World oil consumption is steadily increasing every year. Global financial crises, sometimes shaking the economy, look only in small jar on the oil consumption schedule. The development of alternative energy sources and various "green" technologies are unable to exert any or noticeable effect on the use of oil. If 30 years ago, when the car was considered a normal consumption of 15 liters of gasoline per 100 km of way, humanity has grabbed 60 million barrels of oil per day, now you need more than 90 million barrels per day. According to forecasts, the mark of 95 million barrels per day will be overcome in 2016-2017. What goals are such a lot of oil is spent - almost 100 million barrels every day?

Modern civilization is arranged in such a way that "well live" literally means "consume more oil." Oil fuel gives freedom of movement, and organic synthesis is high-quality and comfortable products. A list of what is made from oil is very impressive. Even attempts were carried out to use hydrocarbon feed in food production. Since our country has been the absolute leader in the development and use of oil biotechnology, one paragraph at the end of the article.

Now the main part of the oil produced in the world is used to produce various types of fuel. Not one of other types of fuel cannot get closer to petroleum products in terms of consumer qualities. For example, the use of natural gas on transport is constrained by the complexity of its storage. For gas, heavy tolstoy cylinders are needed, and the car consumes the contents of such a balloon much faster than a similar volume of gasoline or diesel fiber. When combustion, coal remains solid residues (slag and ash) that need to be removed from the furnace and dispose of. Liquid fuel obtained from oil is currently out of competition on a combination of convenience, safety and the amount of energy per unit volume. Main types of oil fuel:

* Gasoline
* Aviation fuel, rocket fuel (kerosene)
* Diesel fuel (diesel fuel)
* Ship fuel (mixture of fuel oil and diesel fuel)
* Fuel Mazut
* Liquefied gas (propane-butane mix)

The second most importantly, the direction of the use of oil raw materials is the production of various polymers and rubber. Plastics manufacturers constantly work on improving the quality of their products. Plastics makes serious competition with wood and metal - it is light, durable, is not susceptible to rotting and corrosion. Transparent plastic species are increasingly used instead of glass, both in construction and in the production of containers for various liquids. Polyethylene and polypropylene packages ousted paper and cellophane. Synthetic fabrics are used everywhere. Synthetic rubbers replaced tropical plant juice in rubber production.

* Plastics
* Polymeric films
* Synthetic fabrics
* Rubber

In the process of oil refining, heavy residues are formed, which go to the production of building materials - Hudron, construction and road bitumen. When mixing bitumen with mineral substances, asphalt (asphalt concrete) is obtained as a road surface.

* Bitumen.
* Asphalt

From oil produced a wide range of lubricants. Mineral oil is obtained at vacuum distillation of fuel oil, polyalphaolefins or hydrocracking oils are used to produce synthetic oil. Synthetic oils possess the best consumer qualities, but the cost of their production is higher. Plastic lubricants are obtained by mixing mineral oil with a thickener, in particular, a lithol is a mixture of oil with lithium stearate.

* Lubricant oil
* Electrical insulating oil
* Hydraulic oil
* Plastic lubricant
* Lubricating and coolant
* Vaseline

Substances derived from oil are used to produce paints, varnishes and solvents, detergents. In these industries, oil derivatives are used only due to their relatively low price. If necessary, the required substances can be obtained from other sources.

* Solvents
* Detergents

The content of sulfur in fuel is strictly limited because the sulfur combustion products are dangerous to the environment. The sulfur extracted from oil in the process of its processing is realized in a pure form or in the form of sulfuric acid. Coke used in the production of electrodes and metallurgy is made of oil distillation waste. Listed products are not targeted, they are produced in the process of disposal of oil waste disposal.

* Sulfur
* Sulfuric acid
* Oil coke

If this article was written 30 years ago, then the forage proteins - Parrin, Gaprine, Meprin, Eprin would be present at the number of products. In the 70-80 years of the last century, an enterprise for the production of synthetic protein began to be built next to large oil refineries - in Kirisha, Novopolotsk, Kremenchug, Pavlodar, Angarsk, Syzran, Saratov, Ufa. About 2/3 of the world production of synthetic proteins accounted for the USSR, the rest is predominantly licensed production in Eastern Europe. Synthetic proteins were used for fattening cows, pigs, birds, fish and fur animals. In the 80s, about 3 kg of synthetic proteins were produced per resident of the USSR, in the 90s it was planned to increase this figure to 30 kg per year. Reality went away with the plans - after the collapse of the USSR, biotechnological enterprises in a short period were eliminated. By the end of the 90s, the production of protein from oil and gas almost completely ceased.

The oil market in Russia (as well as any other area where big money rotates) is closed from the curious views of the profanes and the uninitiated. There are only total sales volumes (244.5 million tons of crude oil for 2015) and the amount (89.6 billion). However, Forbes magazine managed to raise the veil of mystery over multi-billion dollars and make up rating of the largest buyers of Russian oil. On the first twenty names, the list accounts for 190.2 million tons or 80% of the total export of oil raw materials.

Opens the Top-10, perhaps the most mysterious company - Concept Oil Services. It is known about it only that it is located in Hong Kong, but the names of the owners and even the general director are a secret. According to the Russian media, most likely, the owner of Concept Oil Services - Russian, perhaps one of the employees of the Ministry of Energy and / or Transneft. More accurate data managed to obtain about the total volume of oil purchases from Russia (5.9 million tons), the amount of contracts (2.3 billion dollars) and the price of one barrel (53.3 dollars).

9. Tatneft europe

The subsidiary of Tatneft has purchased oil with a total volume of 8.1 million tons for 2.9 billion dollars (one barrel - $ 48.9).

8. Ros-Gip Limited

Ros-Gip Limited was created by the Glencore trading concern especially for oil and oil products from Rosneft. Rosneft pledged oil for $ 10 billion, which was required to buy TNK-VC in 2013. In 2015, Ros-Gip Limited was obtained 8.1 million tons of oil with a total of 2.9 billion dollars at a price of one barrel at $ 49.7.

7. Mercuria Energy Trading

In 2015, this large Swiss trading company acquired 7.8 million tons of Russian oil with a price of $ 3 billion (the price per barrel is 52.3 dollars). Most of the oil purchased in the Russian Federation, the company resold the Polish company Orlen, which in itself actively trades with Russia.

6. SHELL INTERNATIONAL TRADING

Shell International Trading is a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, which herself has long been developing oil fields in Russia for a couple with Gazprom. Nevertheless, over the past year, Shell International purchased 9.7 million tons of oil in Russia with a total of $ 3.6 billion at a price of one barrel at 51.1 dollars.

5. ORLEN.

Orlen partially belongs to the State Treasury of the Republic of Poland and is a long-standing partner Rosneft. The total volume of purchases in 2015 amounted to 10 million tons. At a price for one barrel - 51.2 dollars total amount amounted to $ 3.7 billion.

4. Trafigura.

The interests of Trafigura are not exhausted only by buying Russian oil (although in 2015 the company acquired 12.9 million tons of oil with a price of 4.9 billion dollars, one barrel - 52.3 dollars). This is a major player in the market of metals and mineral fertilizers. Main partners in Russia - Rosneft and Surgutneftegaz.

3. Total Oil Trading

Opens the Top 3 of the largest oil buyers from the Russian Federation a subsidiary of the French company Total. In 2015, it bought oil in Russia by $ 5.2 billion with a volume of 14.5 million tons at the price of one barrel at 49.3 dollars. The main Russian partners are Rosneft, Gazprom Neft and Surgutneftegaz.

2. China National United Oil Corporation

The division of the Chinese state company purchased 26.9 million tons of oil and petroleum products in Russia for a total of $ 10.5 billion (barrel price - 53.6 dollars). The main partners of CNPC in Russia - Rosneft and Transneft. However, the interests of the Chinese giant are not exhausted only by the Russian Federation; The company is actively trading in the international market.

1. Litasco.

In 2015, this company purchased 35.8 million tons of oil in Russia for $ 13 billion at a price of 49.7 dollars per barrel, which brought it to the first place among the buyers of Russian oil. All Litasco shares belong to LUKOIL. It is predictable that the main partner of Litasco in Russia - LUKOIL, but besides this, the company purchases oil and petroleum products from Rosneft and Surgutneftegaz. However, Litasco's activities are not exhausted only by the export of LUKOIL oil. For example, after the cancellation of sanctions against Iran, a company one of the first began to purchase Iranian-made petroleum products.

On the basis of data on the volume of export transactions in 2016, 20 companies entered.

The first line in the ranking was again occupied by the Swiss oil player Litasco, the owner of which is LUKOIL. It is known that he not only works in a tandem with the head office, but also trades the rights of an autonomous organization at the expense of its own and attracted resources.

Litasco is a unique phenomenon for Russian oil business. Experts note that this is the only oil referder of Russian origin, which not only sells someone else's oil and petroleum products, but also does it in volumes comparable to deliveries of related companies.

In December 2016, the former Vice-President of LUKOIL for the supply and sales of oil Valery Subbotin sat down on the plane and left the limits of Russia. Most likely, for a long time. In LUKOIL, on the care of subbotin from the central office was announced only in February 2017 and explained to the "planned rotation of the management team", although it was perceived as one of the successors of President Vagit Alekperov.

Analysts Sootin's escapes called the Salvation Operation, because the next day after the privatization of Bashneft in October 2016, Rosneft began to control a new subsidiary. Acquaintance with documents, more similar to searches and recesses, a month later led to the termination of the part of the contracts with LUKOIL, and after all, Subbotin was responsible for trade relations with Bashneft. In addition, he also had disagreements with the head of Rosneft Igor Sechin.

Forbes analysts note that against the background of holes in the budgets of oil-dependent states and revenge income and mining investments of mining companies, trading business feels great.

Neetteraids do not bear the risks of production, and the colossal growth of profits to all trading companies gave the Contango market - the situation in which the exchange price of futures is higher than the current oil price. Profit is created by a combination of tools: physical purchase and sale of volumes, futures, options and swaps.

Having a physical volume behind the back, traders can earn ten times on it, so they are ready to pay awards to those who guarantee physical volume- Forbes confessed the source.

It is earnings for Contango that allow oil production giants that have their own trading units (BP, Shell and others), show excellent financial results on the background of falling prices. They are inexpensive with millions of barrels of oil and more expensive sell futures contracts for the same volumes.

At the same time, as FT wrote with reference to the report of the consulting company Oliver Wyman, the size of oil giants and their operations allowed them to select the market share in independent traders, for example, at Glencore, Trafigura and Vitol. But in Russia, the presence of global traders is growing, because they are betting "Rosneft".

Rosneft has several own trading companies, and they have fallen into the rating of the largest buyers of Russian oil according to Forbes, but Rosneft is now implementing contracts for pre-export financing from traders received for the purchase of TNK-BP. And at the end of 2016, Glencore became one of Rosneft shareholders and received additional volumes of its oil with a package of shares. So in the coming years, Rosneft and traders will be very strong.

Another way went "LUKOIL". Since the 2000s, the company consolidated export deliveries at the Swiss subsidiary - Litasco, which is now managed to purchase comparable oil volumes and third-party manufacturers.

For the second year, the trading company LUKOIL is the largest buyer of Russian oil (32.9 million tons). Like other traders, Litasco plays on the "paper" market, but very carefully and conservatively - under the parent company.

On the 20 largest buyers of Russian oil account for almost 85% of Russian oil exports, and in 2016 he reached 254.8 million tons. The company is located at the cost of the raw materials provided to him.

1. Litasco.

Year of Education: 2000

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

CEO: Tim Bullock

Owner: LUKOIL

Amount contracts: $ 9.3 billion

Volume of procurement: 32.9 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $38

Partners in Russia: LUKOIL, Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz

Purchase points: Ports Primorsk, Kozmino, Varandey, Novorossiysk, Kaliningrad

The oil reference "daughter" LUKOIL not only exports the products of the head of the Russian company, but also works around the world as an independent player. The company trades in Europe, the CIS, Mediterranean, North and West Africa.

After the abolition of international sanctions against Tehran Litasco, one of the first acquired the Party of Iranian oil and petroleum products.

Recall that Litasco sells 85% of oil from the deposits to them. Trexa and Titov, which develops the joint venture "LUKOIL" and "Bashneft" - Bashneft Pole. After the privatization of Bashneft, the contract with Litasco was extended for a year. But the contract for 193.9 billion rubles, according to which the UFZ "Bashneft" processes the oil "LUKOIL" and supply Litasco petroleum products, was terminated.

Year of Education: 1993

Headquarters: Beijing, China

CEO: Wong Lihua

Owner: CNPC.

Amount contracts: $ 8.3 billion

Volume of procurement: 27.6 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $40,6

Partners in Russia: Rosneft, Transneft

Purchase points: Point of rental of oil "Jalinda" (border of Russia and China), ports of Kozmino, Yosu (Yu. Korea), Kirira (Japan)

The interests of the China State Committee of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) are not limited to Russia, where it acts as a counterparty on the long-term contract with Rosneft. China National United Oil Corporation also sells and buys oil and petroleum products in Western and Middle Eastern markets. Trade volume according to the results of 2014 amounted to 129 million tons.

Year of Education: 1993

Headquarters: Amsterdam, Netherlands

CEO: Jeremy Weir

Owners: Management of the company

Amount contracts: $ 6.8 billion

Volume of procurement: 23.1 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $39,7

Partners in Russia

Purchase points: ports Primorsk, Ust-Luga, Novorossiysk, Kozmino

Trafigura is one of the largest trading companies in the world selling not only oil, but also metals and mineral fertilizers. The positions of Trafigura in the export of Russian oil intensified in 2013, when the company agreed with Rosneft on a prepayment of $ 1.5 billion, and its Eurasian division (Trafigura Eurasia) was headed by the former Vice-President TNK-BP Jonathan Challenge.

In 2016, Trafigura, Rosneft and UCP Ilya Shcherbovich bought ESSAR OIL - operator of one of the largest refinery in India.

Year of Education: 1984

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

CEO: Thomas Vaimel

Owner: Total

Amount contracts: $ 5.7 billion

Volume of procurement: 20.3 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $37,9

Partners in Russia: Gazprom Neft, Surgutneftegaz, Rosneft

Purchase points: Point of rental of oil "Adamova Zavada" (Poland), ports Primorsk, Ust-Luga

French Total buys Russian oil not only through the trader "daughter", but also independently, although not in such large volumes. In 2015, Total Oil Trading accounted for 14.5 million tons of crude oil from Russia, and at Total - a little more than 1 million tons. In 2015, Total Oil Trading signed a new contract with Rosneft for the supply of 4.8 million tons of oil in Year in Germany.

In 2016, Total purchases in Russia increased significantly. The TOTSA accounted for 19.2 million tons of crude oil from Russia ($ 5.4 billion), on Total E & P RUSSIE - just less than 1 million tons.

Year of Education: 1974

Headquarters: Bar, Switzerland

CEO: Avan Eyezhenberg

Owners: Qatar Holdings, Ivan Krezhenberg, Daniel Francisco Mate Bafenes, Aristotleis Mistakidis, Town Peterson, Alex Bird

Amount contracts: $ 4.1 billion

Volume of procurement: 14.8 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $37,4

Partners in Russia: "Oil", "Zarubezhneft", "Rosneft"

Purchase points: Points of delivery of oil "Adamova Zavoda" (Poland), Budovez (Slovakia), Feneshestka (Hungary), Ports Primorsk, Casima (Japan), Yosu (South Korea)

In 2016, Glencore and its shareholder, Qatari sovereign fund became major shareholders of Rosneft. For 19.5% of the Russian company, they paid € 10.2 billion earlier Rosneft received pre-export funding from Glencore and Vitol in the amount of up to $ 10 billion on the security of oil supplies (in particular, up to 46.9 million tons Ros-Gip ) For 5 years.

Under the terms of the privatization transaction, in addition to the existing Glencore, another five-year contract for 220,000 barrels of oil per day is complied with 10.9 million tons per year.

6. ORLEN.

Year of education: 2000

Headquarters: Plock, Poland.

CEO: Wojcih Yasinsky

Owners: State Treasury of Poland, Nationale-Nederlanden and Aviva Funds

The amount of contracts: $ 3.5 billion

Procurement volume: 12.5 million T.

The cost of one barrel: $38,2

Partners in Russia: "Rosneft"

Purchase points: Points of submission of oil "Adamova Zavdas" (Poland) and Budovez (Slovakia)

The Polish Oil Concern Orlen works with Russian companies for a long time. According to the head of Rosneft, Igor Sechina, this partnership is "checked for years." After the arrival in December 2015, the Director of the former Minister of Finance of Poland Wojcichi Yasinsky Orlen decided to increase supplies from Russia.

And in June 2016, Rosneft and Orlen extended a contract for the supply of oil to the Czech Republic for three years, where the Polish concern is the leader of oil refining. The document provides for the possibility of an increase in deliveries to the address of Orlen to 15.8 million tons of oil.

Year of Education: 1966

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

CEO: Ian Taylor

Owners: Management of the company

Amount contracts: $ 3.2 billion

Volume of procurement: 11.2 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $38,6

Partners in Russia: Rosneft, Gazprom Neft, Surgutneftegaz, NNK

Purchase points: Ports Kozmino, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Kirire (Japan), Ulsan (South Korea), Yosu (South Korea)

One of the world's largest Vitol traders buys Russian oil in smaller volumes than its main competitors - Glencore and Trafigura.

Perhaps the reason in politics. In 2014, Rosneft and Vitol planned to sign an agreement on supplies with a prepaid $ 2 billion, however, after the United States introduced sanctions on long-term borrowing against the Russian company, Vitol refused to deal.

Year of Education: 1998

Headquarters: Tsug, Switzerland

CEO: Vasily Sokolov

Owner: PJSC TATNEFT

Amount contracts: $ 2.9 billion

Volume of procurement: 10.3 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $37,6

Partners in Russia: "Tatneft"

Purchase points: Points of acceptance of oil "Adamov Zavoda" (Poland), Budovez (Slovakia), Feneshestka (Hungary), Port Primorsk

Trading "daughter" Tatneft in 2015 showed a special interest in buyers of their products from Poland. After it became known that the Orlen concern intends to increase the purchase of oil from Saudi Arabia, Tatneft proposed the Ministry of Energy to develop measures to protect Russian companies in the European oil market.

9. SHELL INTERNATIONAL Trading

Year of Education: 1998

Headquarters: London, Great Britain

CEO: Mike Conway.

Owner: Royal Dutch Shell

Amount contracts: $ 2.6 billion

Volume of procurement: 9 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $39,5

Partners in Russia: Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz

Purchase points: Point of delivery of oil "Adamova Zavada" (Poland), ports Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Ust-Luga

In Russia, oil is purchased by several shell structures: Shell International Trading and Shipping Company, Shell International Eastern Trading Company, Shell Trading International Ltd. To work with Russian partners in Moscow, the "daughter" "Shell Trading Rasha B.V." was opened.

And the head company Royal Dutch Shell has been producing gas and oil in Russia together with Gazprom and Gazprom Oil. In addition, another "daughter", Shell International Trading Middle East, became one of the buyers of the NOVATEK project "Yamal LNG", by directing 0.9 million tons of liquefied gas.

10. CONCEPT OIL SERVICES

Year of Education: 2003

Headquarters: Hong Kong

CEO: there is no data

Owners: Mikhail Zeligman

Amount contracts: $ 2 billion

Volume of procurement: 6.6 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $40,6

Partners in Russia: NK "Break", Irkutsk Oil Company, Bashneft, NNK

Purchase points: Ports of Kozmino, Ust-Luga, Novorossiysk

Concept Oil is one of the dark horses among Russian oil buyers. From the materials of judicial proceedings of Concept Oil in 2012-2013 with one of the partners it follows that Mikhail Zeligman is the main shareholder of the company.

He created Concept Oil for the supply of oil and petroleum products in Europe, Russia and the CIS countries, including Kazakhstan, where he built a network of good business contacts, including the LUKOIL's Russian oil companies, the materials said. At the same time, Concept Oil works mainly with small companies.

11. UNIPEC ASIA COMPANY

Year of Education: 1993

Headquarters: Beijing, China

CEO: Dai Jiaohin

Owner: Sinopec.

Amount contracts: $ 1.9 billion

Volume of procurement: 6.2 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $41,9

Partners in Russia: Rosneft, Gazprom Neft, Surgutneftegaz

Purchase points: Ports Kozmino, Novorossiysk

According to the results of 2016, China has increased oil imports by 13.6%, up to 381 million tons, compared with the results of 2015, follows from the data of the Chief Customs Administration of China. Russia has retained the status of the first oil supplier to China. B.

the largest part of the volume falls on contracts with China National United Oil Corporation, the rest - for deliveries for Unipec, a subsidiary of the largest petrochemical company SINOPEC. Also Sinopec in 2016 began purchasing oil in the United States after removing the ban on export.

12. Sakhalin Energy

Year of Education: 1994

Headquarters: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

CEO: Roman Dashkov

Owners: PJSC Gazprom, Royal Dutch Shell, Mitsui, Mitsubishi

Amount contracts: $ 1.9 billion

Volume of procurement: 5.5 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $45,8

Partners in Russia: Sakhalin Energy Investment Company

Purchase points: Port suburban

The oil and gas company Sakhalin Energy, controlled by Gazprom and the consortium of foreign investors, is developing, mining and sale of oil and gas on the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin Island.

SakhaLin Energy (Gazprom - 50% Plus 1 Promotion, Shell - 27.5% minus 1 Promotion, 2.5% at Mitsui, 10% at Mitsubishi) leads development, production and sale of oil and gas northeast shelf Sakhalin.

Partners are managed by the project on the product sharing agreement. According to the company, since its entry into force of Russia, Sakhalin Energy Investment Company has exceeded $ 5 billion plans to build the Sakhalin-2 LNG project. "Vedomosti" wrote that Shell will achieve special tax conditions for the project.

13. Rosneft Trading

Year of Education: 2011

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

CEO: Marcus Cooper

Owners: "Rosneft"

Amount contracts: $ 1.7 billion

Volume of procurement: 5.8 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $38,8

Partners in Russia: "Rosneft"

Purchase points: ports Primorsk, Kozmino, Ust-Luga, oil acceptance point Adamova Zadava (Poland)

Rosneft Trading trades not only the oil of the maternal company. In 2016, the trading division Rosneft began the supply of gasoline of the Indonesian state company Pertamina. In addition, in 2016 Rosneft signed a contract with the Government of Iraqi Kurdistan on the purchase of oil from 2017 to 2019 prepaid. The buyer will be a trading division "Rosneft". The contract will ensure the raw material expanding international network of Rosneft, Rosneft, said Igor Sechin.

14. Mozyr refinery

Year of Education: 1975

Headquarters: Mozyr, Belarus

CEO: Vitaly Pavlov

Owners: State Committee on Property of the Republic of Belarus, "Slavneft"

Amount contracts: $ 1.6 billion

Volume of procurement: 7.6 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $28,8

Partners in Russia: "Yukola-oil", "Impered"

Purchase points: Stations Barbarov, Mozyr, Evilka - Belarus

Mozyr refinery is one of the two largest Belarusian factories. Produces gasoline, reactive, diesel and boiler fuel, oil bitumen. About 65% of products are exported to CIS countries and Europe. Russia is the main supplier of oil in Belarus, but because of the conflict, the exacerbated in 2016, the volumes of duty-free supplies of Russian raw materials decreased.

Therefore, President of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, decided to buy oil from Iran. In March 2017, the first party of Iranian oil arrived at Mozyr Ref Area.

Year of Education: 1997

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

CEO: Torbierne Tankvist

Owner: Torbierne Tinckwist, Management

Amount contracts: $ 1.3 billion

Volume of procurement: 4.3 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $39,3

Partners in Russia: Rosneft, Gazprom Neft

Purchase points: ports Primorsk, Ust-Luga, Kozmino

Gunvor is one of the world's largest traders, a billionaire Gennady Timchenko participated in its creation. In the first years, the company traded mainly by Russian energy resources, and in the future - electricity, metals, coal. In March 2014, fearing sanctions, Timchenko sold 44% Gunvor to his partner Tinckwist. At the end of 2015, the trader did not fall into the twenty of the largest buyers of Russian oil - its volumes amounted to 2.7 million tons of $ 1 billion (from $ 64 billion revenue). But in 2016, the purchase gunvor increased.

16. Naftan.

Year of Education: 1963

Headquarters: Novopolotsk, Belarus

CEO: Alexander Demidov

Owner: Republic of Belarus

Amount contracts: $ 1.2 billion

Volume of procurement: 5.8 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $28,2

Partners in Russia: Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz

Purchase points: Novopolotsk (Belarus)

"Naftan" (Novopolotsky refinery) receives oil from Russia along the northern branch of the Friendship pipeline. This is one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus and Europe. Produces oils, gasoline, diesel fuel, in total in the range of more than 70 positions.

Most of the products exports to the CIS countries, the Middle East, the EU and the United States. Because of the Russian-Belarusian conflict from the third quarter of 2016, the supply of Russian oil to Naftan has declined, the company announced losses, and its leader Vladimir Tretyakov was resigned.

17. Trumpet.

Year of Education: 1998

Headquarters: Dublin, Ireland

CEO: Anatoly Kuryatnikov

Owner: "Rosneft"

Amount contracts: $ 1 billion

Volume of procurement: 3.4 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $41,9

Partners in Russia: "Rosneft"

Purchase points: Deltebase "Kropotkin", Station Hetman

Trumpet Limited is another owned trader Rosneft. According to the "New Gazeta", in 2008-2009, Trumpet exported oil produced in Chechnya through the sea port of the Caspian pipeline consortium.

In 2012, before buying Rosneft, Trumpet client became TNK-BP. Now in Russia Trumpet receives only oil produced by Rosneft and its subsidiaries - Orenburgneft and Rosneft Dagneft, and supplies it to Italy, Spain, France, the Netherlands and Turkey.

18. Extap

Year of Education: 1997

Headquarters: Singapore

CEO: Matthew Aguilar

Owner

Amount contracts: $ 0.9 billion

Volume of procurement: 2.8 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $44,7

Partners in Russia: Exxon Neftegas.

Purchase points: Port de Castries

Extap - Exxon Mobil Asia Pacific division, in Russia purchases oil in the Far East. Exxon Mobil belongs to 30% of the Schalin-1 PPP project shares, and its subsidiary Exxon Neftegas manages this project.

Other participants in the consortium on its development - Rosneft (20%), ONGC (20%) and Sodeco (30%). The volume of extracted reserves Sakhalin-1 is estimated at 2.3 billion barrels of oil (307 million tons) and 485 billion cubic meters of natural gas. Oil extracted there, Extap supplies in Korea, Japan and Thailand.

Year of Education: 1909

Headquarters: London, Great Britain

CEO: Robert Warren Dudley

Owners: 95% of shares in free circulation

Amount contracts: $ 0.8 billion

Volume of procurement: 2.6 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $43,4

Partners in Russia: Surgutneftegaz, Gazprom Neft

Purchase points: Ports Rotterdam (Netherlands), Primorsk, Ust-Luga, Kozmino

British Petroleum is one of the largest shareholders of Rosneft, but two of its divisions - BP Singapore and BP Oil International - buy oil from Surgutneftegaz and Gazprom Oil and supply it to China and Korea (BP Singapore) and ITALY , Netherlands and Finland (BP Oil International).

In 2015, these two companies purchased 1.7 million tons of oil for $ 650 million in Russia, in 2016 deliveries from Russia to their address increased. BP hopes to buy gas from Rosneft and supply it to Europe, but while the monopoly for the export of Russian gas is enshrined behind Gazprom.

Year of Education: 2003

Headquarters: Gdansk, Poland

CEO: Martzin Yastzhebsky

Owner: Poland's Robe

Amount contracts: $ 0.8 billion

Volume of procurement: 2.9 million tons

The cost of one barrel: $38,2

Partners in Russia: "Rosneft"

Purchase points: Point of rental of oil Adamova Zavada (Poland)

Poland receives the main volume of oil from Russia through the "Friendship" pipeline. State company Grupa Lotos - long-time buyer of Russian oil. At the beginning of 2016, Rosneft and Lotos agreed to extend the supply contract to Poland until December 31, 2017.

The document implies an increase in supply to 300,000 tons of oil, to 2.7 million tons per year. But, like Belarusian enterprises, Grupa Lotos began trial purchases of Iranian oil. The first parties arrived from Iran in Gdansk in the summer of 2016.

In 2015, the exports of oil from Russia amounted to 244 million tons in the amount of $ 89.6 billion. In the far abroad, 94% of the cost volume was directed to the CIS countries - 6%.

Russian Urals oil in the coming years can replenish the basket that form a Brent's reference mixture.

Such a step can be made in connection with the need to smooth out sharp price fluctuations caused by an unexpected reduction in physical production according to one of the varieties included in the Brent oil basket.

And as Reuters writes, the initiator of the beginning of consultation as part of the independent commission of experts on this issue can be the vice-president of the British-Dutch-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell.

The extraction of the most reference variety of Brent, which is conducted at the same name at the Northern Sea shelf since 1976, began a fall in the 80s of the last century. Then it was decided to move from one variety, to a basket of various mixtures traded under the Brent brand.

At different times, its composition includes varieties: forties, oseberg and ekofisk, similar in quality and chemical composition with a variety of the same name.

From January 1, 2018, Platts's price agency is going to include in this benchmark Northworgic oil of the Norwegian Troll field of Statoil, which will increase by 20% the volumes of the Brent's grade market traded.

This decision after numerous consultations received support from market participants and will help keep the grade over the next decade.

The inclusion of Russian oil Urals is possible at the expense of fairly similar characteristics. According to Mike Muller, this is confirmed by the active processing of Urals on European refinery, which are "sharpened" under the varieties of oil included in the standard.

At the same time, the Vice-President Shell noted that the reforms that should provide a "steadily functioning market," may not take months, and the years.

In case of adoption of such a decision, the spread between the Russian Urals and the standard is inevitably narrowed. Will this mean the rise in price of the Russian variety of oil? Is not a fact. If add dirty in a bucket with clean water, then clean water will become dirtier, but the dirty - it will not become cleaner.

In the matter of the oil basket there is a similar principle, in this case there will be a brent.

On the other hand, Urals will become more in demand, due to the inclusion in the extensively trading on the stock exchange and part of the spread can be reduced due to its rise.

Recall that oil brand Urals is obtained from a mixture of hydrocarbons of the Volga region, Urals, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts.

According to the Russian Ministry of Finance, for the first quarter of 2017, the cost of Urals increased by more than 1.5 times compared to the same period of 2016.

Now the Urals is trading with a 5% discount compared to Brent, but in the medium term, according to some anaitics, prices for these brands can be equal.

According to expert forecasts, by the end of 2017, URALS oil can reach $ 54-55 for the barrel, provided the price of Brent at $ 55-56 per barrel.

Main countries and sectors of economics - oil users

Mainly oil mined in the Middle East is exported to the United States, Asia and Europe. The main importer (and at the same time by the consumer) of oil is the United States (see chart 5 and 6). The Asian countries are followed by them - rapidly developing China and India, as well as powerful economies of the poor in Japan and South Korea. In the second half dozens of the largest importing countries, European countries are located. Thus, the countries mentioned above account for about 70% of the global imports of crude oil.

According to OPEC forecasts and BP, oil consumption in China by 2030 may increase by 8-8.5 million barrels per day, and the country will overtake the United States, becoming the largest world consumer of this raw material. Basically, the increase in demand will provide transport and industry (mainly the petrochemical industry).

In general, in the global economy, an increase in oil consumption will not be as soon as a rapid pace as in China. In OECD countries (organization of economic cooperation and development), the structure of energy demand will be shifted towards gas and renewable energy sources (including biofuels), and the share of oil will be reduced in all sectors of the economy.

Chart 5. Ten largest oil consumer countries (million barrels per day)

Chart 6. The largest oil importing countries in 2010

Ability to quickly replace oil alternative in the main sectors of consumption

The substitution of hydrocarbons with alternative energy sources is the need caused by policies to reduce harmful emissions, exhausted natural resources and the issue of diversifying the energy base of states. The obligations of the Government of the world's leading countries adopted at the UN Conference held in December 2009 in Copenhagen, and the meeting of the Golly Twenty countries in September 2009 in Pittsburgh, aimed at reducing the number of emissions at least 50% by 2050, limiting the increase in global temperature Up to two degrees above the level of the pre-industrial period (the so-called scenario 450) and the refusal to subsidize the extraction and use of fossil energy sources. However, according to BP forecasts, OECD countries will be able to reduce their own carbon emissions by 2030 by only 10% compared with the current level. Despite all measures of the governments of non-OECD countries, a strong increase in energy consumption (especially coal) by their economies will lead to an increase in emissions in these countries by 2030 by one and a half times. In general, positive trends to limit the influence of the global energy complex on the global climate are present, but they are clearly insufficient to implement the 450 scenario.

The tightening of policies aimed at reducing the "carbon stuffiness" of the economy is also associated with the need to diversify the fuel balance of countries. According to BP forecasts, the shares of the three main fossil energy sources (coal, oil and gas) will be closer and by 2030 will be 26-27%, and non-illegible sources (NPP, HPP and renewable, including biofuels) will take about 7% each. Thus, gas and renewable energy resources will gradually displace oil (as well as coal) from the electric power industry, and biofuels, hydrogen and electricity will find their use as a driving force for transport. However, oil will definitely not lose its relevance in such a branch of the economy as petrochemistry, being essentially the only source of raw materials for her.

Do not forget the fact that sharp fundamental changes in the global fuel balance are hardly possible. And it's not so much in a new environmental paradigm, the problems of non-renewability of fossil natural resources or the uniqueness of the physicochemical properties of a type of fuel, but in the high capital intensity and considerable time spent in all investment projects related to the development of energy (including oil) industries . And here, an assessment of economic efficiency (payback) of projects, the magnitude of the costs of future production and, as a result, the issue of pricing, as the cornerstone in the relationship of suppliers and consumers of energy resources. As we can make sure that the oil prices have long been not focused on classical market relations and move according to their own laws.

Gas production almost does not grow

Global natural gas production last year has grown only at 21 billion cubic meters. m, or 0.3%. If you exclude 2009, when production fell directly after the global financial crisis, it will be the weakest growth of the sector for 34 years. It is mainly due to the fact that in 2016, gas production in the United States decreased - for the first time since the beginning of the "Revolution of Shale Gas" in the mid-2000s. Gas prices in the United States (Gas Hub Hub Henry) decreased in 2016 by 5%, prices for Asian and European gas markets fell by 20-30%.

In the liquefied natural gas market (LNG), China remains the largest source of import consumption, but a remarkable feature of 2016 has been entry into the market or expansion of new buyers, such as Egypt, Pakistan, Poland, Jordan, Jamaica, Colombia, Lithuania. A particularly interesting picture is addressed in the European market, in which the natural direction is seen for the supply of LNG.

Despite this, in 2016, the advantage was clearly on the side of pipeline gas from Russia, which put 166.1 billion cubic meters to Europe. m (this is 40% of the pan-European gas import). "Economic motives in this struggle of competing supplies are obvious: just as it was with an OPEC response to the climbing of American shale oil, Russia has strong motivation to fight for keeping their market share in the face of growing competition from LNG," writes BP.

Coal consumption falls

In 2016, the share of coal in the global consumption of primary energy decreased to a minimum since 2004 (28.1%). The country, the UK (-52.5%), which has fallen to the level of industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries, has become a record holder to reduce coal consumption. In April 2017, the British electric power industry recorded the first "day without coal". At the same time, in general, the reduction in consumption was provided primarily at the expense of the United States (-8.8%) and China (-1.6%). In Russia, coal consumption fell by 5.5% against the background of the growth of hydroelectroelectric production (+ 9.5%).

The global coal mining decreased by 6.2% (231 million tons of oil equivalent) - the maximum fall in the entire history of observations. In China, the indicator also decreased by a record 7.9%, or 140 million so-called., In the United States - collapsed by 19%, or 85 million so-called. In Russia, coal mining, on the contrary, has grown by 3.1% with an average of 3.2% in the last ten years.

China stimulates the growth of renewable sources

The fastest growing source of energy in 2016 renewable energy sources (renewable). Currently, there is a little less than 3.2% of the global consumption of primary energy. Excluding hydropower, the consumption of RES increased by 12%, demonstrating the largest increase in the year for all the time of observations (+53 million so-called). More than half of the growth of this sector provided wind power engineering (+ 16% per year). Solar energy production has grown by 30%. And although there are only 18% of the production of renewable on solar energy, it provided almost a third of the overall growth of renewable energy sources.

The largest country is the manufacturer of the RES used in the electric power industry, China bypassing the United States. The Asia-Pacific region bypassed Europe and Eurasia according to this indicator.

Russia reduces the consumption of primary energy

The global primary energy consumption in 2016 increased by only 1%, which corresponds to the level of the previous two years. Most of the increase was provided by two rapidly developing economies - India (+ 5.4%) and China (+ 1.3%). The average increase in energy demand in 2015 and 2016 was the lowest for any biennium since 1997-1998. Despite the slowdown in the growth rate of energy demand, China 16th year in a row ensured the world's largest increase in the consumption of primary energy. The growth in demand in the developed countries of the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) has practically remained at the same level, an increase of only 0.2%.

In Russia last year, the intake of primary energy decreased by 1.4%, which did not prevent it from staying in the fourth place for the consumption of energy resources (after China, USA and India) from 5.1%.

Oil consumption in Russia resumed growth (+ 2.1%), despite the continued decline in the economy. The gas remained the main fuel type, providing 52% of the primary consumption of energy in Russia. Coal consumption fell 5.5% mainly due to the growth of hydroelectric energy production (+ 9.5%). On oil and coal there were 22 and 13% of the consumption of primary energy carriers, respectively. The production of primary resources in the country has increased by 1.8% per year.

Oil production has grown by 2.2% (above the average for ten years 1.4%). A similar situation was noted in gas production (+ 0.5%; -0.1%) and hydroelectric energy production (+ 9.5%; -0.3%). Coal mining grew by 3.1% (3.2% on average for ten years). Russia accounted for 12.2% of global oil production, 16.2% of gas and 5.2% coal. Russia retained the position of the world's largest exporter of oil and gas. In 2016, Russia exported 77% of oil produced, 33% - gas and 55% - coal.

The increase in electricity production at the NPPs was below averages for ten years (+ 0.3%; + 2.8%), and from renewable sources - higher (+ 6.9%; + 4.0%). The share of renewable energy consumption of primary energy is only 0.02%.