construction of a future picture (composition).
When it is ready, the artist starts studying people, places, the necessary poses, light, psychological attitude, etc. All this gives the artist to fold the finished picture in the head, after which he begins to write. Only so the picture is alive and becomes the object of our admiration.
P.. S.. A couple of words about training easel painting.
In Russia, the training of easel painting is carried out in the art school named after G. Vagner (Ryazan), at the Institute named after V. Surikov (Moscow) and at the Institute named after E. Repin (Petersburg).