The archaic period in ancient Greece briefly. Archaic Greece
Writing.
One of the most important factors of Greek culture VIII-VI centuries. The new writing system is considered right. An alphabet letter, partly borrowed from the Phoenicians, was more convenient than the ancient syllable letter of the Myckene era: it consisted of only 24 characters, each of which had firmly established phonetic meaning. If in a Mynań Society, as in other Social Societies of the Bronze Epoch, the art of the letter was available only to a few dedicated to the closed Castov professionals, now it becomes the common property of all citizens of the policy, because each of them could master the letters and reading skills . Unlike a syllable letter, which was mainly used to conduct accounting records and, possibly, to some extent to draw up religious texts, a new writing system was a truly universal means of transmitting information that could be applied in the same success in business correspondence, And to record lyrical poems or philosophical aphorisms. All this led to a rapid growth of literacy among the population of the Greek policies, as evidenced by numerous inscriptions on the stone, metal, ceramics, the number of which is increasingly increasing as they approach the end of the archaic period. The oldest of them, for example, the widely known epigram is now on the so-called Nestor Cup. Pycusus, dates back to the third quarter of the VIII century, which allows you to take the borrowing of the Greeks of the signs of the Phoenician alphabet either by the first half of the same VIII century, or even by the end of the previous IX century.
Almost at the same time (the second half of the VIII century) were created and, most likely, such outstanding samples of monumental heroic epic are recorded, as "Iliad" and "Odyssey", from which the history of Greek literature begins.
Poetry.
The Greek Poetry of Assistseer Time (VII-VI centuries) is characterized by an extreme thematic wealth and variety of forms and genres. Of the later forms of the epos, two main options are known: the heroic epos, represented by the so-called "cycle" poems, and the Didactic Epos, presented by two poems of the Gesiod: "Works and Days" and "Theogony".
It turns out widespread and soon becomes the leading literary direction of the epoch, lyrical poetry, in turn divided into several main genres: an elegge, yamb, mondic, i.e. intended for solo execution, and choir lyrics, or a melik.
The most important distinctive feature of the Greek poetry of the archaic period in all its main types and genres should recognize its pronounced humanistic pain. The poet's close attention to a specific human person, to its inner world, individual mental peculiarities is quite brightly felt in Homer's poems. "Homer opened a new world - the person himself. This is what makes him" oriada "and" Odyssey "KTEMA EIS AEI, a work forever, eternal value."
The grand concentration of heroic legends in "Iliad" and "Odyssey" has become the basis for further epic creativity. During the VII and the first half of the 6th centuries. A number of poems appended in the style of the Homerovsky epic and calculated to come together with the "Illiatic" and "Odyssey" and, together, take off, form a single connected chronicle of mythological legend, the so-called epic "cycle" (cycle, circle). The ancient tradition attributed many of these "Homer's poems" and this emphasized their plot and stylistic relationship with the Homer Epos.
There is a sharp transfer of the center of gravity of the poetic narration for the Greek Poetry of Assistseer Time. This trend is clearly felt in the work of Gesiod, especially in his poem "Works and Days."
The unusually complex, rich and colorful world of human feelings, thoughts and experiences reveals before us in the works of the following generation of Greek poets who worked in various genres of lyrics. Feelings of love and hatred, sadness and joy, deep despair and cheerful confidence in the future, expressed with the limit, unheard of frankness and directness, constitute the main content of poetic fragments that have come down to us from these poets, unfortunately not so numerous and most Your very brief (often only two or three lines).
In the most frank, one can say, deliberately underlined form individualistic trends of the era were embodied in the work of such a wonderful Lyrics poet, as archived. No matter how to understand his poems, one thing is clear: the individual who dropped the close bonds of the ancient genital morality, here it clearly opposes itself to the team as a self-sufficient free person, not subject to any opinions and any laws.
The mood of this kind was to be perceived as socially dangerous and cause protest both in the environment of jealous of the old aristocratic orders and among the advocates of the new polis ideology who called on fellow citizens to moderation, prudence, effective love for the Fatherland and obedience to the laws.
If Tirti makes in his verses, the main emphasis on the feeling of self-sacrifice, the willingness of the warrior and the citizen to die for the fatherland (the call, which sounds very relevant in such a state as Sparta, which in the VII-VI centuries. Led almost continuous wars with their neighbors), then another An outstanding master of an elegic genre and however, the famous statesman - Solon puts a sense of action in the first place among all civil virtues, or the ability to observe the Golden Middle. In his understanding, only moderation and prudence are able to keep citizens from greed and regret with wealth, prevent them from generating internecine distribution and establish in the state "Breakonia" (Enevenience).
While some Greek poets sought to comprehend in their verses a complex inner world of man and find the best option for his relationship with the civil team of the policy, others were no less persistently tried to penetrate the device of the environment of the universe and solve the riddle of her origin. One of these poets of thinkers was a well-known Gesiod, who in his poem "Theogony", or the "Origin of the Gods", tried to present an existing world order in it, so to speak, historical development from the gloomy and faceless primary chaos to the bright and harmonious world headed by Zeus Olympic Gods.
Religion and philosophy.
In the era of the Great Colonization, the traditional Greek religion did not meet the spiritual requests of contemporaries also because it was difficult to find an answer to the question about what a person is waiting in his future life and whether it exists at all. This painful question was trying to solve the representatives of two closely related religious and philosophical teachings - Offikov and Pythagoreans. Both those and others assessed a man's earthly life as a solid chain of suffering, sent people to the gods for their sins. At the same time, the battles, and the Pythagoreans believed in the immortality of the soul, which, having passed a long series of reincarnations, putting in the body of other people and even animals, able to cleanse from the whole earthly bad and achieve eternal bliss. The idea that the body is only a templar "Dtomnot" or even the "grave" of the immortal soul, which has enormous influence on many later adherents of philosophical idealism and mysticism, ranging from Plato and ending with the founders of Christian verbation, for the first time arose in the Lon of Ophiko Pythagorean doctrine. Unlike the battles, closest to the wide masses and put the basis of their teachings only a few rethinking and updated myth about the dying and resurrecting deity of wildlife by Dionesis-Zagrey, the Pythagoreans represented a closed aristocratic sect, hostile democracy. Their mystical teachings were much more refined, claiming elevated intellectuality. It is not by chance that Pythagoras himself (the author of the famous theorem, which still carries his name), and its closest students and followers were passionate about mathematical computing, giving a generous tribute to mystical interpretation of numbers and their combinations.
And the battered, and the Pythagoreans tried to correct and clear the traditional beliefs of the Greeks, replacing them more sophisticated, spiritually filled with a form of religion. A completely different view of the world, in many respects already approaching the natural materialism, at the same time (VI century BC) developed and defended representatives of the so-called Ionian natural philosophy: Falez, Anaximander and Anaximen. All three were natives of the Mileta - the largest and economically developed from the Greek policies of Asia Minor.
What happened in Ionia in VII and in the VI centuries BC, which continues to appear such outstanding personalities? The population of mixed blood (Carriage, Greek and Phoenician branches) was drawn into a long and difficult class struggle. What blood of these three branches flows in their veins? To what extent? We do not know that. But this blood is extremely active. It is the blood to the highest degree of political. This is the blood of inventors. (Public Blood: Fales, they say, suggested that this restless and disassembled population of Ionia form a new type of state, a federal state managed by the Federal Council. The proposal is very reasonable and at the same time very new in the Greek world. He did not listen to him.)
This class struggle, pouring blood Ionian cities, is the same as that happened in the Attika during Solon, and for a long time, the driving force of all inventions in this country of creation.
For the first time in the history of mankind, Miletsky thinkers tried to imagine their universal universe in the form of a harmoniously arranged, self-developing and self-regulating system. This space, as Iionary philosophers were inclined, was not created by any of the gods and anyone from people and in principle should exist forever. The laws governing them are quite accessible to human understanding. They have nothing mystical, incomprehensible. Thus, a big step was made on the way from the religious and mythological perception of the existing world order to its comprehension by the means of the human mind. The first philosophers inevitably had to face the question of what should be considered primary, the root cause of all existing things. Falez (the oldest of Miletsky natural philosophers) and Anaximen believed that the primary substance from which everything arises in which everything in the end turns into one of the four main elements.
Fales at the same time preferred water, and Anaximen - air. However, on the path of abstract to theoretical understanding of natural phenomena, Anaximander advanced, is definitely the deepest of the most ancient Greek philosophers. He declared the root cause and the basis of all the facts - an eternal and infinite substance, a qualitatively not coordinated to any of the four elements and, at the same time, the opposite starts are distinguished in the process of which the opposite beginners are distinguished: warm and cold, dry and wet, etc. When entering into cooperation, these pairs of opposites generate all available observation of the phenomenon of nature, both alive and dead. Anaximandrome painted in the world was completely new and unusual for that era when it originated. She concluded a number of pronounced elements of a materialistic and dialectic nature, including the idea of \u200b\u200ba comprehensive, constantly changing primary substance, rather close to modern ideas about matter, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe struggle of opposites and their transition to each other as the main source of the whole manifold of world processes.
Greek natural philosophers understood well that the most reliable basis for all knowledge is precisely experience, empirical surveys and observations. Essentially, they were not only the first philosophers, but also the first scientists, the founders of Greek and all European science. The older of them, Falez, already called the "first mathematician", "First Astronomer", "First Physico".
Architecture and sculpture.
In the VII-VI centuries. Greek architects for the first time after a long break began to erect from stone, limestone or marble monumental buildings of temples. In the VI century A single underestural type of temple in the form of a rectangular, stretched into the length of the construction, from all sides of the obsected colonnade, is sometimes a single (peripter), sometimes double (DEFTER). At the same time, the main structural and artistic features of two main architectural orders were determined:
doric, especially widely spread on Peloponnese and in the cities of Great Greece (southern Italy and Sicily), and the Ionian, who has been extremely popular in the Greek part of Malaya Asia and in some areas of European Greece. Typical samples of a doric order with characteristic features characteristic of him, like harsh power and heavy massiveness, can be considered the temple of Apollo in Corinth, temples of Poseidonia (Pestum) in the south of Italy and temples to Selinut in Sicily. More elegant, slender and at the same time distinguished by some cleaning of the decorative decoration of the construction of the ionic order were presented in the same period of the temples of the gera on about. Samos, Artemis in Ephesus (the famous architectural monument, who was considered one of the "seven wonders of the world"), Apollo in Didima not far from the Mileta.
The principle of harmonic equilibline of the whole and its parts, a clearly pronounced in the very design of the Greek temple, was widely used in another leading industry of Greek art - a monumental sculpture, and in both cases it is safe to talk about the social conditionality of this important aesthetic idea. If the temple with a colonnade, reminiscent of the rows of goplites in the phalange, was perceived as a model and at the same time the symbol of a closely cohesive civil team, the image of a free individual, which is an integral part of this team, embodied in stone sculptures, both single and combined in plastic groups. Their first, still extremely imperfect samples in art appear approximately in the middle of the VII century. BC. Single sculpture of the end of the archaic period is represented by two main types: an image of a naked young man - a koss and a figure dressed in a long, tightly fitting body of a girl's cortex.
Gradually improving in the transfer of proportions of the human body, achieving increasingly life
similarities, Greek sculptors VI in. We learned to overcome the static characteristic of their status statues.
With all the lives of the best samples of the Greek archaic sculpture, almost all of them are subordinated to a certain aesthetic standard, depicting a beautiful, perfectly folded young man or an adult man, absolutely deprived of any individual physical or mental peculiarities.
Vazazy painting.
The most popular and affordable view of Archaic Greek art was, of course, a vase painting. In his work oriented on the widest consumer, the Vasopis Masters is much less than sculptors or architects, depended on the consecrated religion or the state canons. Therefore, their art was much more dynamic, diverged and fastened to all sorts of artistic discoveries and experiments. This is probably explained by an extraordinary thematic diversity characteristic of Greek vazopysi VII-VI centuries. It is in vase painting that earlier than in any other branch of Greek art, with the exception, maybe only konzoplastics and threads on the bone, mythological scenes began to alternate with the episodes of genre nature. At the same time, not limited to the plots borrowed from the life of the aristocratic elite (scenes of feasts, rhythylisters on chariots, athletic exercises and competitions, etc.), Greek vazops (especially during the heyday of the so-called black-phony style in Corinth, Attika and some other areas) Do not neglect the life of social bases, depicting the scenes of field work, handicraft workshops, folk festivals in honor of Dionysus and even the difficult work of slaves in the mines. In scenes of this kind, humanistic and democratic features of Greek art were especially clearly shown, which were grafted by the surrounding social medium since the Archaic Epoch.
the rhaic period is not separated from the Homeric sharp chronological boundary: its beginning is determined by approximately 8 centuries, the end - the beginning of the 5th century, sometimes - the end of the 1st quarter of the 5th century. The historical background of the period was the Great Greek colonization, which spread the limits of the world famous to the Greeks. Lyrics (Sappo 29, Alkey, Alkman, Ivik, Anaconte and Many others) arises in the archaic era), Epic poetry continues to develop, a special genre of historiography (Logographed Miletsky), first playwrights (Fespident, etc.) appear, is formed The system of dramaturgical theater action itself.
A characteristic feature of the Greek archaic culture and the whole Greek civilization in general becomes agonism thirty . The competitiveness permeates all areas of the Greeks: from sports, musical, theatrical, poetic competitions to competition in the field of art, which has an undoubted impact on all accelerating development and changing all branches of knowledge and experience in Greeks 31. Philosophy is born in the archaic period - the first called himself a philosopher Pythagore 32. The largest philosophers, and rather in the ancient meaning of the wise men, were representatives of the Miletsky (Ionian) school, Fales, Heraklit, and others. At the same time, the concept of a philosophical school transmitting and developing tradition from its founder arises: the development of philosophical schools becomes gradually one From the binders of the Greek thought rods up to the end of the antique civilization itself.
For Greek art, this is the era of discoveries: innovations in architecture, sculpture and painting determined the appearance of the whole Greek culture as a whole. Never more Greece knew that the number of art schools, paths, wealth, diversity and originality of searches. In 7-6 centuries. The type of Greek Temple with the Cell, surrounded from all sides of the colonnade, with the dominant of the facade portion with a sculptural group, two main orders of Greek architecture are formed: a strict doric and elegant ionic. The oldest of Greek temples, known to us to a large extent on the remnants, are the temples of the Gera in Argos and Olympia and the Temple of Apollo in the farm (Etolia).
In Greek ceramics, stylistically very diverse, in the 8th century. The so-called orientalizing (Eastern) manner, which affected the strong Middle Eastern influence, is widely distributed. In 7th century Athena Chernofihigur Vazopus acquires a dominant position, and when Athenian ceramists (Andokid) are transferred to gray. 6 c. BC e. To redfig technique, this step is decisive for all Greek territories.
IN
Greek classic
the assessed point of development of the Greek culture and art of the era of antiquity was classic (from lat. Classicus - exemplary) period ,
The beginning of which is usually referred to the time after the Greek-Persian wars (480-470s BC), the end - by the time of the beginning of the conquest campaigns of Alexander Macedonsky at the end of the 4th century. BC e. The political background of the heyday of culture and art in the era of classics, a kind of his analogue was the flourishing of democratic policies, cities-states of Greece (for example, Athens of the period of pericla 33). In 5 c. Greece experienced the hardest war in his history and fell under the power of a stronger and politically united Macedonia.
F.
Sculpture
BUT
Architecture
L.
Literature
In the field of philosophy 5-4 centuries. BC e. - The time of the genuine and great flourishing, expanding the activities of philosophical schools (Socrates 34, Platon 35 - the founder of the Academy, Aristotle 36 is the founder of Likement 37 and the school of Peripatetics, etc.).
Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region
Moscow State Regional University
Historical and Philology Institute
Faculty of History, Political Science and Law
Department of History of the Ancient World and Middle Ages
Course work on the topic:
Greece in the archaic era and and its influence on the world.
Performed: Klimenko I.E.
student II course d / o
Scientific adviser:
k.I.N., Doc. A.S. Klemeshov
Moscow 2014.
Introduction ........................................................................ ... 3
Writing .................................................................. .. 7
Poetry .............................................................................. 7.
Religion and philosophy .......................................................... 10
Architecture and sculpture ...................................................... 13
Vazova painting ............................................................... 15
Greek alphabet ............................................................ ..15
Olympic Games ............................................................... 18
Historiography…………………………………………………………. 21.
Mathematics ................................................................................... .. 23
Theater ................................................................................. 23.
Coins ...........................................................................................24
Conclusion
List of literature
Introduction
Archaic period in the history of Greece (8-5. BC) - The term adopted among historians since the XVIII century. Appeared during the study of Greek art and originally belonged only to the times of the dark centuries and classical Greece. Later, the term "archaic period" was distributed not only to the history of art, but also on the public life of Greece, because during this period, which followed the "dark centuries" began a significant expansion of political theory, raising democracy, philosophy, theater, poetry, revival of the written Language (the appearance of the Greek alphabet instead of the forgotten during the period of "dark centuries" Linear letter B.).
This epoch I became the time of the rapid and active development of ancient Greece, during which all the necessary conditions and prerequisites were made for the future amazing takeoff and heyday. In almost all areas of life, deep changes occur. For three centuries, an antique society makes a transition from the village to the city, from the generic and patriarchal relations to relations of classic slavery.
The state city, the Greek Policy became the main form of the socio-political organization of public life. Society as if all possible forms of the State Device and Board (i.e., the search for the political institution) is a monarchy, tyrant, oligarchy, aristocratic and democratic republic.
The rapid development of agriculture leads to the release of people, which activates the growth of crafts in the country. Because it does not solve the "problem of employment", the colonization of neighboring and distant land began in the Ahasey period, as a result of which territorial Greece grows to huge sizes. The economic leap contributes to the increase in the market and trading operations in which the main support cash circulation system. Appeared coin coin, which accelerated these processes.
There were great achievements and victories in the formation of spiritual culture. In its development, the absolute role was played by the appearance alphabetical letterwho became the main achievement of the culture of Archaic Greece. It was made on the basis of Phoenician writing and differ amazing simple and affordable, which made it possible to create an extremely effective education systemThrough which there was no illiterate in ancient Greece, which was also enormous success.
During the archaic period, the main ethical standards and values Ancient society in which the main thing is a feeling of collectivism to be connected with an agonistic (competent) start, with the formation of the rights of individual and personality, the spirit of freedom. Patriotism and citizenship occupy a special role. The sewn of his policy began to be considered as the highest honor of the citizen. At the same time, the symbol of a person is also born, in which the spirit and body are in harmony.
The embodiment of this image was influenced by the emerged in 776 BC. Olympic Games. They took place every four years in the city of Olympia and went five days, during which the "Holy World" was observed, which stopped all sorts of military actions. Having taken 1 place at the games enjoyed great success and received significant social guarantees (tax exemption, lifelong pension, permanent sites in the theater and on holidays). Three times the winners ordered his statue in the famous sculptor and put it in a sacred grove that surrounded the main shrine of the city of Olympia and all Greece - Zeus Temple.
In the Archaic Epoch there were such symbols of ancient culture as philosophy and spider. Their father became Falez her, whom they are not yet separated strictly from each other and are within the framework of one naturophilosophy.One of the founders of antique philosophy and philosophy generally as science is also the legendary Pythagorar, who has a science that takes mathematics It is already quite an independent value.
The real flourishing in this era occurs in poetry. Epic poems of Homer "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were the greatest monuments of ancient literature. A little later, Homer worked another famous Greek poet - Hesiod. His poems "Theogony", i.e. The pedigree of the gods, and the "Women's catalog" complemented the work of Homer and the antique poetry acquired its classic, the perfect image.
Among other poets, the works of archite, the founder of lyrical poetry, are deserve, his poems are filled with personal suffering and experiences that combined the difficulties and adversity of life. This also includes the creativity of the Lyric Sappo, the great antique poets from the island of Lesbos, who survived the feelings of a loving, jealous and suffering woman. Creativity of Anacreonta, having caught everything beautiful: the beauty, feelings, joy, passion and fun of life, had a great influence on European and Russian poetry, in particular on A.S. Pushkin.
A high step in the archaic era reaches artistic culture. At this time develops architecture, standing on two types of orders - doric and ionic. The leading type of construction protrudes the sacred temple as the abode of God. The most famous and revered becomes the temple of Apollo in Delphi. Arises also monumental sculpture - First wooden, and then stone. Two types are obtained the greatest popularity: the nude men's statue, known under the name "Kosur" (the figure of the junior attendant), and the draped female, the example of which was the bark (straight-standing girl).
The main elements of the town-planning structure of the archaic period were Acropolis (Sanctuary) and Agora (shopping center), there were residential neighborhoods of houses. The main place in the construction of cities was occupied by temples, who first built from raw bricks and wood, then from limestone, and from the end of the VI century. BC. - From marble. A architectural order is created in its doric and ionic versions. Harsh, somewhat heavy doric style is characteristic of strict, geometrically correct kapitel Columns. In an ionic, more magnificent, the style of the column is not only as a support, but also as a decorative element, it is characterized by a heap with curls - volitions, a more complex base, she herself is much more elegant to the Doric Column. Among the buildings of the Doric Ordera were especially famous were the temple of the ger in Olympia, and the Ionian order - the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.
During the archaic period there is a synthesis of architecture and sculptures - temples outside are decorated with reliefs, inside the statues of the Divine, which is dedicated to the temple. Figures depict not only gods, but also mythical heroes (Hercules, Perseya, etc.). Greek ceramics of the archaic era surprises with its wealth and variety of forms, beauty style. Corinthian vases painted in the so-called orientalizing, i.e. Oriental style, which is distinguished by the beauty and fad of the picturesque decor, and attic blackfoot and later red-burning vases with the image of the everyday life of people. A peculiar archaic culture was put on the basis for the heyday of the culture of the classical, which played such a significant role in the development of world civilization. The quality of the time created by the sculptors of the time was the sculptures of naked boys - the karos and chastely draped girls - the bark. Persons sculptures Individuality ("Cleobis and Biton" Polymented), possessed static, tense decorated, nobility and majesty. In the VI century BC. Decorations of temples appeared. Motives for the created compositions served traditional, artistic and changed myths described by Homer historical events and their participants. A large role in the sculpture was played with a hue. Collected parts of the body of kuros and clothing were painted. Sometimes precious stones inserted in the eye. In Vazopysi in the VI century. BC. The Black-Figure Style is known (the founder of the exeke) - the black lacquer was applied to a red clay, as well as a red-chicken style (founder of epichet) - painted ceramics, in which the images remained in the color of burnt clay, and the background of the vessel was covered with a black varnish. The campaign of the second style was the appeal of artists to dissimilar household plots ("Girl heading for the bathing" from the Mastercaster Euphronia
Religion. Greek religion still served as a combining role in society. Important meaning at the same time played the image of Apollo in Delphi. This cult of the Delphic Sacred Board in the Greek state was very large, but carried a county nature, as the priests did not participate in the state administration. In the polishes, elected priests were made by the sacraments and rites, while at the same time carrying out religious education of citizens. The cults of Dionysus and Demetra played important in Greek religion.
The goal of the course work is to show how the world has changed with Archaika. What Archaica made a contribution to the development of Iskovishi and how the whole world has changed with it passing the path of experiments both in mathematicals and in philosophy and in westing too.
Epoch of the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. - This is the time of the most intensive development of ancient Greek civilization. During this period, changes in all areas of the life of ancient Greece - from the economy to culture - were so large-scale and radical that their totality is often called archaic revolution. The entire appearance of Greek society changes. If, by the beginning of the archaic era, it was a traditional, almost no progressive, non-integer, rather simple society, then by the end of this epoch, it is already possible to talk about society to the highest degree of mobile, complex, in short on historical standards Dognavash, And in a number of relations, even the countries in its development of the Ancient East in its development. In Greek land, the foundations of statehood are again. But new government entities take the form of non-palace kingdoms, as in the Myckene era, Apolisov (the states of an ancient type in the form of a civil community), which further led to the specifics of the whole ancient Greek civilization.
As a result of a number of reasons (not all of them are completely clear scientists) in Greece in the first centuries of the Archaic era, the population has increased dramatically (this is fixed by archaeological data, in particular quantitative analysis of burials). A real demographic explosion happened: for some century, the population of ELDA increased several times. There is no doubt that a significant increase in the population was a consequence of the processes that began in the previous, presumed era. Due to the absence during this period of external threat, a gradual, but steady growth of welfare as a result of introducing products from iron products, a few centuries of stable life were granted to the Greek world.
It should be noted that the growth of the population was noted in the region, poor natural resources, including fertile soils. As a result, in some areas of Greece, such a phenomenon appeared as a wall-hot (i.e. "Agrarian" overcrowding, which resulted in the "land hunger"). Most acutely, the wall-hot manifest itself on East (the experiencies connecting the peloponneum with Central Greece) and in the areas adjacent to it, as well as on some of the Aegean Sea Islands (especially on Evbee), in Multiaziary Ienia. In these densely populated areas, sizes (i.e., agricultural land) was negligible. To a lesser extent, the wall-hotness was felt in the attic. In Boeotia, Fessiona, in the south of Peloponnese, thanks to large areas of the land treated and high (according to Greek standards), the soil fertility demographic explosion did not lead to negative consequences. It is characteristic that in these areas and the pace of economic and political transformations were usually lower: the need is a powerful engine of progress.
An extremely important process, in many respects identified the development of archaic Greece, was urbanization - urban planning, the formation of a city lifestyle. From now on, until the end of the existence of an antique civilization, one of the most specific devil was its urban character. It was to some extent aware of the Greeks themselves, for whom the word "policy" (in the value "city") was one of the key characteristics of the whole being, and small in Greece in this era
states with the city as a center received the name of the policies.
If, by the beginning of the archaic era, in the Greek world, there were almost no foci of urban life, then the Greece was truly to be truly in the "country of cities", many of which (Athens, Corinth, Corinth, ARGOS, Millet, Ephesus, etc.) became the largest economic , political, cultural centers. Cities could form in various ways. One of the most common was the so-called Sinakism (literally - "lining") is a merger into one political unit of several small settlements of a rural type located near each other, on the territory of the same area. This process could be accompanied by a real resettlement of residents of several villages in one city. So, Sinaikism in the Attics, which tradition attributes to the legendary Athenian tsar Teshe (although this process took place in the first half of the 3,000 years BC. Er and continued for several centuries), did not lead to the resettlement of the entire rural population into a single center. Even in the classical era, more than half of Athenian citizens lived on the choir, in the Athens themselves there were only general bodies of government.
The Greek city of the Archaika period played the role of an administrative center for its surrounding territory, and speaking more precisely - the administrative and religious center, since religion in antiquity was closely connected with state life. But at the same time the city was the most important economic center, the focus of craft production and trade. Thus, it is necessary to note a certain duality of the functions of an ancient Greek city (however, it is typical of the city of any historical era). She was in stock in almost every city of two centers. One of them wascropolis (Otakros - Upper + Polis - the city), which was a fortress. It was usually located on a hill either on a more or less impregnable rock and possessed a complex of defensive structures. Acropolis was the heart of the city and the whole state; It has the main temples, the main religious cults were sent. At the Acropole, the buildings of the policy of the Policy controls were originally. In addition, in the event of an attack of enemies, the Acropolis served as Citadel, the last stronghold of the defendants.
The second "center" of the city was originating most often at the foot of the Agro Acropolis
- The main city square, where the market was located and where the people were going to gather. Agora, as well as Acropolis, was considered sacred. Around the Agora, actually the city binds were crowded, in which artisans were inhabited, merchants (who were, however, a minority of the population), as well as peasants, who were sent to work on their land, located near the city daily.
Once arising, the city has undergone a certain evolution during the archaic era. First of all, it is necessary to mention the gradual increase in the significance of Agora, about transferring the main administrative functions with Acropolis on it, which ultimately becomes almost exclusively a venue for religious rituals. In various Greek cities, this process was walking with varying degrees of intensity, correlated mainly with the pace of political development of one or another policy.
Bronze helmets (VI century BC)
Acropolis lost its defensive function, which was a consequence of another process characteristic of that time - an increase in the protection of cities in general. The rapid development of military art urged the creation of a system of fortifications in the cities that covered not only the Acropolis citadel, but also the entire territory of the city. By the end of the Archaic era, many cities, in any case the largest and prosperous, all over the perimeter were surrounded by defensive walls.
However, in all regions of the Greek world, urbanization has reached high development. In areas such as ELIDA, Etolia, Akarnania, Ahaya, life in the cities was still at a pretty primitive level. A special case was the largest center of the Southern Peloponnese-Sparta, which the antique authors were called a non-monitoring policy. Not only in the archaic era, but in the future (right up to the Hellenistic period) this policy did not have defensive walls. And in general, the appearance of Sparta was far from urban, because it was, in fact, a totality of several rural settlements.
Extremely important changes occurred in military affairs. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Heroev-aristocratic heroes of Homer's martial arts described in the poems of Homer's martial arts. From now on, the main thing in the art of war was a collective principle, and a crucial role in the battlefields began to play squads - heavy infantrymen. The armor of the goplit consisted of a bronze helmet, a shell (either entirely made from bronze or leather, bronze plates), the bronze stuff, which defended the shin of the warrior, and a round shield from several layers of bullish leather on a wooden frame, usually by bronze plates. Goplit was armed short (about 60 centimeters long) by an iron sword and a longer wooden spear with an iron tip. Both armor and weapons, Goplit had to acquire in his own account, so in order to serve in this kind of troops, it was necessary to be a wealthy person, a citizen-landowner (initially complete Goplitian armament -panofilia - only an aristocrats were available at all).
Panoplia (armor of Goplite from Argos) (VIII century BC.)
In battle, Goplites acted as specially closed-building - Falanga. The warriors became a shoulder to the shoulder in a few rank into a rectangle strongly stretched along the front. The length of the Greek phalanx varies depending on the total number of squad and could reach one kilometer, the depth usually accounted for 7-8 rows. Built and prepared for the battle, Goplites were covered with shields, put a spear forward and moved to the enemy, trying to apply as soon as possible. A similar living wall that swept everything in its path, Falang for centuries remained the most perfect way to build troops. The strongest side of the phalanx was, perhaps, it is its irreparable onslaught; In addition, heavy armor defended Goplit well, which made the number of victims among the warring minimal. This building has been disadvantages: weak maneuverability, vulnerability from flanks, invisibility for combat actions at rough terrain. Both Goplitskaya weapons and phalanx appeared at the turn of the VIII-VII centuries. BC E. Most likely in Argos - one of the largest Peloponnese centers. In any case, it was in argolide in one of the graves archaeologists found the most ancient version of Panopalia. Naturally, from ARGOS, a new way of conducting hostilities spread very quickly throughout Peloponnes, and then almost throughout the Greek world.
Triera. Picture
The poorest citizens, unable to acquire Goplitis and weapons, during the war made up the auxiliary parts of the passenger-plated warriors - the gymnops. Among them
there were archers, prashasts, dupps, dart thrusters (short copies). The gymnasters, as a rule, began the battle, and then taught on the parties, freeing the place for the collision of the main forces - Goplitsky phalange. The gymnops considered the least valuable part of the troops, and sometimes the policies even concluded an agreement with each other, prohibited to use onions during military clashes, the rasms, etc.
The cavalry, completed exclusively from the representatives of the aristocracy, played a little role in battles: cavalrymen must protect the phalanx to the left and right to avoid its environment. More active actions of the cavalry prevented, in particular, the fact that the saddle was not invented with stirrups, and therefore the position of the rider on the horse was very unstable. Only in some Greek regions (especially in Fessiona), cavalry detachments occupied a truly significant place in the structure of the troops.
Along with military art, maritime caused. In the archaic era, the Military ships of the combined sailing-rowing type appeared. The earliest species of such ships of the Werezteconter, which was a very large boat with a sail and about half nozzles, each of which was driven by a row. In the VI century BC e. On the change of Pentekonter, the sewer is a ship with three rows of fun (just up to 170 cheers) on each side. According to the ancient authors, the tries first began to build masters from Corinth. Sailing rigging on the Trier was extremely simple and was rarely used, mostly the ship was moving on oars, especially during the sea battle. In this case, the ability to develop speed up to 10 nodes in combination with high maneuverability did a trine with a very efficient weapon. Throughout the archaic and most of the classical era, it remained the most common type of military vessel.
The Greeks were considered the greatest in the then world of the Morakhodas; already in the archaic era, a pronounced "maritime" orientation of their civilization was determined in the archaic era. Along with the ships, intended for warfare, the Greeks were trading, transport ships. Trading ships were shorter and wide than
pentectors and tries that have extended an elongated shape. The movement of such a vessel was carried out primarily with the help of sails. However, the sailing equipment of the ancient Greek ships was even quite simple. Therefore, excessive removal from the shore threatened such a ship with almost imminent death, as well as swimming in winter, in the season of storms. Nevertheless, progress in the development of marine spaces was obvious.
Of course, all innovations in the field of urban planning, in military and maritime matter would be impossible if they did not accompany the rapid development of the economy. True, in agriculture, which was the basis of the economic life of ancient Greece, these changes were felt weaker. Agricultural production was still based on cultivating the cultures of the so-called "Mediterranean triad" (grain, grapes, olives), as well as in cattle breeding, which played mostly a supporting role.
Significant changes occurred in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. In craft production, which has already separated from agriculture.
Corinthian ceramics (approx. 600 BC.)
Technical progress has affected many manufacturing industries, such as shipbuilding, production and processing of metal. The Greeks began to build mines, opened welding and soldering iron, developed new bronze casting technologies, etc. All this contributed to the development of weapons. In the field of ceramic production it should be noted expanding the range of vessels. Elegant and stylish decoration with the help of painting turned these objects of utilitarian purposes into real works of art. In the most developed Greek polishes, monumental stone buildings of cult and public appointments are appear: temples, altars, buildings for the operation of authorities, port structures, water pipes, etc.
Economic achievements would be impossible without overcoming the clinut of Greek communities characteristic of the Homeric period. Trade, including external, contributed to the restoration of connections with the ancient civilizations of the East. For example, in Al-Mine (on the Syrian coast) there was a Greek merchant factor. In other words, Greece finally left insulation. However, the level of trade in trade in
the archaic era should not be exaggerated. Vegetability of the Greek economy, i.e., the focus on the market was low. The foreign trade exchange was, first of all, not selling products of ancient Greek policies, but, on the contrary, obtaining from other places that there was no own territory: raw materials, craft goods and food, especially bread, in which the Greeks always needed. The absence of a sufficient amount of natural resources in Greece led to the fact that imports were the main component of foreign trade.
Rhodes ceramics (VII century BC.)
Trade, economic contacts attracted interaction in the cultural sphere. Easter influence enhancing in the Archaic Epoch gives a reason to some scientists even talk about the oriental (i.e.-oriented) period of the development of civilization in ancient Greece. Indeed, from Phenicia came to the Greek policies of the alphabet, from Egypt - the technology of manufacturing monumental statues, from Asia Minor - coin. Ellina was readily perceived with more experienced oriental neighbors all useful innovations. However, they walked on a completely new, unknown Eastern civilization of the development path.
The emergence of money was a very important factor in the economic life of the Greek world.
IN the beginning of the archaic era in some areas of Eldla (especially in Peloponnese) the role of money played iron and copper bars in the shape of rods -oboli. Six Obolis areged (i.e. handful - this amount could be captured by one hand).
IN VII century BC e. A checked coin appeared. It was invented in Lydia, a small rich kingdom in the west of Malaya Asia. The Greeks very quickly adopted innovation. At first, the largest low-immigory Greek policies began to make a coin on the sample of the leaders, and then coins were included in the Balkan Greece (primarily on the aethe). Both the Lidia and the first Greek coins were minted from electra - natural alloy gold and silver, and therefore their nominal nominal were quite high, and hardly these coins could be used in trade. Most likely, they served to carry out major settlements of the state (for example, for payment for services Mercenary warriors). However, over time, small nominal coins appeared and it entered the active trade turnover.
Athenian Silver Tetraddrahma (V C. BC.)
By the end of the Archaic era, silver became the main material for coining. Only in the classic era, a small exchange coin began to do from copper. Gold coins minted in extremely rare cases. It is characteristic that new money has retained old names. The main monetary unit in most policies was drachma (6 Obolis). The weight of the Athenian silver drachma was approximately 4.36 grams. Coins also coins of intermediate dignity - between drachma and oblave. There were also coins more weighty than drachma: Dydrachma (2 drachmas), very widespread processradam (4 drams) and extremely rarely released flags (10 drachms). The largest measures of value are the minimum (100 drachma) Itlant (60 min, i.e. about 26 kilograms of silver); The coins of such dignity naturally was not.
In some ancient Greek cities, there was their own mint-based system based on a monetary unit Stater (about 2 drachmas). Each policy, being an independent state, produced his own coin. The authorities certified her state status by placing a special image on a coin, which was the symbol, or emblem, polis. So, on the coins of Athens, Athens and Owl's head were depicted, which is considered a sacred bird of the goddess, on the coins of Egina - Turtle, on the coins of Boeotia - shield, etc.
Sources about the history of ancient Greece in the archaic era testify a variety of
sources whose value, however, is not the same. The central place is occupied by written data contained in the works of antique authors. At the same time, monuments that were created during the archaic era itself are the greatest value, because it is evidence of contemporaries, and sometimes even eyewitnesses of the events described.
Important information is given historical writings: after all, ancient historians just put the goal to tell about the events not only the modern era, but earlier. As you know, historical literature first appeared in Greece in the Archaic Epoch, in the second half of the VI century. BC e. However, the works of the first logographic writers who worked in the historic genre (Hecatery of Miretsky, Charon Lammsaksky, Akusila Argossky, etc.) - to great regret, were preserved only in the form of a few and disparate fragments cited by the "later" authors. Of course, some valuable information can be obtained from these fragments, but in general the information in them is quite scarce and, in any case, do not allow to recreate a holistic picture of Greece's development in the archaic era.
For any complete reconstruction of the history of this time, you have to actively use written monuments of various genres, for example, the works of poets, which in Eldead VIII -VI centuries. BC e. there were many. Very important material we find the Gesiod - the largest representative of the didactic
(instructive) epic. Its Poem "Proceedings and Days" contains a description of the entire labor life of a peasant with a peculiar poems of economic instructions, religious prescriptions and moral rules of life of the poor Greek epoch of early archaic. The world of "rural Greece" rises from the pages of the poem in all its completeness and colorfulness, and, it should be said, this world contrasts sharply with the world of Homer - with his militant heroes and almost constant battles.
The source of information is numismatic evidence. The very first coins of Greek policies make it possible to judge the nature of the monetary circulation, about the paths of interstate trade, the systems of measures and weights, etc.
Introduction
In the archaic period (VIII-VI centuries), the Great Colonization was held - the development of the Greks of the coast of the Mediterranean, Black, Marble Seas. The Greeks appear an alphabetical letter, natural sciences are born, in particular astronomy and geometry, the first philosophical systems appear. Under the influence of Eastern architecture and sculpture, Greek art is formed.
During the archaic period, the formation of an ancient policy is the city-state city, a specific type of political device. Giving life to all subsequent democracies of the world. The ancient Greeks created a fundamentally new type of civilization - a market economy based on honest, conscientious labor, a high culture of democratic leadership and free development of the individual. There was nothing like that in history.
Athenians built their civilization, systematically connecting state and private ownership. It was from the Greeks that the concept of "economy" came to us, which meant a household institution.
Dried and once desert mountainous region, who came to the era of barbarism to the limit of environmental depletion, talented people over several centuries turned the flowering land with excellent cities, productive agriculture and cattle breeding. An intensive management system communicated almost to perfection allowed the Greeks to compete with traditional agrarian regions - developed centers of Eastern civilization.
WRITING
One of the most important factors of Greek culture VIII-VI centuries. The new writing system is considered right. An alphabet letter, partly borrowed from the Phoenicians, was more convenient than the ancient syllable letter of the Myckene era: it consisted of only 24 characters, each of which had firmly established phonetic meaning. If in a mixing society, as in other similar Societies of the Bronze era, the art of letters was available only to a few dedicated to the closed Cast of professionals, now it becomes the common property of all citizens of the policy,
since each of them could master the skills of writing and reading. Unlike a syllable letter, which was mainly used to conduct accounting records and, possibly, to some extent to draw up religious texts, a new writing system was a truly universal means of transmitting information that could be applied in the same success in business correspondence, And to record lyrical poems or philosophical aphorisms. All this led to a rapid growth of literacy among the population of the Greek policies, as evidenced by numerous inscriptions on the stone, metal, ceramics, the number of which is increasingly increasing as they approach the end of the archaic period. The oldest of them, for example, the widely known epigram is now on the so-called Nestor Cup. Pycusus, dates back to the third quarter of the VIII century, which allows you to take the borrowing of the Greeks of the signs of the Phoenician alphabet either by the first half of the same VIII century, or even by the end of the previous IX century.
Almost at the same time (the second half of the VIII century) were created and, most likely, such outstanding samples of monumental heroic epic are recorded, as "Iliad" and "Odyssey", from which the history of Greek literature begins.