Why is a simple pencil called "simple"? How do a pencil hardness label in different countries? Stiff pencils. How to choose Pencils Solid Pencils for Drawing

Practical tasks for engineering schedule

Distribution of lines and fonts

Graphic work number 1

Graphic work № 1 The recommended for the execution of the student engineering schedule aims to master the skills of drawing drawing lines, fonts and inscriptions, and also familiarize themselves with the foundations of the tests of the Circle.
In the process of performing work, the student must execute the drawing frame, the main lines provided for ESKD, letters of drawing fonts and circles represented by various drawing lines.

Work is performed on drawing paper format A3 (420 × 297 mm).
To perform work, you will need pencils hardness TM , T. , 2T. , line of at least 300 mm long, transport, circus, square (To perform auxiliary parallel lines), eraser, remedy for sharpening pencils.
The ruler and the square must be wooden or plastic (metal strongly "cut" a pencil's griffel, leaving dirt on the drawing).

For high-quality execution of graphic work, you must have a set of pencils, which must necessarily include a pencil of medium hardness ( TM ), solid ( T. ) and very solid ( 2T. ). At the same time, solid pencils are used to draw thin lines in the drawing and for pre-sketch of the contour of the image, which will subsequently circled with a pencil of medium hardness.
The labeling of pencils adopted in different countries is described below.

Designation of hardness pencils

In different countries, the hardness of the pencils is marked by various symbols.
In Russia, adopted labeling with lettersM. (soft) andT. (solid) or combinations of these letters with numbers and each other. Figures in front of the letter are an indicator of the degree of hardness or softness of the pencil. In this case, intuitively understand that2m - very soft,M. - soft pencil,TM - Pencil of medium hardness (firm-soft),T. - Solid I.2T. - Very solid pencil.

Imported pencils are often present, for which European or American labeling is applied.
In the United States, pencils are marked with numbers from 1 to 9 (also applied, fractional numbers, for example: 2.5), while the sign is usually a sign # (grille):#1 , #2 , #2,5 , #3 , #4 etc. The larger number (digit) in marking, the harder pencil.

European labeling of pencils is based on the letters of the Latin alphabet:

· B. (abbreviated from blackness - black) - corresponds to Russian labeling under the letterM. (soft);

· H. (from Hardness - rigidity) - complies with Russian hardness markingT. (solid);

· F. (from Fine Point - subtlety, tenderness) - a pencil of medium hardness, approximately correspondsTM . However, the combination of lettersN. andIN – NV. Also mean the average hardness of the pencil.

European labeling provides a combination of lettersIN andN. With numbers (from 2 to 9), in this case, as in Russian marking, the larger the figure, the higher the corresponding pencil property (soft or hardness). Pencils of medium hardness on European labeling have a designationN. , F. , NV. orIN .
If the letter is on the pencilIN With a number from 2 to 9 (for example:4V. , 9V. etc.), then you are dealing with a soft or very soft pencil.
LetterN. With a digit from 2 to 9 on a pencil indicates its increased hardness (for example,2N , 7N etc.).

Task on graphic work №1 and the sample of the work performed is presented in the figure below.
A sample performance of the work in full screen can be opened in a separate browser window by clicking on the mouse. After that, it can be downloaded to a computer or print it on the printer for use as a task of the student.
The task is presented in two versions:

· Option number 1

· Option number 2.

The task is aimed at gaining and improving the skills of drawing lines of drawing and fonts, while their drawing must comply with the requirements provided for by standards ESKD and Net.

In accordance with the requirements ESKD The dimensions of lines and fonts in the drawing must comply with the following requirements:

· main solid thick line (To draw the frame, the main inscription, the contour of the part or node - i.e. the main graphic lines) Must have thickness 0.6 ... 0.8 mm; In big sizes drawings, this line can reach 1.5 mm in thickness.

· sturdy line (inscribing the invisible contour lines) - Performing thickness 0.3 ... 0.4 mm (i.e., twice thinner the main thick line). Strike length (4-6 mm) and distance between adjacent strokes (1-1.5 mm) Normal GOST 2.303-68.;

· Other lines (barchpunctive, wavy, solid thin - to designate axes, remote and dimensional lines, cut boundaries, etc.) - thick 0.2 mm (i.e., three times thinner the main thick solid line).
Stroke Line Length (axis designation) must be 15-20 mm, Distance between adjacent strokes - 3 mm.

· height of letters Fonts must correspond to a valid standard line, while the height of the lowercase letters and the distance between the letters in the line correlate with the size of the capital (capital) letters
Most often in graphic work format A4. and A3. Apply type fonts IN With an angle of inclination 75 degrees, while the height of the lowercase letters (which should be 7/10 of the height of the capital, i.e. capital letters), equal is accepted 3.5 or 5 mm (respectively, the height of capital letters is 5 or 7mm).

· Distance between letters in the row should be equal 1/5 Height of the title (capital) letters, i.e. for the height of the capital letter 5 mm Distance between letters in the line - 1 mmfor the height of the capital letter 7 mm - Distance between letters about 1.5 mm .
When the letters are drawn, it is important to withstand them with the same height and slope in the string, as well as the distance between adjacent letters.

The choice of the best color pencils depends on the age and skills of the artist. Many young children prefer pencils markers or paints, because they give a more rich color and do not need sharpening. Pains are more difficult to draw, but the skills of working with them will be useful. Therefore, it is important to choose pencils that will be convenient and nice to draw, they must have the following properties:

• safety;
• ease of use (to lay well in hand);
• brightness;
• strength;
• availability.

Money spent on the purchase of cheap pencils is often in fact energized on the wind: they are not so nice to draw, the stalem can be brittle and break immediately when sharpening. Such pencils leave pale color on paper, an effort is required to portray clear lines, which are then easily erased, and the palette leaves much to be desired. The quality product will be easy to hide, do not break, economically spend and give bright, saturated colors, ready works will not be covered with paper and fade with time, long time gladly glad.

Pencils can be used for drawing from one year old age. For this purpose, Crayola "Mini Kids" will be optimally suitable. "From three years you can start using children's pencils Stabilo TRIO and KORES" KOLORES ". Senior school age and adult lovers will be interested in Faber-Castell and Koh-i-Noor pencils. Professionals There are higher quality requirements, and their choice can stay already on expensive well-known brands, such as Derwent or Lyra.

Types of pencils

Special art pencils

Pencils are customary to shake on simple and colored. A simple pencil has a graphite stiffel and writes gray with shades from light to almost black (depends on the hardness of graphite).

A new one-time pencil with a wooden frame rim before the first use often needs to be sharpened (clean). In addition to disposable pencils, there are reusable mechanical pencils with replaceable stylographs in a constant rim.

Pencils differ on the hardness of the giffel, which is usually indicated on the pencil and is denoted by the letters M (or b - from the English. Blackness (letters. Black) - soft and t (or H - from the English Hardness (hardness)) - solid. The standard (firm-soft) pencil in addition to the combinations of TM and HB is indicated by the letter F (from the English. Fine Point (subtlety)).

Unlike Europe and Russia, a numerical scale is used to indicate hardness.

History pencil

Mechanical pencils

Griffel for mechanical pencil

Pencils "Art" 1959

Starting from the XIII century, artists used for drawing a thin silver wire, which soldered to the handle or stored in a case. Such a type of pencil was called "Silver Pencil". This tool demanded a high level of skill, as it is impossible to erase the stacked. Another characteristic feature was that with time gray strokes applied with a silver pencil became brown. There was a "lead pencil", which left a nonsense, but a clear trace and was often used for the preparatory sketches of portraits. For drawings made by silver and lead pencil, a thin dashed manner is characteristic. For example, Dürer used like pencils.

Also known is also the so-called Italian pencil, which appeared in the XIV century. He was a rod made of clay black slate. Then it began to make it from a powder of a grazing bone bonded by vegetable glue. This tool allowed to create an intensive and saturated line. Interestingly, artists and now sometimes silver, lead and Italian pencils are used when they need to achieve a certain effect.

In 1789, the scientist Karl Wilhelm Shelele proved that graphite is a carbon material. He also gave the current name material - graphite (from Dr. Greek. ΓράφΩ - I write). As graphite at the end of the 18th century was used for strategic purposes, for example, for the production of crucibles for cannon nuclei, the English Parliament introduced the strictest ban on the export of precious graphite from Cumberland. Graphic prices in Continental Europe increased dramatically, since at that time only graphite from Cumberland was considered exceptional for Scripture. In 1790, the Vienna Master Josef Hardmouth mixed the dust of graphite with clay and water and burned this mixture in the furnace. Depending on the amount of clay in the mixture, it was able to obtain the material of various hardness. In the same year, Josef Hardmouth was founded by the enterprise for the production of pencils Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth, named after Diamond "Kokhinur" (PERS. کوہ نور - "Mount of Light"). His grandson Friedrich von Hardmouth improved the formulation of the mixture and in 1889 was able to produce rods with 17 different degrees of hardness.

Regardless of Hartmut, in 1795, the French scientist and inventor Nicola Jacques Conte got a similar method of a rod of graphite dust. Hartmut and Conte are equally the progenitors of the modern pencil rod. Until the middle of the XIX century, this technology gained widespread throughout Europe, which led to such Nuremberg famous pencil factories as Staedtler, Faber-Castell, Lyra and Schwan-Stabilo. The hexagonal form of the pencil body suggested in 1851 Count Lothar background Faber-Castel, the owner of the Faber-Castell factory, noticing that the pencils of the circular cross section are often rolled from inclined surfaces for the letter. This form is still produced by various manufacturers.

In modern giffylands, polymers are used that allow you to achieve the desired combination of strength and elasticity, make it possible to produce very thin vulture for mechanical pencils (up to 0.3 mm).

Almost ² / 3 material constituting a simple pencil goes into waste when it sharpened. It pushed the American Alonso Townsende Cross to create a metal pencil in 1869. The graphite rod was placed in a metal tube and could easily be extended to the corresponding length. This invention affected the development of a whole group of goods used today everywhere. The simplest design is a collet mechanical pencil with a 2 mm blade, where the rod is held with metal clamps - cols. Press the colanggi when the button is pressed at the end of the pencil, which allows the user to extend the stylus to the adjustable length. Modern mechanical pencils are more perfect - each time you press the button, an automatic feeding of a small segment of the griffel is a unidirectional pusher, it also holds the griffel instead of Cangg. Such pencils do not need to be sharpened, they are equipped with a built-in (usually under the pylon feed button) an eraser and have a different fixed thickness of the line (0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.9 mm, 1 mm).

Copiers Pencils

In the past, a special kind of graphite pencils were produced - copiers (commonly referred to as "chemical"). Water-soluble dyes (eosin, rhodamine or auramin) were added to obtain intracelated traces in the rod of the copy pencil. The document filled with a chemical pencil was wetted with water and pressed a special press (mentioned, say, in the "golden calf") to a clean piece of paper. It remained (mirror) imprint, which was laid into the case.

Copy pencils were widely used as a cheap and practical replacement of ink handles.

The invention and the spread of ballpoint handles led to a decrease and termination of the production of such a type of pencils.

see also

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Links

• "The Pencil Pages" (English) - the site about pencils.
• "Ordinary pencil" (Rus.) - The site collector pencils.
• Brand Name Pencils. Website Bob "And Truby (English) - Catalog of Pencils 156 Causer
• How do pencils on F-ke them. Krasina: from clay to paper (rus.)

A simple pencil is something so familiar than in childhood painted on the wallpaper, the school did not mark in the textbooks and draw triangles on geometry. Most people know that this is just a "gray" pencil, a little more about him know those who have had a drawing at school, artists and representatives of several more professions are known to his beauty, which use pencils in work.

A little about simple pencils.
In the usual understanding, a simple pencil is graphite in a wooden shell. But everything is not so simple. After all, the "gray pencil" can have different shades, depending on the degree of germ. The griffel consists of graphite with clay: the more graphite, the softer tone, the more clay, the harder.
The pencils themselves are also different: in a typical wooden shell, collet and solidographical.

Let's start with wooden.
I will describe pencils and other materials that I have and whom I regularly use. Not all of them look like from the showcase, but it is quite real \u003d)
So, a set of pencils "KOH-I-NOOR", 12 pcs. The company is familiar to everyone, these pencils are in any store of stationery goods and you can buy them as boxes and ply. The price of them is quite democratic and accessible.
Pencils are good, but can be bought and fake with a bad tree and a giffy.
This kit seems to be for artists from 8V to 2N, but there is still the same for the drawing, solid pencils are dominated.

Set of pencils "Derwent", 24 pcs. Tone from 9V to 9n, some 2 pieces of one type (I will write below why it is convenient). In fact, pencils, which is softer 4B and harder than 4N practically do not use it, because the pencils "Derwent" and so much softer the same "Koh i-Noor", so I do not even know what to draw, for example, with a pencil 7B, if he So soft that after myself a graphite crumb leaves.
Qualitative pencils, good, do not break, however, at first it is necessary to get used to them, hmm, smell. However, after two weeks it is weathered.

Set of pencils "Daler Rowney", 12 pcs. Very soft pencils from 2N to 9V (see below. Fig. Marking comparison) in a compact box-penalty.

Pencils lie in two rows, so during drawing it is necessary to remove the top row

And, of course, "Faber Castell". There are no complaints about these pencils, but the elevated softness is not inferior to Derwent.
There are no box options on sale, there are only two series of pods.
Cheaper Series

And recently appeared a little more expensive, but a very stylish series. "Pumps" are quite bulky and thanks to them and the triangular form of a pencil - to keep and draw them is very nice.

The softness of the pencil can be viewed not only on the labeling, but also in the color of the head, which corresponds to the tone of the griffel.

In addition to these manufacturers, there are many other (type "marco", "designer", other), which for any reason do not suit me personally, but this is not the reason to ignore them, so you can try everything.
In addition to sets, I buy the most used pencils of the same company and the same labeling as in the box.
I always have two pencil 2B, B, NV, F, N and 2N. This is necessary because during drawing it is not always necessary for a sharp pencil, so one pencil, for example, 2n is acute, and the second with a stupid rounded tip. "Dumb tip" is needed when you need to type the tone, while not leaving a clear mark of the stroke. This was not taught in art, but, as practice shows, it is very convenient and many artists, a simple pencil masters, do that.

Canguing pencils. About them was already written a little earlier. Again, I repeat that they are good in all sorts of field conditions or on the road, and in the workplace it is better to draw wooden.
The indisputable plus of collet pencils is still in the thickness of the rod, more precisely in the diversity of this thickness.
Pictures are under the rod from 0.5 mm (07, 1.5, etc.)

And up to a very impressive thickness of soft technician rods

Chenographic pencils. Whole and completely consist of graphite in a thin shell, so as not to pack your hands.
Here I have pencils "Koh i-Noor", others are not visible on sale. In principle, I use them even less often than the collet, because they are not very convenient to sharpen and few where there is a need to draw the entire thickness of the rod. Another significant minus - they are fighting ...

A little about labeling.
Let's start with the fact that it has its own. Ie, the marking is as if standard from 9V to 9N, but, as can be seen in the figure below, the HB "Daler Rowney" and HB "KOH-I-NOOR" are two different HV. That is why, if you need pencils of varying degrees of softness, they need to take all of one company, better in the set.
"Faber Castell №1" - the series is cheaper.
"Faber Castell №2" - with "pupid" (in fact, "F" I don't have them, just somewhere so it would be).

Actually, about the softness and hardness of the pencils.
Solid pencils are N-9N. The greater the number, the fact that the pencil is harder / lighter.
Soft pencils - B-9B. The more digit, the softer / darker pencil.
Firm-soft pencils - HB and F. C HV everything is clear - this is the average between H and B, but F is a very mysterious marking, it is the average tone between HB and N. Toli due to their unusualness, the toli because of the tone, But I have this pencil most often (only "Derwent" or "FC", in the "Koh-i-Noor" he is very light).
There is also Russian marking "T" -Droin, "M" -Egsky, but I have no such pencils.
Well, just to compare

Lower string - Daler Rowney, the darkest pencils.
The penultimate string is a set of Loki "Derwent-Sketch", it is slightly different from my (top DW).
The third bottom is a few pencils "Marco". They have the most alternative marking, because 6B is darker than 8B, and 7B is lighter than HB. Therefore, I have no.

As an example of using - My drawing "Curious Fox"

The brightest tone is snow, it is drawn with a pencil 8H (DW)
Light fur - 4N (Koh i-Noor) and 2n (FC№1)
Middle Tones - F (DW and FC№1), H (DW and FC№1), HV (DW), B (FC№1 and FC№2)
Dark (Paws, Nose, Eye Contours and Ears) - 2B (FC№1 and FC№2), 3B (FC№1), 4B (KOH-I-NOOR)

Overview of washingal rubber band -

What are the pencils 16.09.2017 21:52

Pencil (Turk. Karadaş, "Kara" - black, "Dash" - stone, literally - black stone) - a tool in the form of a rod made from writing material - coal, graphite, dry paints and the like used for writing, drawing Drawing. Often, in order to convenience, the writing rod of the pencil is inserted into a special frame.

Types of pencils: graphite, metal, mechanical

In stationery stores, there is always a huge choice of pencils, and it would seem that choose ... But it turns out the pencils are different: simple, metal, mechanical, graphite, color and so on.

Graphite pencils

They are the most common types of pencils, as a rule, in wooden housings. They are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their hardness (black) varies from light gray to black.

Graphite pencils vary on the hardness of the griffel, which is usually indicated on the pencil and denoted by the letters M (or b - from the English. Blackness) - soft and t (or h - from the English Hardness) - hard. The standard (firm-soft) pencil in addition to the combinations of TM and HB is indicated by the letter F (from the English. Fine Point). The degree of softness of the pencils is denoted by the letter M (soft) or 2m, zm, etc. The large letter in front of the M indicates a large softness of the pencil. Solid pencils are denoted by the letter T (solid). 2t harder than T, it is harder than 2t, etc.

Metal pencils

Eternal pencil - an amazing know-how, which can be compared with the eternal engine. Its significant advantage over the usual stylist pencil is the fact that it is practically not written off and does not need sharpening. An infinite handle that writes with metal (this is the second name of the perpetual pencil), consists of a metal case and a rod leaving a trace of the smallest metal particles on paper.

A trail that leaves a metal pencil on paper is almost identical to the "simple" black pencil, which can be bought almost in any store. The authors of the invention managed to even get different types of alloys "solid" and "firm-soft", which on paper leave different from each other on the saturation of traces. It is like a pencil with the most common HB hardness and, for example, softer 2B. Thanks to a specially selected alloy, the recipe of which the author stores secret, the wear of the writing tip occurs through a longer period, without loss of brightness, in comparison with pure lead.

The shade left, the metal pencil on paper can be more saturated with gray or blue tones. Color saturation depends on abrasive properties and density of paper. These properties provide huge opportunities for various styles of letters and drawing.

Mechanical pencils

The definition of the "mechanical pencil", which gives GOST sounds like this: This is a hand tool for drawing and writing, which is fixed and can replace the griffel.

If you read the story of the emergence of a mechanical pencil, then it is necessary to thank American Alonso Townsenda Cross. He noticed that almost 2/3 of the material that makes up a simple pencil, goes into waste when it sharpened. It came across it to create a metal pencil in 1869. The graphite rod was placed in a metal tube and could easily be extended to the corresponding length.

History pencils

Starting from the XIII century, artists used for drawing a thin silver wire, which soldered to the handle or stored in a case. Such a type of pencil was called "Silver Pencil". This tool demanded a high level of skill, as it is impossible to erase the stacked. Another characteristic feature was that with time gray strokes applied with a silver pencil became brown.

There was a "lead pencil", which left a nonsense, but a clear trace and was often used for the preparatory sketches of portraits. For drawings made by silver and lead pencil, a thin dashed manner is characteristic. For example, Dürer used like pencils.

Also known is the so-called "Italian pencil", which appeared in the XIV century. He was a rod made of clay black slate. Then it began to make it from a powder of a grazing bone bonded by vegetable glue. This tool allowed to create an intensive and saturated line.

Interestingly, artists and now sometimes silver, lead and Italian pencils are used when they need to achieve a certain effect.