The main periods of development of primitive art. Northern primitive art

Primitive society (also prehistoric society) - a period in the history of mankind until the invention of writing, after which the possibility of historical studies based on the study of written sources appears. The term prehistoric was used in the XIX century. In a broad sense, the word "prehistoric" applies to any period until the invention of writing, starting from the moment of the emergence of the Universe (about 14 billion years ago), but in a narrow - only to the prehistoric past of man. Usually, in the context, they give indications exactly which "prehistoric" period is discussed, for example, "prehistoric monkeys of Miocene" (23-5.5 million years ago) or "Homo Sapiens of the Middle Paleolithic" (300-30 thousand years ago). Since, by definition, there are no written sources about this period left by its contemporaries, information about it is obtained by relying on the data of such sciences, as archeology, ethnology, paleontology, biology, geology, anthropology, archeoosatronomy, Palinology.

Since writing appeared from different peoples at different times, to many cultures, the term prehistoric or does not apply, or its meaning and temporary boundaries do not coincide with humanity as a whole. In particular, the Periodization of Decolumbovic America does not coincide in stages with Eurasia and Africa (see Mesoia American Chronology, Chronology of North America, Precolumbov Chronology Peru). As sources of prehistoric times of cultures, until the last time deprived of writing, may be oral legends transmitted from generation to generation.

Since data on prehistoric times rarely concern personalities and do not even always say anything about ethnic groups, the main social unit of the prehistoric era of humanity is archaeological culture. All terms and periodization of this era, such as non-identity or iron events, are retrospective and largely conditional, and their exact definition is the subject of discussion.

Primitive art - The art of the era of primitive society. Arriving in late Paleolithic about 33 thousand years before. er, it reflected the views, conditions and lifestyle of primitive hunters (primitive dwellings, cave images of animals, women's figurines). Experts believe that genres of primitive art arose about such a sequence: a stone sculpture; rock painting; clay dishes. The farmers and cattle breeders of Neolithic and Eneolyt appeared community settlements, megalites, pile buildings; Images began to transmit distracted concepts, the art of the ornament developed.

The true occurrence of art anthropologists are associated with the advent of Homo Sapiens, which is otherwise called the Cromanon man. Cryanonians (so called these people at the place of the first find of their remains - the grota of Cro-Manon in the south of France), which emerged from 40 to 35 thousand years ago, were high-growth people (1.70-1,80 m), slender, strong physique. They had an elongated narrow skull and distinct, slightly pointed chin, which attached the bottom of the face a triangular shape. Almost in all, they resembled a modern man and became famous as excellent hunters. They had a well developed speech, so they could coordinate their actions. They made masterfully produced all sorts of guns for various occasions: sharp tips for copies, stone knives, bone harpunas with teeth, excellent cut, axes, etc.

From the generation to the generation, the technique of making tools and some of its secrets were transmitted (for example, the fact that a stone, hot on fire, after cooling is easier to handle). Excavations in places of parking people of the Upper Paleolithic testify to the development of primitive hunting beliefs and witchcraft. From clay, they laid the figures of wild animals and pierced them with darts, imagining that they kill real predators. Hundreds of carved or drawn animal images they also left on the walls and varnish caves. Archaeologists have proven that art monuments appeared immeasurably later than the tools of labor - almost a million years.

In deep antiquity for art, a person used fir feed materials - stone, wood, bone. Much later, namely, in the era of agriculture, he discovered the first artificial material - refractory clay - and began to actively apply it for the manufacture of dishes and sculptures. Stray hunters and collectors used wicker baskets - they are more convenient in carrying. Clay utensils are a sign of constant agricultural settlements.

The first works of primitive visual art belong to Orignacious culture (late Paleolithic), named by the cave Orignac (France). From this time, women's female figures and bones have been widely spread. If the beserving of the cave painting came about 10-15 thousand years ago, the art of miniature sculpture reached a high level much earlier - about 25 thousand years. This era includes the so-called "Venus" - women figurines with a height of 10-15 cm, usually emphasized massive forms. Similar "Venus" found in France, Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic, Russia and in many other areas of the world. Perhaps they symbolized fertility or were associated with the cult of female mother: Kromanonians lived according to the laws of the matriarchate, and it was precisely on the women's line that it was identified to the family that he read his ancestor. Female sculptures Scientists consider the first anthropomorphic, i.e., human-like images.

Both in painting, and in sculpture, primitive man often portrayed animals. The propensity of primitive person to portray animals is called zoological or animal style in art, and for their miniature, small figures and images of the beasts received the name of plastic small forms. The animal style is the conditional name common in the art of antiquity of stylized images of animals (or their parts). The animal style appeared in the Bronze Age, was developed in the Iron Age and in the art of earlyclass states; The traditions are preserved in medieval art, in folk art. Initially associated with totemism, the images of the sacred beast eventually turned into a conditional motive of the ornament.

Primitive painting was a two-dimensional image of an object, and the sculpture is three-dimensional or volumetric. Thus, primitive creators have mastered all the dimensions existing in contemporary art, but did not owe it to the main achievement - technique of transmission of volume on the plane (by the way, it was not owned by the ancient Egyptians and the Greeks, medieval Europeans, the Chinese, Arabs and many other peoples, since The opening of the reverse perspective occurred only in the Renaissance Epoch).

In some caves, the bas-reliefs are detected in the rock, as well as separately standing marriage of animals. There are small figurines that have been cut out of soft stone, bones, mammoth tales. The main character of Paleolithic art is Bizon. In addition to them, a variety of images of wild tours, mammoths and rhinos have been found.

Frame drawings and painting are diverse in manner of execution. The mutual proportions of the pictured animals (mountain goat, lion, mammoths and bison) were usually not observed - a huge tour could be depicted next to a tiny horse. Failure to comply with the proportions did not allow the primitive artist to subjugate the composition of the prospects of the prospects (the latter, by the way, was opened very late - in the XVI century). Movement in cave painting is transmitted through the position of the legs (crossed legs, for example, portrayed the animal of a rag), the tilt of the body or turn a head. There are almost no fixed figures.

Archaeologists have not found landscape drawings in the ancient age. Why? Maybe this once again proves the primacy of the religious and the secondary of the aesthetic function of culture. Animals were afraid and worshiped them, trees and plants just admired.

And zoological, and anthropomorphic images assumed their ritual application. In other words, they performed a cult function. Thus, religion (reverence of those who portrayed primitive people) and art (aesthetic form of what was portrayed) arose almost simultaneously. Although for some considerations it can be assumed that the first form of reflection of reality originated earlier than the second.

Since the images of animals had a magical purpose, the process of creating their creation was a kind of rite, so such drawings are mostly covered deep in the cave depths, in underground moves of several hundred meters long, and the height of the arch often does not exceed the half-meter. In such places, the Cromanon artist should have worked lying on his back at the light of the plates with burning animals with fat. However, more often, the rock paintings are located in the available places, at an altitude of 1.5-2 meters. They are found both on the ceilings of the caves and on the vertical walls.

The first finds are made in the XIX century in the caves of the Pyrenees Mountains. There are more than 7 thousand karst caves in the area. In hundreds of them found rock painted images created by paint or scratched stone. Some caves are unique underground galleries (the cave of Altamira in Spain is called "Sicastine Chapel" of primitive art), the artistic advantages of which are attracted by many scientists and tourists. The rock paintings of the ancient century are called wall painting or cave painting.

The art gallery of Altamira stretches more than 280 meters long and consists of a variety of spacious rooms. The stone instruments and deer horns found there, like curly images, on bone fragments, were created in the period from 13,000 to 10000 years. BC e. According to the archaeologists, the set of the cave collapsed at the beginning of the new Stone Age. In the most unique part of the cave - "Animal Hall" - found images of bison, bulls, deer, wild horses and boars. Some reaches a height of 2.2 meters to consider them in more detail, have to go to the floor. Most figures are painted brown. Artists skillfully used natural embossed protrusions on the rock surface, which strengthened the plastic effect effect. Along with drawn and engraved in the rock, the animals are here and such drawings that are remotely reminded by the human body.

Periodization

Now science changes his opinion on the age of land and the time frame is changing, but we will study on the generally accepted names of periods.

1. Stone Age

• Wooden age - Paleolithic. ... up to 10 thousand BC.
• Middle Age - Mesolithic. 10 - 6 thousand BC.
• The new eyelid age is not. From 6 - 2 thousand BC.

The era of bronze. 2 thousand BC.

Epoch of iron. 1 thousand BC.

Paleolith

The tools of labor was made of stone; Hence the name of the era - the Stone Age.

1. Ancient or lower Paleolithic. Up to 150 thousand BC.
2. Medium Paleolithic. 150 - 35 thousand BC.
3. Upper or late Paleolithic. 35 - 10 thousand BC.

• Orignak Soltenian period. 35 - 20 thousand BC.
• Madelen period. 20 - 10 thousand BC. This name is the period from the name of the Cave of La Madeleine, where paintings related to this time were found.

The earliest works of primitive art belong to the late Paleolithic. 35 - 10 thousand BC.

Scientists are inclined to the fact that naturalistic art and the image of schematic signs and geometric figures have arisen at the same time.

The first pictures of the time of Paleolithic (ancient stone age, 35-10 thousand BC) were found at the end of the 19th century. Spanish archaeologist-amateur graph Minelyn de Sautola, three kilometers from his generic estate, in the cave of Altamira.

It happened like this: "The archaeologist decided to examine one cave in Spain and took his little daughter with him. Suddenly she screamed: "Bulls, bulls!" Father laughed, but when he raised his head, he saw a huge cave-painted cave, written by the paints of the bison figures. Some of the bison were depicted on the spot, others riding with inclined horns on the enemy. At first, scientists did not believe that primitive people could create such works of art. Only 20 years later, numerous works of primitive art were discovered in other places and the authenticity of cave painting was recognized. "

Paleolith painting

Cave Altamira. Spain.

Late Paleolithic (era Madeleine 20 - 10 thousand years old BC).
At the arch of the cavecam, Altamira shows a whole herd of large, closely located to each other of Bizonov.

Wonderful polychry images contain black and all shades of ocher, juicy paints imposed somewhere tightly and monophonic, and somewhere with halftones and transitions from one color to another. A thick colorful layer is up to several cm. A total of 23 figures are depicted on the arch, if you do not take into account those from which only contours are preserved.

Image in Altamira Cave

Illuminated the caves with lamps and played the memory. Not primitivism, but the highest degree of stylization. When opening the cave believed that this imitation of hunting was the magical meaning of the image. But today there are versions that the goal was art. The beast was needed by a person, but he was terrible and difficult.

Beautiful brown shades. Tense stop of the beast. Used natural relief stone, depicted on the bulge of the wall.

Cave background de gom. France

Late Palaeolithic.

Silhouette images are characterized, intentional distortion, exaggeration of proportions. On the walls and vaults of small cave rooms, the background-de-gom are inflicted at least about 80 drawings, mainly bison, two indisputable figures of mammoths and even the wolf.

Pashed deer. Background de gom. France. Late Palaeolithic.
Image of horns in perspective. Deer at this time (the end of the Madeleine era) crowded other animals.

Fragment. Buffalo. Background de gom. France. Late Palaeolithic.
Stressed hump and crest on the head. Overlapping one image to another - polypsist. Detailed study. Decorative tail solution.

Cave lacco

It happened that it was the children who are completely inappropriate, found the most interesting cave paintings in Europe:
"In September 1940, near the town of Montignac, in the south-west of France, four schoolchildren of senior classes went to the archaeological expedition conceived by them. On the spot for a long time pulled with the root of a tree in the ground, the hole gaped, caused their curiosity. There were rumors that is the entrance to the dungeon leading to the next medieval castle.
Inside there was a hole smaller sizes. One of the guys threw a stone into it and the noise of the fall concluded that the depth is decent. He expanded the hole, crawled inside, almost fell, lit a flashlight, painted and called others. From the walls of the cave, in which they found themselves, they looked at them some huge animals breathing such a confident force, sometimes seemed ready to move into the rage that they became terribly. And at the same time, the strength of these animal images was so majestic and convincing that they were implanted, as if they were in some kind of magical kingdom. "

Late Paleolithic (Epoch Madeleine, 18 - 15 thousand ld n.e.).
Call the primitive Sicastine Chapel. Consists of several large rooms: Rotunda; Main gallery; pass; apse.

Colorful images on lime white cave surface. The proportions are strongly exaggerated: large necks and stomits. Contour and silhouette drawings. Clear images without layers. A large number of male and female signs (rectangle and many points).

Cape Cave

Cave Cave - south. M Urals, on r. White. Formed in limestone and dolomites. Corridors and grotes are located two floors. Total length over 2 km. On the walls - LatePalolithic picturesque images of mammoths, rhinos.

The numbers in the diagram are indicated by the places where the images were found: 1 - Wolf, 2 - Cave Bear, 3 - Lion, 4 - Horses.

Sculpture of Paleolita

Art of small forms or mobile art (small plastic)

An integral part of the art of the Paleolithic era is the objects that are called "small plastic". These are three types of objects:

1. Figurines and other bulk products, cut from soft stone or from other materials (horn, mammoth tumper).
2. Flared items with engraving and painting.
3. Reliefs in caves, grottoes and under natural canopies.

The relief was knocked out in a deep contour or shoved the background around the image.

Deer swimming river.
Fragment. Bone thread. LORA. Department Upper Pyrenees, France. Upper Paleolithic, Madelene period.

One of the first finds, called small plastic, was a bone plate of Grotch Shaffo with images of two lanes or a deer:. Sweet, swimming river. LORA. France

Everyone knows the wonderful French writer Prosper Merim, the author of the fascinating novel "Chronicle of the reign of Charles IX", "Carmen" and other romantic novels, but few people know that he served as inspector for the protection of historical monuments. It was he who referred in 1833. This record in only the historical museum is organized in the center of Paris. Now it is kept in the Museum of National Antiquities (Saint-Germain An Le).

Later in the Grotty Schaffo was discovered by the cultural layer of the era of the Upper Paleolithic. But then, just as it was with the painting of the cave of Altamira, and with other pictorial monuments of the paleolithic era, no one could believe that this is the art of ancient Egyptian. Therefore, such engraving was considered samples of Celtic art (V-IV centuries to R.Kh.). Only at the end of the XIX century, again, as well as cave painting, they were recognized as the oldest after they were found in the Paleolithic cultural layer.

Very interesting figurines of women. Most of these figures of small sizes: from 4 to 17 cm. It was made from a stone or a mammoth taper. Their most noticeable distinctive feature is exaggerated "Horicity", they depict women with cargo figures.

Venus with a cup. France
"Venus with the Cup". Bas-relief. France. Upper (late) Paleolithic.
The goddess of the ice period. Canon image - the figure is inscribed in the rhombus, and the stomach and chest - in the circle.

Almost everyone who studied Paleolithic female figurines, with those or other differences in detail, explain them as religious objects, amulets, idols, etc., reflecting the idea of \u200b\u200bmotherhood and fertility.

In Siberia, a whole series of peculiar statuettes was found in Baikalia. Along with the same, as in Europe, the high figures of nude women, there are figurines of slender, elongated proportions and, unlike European, they are depicted in deaf, most likely fur clothing similar to "overalls".

These finds in the parking lots to be built on R. Yangar and Malta.

Mesolithic

(Middle Age) 10 - 6 thousand BC

After the melting of glaciers disappeared the usual fauna. Nature becomes more pliable for humans. People become nomads. With a change in lifestyle, a person's opinion on the world becomes wider. It is not interested in a separate beast or a random find of cereals, but the active activity of people, thanks to which they find whole herds of animals, and fields or forests rich in fruits. So in the Mesolithic the art of a multi-infant composition, in which no longer a beast, and a person plays a dominant role.

Change in art:

• the main heroes of the image becomes not a separate beast, but people in any action.
• The task is not in the plausible, accurate image of individual figures, and in the transmission of action, movement.
• Frequently depicted multifiguric hunting, honey collection scenes appear, religious dances.
• The character of the image is changing - instead of realistic and polychrome it becomes schematic and silhouette.
• Local colors are used - red or black.

Collector of honey from a hive, surrounded by ROOM. Spain. Mesolithic.

Almost everywhere, where planar or volumetric images of the Upper Paleolithic era were found, in the artistic activities of people of the subsequent era, mesolite as if a pause occurs. Maybe this period is still poorly studied, maybe images made not in the caves, but outdoors, flushed with rains and snow with time. Maybe among petroglyphs, which are very difficult to refer to exactly, there are relating time, but we still do not know how to recognize them. It is significant that the objects of small plastics in the excavations of mesolitic settlements are extremely rare.

Of the monuments of the Mesolitis, you can call literally units: stone grave in Ukraine, a kobistan in Azerbaijan, Zaba Sai in Uzbekistan, Shakhty in Tajikistan and Bhimpture in India.

In addition to rock painting, petroglyphs appear in the era of mesolitis. Petroglyphs are embarked, cut or scratched rock paintings. When carving the drawing, the ancient artists knocked into an acute tool upper, darker part of rock, and therefore images are noticeably stand out against the cliff background.

In the south of Ukraine, there is a rocky hill from the sandstone rocks in the steppe. As a result of strong weathelation on its slopes, several grots and canopies were formed. In these grumps and on other planes of the hill for a long time, numerous carved and scratched images are known. In most cases, they are read with difficulty. Sometimes animal images are guessed - bulls, goats. These images of bullies scientists belong to the era of mesolithic.

Stone grave. South of Ukraine. General view and petroglyphs. Mesolithic.

South Baku between the southeastern slope of the Big Caucasus Range and the Kaspian coast of the Caspian Sea is a small plain Gobustan (country of ravines) with elevations in the form of cafe and limestone and other sedimentary rocks. On the rocks of these mountains there are many high-time petroglyphs. Most of them were open in 1939. The greatest interest and fame got large (more than 1 m) images of female and male figures made by deep carved lines.
Many animal images: bulls, predators and even reptiles and insects.

Kobistan (Gobustan). Azerbaijan (territory of the USSR). Mesolithic.

Grotto Broa-Kamar

In the mountains of Uzbekistan, at an altitude of about 2000 m above sea level, there is widely known not only among archaeologists professionals. Monument - Grotto Broat-Kamamar. Painted images were opened in 1939 by the local hunter IF Lamaev.

The painting in the grotto is made by the ocher of different shades (from red-brown to a shuttle) and represents four groups of images in which anthropomorphic figures and bulls are involved.
Here is a group in which most researchers sees a hunt for a bull. Among the anthropomorphic figures surrounding the bull, i.e. "Hunters" are distinguished by two types: Figures in expanding clothes, without onions and "tailed" figures raised and stretched onions. This scene can be interpreted as a real hunt for disguised hunters, and as a certain myth.

Painting in the grotto mines are probably the most ancient in Central Asia.
"What does the word mine mean," V.A. Ranov writes, "I don't know." Perhaps it comes from the Pamir's word "mines", which means the rock. "

In the northern part of Central India along the river valleys, huge rocks are drawn with many caves, grottoes and canopies. In these natural shelters, a lot of creme images have been preserved. Among them is the location of Bhimbet (Bhimptpet). Apparently these picturesque images belong to the mesolith. True, one should not forget about unevenness in the development of cultures of different regions. Mesolithic India may be 2-3 thousand years old than in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Hunting scene. Spain.
Some scenes of corrupt hunts with archers in the paintings of the Spanish and African cycles - as if the embodiment of the movement itself, brought to the limit concentrated in a stormy vortex.

Neolithic

(New eyelid) from 6 to 2 thousand BC

Neolithic is the new eyelid, the last stage of the Stone Age.

Introduction to the Neolithic is timed to the transition of a culture from the assigning (hunters and collectors) to producing (agriculture and / or cattle breeding) type of farming. This transition is called the Neolithic Revolution. The end of the neolithic dates back to the occurrence of metal tools and weapons, that is, the beginning of the copper, bronze or iron century.

Different cultures have entered this period of development at different times. About 9.5 thousand liters began in the Middle East. BC e. In Denmark, the neatite is dated 18 V. BC, but at the indigenous population of New Zealand - Maori - Neolithic existed in 18 V. N.E.: Before the arrival of Europeans, Maori used polished stone axes. Some people of America and Oceania have not yet fully switched from the stone century to the Iron.

Neolithic, like other periods of the primitive era, is not a certain chronological period in the history of mankind in general, and characterizes only the cultural features of certain peoples.

Achievements and classes

1. New features of public life people:
- Transition from the matriarchate to Patriarchate.
- At the end of the era in some places (front asia, Egypt, India) there was a new formation of class society, that is, social bundle began, the transition from the generic and communal system to the class society.
- At this time, the city begin to build. One of the most ancient cities is Jericho.
- Some cities were well fortified, which speaks of the existence at the time of organized wars.
- Army and professional warriors began to appear.
- It is possible to say that the beginning of the formation of ancient civilizations is associated with the era of neolith.

2. The division of labor began, the formation of technologies:
- The main thing is simple gathering and hunting as basic sources of food are gradually replaced by agriculture and cattle breeding.
Neolith called the "century of polished stone." In this era, stone tools were not simply drunk, but already buried, polished, drilled, they were dragging.
- The most important tools in Neolithic includes an ax, previously unknown.
- Spinning and weaving develop.

Images of animals begin to appear in the design of home utensils.

The ax in the shape of a leggy head. Polished stone. Neolithic. Historical Museum. Stockholm.

Wooden bucket from Gorboonovsky peatman near Nizhny Tagil. Neolithic. GIm

For Neolithic Forest Zone, fishing becomes one of the leading types of farms. Active fisheries contributed to the creation of certain reserves, which, in combination with the hunt for the beast, made it possible to live in one place all year round. The transition to a settled lifestyle led to the appearance of ceramics. The appearance of ceramics is one of the main signs of the Neolithic Epo.

The village of Chatal-Guyuk (East Turkey) is one of the places where the most ancient patterns of ceramics were found.

Ceramics Chatal-Guyka. Neolithic.

Women's ceramic figures

Monuments of neolithic painting and petroglyphs are extremely numerous and scattered in vast territories.
The accumulations of them are almost everywhere in Africa, East Spain, on the territory of the former USSR - in Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, on the Lake Onega, the White Sea and in Siberia.
Skatal painting Neolithic is similar to the mesolitical, but the plot becomes more diverse.

Throughout about three hundred years, the attention of scientists challenged the rock, known as the "Tomsk Scripture". "Scribes" called images drawn mineral paint or carved on a smooth wall surface in Siberia. Back in 1675, one of the brave Russian travelers, whose name, unfortunately, remained unknown, recorded:

"Not dosed by Ostroga (Verkhovsky Ostrog) on \u200b\u200bthe edge of Tomi lies the stone is great and high, and the beasts, and cattle, and birds, and all sorts of similarity are written on it ..."

A real scientific interest in this monument arose already in the XVIII century, when, according to Peter I, an expedition was sent to Siberia to study its history and geography. The results of the expedition became published in Europe by Swedish Captain Straighherberg, who participated on the trip, the first images of Tomsk Scripture. These images were not an accurate copy of the Tomsk writer, and only the most common outlines of the rocks and placement on it drawings, but their value is that they can see pictures that have not survived to this day.

Images of Tomsk Pisani, performed by a Swedish boy K. Shaulman, who traveled with Stallenberg in Siberia.

For hunters, the main source of existence was deer and moose. Gradually, these animals began to acquire mythical traits - the "master of the taiga" on a par with a bear.
The image of the moose belongs to Tomsk Scripture the main role: the figures are repeated many times.
The proportions and shapes of the animal body are absolutely transmitted: its long massive body, hump on the back, a heavy big head, a characteristic ledge on the forehead, swollen upper lip, convex nostrils, thin legs with forked hooves.
In some drawings on the neck and body, the moose shows transverse stripes.

Moose. Tomsk Scripture. Siberia. Neolithic.

... on the border between the sugar and the Fetzan, on the territory of Algeria, in the mountainous terrain, called Tassili Agere, will come out by rows of naked rocks. Now, this land is drained by the wind of the desert, buried the sun and almost nothing grows in it. However, earlier in Sugar Zeleren Luga ...

Eascar blind painting Bushmen. Neolithic.

- sharpness and accuracy of drawing, grace and elegance.
- Harmonic combination of forms and tones, the beauty of people and animals depicted with good knowledge of anatomy.
- Stripping gestures, movements.

The small plastic of neolithic acquires, as well as painting, new plots.

"A man playing lute." Marble (from Keros, Cyclades, Greece). Neolithic. National Archaeological Museum. Athens.

Schematism inherent in painting neolithic, which changed Paleolithic realism, penetrated into fine plastic.

Sketchy image of a woman. Cave relief. Neolithic. Croissar Department of Marna. France.

The relief with the symbolic image from Castel Bestcho (Sicily). Limestone. OK. 1800-1400 BC. National Archaeological Museum. Syracuse.

Mesolithic and neolithic rocking painting between them can not always carry out an accurate face. But this art is very different from typical Paleolithic:

- Realistic, exactly fixing the image of the beast as a target, as a cherished goal, is replaced by a wider view of the world, the image of multifigure compositions.
- There is a desire for harmonic generalization, stylization and, most importantly, to the transfer of movement, to the dynamism.
- In Paleolith, there was monumentality and inviolability of the image. Here - the liveliness, free fantasy.
- In the images of a person, a pursuit of grace appears (for example, if you compare Paleolithic "Venus" and a mesolitical image of a woman collecting honey, or neolithic Bushmen dancers).

Small plastic:

- new plots appear.
- greater skill of execution and possession of craft, material.

Achievements

Paleolith
- Nizhny Paleolith
\u003e\u003e Taming of fire, stone guns
- Middle Paleolith
\u003e\u003e Out of Africa
- Upper Paleolith
\u003e\u003e Prachche

Mesolithic
- Microliths, onions, canoe

Neolithic
- Early inholith
\u003e\u003e Agriculture, cattle breeding
- Late inholith
Quoted1 \u003e\u003e Ceramics

Non-state educational institution of higher professional education

"Metropolitan Financial and Humanities Academy

Faculty of Design

Direction of preparation design

ESSAY

by discipline:

"History of culture and art"

subject:

« The origin of primitive art. Evolution of animal image in primitive art "

Performed student 1 course

Forecalev K.A.

vologda, 2010

Introduction

1 Origin of primitive art

2 Animal Image Evolution

Paleolith

Bronze and Stone Age

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The word "art" - initially marked all the skills of a higher and special variety ("art of thinking", "the art of warning war"). In the generally accepted sense, it denotes skill in aesthetic plan, and created by it works - works of art, which differ, on the one hand, from creatures of nature, on the other - from works of science, crafts, technicians. Moreover, the boundaries between these areas of human activity are very fuzzy, since the forces of art also participate in the greatest achievements in these areas.

What can we say about the essence of this word? Art differs from all other activities. Art is an expression of the inner essence of a person in its integrity, which disappears in private sciences and in any other specific activity, where a person sells only one of its side, and not all of himself.

In art, man freely creates a special world, as well as its world nature, that is, it is full. With it, a person can feel like a creator. Creator of something new, beautiful. Work of art as a fingerprint, one and unique. The aesthetic experience of the work of art, as well as its creation, requires the whole person, as it includes both higher cognitive values, and ethical stress, and emotional perception.

There is not a single moment in our inner spiritual life, which could not be caused and activated by art. It is designed to provide a holistic, full-blooded and free perception and recreation of the world, which is possible only under the condition of the combination of cognitive, ethical, aesthetic and all other moments of the Human Spirit.

1 The origin of primitive art

The currently generally accepted archaeological periodization of the main stages of development of primitive society looks like this:

Wheld century or Paleolithic (2.4 million - 10,000 BC. Er)

Middle Age or Mesolithic (10,000-5000 BC.)

Novochemented Age or Neolithic (5000-2000 BC.)

Bronze Age (3500-800 BC.)

Iron Age (approx. 800 BC. E.)

No one can immediately determine the time of art. But the set of data indicates that the art in the era of the appearance of a person is reasonable. The problem of the appearance of art is inextricably linked with the problem of man. As there are several theories of human origin, so there are several theories of origin of art.

The divine theory of origin of art is associated with the theory of the origin of the person set forth in the Bible - "the person was created by God by his image and likeness." It is the spiritual beginning of a person who predetermined the appearance of art.

Large aesthetic and art historian Mikheles Panoyatis so writes about the connection of art with Divine. "There is nature between the man and the deity, the universe, giving a person the simplest images, on the theme of which he reflects - the sun, stars, wild animals and trees - and stimulates the simplest, but strong emotions - fear, confusion, peace. Images and impressions of the outside world are at first an integral part of religious experience. A man, a microcosm, not only opposes the macrocosm, but also associated with it through the Divine. Moreover, the impressions of a person are not deprived of aesthetic nature, and images of nature, feasting a religious imagination, give the master of the model and inspire the artist for self-expression through these models. With the help of art and crafts (which were not at first) a primitive person not only imitates and symbolizes the element, but also conquers it, because it already designs and creates. He not only dominates the spirit of the wild animal, depicting it on the walls of the cave; It creates indoor dwellings, stores water in the vessels, invents the wheel. Microcosm enriched with art and craft, spiritual and technical conquests, boldly looks in the face of Macrocosm. "

The second theory of the occurrence of art is aesthetic. Fold and cave drawings are dated from 40-20 thousand years BC. First images include profile images of animals made in full size. Images of people appear later. During the occurrence of breeding associations, songs and hymns are created: the songs of the landowners who performed on the fields during agricultural work and on holidays after harvesting, the combat anthem of the warriors - Panana, who dared before the start of the battle, wedding hymns - Himenei, burial bales - Orena. At the same time, legends were created about the gods and goddesses, their interventions in the affairs of both individuals and entire tribes. Real historical facts have become legendary details. Wall in one tribe, these legends and legends applied among others, moving from generation to generation.

Thus, with the help of art, a collective experience was accumulated and passed. Primitive art was united, did not share on separate species and was collective.

Along with the above-mentioned theories of art, there is a psychophysiological theory. From the point of view of this version, art was necessary for humanity to preserve themselves and survive (from the point of view of psychology) in this complex world.

Art has acquired their main features in antiquity, but there it does not immediately begin to think as a special type of activity. Up to Plato "Art" was called and the ability to build houses, and ship skills, and healing, and government management, and poetry, and philosophy, and rhetoric. At first, this process of separation of acts of aesthetic activity, that is, art in our understanding, began in specific crafts, and then moved to the region of spiritual activity, where the aesthetic was also not first separated from the utilitarian, ethical and cognitive.

During the primarity, there were special rites associated with art. The artists painted on the walls of the cave scene of a successful hunt, obese herds of livestock. So people seemed to have called good luck, asked good prey from the perfumes on the hunt. People of that time believed in magic: they thought that with the help of paintings and other images you can affect nature. For example, it was believed that it was necessary to hit the arrow or a spear of drawn beast to ensure the success of the real hunt.

2 Animal Image Evolution

Paleolithic.The oldest preserved artworks were created in the primitive era, approximately sixty thousand years ago. At that time, people still did not know the metal and the tools of labor were made of stone; Hence the name of the era - the Stone Age. The people of the Stone Age gave the artistic appearance subjects of everyday use - stone tools and vessels from clay, although there was no practical need.

The exact time of creating cave paintings has not yet been established. The most beautiful of them were created, according to scientists, about twenty - ten thousand years ago. At that time, most of Europe covered a thick layer of ice; Only the southern part of the mainland remained suitable for habitat. The glacier slowly retreated, and after him moved to the north of primitive hunters. It can be assumed that in the most difficult conditions of that time, all the forces of a person went to fight hunger, cold and predatory beasts. Nevertheless, he created great murals. On the walls of the caves, dozens of large animals are depicted, on which they already knew how to hunt; Among them were also those who will be tamed by a person - bulls, horses, northern deer and others. Cave paintings have kept the appearance and such animals, which are later completely extinct: Mammoths and cave bears.

Primitive artists knew animals very well, from which the very existence of people depended. Light and flexible line were transferred to the postures and movements of the beast. Basically used black, red, white, yellow paint. Mineral dyes, mixed with water, animal fat and plants juice, made the color of cave paintings especially bright. But still scientists can not open the mystery of the manufacture of paints.

Often the primitive artist compare with a child or avant-garde: the same neglect of the generally accepted canons and rules, the same abstraction of reality. True, the period of the Upper Paleolithic, except for "primitive pasta" and hand prints, distinguish quite specific, full images in the spirit of the picturesque giants from the Lyasco cave. It is believed that during this period a person has not yet possessed abstract thinking, so the above comparisons are more transparent for mesolite and neolithic.

In the history of cave painting, the Paleolithic era, specialists allocate several periods. In ancient times (approximately from the XXX millennium BC. E.) Primitive artists filled the surface inside the contour of the black or red paint.

Some animal images are so perfect that individual scientists are trying to determine not only the view, but also the subspecies of the animal. Extremely numerous in Paleolithic drawings and horses engravings. To date, a donkey drawing from the Lyaso cave was significantly installed. But the favorite plot of Paleolithic art is bison. Also found numerous images of wild tours, mammoths and rhinos. The image of the reindeer is less common. The unique motifs include fish, snakes, some species of birds and insects, as well as plant motifs.

Later (approximately from the XVIII and XV Millennium BC. Er) Primitive masters began to pay more attention to details: they portrayed parallel strokes, they portrayed wool, learned to use additional colors (various shades of yellow and red paint) to draw spots on the skins skulls, Horses and bison. The contour line also changed: it became brighter, then darker, noting the bright and shadow parts of the figure, the folds of the skin and thick wool (for example, horses, massive bison squeezes), thus transmitting volume. In some cases, the contours or the most expressive details ancient artists emphasized the carved line.

In cave painting, there are rarely forms that could be confidently attributed to the category of ornamental. Signs and symbols close to those decorate mobile objects, in the caves are found everywhere, but they do not have the basic quality of the ornament - the compositional certainty, created by symmetry, rhythmic repetitions, accurate image in the form of a decorated object. An approximate to ornamental form can be stylized reproduction of the object's texture: wool, animal skins, hair, clothes, decorations, tattoos, native images of a person. This group is adjacent in the wall painting stylized forms, denoting the animal suit (horse "in apples" in Pesh Merle, Bizon in Marsula, etc.).

In the XII millennium BC. e. The cave art has reached its heyday. The painting of that time passed the volume, perspective, color and proportion of figures, movement. At the same time, huge pictorial "canvases" were created, which covered the vaults of deep caves.

It happened that it was the children, and completely inappropriate in 1868 found the most interesting cave paintings in Europe. They are in Altamir Caves in Spain and Lyasco in France. Until now, about one and a half hundred caves with paintings have been found in Europe; It can be assumed that there are even more of them, but not everyone has been discovered. The painting of the Lyasco cave was discovered only in 1940. Similar monuments are known and outside Europe - in Asia, in North Africa.

A striking and huge number of these paintings, and their high artisticity. Initially, many experts doubted the authenticity of the cave paintings: it seemed that primitive people could not be so skillful in painting, and the amazing preservation of the paintings was presented to the idea of \u200b\u200bfake.

Almost ten years later, the Spanish archaeologist Mar Celino Southwola, who was engaged in the excavations in this cave, discovered primitive images on its walls and ceiling. Altamira became the first of many dozens of such caves, found later on the territory of France and Spain: La Mut, La Madeleine, Troy Freer,

For a long time it was believed that the art of the Paleolithic era is an extremely European or Eurasian phenomenon and that there were no such monuments on other continents. A. Breill even tried to substantiate this exclusiveness of the proto-european culture. Later, in the 60-70s. It became clear that it was not. In Australia, on the Arnhedral Pennichest and in other places, images of a kangaroo and palm prints were found, the age of which was over 12 thousand years old.

In South Africa, apolo 11 is especially interesting in the grotto 11. Here in 1969, two painted stone tiles in the palm were found in the layer between Mydie and the Upper Paleolithite. One of them was split into two fragments. On one of the black paint tiles, an image of a rhino was applied, on another - some unfortunate animal. Here, in South Africa, in the lion's cave was found the most famous place of the extraction of Osry. Presumably to the Upper Paleolithic include individual ancient paintings of Siberia, South Anatolia and North China, but there are no more accurate datches of these images yet.

The stories of early Paleolithic art can be defined as indivisible, simplest. Then it rises to an "atomic fact" - a complete image. However, the world of Paleolithic hunter is hardly to the end remains the "world of individual things."

Later, single animal figures prevail, but now they also personify the action, movement; Moreover, the transfer of an anatomical structure, proportions and graces of grazing deer, jumping cows, rushing trot or gallop horses amazingly accurately. Attention is no longer riveted to the details, now the emphasis is done on one or another part of the figure, but on the ratio of parts - on their interaction. All frequent (especially in mobile art), pair compositions are becoming more frequent in which the figures are associated with one or another action; Often it is a scene of mating animals. Sometimes in paired compositions depicting a person and an animal, the action becomes a dramatic character.

In the future, cave images have lost their liveliness, compound; Stylization (generalization and schematization of objects) increased. In the last period, realistic images are missing at all. Paleolithic painting, as it were, returned to where it began: a disorderly interlacing lines, dots, obscure schematic signs appeared on the walls of the caves.

Mesolithic.Almost everywhere, where plane or bulk images of the era of the Upper Paleolithic were discovered, in the artistic activities of people of the next epoch as if a pause occurs. Its duration is different in different regions. In steppe and forest-steppe Eurasia, it lasts long, almost 8-9 thousand years old. In areas of more favorable, for example, in the Mediterranean and in the front east, this pause is shorter - 5-6 thousand years. The time between the end of the period of the Upper Paleolithic and the beginning of the New Stone Age (Neolith) is called "Mesolith" (10 - 5 thousand years ago). Maybe this period is still poorly studied, maybe images made not in the caves, but in the open air, with time washed off with rains and snow, maybe among petroglyphs, which are very difficult to accurately donate, there are relevant time, but We still do not know how to recognize them. It is significant that the objects of small plastics in the excavations of mesolitic settlements are extremely rare. By the end of the mesolitis or to the beginning of Neolithic, some monuments with controversial datches include: Petroglyphs of Spanish Levance, North Africa, bone carving and rogue from the Oleneostrovsky burial ground. From the least doubtful visual monuments of mesolitis, you can be called literally units: a stone grave in Ukraine, a mare in Azerbaijan, Broa-Sai in Uzbekistan, Shakhty in Tajikistan and Bhimbet in India.

The mesolitic lifestyle in the material plan does not detect the features, sharply distinguish it from the previous period, which cannot be said about spiritual culture. For changes in relation to the life and death occurring in this transition period, new forms of art are indicated.

The tasks of the visual art changed compared to the Paleolithic - the artist sought to show movement, so used new expressive means.

Multifigure scenes of military struggle, hunting, cattle chart, honey collection (for example, painting in Spain caves). Animals are now given by silhouette, black or red paint silhouette, but despite this, the force of expressiveness of the figurative solution is not lost, since everything focuses on the transmission of expression. Now the artist tries not only to achieve external similarity, and most importantly, show the inner meaning of the events occurring. The human figure is shown schematically, conditionally, separate strokes, but always in lively movement. Apparently, first of all it was important to portray the action of a person, as he runs, shoots, fights, dancing, collects fruits. If the images of the animal and man of the Mesolithic era are less believable than in the previous era, this is not talking about the fall of the skill of primitive artists, but about changing the tasks of art. The creation of dynamic scenes with a certain plot indicates a deeper and complex reflection of reality in human consciousness.

A feature of mesolitic images is the absence of rigid stereotypes, a wide variety of plots, composite schemes, relative mobility of fine forms.

Often, compositions and single figures in rock art are accompanied by schematic, abstract and geometric shapes. One of the most common plots of rock and traditional art is a spiral. This symbol, occurring in Paleolitis, appears in Africa among the most ancient petroglyphs. Different options are found in connection with the images of ancient buffalo.

Essentially different from this group of single images the simplest pair compositions. An exceptional place among them, as it seems to us, occupy bifiguric compositions, depicting animals of one species in the position of confrontation. In Paleolithic art, the compositional connection between the figures is quite rare.

The image of the mask mask is one of the common plots of rock art. The greatest fame was the image of the dark-skinned dancers in the headdress or mask with large bullish horns.

Narrative plots are not alien to mesolitical folk art. This is evidenced, in particular, the scenes depicting armed onions, rude masked hunters who use zoomorphic masks for an invisible approach to animals.

The primitive artist freed the shapes from everything from his point of view of the secondary, which would hurt to transmit and perceive complex poses, the action, the very essence of what is happening.

So, "Mesolithic" features: scenic, dynamism, image as an embodiment of a function, actions.

Movement in cave painting is transmitted through the position of the legs (cross-handing legs, for example, depicted a nail animal), the tilt of the body or turn the head. There are almost no fixed figures.

The art of mesolithic is a step forward. The artist found new means to express reality in motion.

Neolithic.The production process, and therefore, spiritual life is very complicated, and material culture began to have its own characteristics in different places.

Ancient artist is trying to portray the sky, sun, water, land, fire. Conditional ornamental forms of images that were decorated with various items. Petroglyphs are realistic, applied on open rocks near the proximity of the water. Images of man inferior to animal images.

Muchly acquired small plastic. Animal figures were made of clay, wood, horns, bones, less often from stone. They are expressive and realistic (continuity from the Paleolithic era).

From now on, the bull is one of the two main plots; In the Neolithic Pantheon, he occupies the same place as various - and over time, increasingly numerous and varied - the hypostasis of the female deity.

In the fistal art after the living, "scenic" art of the mesolitic type, the period occurs during which the rocks are covered by thousands of bulls. As a rule, these are the plotless figures.

Typical for neolithic is a single, static, moderately stylized figure of a large horned animal.

Animal domestication led to the fact that they took a more modest place in art, the man also took the place of the center and the host of the world.

In hunting scenes, the beast is now content with the provision subordinate to the person. But continues to be preserved between the manner of the image of animals, naturalistic and close to reality, and a person whose figure is exposed to severe geometric stylization.

In art, reality is not reproduced, and signs and symbols are created. Mengira became typical creation of this culture, which was supposed to guard the spirit and peace of deities, heroes and dead mans. No wonder these stones stunned into the ground with a huge force were installed in a vertical position, which distinguishes a person from animals. Portraits of this era carry only the main features, as if abbreviation, and the image of the figures is reduced to the geometric abstraction.

In addition to schematics, they are distinguished by negligence. Along with stylized animal drawings, a variety of geometric shapes (circles, rectangles, diamonds and spirals and so on) are found, images of weapons (axes and daggers) and vehicles (boats and ships). Reproduction of wildlife is moving into the background.

Animals are usually depicted more real than a person, but, in any case, there are no longer found so living, immediate "portraits", with such a sense of tangible form, as Altamir's bison or "deer, passing through the river" (carving in a piece Bones from Grothe Lorte in France).

The art of neolithic is schematic and conventional images of animals, remotely resembling the original.

Bronze and Iron Age.Attempts by monumental drawing arts, found on dolmen, mengira or on natural rocks in the stone era (stones in the form of bowls or stones for painting with pits and other signs), in the bronze era are developing to the first steps rich in figures of historical wall painting or historical embossed images.

Images of people, horses, bulls, ships, wagons and plows, visualizing the life of the heroes of the long-lasting time, were important. Increasingly, animals were depicted domesticated, which spoke to improving the quality of life of people.

The animal style appeared in the Bronze Age, was developed in the Iron Age and in the art of earlyclass states; The traditions are preserved in medieval art, in folk art. Initially associated with totemism, the images of the sacred beast eventually turned into a conditional motive of the ornament.

In some caves, the bas-reliefs are detected in the rock, as well as separately standing marriage of animals. There are small figurines that have been cut out of soft stone, bones, mammoth tales. The main character of Paleolithic art is Bizon. In addition to them, a variety of images of wild tours, mammoths and rhinos have been found.

The realistic image of images was combined with a certain convention: the figures of the beasts were located in relation to the form of the thing they decorated; Animals were depicted in canonical poses (jumping, fighting; hoofs with fitted legs; predators - sometimes curled into the ball). Conditional techniques are traced and in the transfer of individual parts of the body of the animal (eyes in the form of circles, horns - curls, fall - semicircles, etc.). Sometimes a part of the body of the beast was depicted, which served him with a symbol (heads, paws, claws of animals and birds). There are images of animals or their parts placed on images of other animals.

The trend towards the image of fantastic characters becomes increasingly tangible. On the other hand, the desire to styling, simplifying the pattern. Images of animals appear less often. Everywhere the geometric ornament is distributed, for which the main thing is the sign.

For the iron century, the same animal style is characteristic, where the full-blooded image of the animal was combined with an ornamental solution of details.

Small plastic (figurines) are molded from metal along the wax pattern. The beast remained the main subject of decoration, images and worship.

Character vessels decorated with engraved animals: bulls, predators, birds.

A lot of items from bronze and precious metals were found in the burials, made with virtuoso skill: jewelry (metal belts coated with a gravel pattern, which is a weave of ornament and going animals, which formed a single decorative surface), metal statuettes of deer, bulls, birds.

There is a round small plastic from bronze: goats, rams, deer, dogs, individual heads of animals and human figures.

Conclusion

Primitive art is the reflection of the reality of a certain time in which the person lived. It developed for a very long time.

At various stages (mesolith, Paleolithic, neatolith, etc.), a person portrayed an animal with various technicians and various styles.

Both in painting, and in sculpture, primitive man often portrayed animals. The propensity of primitive person to portray animals is called zoological or animal style in art, and for their miniature, small figures and images of the beasts received the name of plastic small forms. The animal style is the conditional name common in the art of antiquity of stylized images of animals (or their parts).

In the primitive era, the foundations of almost all types of art and their expressive techniques, which will continue to use humanity. For example, primitive artists became the founders of all types of fine arts: graphics (drawings and silhouettes), painting (image in color made by mineral paints), sculptures (figurines carved from stone, fired from clay or cast from metal), decorative and applied arts ( Stone carving and bones), relief image.

Thus, primitive art is presented in the following main types: graphics, painting, sculpture, decorative art, reliefs and bas-reliefs. And in all these species, animal images occupied a significant place.

LITERATURE:

1. Borev Y. Aesthetics - M.: Publishing House Polit. Lit-Ry, 1975

2. Semenov V.A. Primitive art - M.: Publishing House Alphabet Classic, 2008

3. Gedić P.P.- Art history: history of architecture, sculptures, painting, life, morals and clothes of all nations from ancient times until the end of the XIX century - Polygon Harvest AST, 2009

4. Pomerantseva N.A. Primitive Art - Publisher: White City, 2006

5. Gushchin A.S., Origin of Art, L.- M., 1937

6. Universal art history, t. 1, M., 1956

7. Mirimanov V. B., primitive and traditional art, M., 1973

Also used information from sites:

2. www.irene.elmor.ru.

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Society of primitive people is the period in the course of the development of human society before the appearance of writing. Since the ability to write appeared in various peoples at different times, it is impossible to apply the concept of "prehistoric" in connection with the coincidence of temporary boundaries to some cultures. Therefore, the social unit of that era is archaeological culture.

Periods for the development of human society

The first stage of the occurrence of primitive culture and art belongs to Paleolithic. Late characteristic stages are dated stone and bronze centuries. In Paleolitis, the art of primitive man was expressed by music, dancing and songs that were more worn by a ritual character, animal images on the crust, stones, skins, creating jewelry in the form of beads from natural materials. Unfortunately, until today, small fragments have been preserved.

The purpose of the art of that period is to preserve and transfer to the descendants of accumulated experience, skills and knowledge at the level of social society. The dance is a reflection of the exhausting of combat techniques, familiarizing with animal leashes, demonstrating the daily concerns of the community. Music emphasizes the rhythms of the labor processes of members of the community, such support for collective occupations has had an important meaning in the cohesion of the tribe around its leaders. In the development of primitive art, several important stages can be noted:

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• late Paleolithic;
• mesolithic;
• neolithic.

The first stages of the occurrence of art

Due to the fact that the primitive society developed unevenly, and in some corners still live the remnants of wild tribes, scientists argue about the criteria for dividing primitive art for certain periods. The band that shares the first and second stages of the cultural development of primitive society is so symbolic that modern scientists come to a consequential opinion on the technical section of the time periods. The most weighty guidelines in this case it is customary to be the development of methods of manufacturing instruments of labor. The beginning of the occurrence of art in primitive people is customary to call the period of the Stone Age 40-20 thousand years ago. The main part of the finds demonstrates schematic images of animals, the sculpture is characterized by primitivism and minimalism.

In each interval, archaeologists find the same variety of images - from primitive to highly artistic. Some changes can be observed in the design technique. Gradually, primitive artists begin to pre-carving the contours of the future drawing, in the process of creating the picture use a more advanced color gamut. Dynamics of development can be isolated in sculptural images - animal figures are made of bones and carefully work out all the details.

The phase of the nucleation of civilization

Thanks to carefully produced excavations for many years it can be noted that the third stage of the development of primitive art is most distinguished on a general background. For this stage in primitive society, learned to make ceramics, which scientists call the most important part of the art of that time. The development of pottery art is isolated in a separate reservoir, it is characterized by the manufacture of vessels of various shapes, sizes, with decorative ornaments and details.

Fine arts at the third stage gained new parameters, becoming more abstract:

• symbols;
• ornaments and so on.

Fashionable drawings are becoming less and less, human thinking is beginning to occupy emerging cults, forcing those who believe in the existence of supernatural. Artists of that period from generation to generation transfer gradually accumulated experience in creating stone sculptures and bone miniatures, which become more elegant and subtle.

Features of primitive art

Art is an exceptional phenomenon of human society, which is based on quite wide functions. Primitive art was characterized by some individuality, thanks to which he was designated a separate area. Despite the fact that some consider primitive art primitive, it helped people of that period to solve a number of tasks and retained to this day the real reflection of the perception of the surrounding world of a primitive person.

Conclusion

It should be noted that the art of those times carried the function of transmitting information from old people to young people, thus preserving the experience of the ancestors accumulated by centuries. Therefore, it is safe to declare that primitive art contributed to the development of society, while maintaining and transmitting accumulated knowledge as full-fledged art. But this transaction took place in a peculiar way, which was well understood by people of the period, but little is available to modern scientists.

Primitive art, that is, the art of the era of primitive-communal system, developed for a very long time, and in some parts of the world - in Australia and Oceania, in many areas of Africa and America - it existed up to the new time. In Europe and Asia, his appearance goes back to the glacial period, when most of Europe was covered with ice and where South France and Spain are now located, the tundra was spread. In 4 - 1 millennia BC The primitive communal system first in North Africa and Front Asia, and then in South and East Asia and in southern Europe gradually changed to slave-owned.

The oldest stages of the development of primitive culture, when art appears for the first time, belong to Paleolithic, and art appeared only in late (or upper) Paleolithic, in Orignano-Soltenian time, that is, for 40 - 20 millennia BC. It has reached a large heyday in the Madelene time (20 - 12 millennia BC. Later stages of the development of primitive culture are already to the mesolithic (middle-amenities), the neolithic (new stone century) and by the time of the distribution of the first metal guns (copper-bronze age ).

Examples of the first works of primitive art are schematic contour drawings of animal heads on limestone plates found in La Ferrassi (France) caves.

These ancient images are extremely primitive and conditional. But in them, no doubt, you can see the root of those ideas in the consciousness of primitive people who were associated with hunting and hunting magic.

With the advent of settling, continuing to use the rocks, grots and caves for habitat, people began to arrange and long-term settlements - parking lots from several dwellings. It is in such a kind of dwellings belonging to the Orignano-Soltenian time, which are cut out of bone, horns or soft stone small in size (5 - 10 cm) sculptural figures depicting women. Most of the figurine found depicts a naked standing female figure; They clearly seen the desire of a primitive artist to convey the traits of a female mother (underlined breasts, a huge belly, wide thighs).

Comparatively correctly transferring the general proportions of the shapes, primitive sculptors usually portrayed the hands of these figurines with thin, small, most often folded on the chest or stomach, the features of the face were not depicted at all, although it was quite carefully passed the parts of the hairstyle, tattoos.

Good samples of such statuettes found in Western Europe (Figurines from Willendorf in Austria, from Mentons and Lespuga in Southern France, etc.), and in the Soviet Union - in Paleolithic parking V, the villages of Kostenka and Gagarino on Don, Avdeevo near Kursk and others. The figurines of Eastern Siberia from the Malta stands and will be more schematically performed.

Judging by the fact that the figurines of this kind were found inside the housing, they were of great importance in the life of primitive people. They indicate that a large public role that belonged to a woman during the matriarchate.

Cut from soft stone or from ivory small and very simplified statues of animals - Mammoth, cave bear, cave lion and made by a single-color contour line drawings of animals on the walls of a row of France caves and Spain. Images are deposited on a stone thread or batted in crude clay. As in sculpture, only the most important features of animals are transmitted in the sculpture and in painting: the general shape of the body and head, the most noticeable external signs.

Based on such initial, primitive experiments, skills were gradually developed, brightly manifested in the art of Madelene time.

Primitive artists mastered the technique of bone and horns technician, invented more advanced means of transmitting the forms of surrounding reality (mainly an animal world). In Madlena art, a deeper understanding and perception of life was expressed. Wonderful wall paintings of this time were found from the 80s - 90s. 19th century in the caves of southern France (Background de Gom, Lasco, Montignac, Kombarell, the cave of three brothers, Nio, etc.) and Northern Spain (Al-Tamir Cave). It is possible that the Paleolithic includes contour drawings of animals, however, more primitive by the nature of the execution, found in Siberia on the shores of Lena about d. Shishkin. Along with painting, performed usually red, yellow and black paints, among the works of Madelena art there are drawings, carved on stone, bones and rhoes, bas-relief images, and sometimes round sculpture. Extremely rarely depicted plants.

The image of the beast in the works of primitive people of Madelene time compared to the previous period acquired much more specific and vital truthful features. Primitive art now came to a clear understanding of the structure and shape of the body, to the ability to correctly transfer not only the proportions, but also the movement of animals, quick run, strong turns and angles.

A wonderful knelling and great conviction in the transmission of motion is distinguished, for example, a drawing, scratched on the bone found in the grotto Lorta (France), which depicts deer, moving across the river. The artist with great observation passed the movement, managed to express a feeling of alert in the reindeer head turned back. The river is indicated by it conditionally, only the image of salmon floating between the legs of the deer.

Perfectly transmit the character of animals, the originality of their habits, expressiveness of movements and such first-class monuments, as engraved on the stone drawings of Bizon and a deer from the upper places (France), Mammoth and Bear from the Kombarel cave and many others.

The greatest artistic perfection among the art monuments of the Madelena time is the famous cave paintings of France and Spain.

The most ancients and here are contour drawings depicting red or black paint animal profile. Following the contour pattern, the shading of the body surface appeared by individual lines transmitting wool. In the future, the figures have become completely painted with one paint with attempts in bulk modeling. The peak of Paleolithic painting are images of animals, made by two or three paints with varying degrees of tonal saturation. In these large (about 1.5 m) - figures often used protrusions and irregularities of rocks.

In painting, Madelene time caves are predominantly single images of animals. They are very truthful, but most often do not associate one with another. The viewer's point of view was also not taken into account, and individual images relative to the horizontal level were in the most unexpected positions.

But already at the preceding time, as reliefs from Lossel testify, primitive people tried to convey some of those who had particularly important, scenes of their lives. These primaries more complex decisions are further developed in Madelena. On slices of bone and horns, images are appearing on the stones not only individual animals, but sometimes the whole herd. People in Madelene paintings are not depicted, with the exception of the rarest cases (people disguised as animals for ritual dance or hunting).

Along with the development of paintings and drawings on the bone and stone in Madelena, there is a further development of sculpture from stone, bone and clay, and maybe from the tree. And in sculpture, depicting animals, primitive people have achieved great mastery.

One of the remarkable samples of the Madelene time sculpture is found in the cave of Mae D "Asil (France) made of the bone of the horse's head. With great truthfulness, the proportions of a short horse head are constructed, a clear movement is clearly felt, notches for transmission of wool are perfectly used.

Also open in the depths of the Caves of Northern Pyrenees (Caves of Bay d Oduber and Montespan) are extremely interesting from clay images of bison, bears, lions and horses. These sculptures made with great similarity, sometimes even, apparently, covered with skins and had no Sculptural, and attached real heads (Figure Bear from the Montiespan Cave).

Along with the round sculpture at this time, the images of animals in the relief were performed. An example is the sculptural frieze of separate stones on the shelter site Le Rock (France). Horses-carved on the stones of the horses of Bizonov, Kozlov, a man with a mask on his head, apparently, as well as similar picturesque and graphic images, were created for the success of hunting on wild beasts.

A new stage in the development of primitive art, reflecting deep changes in human ideas about the surrounding reality, is associated with the periods of mesolite, neolithic and the eneolyt (copper century). From the assignment of ready-made products of nature, a primitive society at this time proceeds to more complex labor forms.

Along with hunting and fisheries, continuing to maintain their importance, especially for forest and relatively cold climates of countries, agriculture and cattle breeding began to purchase more and greater importance. It is quite natural that now, when a person began to redo the nature of its own purposes, he entered into significantly more complex relationship with his life.

This time the invention of onions and arrows is connected, then clay dishes, as well as the emergence of new types and improvement of the technique of the manufacture of stone guns. Later, along with the dominant stone weapons, separate metal objects appear (mainly from copper).

At this time, the person was mastered by more diverse building materials, studied, applying to various conditions, to build new types of dwellings. Improving the construction case prepared the addition of architecture as art.

In the northern and middle forest strip of Europe, along with the continuing existence, villages began to occur, built on the flooring from the jerdoms on the shores of the lakes. As a rule, the settlements of this era in the forest strip (Selishche) did not have protective fortifications. On the lakes and swamps of Central Europe, as well as in the Urals, there were so-called pile settlements, which represented a group of huts of fishing tribes, built on a log doll, resting on the stilts, driven by the bottom of the lake or swamps (for example, the pile village near Rubengausen in Switzerland or Gorbunovsky Peatman in the Urals). The walls of rectangular horses were usually also log or braided from branches with clay coating. With the shore, the pile settlements were associated with the walkways or with the help of boats and rafts.

According to the middle and lower flow of the Dnieper, on the Dniester and in Western Ukraine in 3 - 2 millennia BC The so-called tripoly culture characteristic of the Eneolyt period was distributed. The main occupations of the population were farming and cattle breeding. A feature of the planning of tripole settlements (generic settlements) was the location of houses on concentric circles or ovals. The entrances were addressed to the center of the settlement, where there was an open space that served as a cattle chamber (settlement of with. Halepier, near Kiev, etc.). Rectangular houses with a floor of clay tiles had rectangular doors and round windows, as can be seen according to the preserved clay models of tripolian dwellings; The walls were made from a whiten, an incelaved clay, and inside the painted painted; In the middle, sometimes a cruciform altar made of clay, decorated with an ornament.

From very early time, agricultural and cattle breeding tribes in the front and Central Asia, the Transcaucasia, Iran began to build structures from the brick dried in the sun (raw). We reached the hills formed from the remains of clay buildings (Hill Anau in Central Asia, Sresh Blur in Armenia, etc.), rectangular or round in their plan.

Very large changes during this period occurred in visual art. Gradually, the complicated representations of a person about the nature of its nature were forced to seek explanations of the connection of phenomena. The direct brightness of the perception of the Paleolithic time was lost, but at the same time, the primitive person of this new era was learned to more deeply perceive reality in its relationships and diversity. In art, the schematics of images and at the same time narrative complexity, leading to attempts to pass an action, event. Samples of new art can serve as a complete rapid movement in the overwhelming majority of monochrome (black or white) rocky paintings in the Valtorte in Spain, in North and South Africa, recently open scenes of hunting in Uzbekistan (in Zaray Sai gorge), as well as found in many Places drawings, cut on the rocks, known as petroglyphs (stone writing). Along with the image of animals in the art of this time, the image of people in the scenes of hunting or military clashes begins to play an increasingly significant role. The activities of people, the team of ancient hunters becomes now the central theme of art. New tasks demanded new forms of a deciduous solution - a more developed composition, the plot coented of individual figures, some are still quite premitious techniques for transmitting space.

On the rocks in Karelia, on the shores of the White Sea and Onega lake found a lot of so-called petroglyphs. In a very conditional form, they narrate the hunt of the ancient inhabitants of the North on a variety of animals and birds. Karelian petroglyphs belong to different epochs; The most ancient of them, invisible, belong to the 2 millennium BC. Although the technique of carving across the hard stone imposed its mark on the nature of these drawings, usually giving only very schematic silhouettes of people, animals and objects, but, apparently, the purpose of the artists of this time was only extremely simplified transmission of some of the most common features. Separate figures in most cases are combined into complex compositions, and this composite complexity distinguishes petroglyphs from the artistic creatures of Paleolithic.

A very important new phenomenon in the art of the period under consideration was the widespread development of the ornament. In geometric patterns covering clay vessels and other items, the skills of building a rhythmic ordered ornamental composition and, at the same time, a special area of \u200b\u200bartistic activity occurs - applied art. Separate archaeological finds, as well as ethnography data make it possible to assert that in the origin of the ornament, labor activity has played a decisive role. It is not devoid of the reason for the assumption that some types and types of ornaments were based on the conditional schematic transmission of reality phenomena. At the same time, the ornament on some types of clay vessels appeared initially as traces from woven, an incelaved clay. In the future, this natural ornament replaced artificially applied, and he was attributed to a certain action (for example, it was believed that he attaches a fortress to the made vessel).

Example of ornamented ceramic products can serve trypole vessels. There are a wide variety of forms: large and wide flat-bottomed jugs with a narrow throat, deep bowls, double vessels, similar in shape on binoculars. There are vessels with scratched and with a monochrome ornament made of black or red paint. The most common and artistically interesting products with multicolor painting white, black and red paint. The ornament covers here the entire surface with parallel colored stripes, a double spiral rushing around the entire vessel, concentric circles, etc. Sometimes, together with the ornament, there are also highly schematic images of people and various animals or fantastic creatures.

It is possible to think that the ornaments of the Tripolian vessels were associated with agricultural and pastoral labor, perhaps with the worship of the sun and water as the strength to help the success of this work. This is confirmed by the fact that multicolored multicolor ornaments on vessels (the so-called painted ceramics) were found in the agricultural tribes of the time on a wide range of Mediterranean, Front Asia and Iran, until China (for this, see the relevant chapters).

In tripolian settlements, clay figurines of people and animals were distributed, widely found in other places (in Asia, Transcaucasia, Iran, etc.). Among Tripolis finds are dominated by schematized women's figurines, which had taken almost every home. Founded from clay, sometimes covered with painting, figurines depict a standing or sitting nude female figure with slim hair, with a humpback nose. In contrast to Paleolithic trypol statuettes, much more conventionally transmit proportions and body shapes. These figurines were might associated with the cult of the goddess of the earth.

From the Tripolian culture of farmers, the culture of hunters and fishermen who inhabited the Urals and Siberia was clearly distinguished. In the Gorbunovsky peatman in the Urals in the thicker of the peat, the remains of the pile structure of the end of the 2nd - early 1 millennium BC, which seemed to be some kind of iconic center. Peat pretty well preserved the figures of anthropomorphic idols outstanding from the tree and the remnants of the gifts of them: wooden and clay dishes, weapons, guns, etc.

Wooden vessels and spoons in the form of swans, geese, swamp chicken are different expressiveness and vital truthfulness. In the bend of the neck, in a concise, but surprisingly correct transmission of the head and beak, in the form of the vessel itself, which reproduces the body of the bird, the carpeting-artist managed with a great grace to show the characteristic features of each of the birds. Together with these, outstanding monuments in the Urals in the Ural peat beams, a little inferior to the wooden heads of moose and a bear who served, probably handles of guns, as well as the figurines of moose. These images of animals and birds differ from Paleolithic monuments and, on the contrary, come closer to a number of neolithic monuments (as, for example, polished stone axes with animal heads) not only the simplicity of the form that maintains the vital truthfulness, but also the organic bond of sculpture with the subject that has a utilitarian purpose .

The last stage of the history of primitive society is characterized by a number of new phenomena in art. Further development of production, introducing new forms of farming and new metal tools to work slowly, but deeply changed the attitude of a person to the surrounding reality.

The main social cell at this time becomes a tribe that united several birth. The main branch of the economy in a number of tribes is becoming first, and then breeding cattle, care for it.

Humanity came to the last stage in the development of primitive communal system, to the patriarchal-generic society. Of great importance among new instruments of labor, a weaving machine and especially widespread due to the invention of melting ore metal guns (guns made of copper, bronze and finally iron). The variety and improvement of production led to the fact that all production processes could not already, as before, to be carried out by one person and demanded a certain specialization.

When in the valleys of large rivers - Nile, Eufrat and Tigger, Inde, Huanghe - in 4 - 3 millennia BC The first slave-owned states arose, the public and cultural life of these states became the source of the strongest impact on neighboring tribes, who lived even in the conditions of primitive-communal system. This made special features to the culture and art of tribes that existed simultaneously with state-owned class society.

By the end of the existence of primitive society, a new, previously unprecedented type of architectural structures - fortresses appeared. The walls were made up of huge rudely risen glyb stone. Cyclopeic fortresses are preserved in many places in Europe (France, Sardinia, the Pyrenean and Balkan Peninsula, etc.); as well as in the Transcaucasia. In the middle, forest strip of Europe from the second half of 1 millennium BC. Settlements have spread - "Okrug", fortified by earthen shafts, log fences and Rips.

Along with the defensive structures in the late stages of the development of primitive society, the buildings of a completely different kind were widely developed, the so-called megalithic (that is, built of huge stones) buildings - Mengira, Dolmen, Cromlekhi. Whole alleys of vertically standing large stones - Mengirov - are found in the Transcaucasia and in Western Europe along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean (for example, the famous Metzgirov Alley in Carnaca in Brittany). Dolmen are widespread in Western Europe, in North Africa, Iran, India, in the Crimea and in the Caucasus; They are tombs built from the huge stones ended, overlapped from above one or two stone plates. The structures of this nature are sometimes inside the burial mounds - for example, Dolmen in the Kurgan at the village of Novosvobody (in Kuban), having two cameras - one for the burial, the other, apparently for religious ceremonies.

The most complex megalithic buildings are crumbs. Examples of this type of structures are the sanctuary of Evure and Stonkhenge in South England. In Stonkhenge, the central playground with a large stone slab (perhaps that served as an altar) is surrounded by four concentrated rows of vertically furnished stones. The inner ring (in the form of an unclosed oval) and the third of the middle consisted of relatively small mengirov. The second and fourth, external, circles are formed by rows of uniformly placed giant stone blocks. Thirty stone columns of the external circle (of which sixteen stand and so on) are connected horizontally lying stone crossbars on them; In the same way, ten huge thoroughly dyed stones of the middle of the middle of a circle, tossed by 7 m above the surrounding plain north of Salisbury, are paired. The crossbars (by weight of almost 7 tons) were raised upstream with earth embankments, traces of which are preserved. The unusually large sizes of the structure, bringing a huge block of blue stone (for the external fence of Stonkhenja), orientation for the summer solstice, traces of sacrifice. - Everything suggests that this construction attached very important importance. Most likely she was the sanctuary of the Sun. In the architectural form of Stonkhentja, a well-thought-out solution of a complex spatial task is concluded. There is a clear planning, clearly acts and determines the role of carriers and irregular parts. Stonkhenge, like other megalithic structures, undoubtedly, was already aimed at artistic impact on the spectators, forcing them to learn and adhere to so impressively and solemnly represented by the grandeur of the sunshine.

Megalithic buildings were erected by the work of the entire primitive community. However, for their structure, no doubt was already required a rather complicated public organization. Some other architectural monuments of the Bronze Age testify to the upcoming decay of a single primitive society once, such as special burial structures - large chambers that have arranged in the burial burials of tribal leaders. The oldest monuments of this kind are the so-called Tsarist Tombs of Egypt in Negada (4 millennium BC). To later burials, the tribal leaders include, for example, Maykop Kurgan in the North Caucasus (end 3 - beginning of 2 millennia BC); The bottom of his cameras, in-depth to the ground by more than 1.5 m, was laid out by pebbles and eliminated with mats, and the walls are lined with wood.

Less significant during this period were the successes of sculpture. Actually, mengirors - vertically standing single stones - were not so many architectural structures as far predecessors of the later monuments of monumental sculpture. Meeting in many places of the globe, similar monuments, in all likelihood, were associated with the cult of the dead or with the cult of ancestors. Roughly carved stone mengiro-shaped statues, extremely schematically depicting a person, mostly a woman, are common in France and some other countries of Western Europe, in Crimea, etc.

Further development received artistic crafts during this period. Among the objects found in the burial in Maykop Kurgan, made from gold to decorate the funeral or parade canopy.

The wonderful examples of the artistic craft of this period include bronze knives with sculptural figures of animals on the handle found in the Gorky region, in the Urals, in South Siberia, in China. Figures, and sometimes only animal heads on these knives at all simplified are expressive and alive.

In Western Europe, the late forms of primitive art have long been detained. Such, for example, monuments of the so-called Galstadt period (10 - 5 centuries BC): Clay vessels coated with geometric ornamental painting, with small schematic sculptural figures of people, horses, birds. The art of primitive society in the late period of its development closely approached the development of a storyline, reflecting the mythological ideas and the real life of people.

But the real development of art has become possible only in a class, slave-ownership society. At various times, the process of decaying primitive community relations in a significant part of the tribes and peoples of Southern Europe, Asia, North Africa led to the formation of a number of states. In the northern regions of Europe and Asia, the primitive-communal system was maintained for many centuries, but also public relations and culture of such tribes (Scythians, Sarmatians, Galov, Germans, Slavs) were experiencing a strong impact of the culture of slave-owned societies.

In primitive art, ideological plants and values \u200b\u200bof people who determined cultural activities were expressed.

In the pure form of primitive art did not exist. This is due to the syncretic character of primitive culture, with the absence of its main elements. Therefore, the most ancient art is inseparable from mythology, magic, rituals, etc. For example, primitive hunters created not just an image of the beast, but formed a genuine hunting object and believed that the defeat of this animal twin with a spear or an arrow with the need to ensure them success on the hunt. Art also created identification signs, symbols of one or another team of people, charms, saving from misfortune or disease. As such a sign, for example, an image of a totem animal, which was applied not only on the walls of housing or household items, but also on the body of a person in the form of a special coloring or tattoo. The same can be said about the ornament of pottery, distinguished from different tribes.

Art is an indicator of development not only spiritual, but also material culture. It is possible to connect its origin both with labor and the game activity of people. Art to a certain extent reflected the world around him, it was a copy of it. It is believed that one of the first works of primitive art became handprint - "Sign of accessories", which is often found among rock paintings. Such images of hands (most often left) served as a sign of possessions and magic power over some territory or object. In some Eastern countries, the image of the female left hand is attached to the hood of the car, which has the same meaning that the Slavs Horseshoe is "for good luck."

The main types of fine arts, according to archaeologists, appeared in the era paleolita . Numerous monuments of sculptures, painting, applied art belonging to this period were found in Europe, South Asia North Africa. Early drawings of primitive people were very primitive: it is the contours of the beasts of animals on limestone plates in a cave La Ferrassi. (France), the prints of the human hand, circled paint, the weave of wavy lines, made on crude clay with fingers. A slightly later progress is observed in cave painting: a huge number of figures of various animals applied to a flint cutter on a stone or paint along the crude clay layer are depicted. PI of this primitive artists used Ohru, Red-Yellow Zheleznyak, black manganese and coal as paints, resorting in some cases to the relief technique.

Higher heyday Paleolithic art reached in the period Madelena(about 20-10 thousand BC) At this time, animal images acquire concrete features, the accuracy of the shape appears, the ability from the mass of signs and parts to allocate the main thing. Animals are already depicted not static, but in the diversity of movements, poses, including in a rapid run. In cave painting, there is a transition from a simple contour pattern, evenly poured paint, to a multicolor painting, which made it possible to simulate volumetric forms by changing the tones when using two or three paints. Outstanding painting of this type were found in France in the cave Background de gom and in the Spanish cave Altamira. These images do not simply display the appearance of animals - they transmit their character, habits, strength, movement, and even emotions. By this period, the origin of the ideas about the composition combining all the multi-diguristic image. So, for example, in the French cave, the LASC is depicted a separate scene of the death of a hunter, affected by mortally wounded bison.

In the epoch upper Paleolithic Round plastic develops, as well as stone carving, bone, wood. Special distribution received in this period the figurines known as "Paleolithic Venus", Whose origin is related, apparently, with a cult of fertility, which still persists in many ethnographic peoples, and also probably with erotic magic. Women's figurines with conditional features of the face and exaggerated sizes of the chest, hips and abdomen symbolized the life-giving strength and sensual pleasure, which was embodied in the image of a woman-progenitor. At the same time, the "Venus of Paleolithic" were deprived of individually personal features - on the contrary, primitive sculptors did an emphasis on the natural, animal start, in every way avoiding details and specifics in the image of persons or some other features capable of tied an image to a specific model.

In the epoch mesolithathe lifestyle of primitive people has changed. The glacier retreated and small teams of hunters began to quickly master new territories. At this time, the gun activity was significantly improved, onions and arrows began to be widely used, a dog and some other species of animals were tamed. New methods and methods of artistic creativity appear. However, the main part of the energy of people is aimed at mastering the external natural world. By virtue of this, schematism is manifested in the works of art, and monochromicity prevails in painting. In the pictures of the mesolite, the figures of people and animals are transmitted silhouette, the volume of monochrome images is missing. However, in these rock painting appears, and what was not previously - they acquire narrativeEvents are transmitted consistently and interconnected. These murals gradually turned into a peculiar chronicle of primitive man, telling about his work and discoveries.

The center of interest of artists of Mesolitis was moved from an animal per personwho gradually towers over nature, imposing her will, confirming that numerous plots related not only to the economic or military activities of people can serve, but also with their entertainment (the famous image of dancing women on a rock at the Cape of Good Hope).

During neolithicthere are significant changes in the management of the economy. At this time, there is a transition from assigning activities to producing. New types of producing activities - agriculture, cattle breeding, new technique for the production of stone guns, pottery production, construction, weaving. At this time, wide spaces are settled, the struggle between tribes for hunting grounds and places, comfortable for life.

During this period, the role of magic is increasing, mythology develops, the transition from the matriarchate to Patriarchate, as a result of which generic relations between people are strengthened. In the rock paintings, schematics are noted in images, which was particularly clearly manifested petroglyphwho were evicted at open areas of coastal rocks and large boulders. These images in some cases reached a height of about 10 meters and most often it was schematic performed figures of deer, salmon, bears, whales, fish, seals. Occasionally, primitive images of people are found. Petroglyphsweed in the Northeast of Europe, in the Caucasus, Urals, in the Crimea, in the Far East and in Central Asia.

In the south of Europe, the anthropomorphic sculpture was distributed. "Stone women" of the Northern Black Sea region, similar to round stone poles, received the greatest fame. In addition to monumental works, the fine plastic, decorative and applied art and the ornament, developed, developing a transition to an abstract geometric pattern. A geometric ornament on ceramics was especially widespread. An example of such works is the Trepole vessels (Southern Europe, 4-3 thousand BC), for which a polychrome ornament and a variety of stripes, spirals and circles are characteristic.

In the epoch bronzethere is a further improvement of the production of workers in which copper and bronze are used. The craft is separated from agricultural production, the Patriarchate is finally approved. In the same period, the first states arise in the Middle and Far East. With the development of economic activities and the emergence of slavement, favorable conditions for the development of spiritual culture have developed.

The most important phenomenon of the Bronze Age was megalithic architecture (Greek. megas.- large, lithos. - Stone), closely related to religious and cult ideas and ideas.

There are three types of megalithites: mengirs, dolmen and croms.

Mengira(Bretonsk. Men - stone, HIR - long) is single, vertically set stones of different heights (from 1 to 20 m). They were probably the object of worship as symbols of fertility, guarding pastures and sources or denoted the place of the ceremonies. An example is a widely known alley of Mengirov in Brittany, as well as the "Stone Armenia" (Armenia).

Dolmen. (Bretonsk. tOL- table, mEN. - Stone) - structures from large stone plates, standing vertically and overlapped on top of another slab. We were the burial site of the members of the family. Such structures are not only in Europe, but also in Africa, in the Caucasus and in the Crimea.

Cromlehi (Bretonsk. crom.- a circle, lech - Stone) - the most significant structures of antiquity. They are located in a circle stone plates or pillars, which sometimes overlapped with plates. Cromlets are located around the curric or sacrificial stone. The most famous crude is a construction in Stonehenge (England) having an outer diameter of 30 meters and consisting of four rings. There is an assumption that Cromlech was the sanctuary of the Sun.

With the beginning venera's era Stone structures acquire a pronounced utilitarian nature - the distribution is obtained by stone fortresses and funeral cameras in the Kurgans of the leaders of the tribes who have received widespread in Western Europe, in the Balkans and in the Transcaucasus.

In the primitive era there were two main trends in the development of art - naturalism and symbolism. At the earliest stage of the development of artistic creativity, the first - the main purpose of the artist saw the most reliable transmission of the external appearance of the real object, which was most often an animal. Next takes turn to some generalization and image schematics. At the next stage, returns to naturalism and detail, when the whole episodes of life and even extensive narrative plots are reproduced. But, ultimately, in primitive art, the symbolism finally wins, when the naturalistic image is replaced by a sign, and a dry symbol comes to a change of imitation. Many still believe that a primitive person did not pay much attention to art, being completely absorbed by the struggle for existence.

However, one should not forget that the primitive person is even relatively recently separated itself from nature and the art played a very important role in this process - a person would probably not be a person, being deprived of the opportunity to express himself in creativity. In addition, judging by the forms and number of works of primitive art, a primitive man possessed no less creative abilities than modern, but most likely - even large. He had an absolute artistic taste, being an active artist to the same extent that he was a hunter, angle or collector. Obviously, art for a primitive person was an integral part of his life, his natural need and a condition for survival. Maybe that is why it does not weaken the interest in the phenomena of the artistic culture of primitiveness, the legacy of which affects the development of modern art and spiritual life as a whole.

The historical and cultural value of primitive culture is seen as follows:

· Primitive culture is the initial and longest phase of the history of world culture;

· It was universal, because all mankind passed through the primitive era;

· In primitive society, the foundation of modern civilization was created (the stock of knowledge, practical experience, intellect and psychophysical advantages of a person);

· Primitive culture played a key role in the history of world culture: for many centuries, and even thousands of years, it predetermined not only the pace, but also the content, theme and diversity of the regional features of the cultural and historical process;

· A significant number of achievements of primitive humanity retains its importance in the inventory of modern culture.