The main stages of Tataro Mongolian yoke. Establishment of Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia

How historiography are written.

Unfortunately, the analytical review on the history of historiography is not yet. It's a pity! Then we would understand what the historiography is distinguished in the state to the state from historiography for his rest. If we want to glorify the beginning of the state, we will write that it was founded by the people of the hardworking and independent, who enjoy the deserved respect of neighbors.
If we want to feed him by Requiem, then I will say that it was founded by the people wild, living in dense forests and impassible swamps, and the state created representatives of another ethnos, which came here just due to the inability of local residents to equip a distinctive and independent power. Then, if we sing panechnik, we will say that the name of this ancient education was clear to everyone, and has not changed to this day. On the contrary, if we bue our state, we will say that it was called unknown as, and then changed its name. Finally, in favor of the state in the first phase, its development will be approval of its strength. Conversely, if we want to show that the state was so-so, we must show not only what it was weak, but that he was able to conquer an unknown in antiquity, and a very peaceful and small people. Here on this last statement, I would like to stay.

- This is the name of the head from the book of Cungurov (Kun). He writes: "The official version of the ancient Russian history, composed by the Germans discussed from abroad, is built according to the following scheme: a single Russian state created by the villages of Varyagami crystallizes around Kiev and the average subway and wears the name of the Kiev Rus, then from somewhere with East come evil wild nomads, destroy the Russian state and establish the occupation regime called "IHO". After two and a half centuries, Moscow princes relieve the need, they collect Russian lands under their authority and create a powerful Moscow kingdom, which is the successor of Kievan Russia and deliver the Russians from "IGA"; For several centuries in Eastern Europe, there is ethnically Russian Great Principality Lithuanian, but politically it is dependent on Lyakhov, and therefore the Russian state cannot be considered, therefore, war between Lithuania and Muscovy should be considered not as the Russian princes, but as the struggle of Moscow with Poland For the reunification of Russian lands.

Despite the fact that this version of history is recognized as officially, only "professional" scientists can consider it reliable. A man who is accustomed to thinking his head is very doubtful at least due to the fact that the story with the Mongolian invasion is completely suited from the finger. Until the XIX century, the Russians did not suspect the Russians at all that they were allegedly conquered by Transbaikal savages. Indeed, the version that the highly developed state is completely defeated by some wild steppes who are not able to create an army in accordance with the technical and cultural achievements of that time looks like. Moreover, there was no such people like Mongols, science was not known. True, historians were not confused and declared that the Mongols are a small nomadic people of Halha, inhabiting in Central Asia "(Kun: 162).

Indeed, all the great conquerors are known to fake. When Spain had a powerful fleet, the Great Armada, Spain captured a number of lands of North and South America, and today there are two dozen of Latin American states. Britain as the Lord of the Seas also has or had a lot of colonies. But not a single colony of Mongolia or the state dependent on it today we do not know. Moreover, besides Buryats or Kalmykov, which are the same Mongols, no ethnic groups in Mongolian says.

"Halhi themselves found out that they were the heirs of the great Genghis Khan only in the XIX century, but they did not mind - everyone wants to have great, albeit mythic ancestors. And in order to explain the disappearance of the Mongols after successfully conquering half of the world, a completely artificial term "Mongol-Tatars" is introduced into use, under which the other nomadic peoples who joined the conquerors and those who have made some kind of communities are implied. In China, foreign-speaking conquerors turn into manzhzhov, in India - in Mughal, and in both cases form the ruling dynasties. In the future, the truth, we do not observe any Tatars-nomads, but this is because they explain the same historians that Mongol-Tatars are assisted on the land conquered by them, and partially walked back to the steppe and completely evaporated in the step "(Kun: 162- 163).

Wikipedia about the IGE.

This is what the Tatar-Mongolian Wikipedia is interpreted :: "Mongol-Tatar Igo - a system of political and informed dependence of the Russian principalities from Mongol-Tatar Khan (until the beginning of the 60s of the XIII century Mongolian Khanov, after - Golden Horde Chanov) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of an IGA was made possible as a result of the Mongolian invasion on Russia in 1237-1241 and occurred within two decades after it, including in unexpected lands. In Northeast Russia lasted until 1480. In other Russian lands, it was eliminated in the XIV century as they absorbed by their great principality of Lithuanian and Poland.

The term "IHO", meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Rus, is not found in Russian chronicles. He appeared at the junction of the XV-XVI century in the Polish historical literature. It was the first to use him Chronist Yang Dlugos ("IUGUM BARBARUM", IUGUM SERVITUTIS) in 1479 and Professor Krakow University of Matvey Mekhovsky in 1517. Literature: 1. Golden Horde // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons. and 4 add.). - SPb.: 1890-1907.2. Malov N. M., Malyshev A. B., Rakushin A. I. "Religion in the Golden Horde." The word formation "Mongol-Tatar Igo" used the first in 1817 by H. Kruz, whose book was translated into Russian in the middle of the XIX century and published in St. Petersburg. "

So, for the first time, this term was introduced by Poles in the XV-XVI centuries, which saw Tatar-Mongol in relations to other nations "IHO". The reasons for this explains the second work of 3 authors: "Apparently, the Tatar yoke, for the first time, began to consume the end of the XV-early XVI centuries in the Polish historical literature. At this time, at the borders of Western Europe, an active foreign policy conducts a young Moscow state, which has been freed from the vassal dependence of the Golden Changs. In neighboring Poland, an increased interest in history, foreign policy, armed forces, national relations, internal device, traditions and customs of Muscovy is manifested. Therefore, it is no coincidence that for the first time the phrase Tatar yo used in the Polish chronicle (1515-1519) Matvey Mehovsky, Professor of Krakow University, a court doctor and astrologer King Sigismund I. The author of various medical and historical writings, enthusiastically responded about Ivan III, which dropped Tatar yoke , considering it its most important merit, and apparently, the global event of the era. "

Mention of Iga in historians.

The attitude of Poland to Russia has always been ambiguous, and attitudes towards their own fate - as an exclusively tragic. So the dependence of some nations from Tatar-Mongol they could completely exaggerate. And then the 3 author continue: "Later, the term Tatar Igo is also mentioned in the notes on the Moscow war 1578-1582, compiled by the State Secretary of the other king Stephen Batory - Ringold Heidnestein. Even Jacques Generet, a French mercenary and an adventurer, an officer in Russian service and a person far from science, knew what was understood under the Tatar ig. This term was widely used by other Western European historians of the XVII-XVIII centuries. In particular, Englishman John Milton and French de Tu are familiar with him. Thus, for the first time, the term Tatar yoke was probably introduced into circulation by Polish and Western European historians, not Russian or Russian "

While preving citation to draw attention to the fact that the "IHE" first, foreigners write, who the scenario of weak Russia, which was captured by the "evil of Tatar", liked. While Russian historians did not know anything about it yet

"IN. N. Tatishchev did not use this phrase, perhaps because when writing the history of the Russian, it was preferably relied on the early Russian chronicle terms and expressions where it is absent. I. N. Botin has already applied the term Tatar dominion, and M., M., Shcherbatov believed that the exemption from the Tatar y is a huge achievement of Ivan III. N. M., Karamzin found in Tatar IGE as negative - the tightening of laws and morals, the slowdown in the development of education and science and positive moments - the formation of autocracy, the factor in the merger of Russia. Another phrase, the Tatar-Mongolian Goo, also most likely comes from the vocabulary of Western, and not domestic researchers. In 1817, Christopher Cruz published atlas on European history, where he first introduced the term Mongol-Tatar Igo to scientific circulation. Although this work was translated into Russian only in 1845, but already in the 20s of the XIX century. Domestic historians began to use this new scientific definition. From this time, the terms: Mongol-Tatars, Mongol-Tatar Igo, Mongolian Igo, Tatar Igo and the Ordan Igo, traditionally widely spread in domestic historical science. In our encyclopedic editions, under the Mongol-Tatar IGA in Russia, the XIII-XV centuries., It is understood: the system of dominance of the Mongol-Tatar feudalists, with the help of various political, military and economic funds, which is the goal of regular operation of the conquered country. Thus, in the European historical literature, the term Igo is denoted by domination, oppression, slavery, invoking, or the power of foreign conquerors over defeated peoples and states. It is known that the ancient Russian principalities were subordinated to the Golden Horde economically and politically, and also paid tribute. The goldside khans actively interfere with the policies of the Russian principalities, which they tried to control hard. Sometimes, the relationship between the Golden Horde and Russian principalities are characterized as symbiosis, or a military union aimed against the countries of Western Europe and some Asian states, first Muslim, and after the collapse of the Mongolian Empire - Mongolian.

However, it should be noted that if theoretically so-called symbiosis, or a military union, could exist, then it was never equal, voluntary and stable. In addition, even the epochs of the developed and late Middle Ages, short-term interstate unions were usually made up contractual relations. Such, equal-allied, relationships between fragmented Russian principalities and the Golden Ord could not be, since the labels on the board of Vladimir, Tver, Moscow Princes gave the Khana Ulus Juchi. Russian princes were obliged at the request of the Khanov to put an army to participate in the Military campaigns of the Golden Horde. In addition, using Russian princes and their army, Mongols make punitive hikes against other recurrent Russian principalities. Khana called the princes in the Horde to alone to give a label to the prince, and unwanted to execute or pardon. During this period, Russian lands were actually under the rule or yard ulus juchi. Although, sometimes the foreign policy interests of the Golden Cores and Russian princes, according to different circumstances, could coincide in something. The Golden Horde is a chimera state in which the elite is conquering, and the lower layers are conquered peoples. The Mongolian Goldenopa ELITA has established power over Polovtsy, Alans, Circassians, Khazars, Bulgars, Finno-Ugric peoples, and also put Russian principalities into a rigid vassal dependence. Therefore, it can be assumed that the scientific term of the need is quite acceptable to designate in the historical literature of the nature of the Golden Horde installed not only about Russian lands. "

Igo as a Christianization of Russia.

Thus, Russian historians really repeated the statements of the German Christopher Cruz, while they did not subtract such a term from any chronicle. On the oddities in the interpretation of the Tatar-Mongolian Iga, not only Congurov paid attention. This is what we read in the article (TAT): "Such a nation as Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. Mongols and Tatars relatives only that they naochesed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is pretty great to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity to not intersect on one territory at all. The Mongolian tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often produced raids on China and his provinces that the history of China often confirms us. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, referred to as the Poskov of the ages in Russia Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. They were called Tatars in those days in Europe (the strongest of nomadic tribes, unreleased and invincible). And the Tatars, the nearest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and to China's borders. There were 70 thousand families who were 6 tribes: Tatura-Tutukuluty, Tatars-Alcci, Tatars-Chagan, Tatars-Queen, Tatars-Terat, Tatars-Barkui. The second parts of the names, apparently, the self-sizing of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more consistent with Mongolian names. Two related people - Tatars and Mongols - a long war with a variable success for mutual extermination, while Genghis Khan seized power in all Mongolia. The fate of Tatars was predetermined. Since Tatars were the killers of Father Genghis Khan, destroyed many tribes and childbirth close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, "that Genghis Khan (Tay-Mu-Chin) commanded the universal beating of Tatars and not one of the limits, which is determined by law (yasak); So that women and small children are also killed, and pregnant in the womb to completely destroy them. ... ". Therefore, such a nationality and could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European, "sinned" to call all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, Tatarya or simply on Tatarie Latin. This can be easily traced in ancient cards, for example, the map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or the Maps of Russia and Tartarium Ortelus. Below you can view these cards. So what can we see from the newly acquired material? And we see that this event simply could not happen, at least, in the form in which it is transmitted to us. And before proceeding to the narrative of truth, I propose to consider a few more inconsistencies, in the "historical" description of these events.

Even in a modern school program, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: "In early 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a numerous army from nomadic peoples, and subdued by their tough discipline decided to conquer the whole world. After defeating China, he sent his army on Russia. In the winter of 1237, the Mongol-Tatars army invaded the territory of Russia, and defeating the Russian army on the river Kalka, went on, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, reaching the banks of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and turning his task turns back. From this period, the so-called "Mongol-Tatar Igo" begins above Rus.
But wait, because they were going to conquer the whole world ... So why didn't you go further? Historians responded that they were afraid of the attacks from the back, broken and looted, but still strong Russia. But it's just funny. The progress state will run to defend other people's cities and seams? Rather, they will disrupt their borders, and will wait for the enemy's troops to ensure that there is a disgrace. But on this oddity do not end. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the house of Romanov, dozens of christmas disappear, describing the events of the "Horde Times". For example, "the word about the death of the Russian Earth", historians, believe that this document, from which carefully removed the BE, which would testify about the IGA. We left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble", comprehended Russia. But there is not a word about the "invasions of the Mongols". There are still many oddities. In the story "On the evil tatars", Khan from the Golden Horde makes a penalty of Russian prince-Christian ... for refusing to bow down the pagan god of Slavs! " And in some chronicles there are amazing phrases, for example, such: "Well, with God!" Said Khan and, crossing, cried to the enemy. So what was really? At that time, the "New Vera" flourished in Europe, namely, the faith in Christ. Catholicism was common everywhere, and managed to all, from the lifestyle and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades were even relevant, but along with military methods, "tactical tricks", akin to the bribery of power and the declination of them to their faith were often used. And after receiving power through a bought person, appeal to the faith of all his "subordinates". It was such a secret crusade and was accustomed to Rus. By bribery and other ambulances, the servants of the Church were able to capture power over Kiev and near the lying regions. Just relatively recently, the baptism of Russia passed by the standards of history, but the story silent about the civil war, which arose in this soil immediately after the violent baptism. "

So, this author interprets the "Tatar-Mongolian Igo" as a civil war imposed by the West, during the real, Western baptism of Russia, which occurred in the XIII-XIV centuries. Such an understanding of the baptism of Russia is very painful for the ROC for two reasons. The date of the baptism of Russia is considered to be 988, and not 1237. Due to the offset of the date, the antiquity of Russian Christianity decreases by 249 years, which is almost a third reduces the "Millennium of Orthodoxy". On the other hand, the source of Russian Christianity is not the activities of Russian princes, including Vladimir, and Western Crusades, accompanied by a massive protest of the Russian population. This sets the question of legitimacy of the introduction of Orthodoxy in Russia. Finally, the responsibility for the "IHO" in this case is transferred to the unknown "Tatar-Mongol" to a very real West, in Rome and Constantinople. And official historiography is on this issue not by science, but by modern near-teaching mythology. But back to the texts of the book Alexei Kungurov, especially since he examines all the inconsistencies in the official version.

Lack of writing and artifacts.

"Mongola's alphabet did not have a single written source left" (Kun: 163). Indeed, it is extremely surprising. Generally speaking, even if the people have no written written, then for state acts it uses the writing of other peoples. Therefore, the complete lack of state acts from such a large state as Mongolian Khanate in the period of his heyday is not just bewilderment, but the doubt that such a state has ever existed. "If we demand to present at least some real evidence of the long existence of the Mongolian Empire, the archaeologists, scratching the head and grinding, will show a couple of half-grown sabers and several female servants. But do not try to figure out why the remains of the saber are "Mongol-Tatar", and not Cossack, for example. This is exactly for sure no one will explain. At best, you will hear the story that the saber was dug off on the spot, where according to the ancient and very reliably chronicles there was a battle with Mongols. And where is the chronicle? God knows her, did not reach this day, but Her with his own eyes saw the historian N., who translated it from Old Russian. Where is this historian N.? Yes, now for two hundred years as died - the modern "scientists" will answer you, but they will certainly add that the compositions of H are considered classic and are not subject to doubt, since all subsequent generations of historians wrote their work on the basis of its writings. I do not laugh - it is about it to be about the official historical science of Russian antiquity. Even worse - the office scientists, creatively developing the heritage of the classics of domestic historiography, was planted in their chubby volumes of such nonsense about Mongols, whose arrows, it turns out, pierced the armor of European knights, and the trumpeted guns, flamers and even the reactive artillery allowed the storm for several days Powerful fortresses that it raises serious doubts about their mental usefulness. It seems that they do not see any difference between the bow and the crossbow, charged with the lever. "(Kun: 163-164).

But where can the Mongols be encountered with the armor of European knights and what do Russian sources speak about it? "And the collar came from the zamor, and they brought faith in the gods of alien. The fire and sword they began to impose the faith to us alone, to shower the Russians and silver the princes of Russians, to bribe them will, and shoot down from the way true. They promised them the life of idle, wealth and happiness is complete, and the vacation of sins of any, for the acts of their dashing. And then they broke up, the states are different. They retreated Russians to the north to Asgard a great, and called the power of their own names of their patrons, Tarh Great Bog and Tara, his sister Svetomudroi. (The Great Tartaria they ordered it). Leaving alien to the princes bought in the Principality of Kiev and its surroundings. Volzhsky Bulgaria also did not bow before the live, and did not be faith alone for her to accept. But did not become the principality of the Kiev world with tartaria to live. They became fire and the sword of the Earth Russian to disintegrate and faith alone alone. And then the army rolled, on the battle. In order to keep his faith and wield their land. And old and young then went to the warrior, in order to return the order to the Russian land. "

So the war began, in which the Russian army, the Earth of the Great Aria (Tatacaria) won the enemy, and kicked him out from the Zhonodnoy Slavic lands. It was alien to the army, with their faith, with the lands of their statutes. By the way, the word of the Horde translated according to the books of the Old Slavic ABC, means order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a building. "Political" system of gold order. At which the princes printed on the ground, placed from the approval of the commander-in-chief of the protection army, or in one word he was called Han (ours defender).
So, there was no time, two hundred and more years of the oppression, and there was the time of peace and prosperity of the Great Aria or Tartaria. By the way, in modern history, there is also a confirmation, but for some reason no one pays attention to him. But we will definitely turn, and very close ...: You don't seem strange that the battle with the Swedes is going right in the middle of the "Mongol-Tatars" invasion? Breaking in fires and plundered by the "Mongols" of Russia is attacked by the Swedish troops, which is safely sinking in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time the Swedish crusaders do not face Mongols. And the victorious strong Swedish army of Rusichi lose "Mongols"? In my opinion, it's just nonsense. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if you appeal to the Old Slavic chronicles, then everything becomes clear.

Since 1237, the Great Tartarium began to disintegrate their original lands back, and when the war approached the end, the representatives of the Church requested help, and Swedish Crusaders were put into battle. Once it did not work out to take the country to bribery, it means they will take it by force. Just in the 1240th year, the army of the Horde (that is, the Army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavlich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic kind) faced in the battle with his minions who came to revenue, the army of the Crusaders. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of Nevsky Prince and remained for the jurisdiction of Novgorod, and the Horde's army went further to expel the sacuostate from the Russian lands finally. So she drove the "church and alien faith" until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring its original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and left no north again. Having established the 300-year period of the world "(TAT).

Fantasy historians about the power of the Mongols.

Commenting on the cited above (Kun: 163), Alexey Kungurov adds: "This is what the doctor of historical sciences Sergey Nehhodov writes:" The main weapon of Tatars was the Mongolian onion, "Saadak", - it was thanks to this new weapon of Mongols conquered most of the promised world. It was a complex murder machine glued from three layers of wood and bone and to protect against moisture, wrapped with tendons; Bonding was carried out under the press, and drying lasted for several years - the secret of manufacturing these onions was kept secret. This bow was not inferior in the power of the musket; An arrow of it made any armor from it for 300 meters, and it was all the case in the ability to get into the goal, because Luke did not have a sight and shooting of them demanded many years of learning. Possessing this discrepant weapon, the Tatars did not like to fight in hand; They preferred to fill the enemy from the onions, having sought off his attacks; This shelling sometimes lasted a few days, and the Mongols took out the saber only when the enemies were wounded and fell from exhaustion. The last, "nine", the attack was conducted by "swords" - warriors armed with curves and together with horses covered with armor of thick buff. During large battles, this attack was preceded by the shelling from the "Fire Catapult" borrowed from the Chinese - these catapults shot filled with powder bombs, which, exploding, "burning the sparks of Latin" "(NEF). - This passage Alexei Kungurov comments as follows: "There is not the funny thing here that there is a historian (this brotherhood has the most dormant idea of \u200b\u200bnatural science), and the fact that he is also a candidate of physico-mathematical sciences. Well this is how much you need to degrade to degrade such a acine! Yes, if the bow shot at 300 meters and at the same time made any armor, then the firearms simply did not have a chance to be born. The American rifle M-16 has an effective firing range of 400 meters at the initial bullet speed of 1000 meters per second. Next, the bullet quickly loses the striking ability. In reality further than 100 meters, the aiming shooting of M-16 with a mechanical sight is ineffective. A300 meters Even from a powerful rifle, only a very experienced shooter is capable of shooting without an optical sight. And the science leader is weaving Ahinea about the fact that Mongol arrows not only flew to a third of a kilometer (the maximum distance on which the archer champions arrive at competitions - 90 meters), but also punched any armor. Rave! For example, a good mail, even to stop from the most powerful onion, it will not be punched. To defeat the warrior, a special arrow with a needle tip was used in the chalch, which did not pierce the armor, and with a successful coincidence passed through the rings.

I had an estimate of the top three in school at school, but I know perfectly from the practice that the arrow released from Luke is reported that the effort that the muscles of the hands are developing during its tension. That is, about the same success you can take the arrow with your hand and try to break through at least an enameled pelvis. For the absence of arrows, use any pointed item like halves of tailoring scissors, awl or knife. How is it going? Do you believe in the historians? If they write in their dissertations that the tinsel and thin Mongols stretched onions with an effort 75 kg, then I would only assign the degree of doctor of historical sciences to those who can repeat this feat. Although there will be less darkees with scientific titles. By the way, modern Mongols have no idea what Saadaks are super remedies of the Middle Ages. Conquered them by half airs, for some reason they completely forgotten how to do it.

It is even easier with the trumpet cars and catapults: it is only easy to look at the drawings of these monsters, as it becomes clear - these multi-torque machines can not be moved from the place even on the meter, as they will be bored in the ground while building. But even if in those days, asphalt roads were existed from Transbaikalia to Kiev and Polotsk, how would the Mongols dragged them thousands of kilometers, how did you cross the rivers like a Volga or Dnipro? The stone fortresses ceased to be considered impregnable only with the invention of siege artillery, and in previous times, well-strengthened cities took only Izmor (Kun: 164-165). - I consider this criticism gorgeous. I will also add that, according to the works of Ya.A. Kestler, in China there were no reserves of nitrate, so that the powder bombs were not honored. In addition, the powder does not create a temperature of 1556 degrees at which the iron melts to "burn the sparks of the lats." And if he could create such a temperature, then the sparks would burn in the first place of guns and guns at the time of the shot. It is very funny to read that the Tatars shot and shot (the number of arrows in the quiver, apparently, was not limited), and the enemy was exhausted, and the skinny Mongolian warriors allowed the tenth and the hundredth arrow with as fresh forces as the first, Not tired. Surprisingly, even the arrows from the rifle, shooting standing, and the Mongolian archers were unknown.

At one time I heard the expression from lawyers: "Lies like an eyewitness." Now, probably, an example of Nefelov should be addressed: "Lies like a professional historian."

Mongols-Metallurgists.

It would seem that here you can put a point, but Kungurov wants to consider several more aspects. "I am not much sense in metallurgy, but still I can quite approximate how many tons of iron need to arm at least 10,000 Mongolian army (kun: 166). Where did the figure come from 10 thousand? - This is the minimum troops with which you can go to a conquest. Guy Julius Caesar with such a detachment could not capture Britain, but when he doubled, the conquest of a foggy Albion was crowned with success. "Actually, such a small army could not conquer China, India, Rus and other countries. Therefore, historians, not stuffy, write about the 30-thousand Horse Horde of Batya, sent to conquer Russia, but this figure seems completely fantastic. Even if we assume that the armor of the Mongolian soldiers were leather, wooden shields, and the tips are stone, then on the horseshoes, spears, knives, swords, and sabers still need iron.

Now it is worthwhile: where did the rigorous technologies be known from the wild nomads? After all, the ore still needs to be mined, and to do this, be able to find it, that is, the little to understand in geology. Are there many ancient rules in the Mongolian steppes? Are the archaeologists of Gorn's residues? They, of course, those still kudesniks - will find anything, where necessary. But in this case, nature itself extremely complicated the task of archaeologists. Iron Ore on the territory of Mongolia is even not mined today (although small deposits have recently been open) "(Kun: 166). But even if the ore was found, and the furnaces for smelting existed, the work of metallurgists would have to be paid, and they themselves had to live trembled. Where are the former settlements of metallurgists? Where are the dumps of empty breed (heat)? Where are the remnants of the warehouses of finished products? Nothing this was found.

"Of course, weapons can be bought, but you need money that the ancient Mongols did not have at least world archeology they are completely unknown. And they could not have, because their farm was not a commodity. Weapons could be replaced, but where, who and what? In short, if you think about such trifles, then the campaign of Genghis Khan from the Manchurian steppes to China, India, Persia, the Caucasus and Europe looks like full fiction "(Kun: 166).

I am not first faced with this kind of "punzes" in mythological historiography. Actually, any historiographic myth is then written to them, like a chimney curtain, close a real fact. This kind of camouflage goes well in cases where the facts are disguised. But to disguise advanced technologies, the highest at that time is impossible. It's like a criminal above two meters of growth to put on someone else's suit and mask - it is not recognized by clothes or face, but in excessive height. If at the specified period, that is, in the XIII century, the best armor from iron had Western European knights, then to attribute their urban culture by steppe nomads would not succeed in any way. Just like the highest culture of Etruscan writing, where Itali, Russian, stylized Greek alphabets and the Road were used, it is impossible to attribute not to one small people of the type of Albanians or Chechens, which, perhaps, in those days have not yet been.

Fodder for Mongolian cavalry.

"For example, how did the Mongols forced the Volga or Dnipro? Climbing a two-kilometer stream will not overcome, do not go. There is one way out - wait for the winter to go over the ice. It was in winter, by the way, in Russia and fought usually insert. But in order to make such a long transition for the winter, it is necessary to prepare a huge amount of forage, because at least the Mongolian horse is capable of finding the courageous herb under the snow, but for this she needs to graze where the grass is. At the same time, snow cover should be small. In the Mongolian steppes of winter just a little snow, and the grass is quite high. In Russia, the other vice versa - the grass is high only in the floodplain meadows, and in all other places it is very fluid. The snowbooks will be planned such that the horse is not that the grass is found under it, it will not be able to move around in deep snow. Otherwise, it is not clear why the French lost during the retreat from Moscow all their cavalry. They, of course, were eaten her, but ate already fallen the skiers, because if the horses were full and healthy, then the unlimited guests would use them in order to rather flush "(Kun: 166-167). - We note that it is for this reason that for Western Europeans became preferred summer campaigns.

"A forage is usually used as a forage, which is required for 5-6 kg. It turns out, nomads, pre-pretending to the campaign in advance, the steppe of oats were sown? Or did they carry the hay on the carts? Let us produce simple arithmetic operations and consider which cooking should be made to nomads to go to a long trick. Suppose they collected a tv at least 10 thousand horse fighters. Each warrior requires a few horses - one specially trained system for battle, one hiking, one for the banner - carry food, yurt and other reserves. This is at least, but we must also take into account that in the way the part of the horses falls, there will be a combat loss, therefore a reserve is required.

And if 10 thousand contesions go in a hiking rank even on the steppe, then when the horses will graze, where will the warriors live - in the snowdrifts to relax, or what? In a long campaign, do not do without food, forage and coat with warm yurts. It is still necessary to make fuel to cook, and where will the firewood find in the champ of the steppe? Nomads were treated with their yurts, sorry, poop, because there is nothing more. Stickly, of course. But they are accustomed. You can, of course, to dream on the topic of strategic blanks by the Mongols of hundreds of tons of dried shit, which they took with them on the road, going to win the world, but I will give this opportunity to the most advanced historians.

Some clever girls tried to prove that the Mongols did not have bankers at all, why they managed to show phenomenal maneuverability. But how did they in this case, drove home loose prey - in his pocket, or what? And where were their cut-cut guns and other engineering devices, and the same cards and food reserves, not to mention their environmentally friendly fuel? Without a banner, no army of the world was never accounted for, if she was going to make a transition for more than two days. Loss of oversized usually meant failure campaign, even if there was no battles with the enemy.

In short, our mini-horde should have at least 40 thousand horses in its disposal. From the experience of mass armies of the XVII-XIX centuries. It is known that the daily need for a found of such a herd will be at least 200 tons of oats. This is just one day! And the longer transition, the more horses should be involved in the weapon. Medium size Horse is capable of dragging a wagon with 300 kg of weight. This is if on the road, and on the road in the Blades two times less. That is, in order to provide our 40 thousandth herd, you need 700 horses per day. Three-month campaign will require traffic of almost 70 thousand horses. And this ohlave also needs oats, and in order to feed 70 thousand horses who carry a forage for 40,000 kinks, it will be necessary for the same three months more than 100 thousand horses with wagons, and these horses in turn want to eat - it turns out a vicious circle " (Kun: 167-168). - This count shows that intercontinental, for example, from Asia to Europe, hiking hiking with a complete reserve of the provisional is fundamentally impossible. True, there are calculations of a 3-month winter campaign. But if you spend the campaign in summer, and move in the steppe belt, feeding the horses with the foot feed, then you can move much further.

"Even in the summer, the cavalry never did without a forage, so the campaign of the Mongols on Russia would still demand the rear. Up to the twentieth century, the maneuverability of the troops was determined not by the speed of horsepower and the fortress of soldier's feet, but by dependence on the sumports and the throughput of the road network. The marching speed of 20 km per day was very good even for the average division of the Second World War, and German tanks, when asphalt highway allowed them to carry out blitzkrieg, wrapped on caterpillars 50 km per day. But in this case, the rear inevitably lagged behind. In ancient times, such indicators would be just fantastic. The textbook (SWIT) reports that the Mongolian army passed on a day about 100 kilometers! Yes, it is unlikely that you can find people worse than all-dealing in history. Even in May 1945, Soviet tanks, making a march of Berlin to Prague on good European roads, could not beat the "Mongol-Tatar" record "(Kun: 168-169). - I believe that the division of Europe on the Western and Eastern and is not so much of geographical, as from strategic considerations. Namely: within each of them, military campaigns, although they require forage and horses reserves, but within reasonable limits. And the transition to another part of Europe already requires the voltage of all government forces, so the military campaign affects not only the army, but develops to the Patriotic War, requiring the participation of the entire population.

Food problem.

"What fell on the way the riders themselves? If you drive a flock of bars, then it will have to move with their speed. For the winter there is no way to the nearest focus of civilization. But nomads are unpretentious people, dried with dried meat and cottage cheese, which was swollen in hot water. No matter how cool, and a kilogram of food per day is necessary. Three months of the way - 100 kg of weight. In the future, you can clog mouse horses. At the same time, the found will be saved. But no travel with a speed of 100 km per day to move in a state, especially by off-road. " - It is clear that this problem mainly concerns deserted areas. In a densely populated Europe, the winner can pick up food from defeated

Problems of demography.

"If you touch the demographics issues and try to understand how nomads were able to set 10 thousand warriors, given the very low population density in the steppe zone, then we will break into another unresolved riddle. Well, no population density is higher than 0.2 people per square kilometer! If you take mobilization capabilities of the Mongols for 10% of the total population (every second healthy man from 18 to 45 years old), then for the mobilization of a 10 thousandth horde, it will be necessary to make the territory of the EDAC in half a million square kilometers. Or let's affect purely organizational moments: for example, how the Mongols were taken to collect the tax on the army and recruiting, how did military training happened, how did the military elite brought up? It turns out that on purely technical reasons, the campaign of the Mongols on Russia, as "professional" historians describe it, was impossible in principle.

There are examples from relatively recently. In the spring of 1771, Kalmyki, nomocated in the Caspian steppes, expanded by the fact that the royal administration significantly cut their autonomy, together with the place and moved to the historic homeland in Djungaria (the territory of the modern Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Okrug in China). Only 25 thousand Kalmyks, who lived on the right bank of the Volga, were left on the spot - they could not join the other due to the opening of the river. Of 170 thousand nomads, only about 70 thousand reached the target after 8 months. The rest, as easy to guess, died in the way. Winter transition would be even more detrimental. The local population met immigrants without delight. Who will now find traces of Kalmykov in Xinjiang? And at the right bank of Volga today, 165 thousand Kalmyks lived today, which moved to a settled lifestyle during the collectivization period in 1929-1940, but not lost the original culture and religion (Buddhism) "(Kun: 1690170). - This last example is amazing! Almost 2/3 of the population, which smoked with good horses in the summer and slowly, ran along the way. Let even the losses of the regular army were less, say, 1/3, but then instead of 10 thousand troops to the goal will reach less than 7 thousand people. They may argue that in front of themselves, they chased the defeated peoples. So I counted only those killed from the difficulty of the transition, and there were a combat loss. The defeated enemies can be driven when the winners are at least twice the number of attacked. So if half of the troops perish in battle (in fact, the strikers die about 6 times more than defending), then the survivors of 3.5 thousand can drive no more than 1.5 thousand captives, which in the first battle will try Get on the side of enemies, enhance their rows. And the army of less than 4 thousand people is unlikely to move with the battles further into someone else's country - he is the time to return home.

Why do you need a myth about the Tatar-Mongolian invasion.

"But the myth about the terrible Mongolian invasion is cultivated for something. And for what, it is easy to guess - virtual Mongols are needed solely in order to explain the disappearance of the same phantom Kiev Rus, along with its original population. Say, as a result of Batiev, the invasion of Zdneprovier is completely detected. And on the fig, asks, nomads were to destroy the population? Well, they would post a trian, as everyone else - at least some benefit. But no, historians choir convince us that the Mongols trose the Kiev region, the population was destroyed, the population was destroyed or risen in captivity, and those who were lucky enough to survive, smearing the heels of Salom, fled without looking into wild forests to the northeast, where The time was created by the powerful Moscow kingdom. One way or another, but the time before the XVI century, as it were, falls out of the history of South Russia: if that historians refer to this period, so it races of the Crimeans. Only on whom they made the climb, if Russian land would be detected?

It can not be that for 250 years in the historical center of Russia there was no events at all! However, no epoch events are noted. It caused hot spores among historians when the disputes were even allowed. Some advanced hypotheses about the magnitude of the population in the northeast, others believed that the entire population was staring, and the new came from the Carpathians in the following centuries. Third expressed the idea that the population did not lose anywhere, and did not come from anywhere, but simply sitting quietly in the conditions of isolation from the outside world and did not show any political, military, economic, demographic or cultural activity. Klyuchevsky promoted the idea that the population, to death frightened by evil tatar, left oblique places and took part in Galicia, and part of the Suzdal land, from where it was extended far to the north and east. Kiev, as a city, according to Professor, temporarily ceased to exist, declining to 200 houses. Solovyov argued that Kiev was destroyed completely completely and for many years was a pile of ruins, where no one lived. In the Galician lands, called Malaya Rus,, refugees from the subnet, they say, slightly impaired, and returned after a few centuries on their autochthonous territory already as Maloros, they brought there peculiar talk and acquired in the exile of customs "(Kun: 170-171).

So, from the point of view of Alexei Kungurov, the myth of Tatar-Mongola supports another myth - about Kievan Rus. While I do not consider this second myth, however, I admit that the existence of extensive Kiev Rus is also a myth. However, we listen to this author to the end. Perhaps he will show that the myth of the Tatar-Mongolakh is beneficial to historians and for other reasons.

Surprisingly fast delivery of Russian cities.

"At first glance, this version looks quite logical: angry barbarians came and destroyed the flower civilization, they were killed and dispersed to the Black Mother. Why? And because barbarians. What for? And the Batya had a bad mood, maybe he put the horns to him, maybe the stomach ulcer suffered, so he was angry. The scientific community is quite satisfied with the scientific community, and since I have no relation to this public itself, I immediately want to argue with the cigriers of historical "science."

Why, asks, the Mongols did the Kiev region worked totally? It should be noted that the Kiev Earth is not some kind of insignificant outflow, but supposedly the core of the Russian state according to the same Klyuchevsky. Meanwhile, Kiev in 1240 was commissioned by the enemy in a few days after the siege. Does there have similar cases in the story? More often, we will meet the reverse examples, when everyone was given to the enemy, but they beat the latter for the kernel. Therefore, the fall of Kiev seems completely incredible. Before the invention of the siege artillery, a well-fortified city could only be taken by Ismor. And often it happened that the precipitating exhausted faster than the deposited. Stories are known cases of very long defense of the city. For example, during the time of Polish intervention during the time of University, the Siege Poles Smolensk lasted from September 21, 1609 to June 3, 1611. The defenders capitulated only when the Polish artillery struck an impressive discount in the wall, and the deposited turned out to be extremely exhausted by hunger and disease.

The Polish king of Sigismund, struck by the courage of defenders, let go of their ravis. But the house is kievyan so quickly surrendered to wild Mongols, which did not spare anyone? Nomads did not have a powerful siege artillery, and the trumpent guns, which were allegedly destroyed by serfs - are stupid inventions of historians. It was physically impossible to draw such a device to the wall, because the walls themselves always stood on a large earthen shaft, which was the basis of urban fortifications, and before them was satisfied. It is now considered that the defense of Kiev lasted 93 days. The famous Belletist Bushkov writer is evident about this: "Historians are dumbwind. Ninety-three days - this is a period not between the beginning and end of the assault, but the first advent of the "Tatar" rati and taking Kiev. At first, the Kiev Walls appeared "Batiev of the Voivode" Mengat and tried to persuade the Kiev Prince to pass the city without a fight, but his ambassadors were killed by Kiev, and he retreated. And after three months, "Bati" came. And in a few days I took the city. It is the gap between these events that call other researchers "long siege" (Bush).

And the story with a rapid fall of Kiev is not unique. If you believe historians, then all the other Russian cities (Ryazan, Vladimir, Galich, Moscow, Pereslavl-Zalessky, etc.) were usually held no more than five days. It's amazing that Torzhok was defeated for almost two weeks. Little Kozelsk allegedly put the record, holding out seven weeks in the siege, but surfactant on the third day of the assault. Who will explain to me, what kind of super-arrangement was the Mongols used to take the fortress with the go? And why about this weapon forgotten? In the Middle Ages, throwing machines were sometimes used to destroy urban walls. But in Russia there was a big problem - there was nothing to throw - the appropriate boulder size would have to drag with them.

True, the city in Russia in most cases had wooden fortifications, and theoretically, they could be burned. But in practice in winter it was difficult, because the walls were water from above, as a result of which an ice shell was formed. Actually, if even a 10 thousandth nomadic army came to Russia, no catastrophe would have happened. This horde would simply melt in a couple of months, taking the storming of a dozen cities. The loss of attacking in this case will be 3-5 times higher than the defenders of the citadel.

According to the official version of the story, the northeastern lands of Russia suffered from the Supostate much more, but for some reason no one thought to scatter. Conversely, they fled there, where the climate is colder, and the Mongols are more loose. Where is the logic? And why did the population "ran away" until the XVI century, was paralyzed by fear and did not try to return to the fertile lands of the subnet? From the Mongols have long and the track, and frightened Rusichi, they say, they were afraid of the nose to show. The Crimeans did not differ peacefully, but they were not afraid of their Russians who were not afraid - the Cossacks on their seagulls went down to Don and Dnieper, unexpectedly attacked the Crimean cities and organized cruel pogroms there. Usually, if any places are favorable for life, then the struggle for them is particularly fierce, and these are never empty empty. The defeated conquerors are replaced, those crowd out or assimilate stronger neighbors - the question here is not in disagreements for some political or religious issues, namely in the possession of the territory "(Kun: 171-173). - Indeed, completely inexplicable from the point of view of the collision of the steppes and citizens of the situation. It is very good for the dispenser version of the historiography of Russia, but completely illogical. While Alexei Kungurov notes all the new aspects of a completely incredible development of events from the standpoint of the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

Incomprehensible motifs of the Mongols.

"Do not explain the historians and the motives of mythical mongols at all. In the name of what they participated in such ambitious campaigns? If in order to set out the tribute conquered Rusichi, then on the hell of the Mongols, they equalized 49 out of 74 large Russian cities, and the population cut out almost under the root, how do historians tell? If they destroyed the aborigines because they liked the local grass and a softer climate, rather than in the Customs and Trans-Baikal steppes, then why did they go to the steppe? There is no logic in the actions of conquerors. More precisely, it is not in the womb, composed by historians.

The root cause of peoples in antiquity was the so-called crisis of nature and man. When overpopulation of the territory, society, as it were, pushed young and energetic people. Conquer those lands of neighbors and fall there - well. They will die in the subside - also well, because there will be no "extra" population. In many respects, this can be explained by the militancy of the ancient Scandinavians: their missing northern lands could not feed the multiplying population and therefore it remained to live with a robberry or hiring to the service for foreign rulers to deal with the same robbery. Russians can be said lucky - the excess population of the centuries was rolled back to the south and east until the Pacific Ocean. In the future, the crisis of nature and man began to overcome the qualitative change in agricultural technologies and the development of industry.

But what could be the cause of the militancy of the Mongols? If the density of the population of steppes exceeds the permissible limits (that is, there will be a lack of pastures), part of the shepherds will simply convene into other, less mastered steppes. If the local nomads are not happy to be guests, then a small massacre will arise, in which the strongest will win. That is, Mongolas, to get to Kiev, would have to master the huge spaces from Manchuria to the Northern Black Sea region. But even in this case, nomads did not imagine the threats to strong civilized countries, because no nomadic people have ever created their own statehood and did not have an army. Maximum, to which steppes are capable - to make a raid on the border settlement for the purpose of robbery.

The only analogue of mythical militant Mongols - Chechens-Chechens XIX century. This people are unique in that robbery has become the basis of its existence. Chechens did not even have the embossed statehood, they lived by childbirth (teipami), the agriculture did not stand in contrast to their neighbors, did not possess the metal processing secrets, let them do the most primitive crafts. Threat to Russian grace and communications with Georgia, which became part of Russia since 1804, they were represented only because they supplied them with weapons and supplies, and bribed local princes. But nothing but the tactics of raids and forest ambuse Chechen robbers, despite even their numerical superiority, could not oppose the Russians. When the patience of the latter burst, the regular army under the start of Yermolov pretty quickly produced a total "stripping" of the North Caucasus, drove Abreks to the mountains and the gorge.

I am ready to believe in much, but seriously perceive Bedding for evil nomads who destroyed ancient Russia, categorically refused. Especially fantastic is the theory of the three-year-old "IGA" of wild steppes over Russian principalities. Only the state can carry out domination over conquered lands. Historians are in general understand, and therefore, a certain fabulous Mongolian Empire was invented - the world's largest state in the entire history of mankind, founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 and included the territory from the Danube to the Japanese Sea and from Novgorod to Cambodia. All the imperials known to us were created by centuries and generations, and only the most great global empire was allegedly created by an illiterate speaker literally at hand to hand. "(Kun: 173-175). - So, Alexey Kungurov comes to the conclusion that if it was the conquest of Russia, it was carried out not with wild steppes, but by some powerful state. But where was his capital?

The capital of steppes.

"If there is an empire, then the capital should be. Being the capital appointed a fantastic city of Karakorum, the remnants of which were explained by the ruins of the Buddhist monastery of Erdani-Dzu of the end of the XVI century in the center of modern Mongolia. Based on what? And so wanted historians. Dug up the slaughter of the ruins of a small ancient city, and announced that it was Troy "(Kun: 175). I have shown in two articles that Schliman squanded one of the temples of Yara and his treasures accepted an ancient Troy trail, although three, as one of the Serbian researchers showed, was on the shore of the Lake Skoder (modern city of Shkoder in Albania).

"And Nikolai Yadrintsev, who found an ancient settlement in the Valley of Okhahon, declared him to Karakorum. Karakorum literally means "black stones" because there was a mountain range not far from the place of Nakhodka, he was given the official name Karakorum. And since the mountains are called Karakorum, then the fortificest is appropriated the same name. Here is a compelling justification! True, the local population did not hear about what Karakorum and the layer, but called the Music Ridge - Ice Mountains, but it didn't bother scientists. "(Kun: 175-176). - And right, because in this case, "scientists" were not looking for truth, but confirmation of their myth, and the geographical renaming of this is very promoted.

Traces of the Grand Empire.

"The Most Husband World Empire left fewer traces about himself. Or rather, no. She, they say, broke up in the XIII century on separate uluses, the largest of which became the Empire Yuan, that is, China (her capital Hanbalyk, now Aaineene, allegedly was the same time the capital of the entire Mongolian Empire), the state of Ilkhanov (Iran, Transcaucasia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan), Chagatai Ulus (Central Asia) and the Golden Horde (territory from Irtysh to the White, Baltic and Black Seas). This historians are deftly invented. Now any fragments of ceramics or copper decorations found on the expanses from Hungary to the coast of the Japanese Sea can be announced by the traces of the Great Mongolian civilization. And find and declare. And the eye does not blink (kun: 176).

I am primarily interested in writing monuments first as epigraphist. Have they existed in the Tatar-Mongolian era? This is what writes on this occasion of the oil: "Putting Alexander the Neva Great Prince on his will, Tatars sent Baskakov and Nizmennikov on Russia -" And the popyan tatars on the streets began to ride the streets, rewriting Christian houses. " It was a census held at the time throughout the huge Mongol Empire; The numerals constituted the registers of the defaters to charge the taxes installed by Eloy Chu-Cam: to submit, "Calan", to submit, "Kuchur", and the tax on merchants, "Taghu" (NEF). True, in the epigraphy, the word "Tamga" has a different meaning, "generic signs of ownership," but it is not a matter of this: if there existed three types of filse, decorated in the form of lists, then something could certainly be preserved. - Alas, nothing is it. It is unclear even what font all this was recorded. But if there are no such special litters, then it turns out that all these lists wrote with Russian font, that is, Cyrillic. - When I tried to find an article on the Internet on the topic "Tatar-Mongolian Iga Artifacts", I met the judgment that I would reproduce below.

Why silent chronicles.

"In the time of the mythical" Tatar-Mongolian IGA ", according to official history, decline came to Russia. This, in their opinion, is confirmed by the almost complete lack of evidence of the period. Somehow, talking to the lover of the history of his native land, I heard a mention of the decline that reigned in a given area during the Tatar-Mongolian Yea. As evidence, he reminded that in these places there was no time a monastery. Initially, it should be said about the terrain: river valley with hills in close proximity, there are springs - an ideal place to settle. So it was. However, in the annals of this monastery, the nearest settlement is mentioned only in several tens of kilometers. Although between the lines, you can read that people lived closer, only "wild". Arguing on this topic, we concluded that because of the ideological motives, the monks mentioned only Christian settlements, or with the next rewriting of history, all the information about non-Christian settlements were erased.

No, no yes, sometimes historians roll those who flourished during the "Tatar-Mongolian yoke" of settlements. What forced them to admit that in fact, the Tatar-Mongols were quite tolerant to the conquered peoples ... "However, the lack of reliable sources about universal prosperity in Kievan Rus does not give rise to doubts official history.

In addition, except for the sources of the Orthodox Church, we have no reliable data about the occupation of Tatar-Mongols. In addition, there is quite interesting, there is a fact of rapid occupation of not only the steppe regions of Russia (from the point of view of the official history of Tatar-Mongola - Stepnyaki), but also of wooded and even swampy territories. Of course, the history of hostilities knows examples of the rapid conquest of the marsh forests of Belarus. However, the fascists went around the swamps. But what about the Soviet army, which conducted a brilliant offensive operation in the swampy part of Belarus? This is how, however, the population in Belarus was needed to create a bridgehead for subsequent onset. Just chose to step on the least expected (and therefore protected). But the main Soviet army relied on the local partisans, who thoroughly knew the terrain even better than the fascists. But the mythical Tatar-Mongols who were committed unthinkable, the swamps were conquered with the go - they refused further offensive "(SPO). - Here the unknown researcher celebrates two curious facts: the monastery chronicle considers only the one where the parishioners lived, as well as the brilliant orientation of steppes among the swamps, which they should not be peculiar. And the same author notes the coincidence of the territory occupied by Tatar-Mongols with the territory of Kievan Rus. Thus, it shows that it is real. We are dealing with a territory that has undergone a Christianization, regardless of whether it was in the steppe, in the forests or in the swamps. - But back to the texts of Cungurov.

Religion of Mongols.

"What was the official religion of Mongols? - And choose any what you like. Allegedly in the Karakorum "Palace" of the Great Khan Ugheda (the heir of Genghis Khan) found Buddhist idols. In the capital, the Golden Horde, Saray Batu finds mainly Orthodox cross and breastplate samples. In the Central Asian possessions of Mongolian conquerors, Islam was established, Zoroastrianism continued to flourish in the Southern Caspian. Frequently felt in the Mongolian Empire and Khazar-Jews. Siberia has a variety of shaman beliefs. Russian historians traditionally tell the bikes that the Mongols were idolaters. Say, the Russian princes they did the "secrech of the ball", if those arriving at the label for the right of the reign in their lands, did not worship them with their downes to pagan cumin. In short, there was no state religion from Mongols. All empires were, and Mongolian - no. He could pray for someone as he wants "(Kun: 176). - We note that no vermorpability before, nor after the Mongolian invasion was not. Ancient Prussia with the Balt Prussians inhabited by her Balt people (relatives in the language of Lithuanians and Latvians), the German knightly orders of Starli from the face of the earth just because those were pagans. And in Russia, not only the Vedovers (Old Believers), but also early Christians (Old Believers) began to pursue after Nikon's reform as enemies. Therefore, such a combination of words, like "Evil Tatar" and "VERTOPTY" is impossible, it is illogical. The division of the greatest empire for individual areas, each with its religion, probably indicates an independent, independent existence of these areas, combined into a gigantic empire only in the mythology of historians. As for the findings of Orthodox cross and breastplate in the European part of the Empire, it says that Christianity has been imposed on Tatar-Mongols and paganism (Varism) was eradicated, that is, a forced Christianization was.

Cash.

"By the way, if the Karakorum was the Mongolian capital, then a mint must be in it. It is believed that the monetary unit of the Mongolian Empire was gold dinars and silver dirhams. Four years, archaeologists picked the soil in Orhon (1999-2003), but not the fact that the coin court, they did not even find a single Dirham and Dinar, but the Chinese coins were dug in a multitude. It was this expedition that found in the Palace of Ugotea (which turned out to be much smaller than expected) traces of Buddhist idols. In Germany, the solid foliage "Genghis Khan and his heritage" was released on the results of the excavation, despite the fact that the archaeologists did not find any traces of the Lord of Mongols. However, it doesn't matter everything that they found was announced by Genghis Khan heritage. True, the publishers were prudently silent about the Buddhist idol and about Chinese coins, but most of the book were filled with distracted arguments that do not represent any scientific interest "(Kun: 177). - There is a legal question: if the Mongols produced three types of census, and they collected tribute on them, then where were they kept? And in what currency? Is it really translated into Chinese money? What could you buy in Europe?

In continuation of the Topics of Kungurov writes: "In general, in all Mongolia, only a few dirhams are found in the Arab inscriptions, which completely eliminates the idea that it was a center of a certain empire. Explain this "scientists" - historicals cannot, and therefore simply do not concern this issue. Even if you grab the historian for the lapel jacket, and look closely, ask about it, he will depict a fool, who does not understand what is discussed "(Kun: 177). "I'm publishing here Citizing, because it was exactly the archaeologists, when in the local history museum Tver, I did my message, showing that on the stone-cup, donated by the museum by the Liures, there is an inscription. None of the archaeologists approached the stone and did not feel the letters chopped there. For approach and feel the inscription meant to sign for them in many years of a lie regarding the lack of their own writing from the Slavs to the Docyrillovsky Epoch. It was the only thing that they could do to protect the honor of the Mundar ("I see nothing, I can not hear anything, I won't tell anyone," as it goes in a popular song).

"There are no archaeological evidence of existence in Mongolia of the Imperial Center, and therefore, as arguments in favor of a completely razovaya version, official science may suggest that the casual interpretation of the writings of Rashid Ad-Dina. True, the latter they quote very selectively. For example, the fact that the latter writes about the walking in the Karakorum dinars and Dirhemov, historians after four-year excavations in Orhon prefer not to remember. And Gille De Rubuk reports that the Mongols knew a sense in Romean money, which were overwhelmed by their budget crust. About this they now have to pose. It follows that the Carpini plan mentioned how the ruler of Baghdad paid tribute to the Mongolas in Romeic Gold Solids - Besantes. In short, all the ancient witnesses were mistaken. Only modern historians know the truth "(Kun: 178). - As you can see, all the ancient witnesses indicated that Mongols used European money in Western and Eastern Europe. And they did not talk about Chinese money from the "Mongols". Again, we are talking about the fact that "Mongols" were Europeans, at least in economically plan. No livestock will not come to mind to draw up lists of landowners, which did not have a cattle breeder. Moreover, to create a tax on merchants who in many Eastern countries were stray. In short, all these censuses of the population, very expensive shares, with the aim of taking a stable tax (10%), are issued from headless steppes, and the scrupulous European bankers, which, of course, charged the calculated taxes in the European currency. Chinese money was for them.

"Was the Mongols have a financial system without which, as is known, no state does not do? Did not have! No specific Mongolian money is known to numismatics. But those if desired, any unidentified coins are declared. What was the name of the Empire's monetary unit? Yes, it was not called. Where was the imperial mint, treasury? And nowhere. It seems to be about evil backers - the builders of Dani in Russian uluses the Golden Horde historians wrote something. But today the lattice of Baskakov seems very exaggerated. It seems that they collected in favor of Khan Tith (the tenth of income), and each tenth young man was recruited into their army. The latter should consider a big exaggeration. After all, the service in those days lasted not a couple of years, but probably a quarter of a century. Russia's population in the XIII century is customary to evaluate the smaller 5 million shower. If 10 thousand recruits come to the army every year, then after 10 years it will swallow to completely unimaginable sizes "(Kun: 178-179). - If you call 10 thousand people annually, then in 10 years it will turn out 100 thousand, and in 25 years - 250 thousand. Is there a state of that time in a state of that army? - "And if we consider that the Mongols took the service not only by Russians, but also representatives of all other conquered peoples, then a millionth horde will be turned out, which no empire could not apply in the Middle Ages" (Kun: 179). - That's it.

"But where did the tax led, as I was registered, who ordered the treasury, the scientists can not explain anything really. Nothing is known about the system of score, measures and weights used in the Empire. The mystery remains and what the goals of the huge Goldordinsky budget spent - neither palaces, no cities, no monasteries, nor the fleet conquerors built. Although no, other storyteps argue that the fleet of Mongols was. They, they say, even conquered the island of Java, and almost seized Japan. But it is so obvious nonsense that it does not have any meaning. At least, until at least some traces of existence on the land of steppe cattle breeders (KUN: 179) are found. - As Alexei Kungurov, various aspects of the Mongol activities consideration, there is an impression that the people of Halha prescribed to the role of the global conqueror of Halha in the minimum extent to fulfill this mission. How did the West carry out such a flap? - The answer is simple. All Siberia and Central Asia on European Cards of the Time was called Tartaria (as I showed in one of my articles, it was there who moved under the hell, Tartar). Accordingly, there is a mythical "Tatars". Their east wing stretched to the people of Halh, about which at that time few historians knew anything, and therefore he could be attributed to anything. Of course, the historians of the West did not foresee that after a couple of centuries the means of communication will develop so strongly that through the Internet it will be possible to receive any newest information from archaeologists, which, after analytical processing, it will be capable of refuting any western myths.

The ruling layer of the Mongols.

"What was the ruling layer in the Mongolian Empire? Any state has its military, political, economic, cultural and scientific top. The ruling medieval layer is called aristocracy, today's dominant class is called a vague term "elite". One way or another, but the state top must be, otherwise there is no state. And the Mongolian occupiers with the elite had a taint. Conquered Rus and left to rule the Dynasty Rurikovich. Themselves, they say, went into the steppe. There are no such examples in history. That is, the state-forming aristocracy in the Mongolian Empire did not exist "(Kun: 179). - Last - extremely surprising. Take, for example, preceding a huge empire - Arab Caliphate. There was not only religion, Islam, but also secular literature. For example, fairy tales thousands and one night. There was a monetary system, and Arab money for a long time was considered the most popular currency. And where are the legends about Mongolian Khanakh, where are the Mongolian fairy tales about the conquests of distant Western countries?

Mongolian infrastructure.

"Any state cannot even take place today if you do not have transport and information connectedness. In the Middle Ages, the lack of convenient routes of communication absolutely excluded the possibility of the functioning of the state. Therefore, the core of the state has evolved along the river, marine, significantly less frequently land communications. And the greatest in the history of mankind, the Mongol Empire did not have any ways to communicate between its parts and the center, which, by the way, was also not. More precisely, he seemed to be, but solely in the form of becoming, where Genghis Khan left his family during hikes "(Kun: 179-180). In this case, the question arises how government negotiations occurred at all? Where did the ambassadors of sovereign states live? Is it really in a military rate? And how could it be aware of the constant transfer of these rates during combat operations? And where was the state office, archives, translators, correspondencers, heralds, treasury, room for bad values? Also moved along with the Khan rate? - It can hardly believe. - And here Kungurov turns to the conclusion.

There was a Mongol Empire.

"It is natural to ask a question: was this legendary Mongol Empire? Was! - Historians will collect a chorus and a stone turtle of the Yuan dynasty will be shown as evidence in the vicinity of the modern Mongolian village of Karakorum or a shapeless coin of unknown affiliation. If it seems unconvincing it, the historians will automatically add a couple of clay shards, dangled in the Black Sea steppes. This, for sure, convince the most unfinished skeptic "(Kun: 180). "The question of Alexei Kungurov a long time ago, and the answer to it is quite natural. No Mongol Empire has ever existed! - However, the author of the study concerns the question not only about the Mongols, but also about the Tatars, as well as about the attitude of Mongols to Russia, and therefore he continues his story.

"But we are interested in the Great Mongol Empire. Rus allegedly was conquered by Batym - Grandfather of Genghis Khan and the ruler of Ulus Juchi, more famous called the Golden Horde. From the possessions of the Golden Horde to Russia are still closer than from Mongolia. For the winter from the Caspian steppes, you can get to Kiev, Moscow and even Vologda. But difficulties arise all the same. First, the horses need a fodder. Hard the grass in the Volga steppes of the horse can no longer die from under the snow. Winter there is snowing, and therefore local nomads on their wintering harvested the reserves of the hay to hold out in the most difficult time. So that the army could move in the winter, we need an oats. No oats - it's not possible to go to Russia. Where does the nomads have oats?

The next problem is the road. In winter, frozen rivers were used as the roads of the century. But the horse so that she can go on the ice, you must subside. In the steppe, it can run unacceptable on the steppe, and in the ice, stonework or frozen road an incentive horse, and he can not go with the rider. In order to submit a hundred thousand demanded for the invasion of combat boards and mobility, one only iron is more than 400 tons! And after 2-3 months it is necessary to cut horses again. And how much should the forests need to cut down in order to prepare 50 thousand sleds for wrap?

But in general, as we found out, even in the case of a successful march on Russia, a 10 thousandth army will be in an extremely difficult situation. Supply due to the local population is almost impossible, tighten the reserves absolutely unreal. It is necessary to keep gulling storms of cities, fortresses and monasteries, to carry irrelevant losses, deepening on the enemy's territory. And what's the point in this deepening, if the invaders left the ruined desert? What is the purpose of the war? With each day, the interventories will be weaker, and by the spring it is necessary to go into the steppe, otherwise the rivers will dampen the nomads in the forests, where they will die from hunger "(Kun: 180-181). - As you can see, the problems of the Mongol Empire appear on a smaller scale and on the example of the Golden Horde. And then Kungurov considers the later Mongolian state - the Golden Horde.

Capital gold hordes.

"It is known as two capitals of the Golden Horde - Saray-Batu and Saraj-Berk. Until our days, they did not even reach the ruins. Historians and here they found the guilty - Tamerlan, who came from Central Asia and instructed these the most blooming and populated cities of the East. Today, archaeologists echoing on the spot allegedly the great capitals of the Great Eurasian Empire, only the remnants of global huts and the most primitive homemade utensils. All valuable, they say, plundered the evil Tamerlan. What is characteristic of the larger traces of the presence in these places of Mongolian nomads, archaeologists do not find.

However, this is not at all embarrassing. Since the traces of the Greeks, Russians, Italians and others were found there, it means that the business was clear: Mongols were brought into their capital masters from the conquered countries. Someone doubts Mongols conquered Italy? Read carefully works of "scientists" - Storikov - it says that Batya reached the coast of the Adriatic Sea and almost to Vienna. Somewhere there he is the Italians and caught. What does Saraj-Berk say about the center of the Sarah and Town Orthodox Diocese? This, according to historians, testifies to the phenomenal vermorpability of the Mongolian conquerors. True, in this case it is not clear why the Goldenopa Khans allegedly joined several Russian princes who do not want to give up their faith. The Grand Duke Kiev and Chernihiv Mikhail Vsevolodovich is even counted for the faith of the saints for refused to worship the sacred fire, and was for disobedience killed "(Kun: 181). Again, we see complete inconsistency of the official version.

What was the Golden Horde.

"The Golden Horde is the same stately by historians as the Mongol Empire. Accordingly, the Mongol-Tatar "IHO" is also fiction. The question is who invented him. In Russian chronicles it is useless to seem to mention the "Iga" or mythical mongols. "Evil Tatarov" is mentioned in it quite often. The question of who had in mind the chronicles under this name? Whether this is an ethnic group, or a lifestyle or estate (akin to the Cossacks), whether this is the collective name of all Turks. Maybe the word "Tatar" means an equestrian warrior? Tatars knows a great set: Casimov, Crimean, Lithuanian, Bordakovie (Ryazan), Belgorod, Don, Yenisei, Tula ... One only transfer of all kinds of Tatars will take a full-story. The tatars are mentioned in the chronicles, the Tatars are baptized, the Tatars Godless, Sovereign Tatars and Tatars Basurmansky. That is, this term has an extremely wide interpretation.

Tatars, as an ethnic group, appeared relatively recently, three hundred years ago. Therefore, an attempt to apply the term "Tatar-Mongola" to the modern Kazan or Crimean Tatars is fraud. It was not in the XIII century of the Kazan Tatars, there were Bulgars who had their own principality, which historians were referred to by the Volga Bulgaria. Then there was no Crimean, nor Siberian Tatars, but were Kypchaki, they are Polovtsy, they are Nogai. But if the Mongols conquered, partially disturbing, Kypchakov and periodically fought with the Bulgars, where did the Mongol-Tatar symbiosis come from?

No aliens from Mongolian steppes did not know not only in Russia, but also in Europe. The term "Tatar Igo", meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Rus, appeared at the junction of the XIV-XV century in Poland in propaganda literature. It is believed that he belongs to Peru historian and geographer Matthew Mekhovsky (1457-1523), Professor Krakow University "(Kun: 181-182). - Above we read the news about this and in Wikipedia, and in the works of three authors (SWI). His "Treatise on two Sarmatiah" was considered in the West the first detailed geographical and ethnographic description of Eastern Europe to the Meridian of the Caspian Sea. In the preamble of this work, the Mekhovsky wrote: "The southern edges and the seaside peoples up to India are open by the king of Portugal. Let the northern edges with the peoples living near the Northern Ocean to the east, open by the troops of the King Polish, are now known to the world "(Kun: 182-183). - Very interesting! It turns out that Russia had to open someone, although this state existed several millennia!

"In how famously! The Russians enlightened the Russians with African blacks and American Indians, and the Polish troops attribute fantastic merit. Never Poles reached the coast of the Arctic Ocean, which has long been mastered by the Russians. Only a century after the death of the Mehowsky during the troubled, the individual Polish squads were digging in Vologda and Arkhangelschin, but they were not the troops of the Polish king, but the ordinary robbing gangs, which were coming merchants on the northern trading path. Therefore, it is not necessary to seriously perceive his insinuations about the fact that the backward Rusichi was conquered very much wild Tatars "(Kun: 183) - It turns out that the essay of the Mehow was a fantasy that the West had no choice.

"By the way, Tatars are the European collective name of all Eastern peoples. And in the old days it was uttered as "Tartars" from the word "Tartar" - the Underworld. It is possible that in the Russian language the word "Tatars" came from Europe. At least when European travelers were called in the XVI century by the Tatars of the inhabitants of the Lower Volga in the XVI century, they did not really understand the meaning of this word, and even the more they did not know that it for Europeans means "Dicks, escaped from hell." Binding the words "Tatars" of the Criminal Code of a certain ethnic group begins only in the XVII century. Finally, the term "Tatars", as the designation of the Volga-Ural and Siberian sedentary Turkic peoples, was established only in the twentieth century. The word formation "Mongol-Tatar Igo" used the first German historian Herman Kroz in 1817, whose book was translated into Russian in the middle of the XIX century and published in St. Petersburg. In 1860, the head of the Russian spiritual mission in China, Archimandrite Palladius acquired the manuscript of "the internal legend of the Mongols", making it a public domain. No one was embarrassed that the "legend" is written in Chinese. It is even very convenient, because any inconsistencies make it possible to explain erroneous transcribed transcription from Mongolian to Chinese. MO, Yuan is the Chinese transcription of the Genghisid dynasty. And the shuntu is Khan Hubilai. With such a "creative" approach, as it is not difficult to guess, any Chinese legend can be announced at least the history of Mongols, even though the chronicle of crusades "(Kun: 183-184). - Kungurov not in vain mentions a spiritual person from the Russian Orthodox Church, Archimandrite Palladia, hinting that he had an interest in creating a legend about the Tatars based on Chinese chronicles. And it's not for nothing, he moves the bridge to the cross campaigns.

The legend of the Tatars and the role of Kiev in Russia.

"The beginning of the legend about Kievan Rus was published in 1674," Sinopsis "- the first educational institution known to us in Russian history. This book has been reprinted more than once (1676, 1680, 1718 and 1810) and was very popular until the middle of the XIX century. The author is considered to be Innocent Gizel (1600-1683). Born in Prussia, in his youth he came to Kiev, accepted Orthodoxy and knead the monks. Metropolitan Peter Grave sent a young monk abroad, from where he returned to an educated person. He applied his scholarship in the tense ideological and political struggle with Jesuits. It is known as the writer-theologian, historiographer and theologian "(Kun: 184). - When we say that in the XVIII century "fathers" of Russian historiography became Miller, Bayer and Schlezer, we forget that the century before, at the first Romanovs and after the reform of Nikon, a new Romanov historiography under the name "Sinopsis", that is, A summary, also wrote German, so the precedent was already. It is clear that after the eradication of the Rurikovsky dynasty and persecutions on the Old Believers and Old Believers, Muscovy was needed by a new historiography, whining Romanov and Fallenning Rurikovich. And she appeared, although not from Muscovy, but from Malorusia, which since 1654 became part of Muscovy, although spiritually adjacent to Lithuania and Poland.

"Gizel should be considered not only a leader of church, but also political, for the church Orthodox tip in the Polish-Lithuanian state was an integral part of the political elite. Being a protest of Metropolitan Peter Mogily, he supported active connections with Moscow on political and financial issues. In 1664, he visited the Russian capital as part of the Malorosiysk Embassy of the Cossacks of the Elder and the clergy. Apparently, it was rated by him, because in 1656 he receives San Archimandrite and the rector of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, while maintaining it to death in 1683.

Of course, Innocent Gizel was an Yarym supporter of the accession of Malororsia to the Great Russia, otherwise it is difficult to explain why the kings of Alexey Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich and the government of Sofya Alekseevna quite fagged to him, was fettered by valuable gifts. So, it is Synopsis that begins to actively popularize the legend of Kievan Rus, Tatar invasion and the fight against Poland. The main stereotypes of the ancient Russian history (the foundation of Kiev in three brothers, the vocation of Varyagov, the legend of the baptism of Russia, Vladimir, etc.) was laid in "Sinopsis" a slim row and accurately dated. A somewhat strange today's reader will seem a hundred giel story "On freedom or liberty of Slavic". - "Slavs in courage and courage to their day from the day firmly overtakened, the fight also and the contamination of the ancient Greek and Roman Kaesarov, and always a glorious perception of victory, in all kinds of liberty; The same and the great king Alexander Macedonsky and his father, his Philip, beyond the power of the light of this power. The same, nice for the sake of work and works of military officers, Dada Alexander Tsar Slavs vaccinated or a diploma on Parchment by Gratte, written in Alexandria, Volosts and Earth to them, before Merry Christmas, 310; And August, Caesar (in his kingdom, the king of glory Christ was born) not born with free and strong Slavs brave to reduce "(Kun: 184-185). - I note that if the legend about the foundation of Kiev was very important for Little Russian, which in accordance with it became the political center of all ancient Russia, in the world, the legend of baptism Vladimir Kiev was growing up before approving the baptism of all Russia, and both legends, thus carried powerful The political meaning of the nomination of Malorosia in the first place in the history and religion of Russia, the procitized passage of such a pro-Ukrainian propaganda does not bear. Here, apparently, we have the insertion of traditional views on the participation of Russian warriors in the campaigns of Alexander Macedon, for which they received a number of privileges. There are also examples of interaction between Russia with Late Antiquity policies; Later, the historiography of all countries will remove any mention of the existence of Russia at the specified period. It is also interesting to see that the interests of Malorussia in the XVII century and are now diametrically opposed: then Gizel argued that Malorosia is the center of Russia, and all the events in it are epochable for the Great Rus; Now, on the contrary, it is proved by the "inequalization" of the outskirts from Russia, the connection of the outskirts with Poland, and the work of the first president of the outskirts of Kravchuk was called "the outskirts of the Power". Allegedly independent throughout its history. And the middle of the outskirts asks Russian to write "in the outskirts", and not "on the outskirts", a porch Russian language. That is, at the moment, the Power of Power suits the role of Polish periphery. This example is clearly seen how political interests can change the position of the country by 180 degrees, and not only to abandon the claims to leadership, but even change the name to completely intolerable. Modern Giesel would try to tie three brothers who founded Kiev, with Germany and German Ukrainian, who did not have anything to do with the Malorus, and the conduct of Christianity in Kiev - with the general Christianization of Europe, allegedly having nothing to do with Russia.

"When Archimandrite-based archimandrite is taken to compose a story, it is very difficult to consider this work as a model of an unbiased scientific research. Rather, it will be a propaganda treatise. And a lie is the effective receipt of propaganda if the lie can be implemented into the mass consciousness.

It was Synopsis, who saw the light in 1674 belongs to the honor of becoming the first Russian mass printed publication. Up until the beginning of the XIX century, the book was used as a textbook on Russian history, in total, she sustained 25 publications, of which the latter took place in 1861 (26th edition had to be already in our century). From the point of view of propagandand it does not matter how much the composition of Gizel corresponded to reality, it is important how hard it was rooted in the consciousness of the formed layer. And it was rooted hard. Considering that Synopsis was actually written in order to order the ruling house of Romanovs and was officially impact, otherwise could not be. Tatishchev, Karamzin, Shcherbatov, Solovyov, Kostomarov, Klyuchevsky and other historians, brought up in the Gizelian concept, simply could not (and hardly wanted) to critically comprehend the legend about Kievan Rus "(Kun: 185). - As you can see, the victim of the victorious Croupan Dynasty of Romanov, a peculiar "short course of the Romanov", which had recently included in Russia, who had recently became part of Russia, who immediately began to qualify for the role of the leader in the political and religious life of Russia. So to speak, from the mud - yes in the prince! It was this peripheral re-acquired part of Russia as a historical leader quite arranged Romanovs, as well as bike that this weak state was beaten as peripheral steppes from the underworld - Russian Tartaria. The meaning of these legends is obvious - Russia was allegedly damaged initially!

Other Romanov historians about Kievan Rus and Tatars.

"They did not contradict Synopsis and the court historians of the XVIII century - Gottlib Siegfried Bayer, Augustus Ludwig Schlezer and Gerard Friedrich Miller. Tell me the mercy, as Bayer could be a researcher of Russian antiquities and the writer of the concept of Russian history (gave the beginning of the Norman theory), when in 13 years of his stay in Russia he did not even learn Russian? Two of the latter were co-authors to the indecent politicized Norman theory, proving that Rus found the features of a normal state only under the leadership of the true Europeans Ruriki. Both of them were edited and published the works of Tatischev, after which it is difficult to say that in his works remained from the original. At least, it is precisely known that the original Tatischev "History of the Russian" disappeared without a trace, and Miller for the official version used some "drafts", we are now unknown.

Despite the permanent conflicts with colleagues, Miller formed an academic frame of official Russian historiography. The most important opponent and ruthless critic was Mikhail Lomonosov. However, Miller managed to take revenge on the great Russian scientist. Yes, how! The "Ancient Russian History" prepared by Lomonosov, the efforts of his opponents was published. Moreover, the essay was confiscated and disappeared on the death of the author. A few years later, only the first volume of his monumental work was printed, prepared for the publication, according to Muller personally. By reading Lomonosov today, it is absolutely impossible to understand what he argued so violently with the courties of courtes - his "ancient Russian history" was withstanding in the spirit of an officially approved version of history. Absolutely no contradictions with Muller on the very controversial issue of Russian antiquity in the book of Lomonosov. Consequently, we are dealing with the face "(Kun: 186). - Brilliant output! Although it remains unclear: the Soviet government has not been interested in aligning one of the Republics of the USSR, namely the Ukrainian, and detain the Turkic republics that were just subject to the understanding of Tartaria or Tatars. It would seem that time was to get rid of the life and show the true story of Russia. Why in Soviet times, Soviet historiography adhered to version, pleasing Romanov and ROC? - The answer lies on the surface. Because the worse there was a history of royal Russia, the better the history of Russia Soviet was. This is then, in times Rurikovich, it was possible to vocation of strangers to manage the Great Power, and the country was so weak that it could conquer some Tatar-Mongols. In Soviet times, it seems to be no one and did not call anywhere, and Lenin and Stalin were natives of Russia (although in Soviet times no one would dare to write to Rothschild, Lenin - German General Headquarters, and Yakov Sverdlov answered in touch with European bankers). On the other hand, one of the collaboration of the Institute of Archeology in the 90s I told me that the color of the pre-revolutionary archaeological thought in Soviet Russia did not remain, the archaeologists of the Soviet cut were very strongly inferior in their professionalism to the archaeologists pre-revolutionary, and the pre-revolutionary archaeological archives tried to destroy. - I asked her due to the excavations of the archaeologist of the Veselovsky caves of the stone grave in Ukraine, for for some reason all reports about his expedition were lost. It turned out that they were not lost, but consciously destroyed. For the stone grave is a monument to Paleolithic, in which the Russian inscriptions by Runitsa. And there is a completely different story of Russian culture on him. But the archaeologists are part of the team of historians of Soviet pore. And they worked no less politicized historiography than historians in the service of Romanov.

"It remains only to state - the editorial office of Russian history has consisted only by foreign authors, by the advantage of the Germans. The works of Russian historians who tried to resist them were destroyed, and under their name falsifications were issued. It is not necessary to expect that the gravers of the national historiographic school spared dangerous primary sources for them. Lomonosov came terrified when he learned that Schlezer was accessing all the ancient Russian chronicles at that time. Where are those chronicles now?

By the way, Schlezer called Lomonosov's "gross ignoramus, who knew nothing but his chronicles." It is difficult to say what in these words is more hatred - to the stubborn Russian scientist, who considers the Russian people by the same age of Romans, or to the annals that confirmed. But it turns out that the German historian who received Russian chronicles was guided by them not by them. Political order he read above science. Mikhail Vasilyevich, when it comes to a hated Nemchure, did not hesitate in expressions too. About Schlezer reached us, such a statement was reached: "... what vile bobbs does not produce in the Russian antiquities such a cattle admitted to them" or "he is a lot like some idolian priest, who, fumbles himself with whitening and vigorous and fast on one leg. His head, gives supporting, dark, incomprehensible and very wild answers. "

So, we will dance under the dressing of the "Dropped Idolian Priests"? " (Kun: 186-187).

Discussion.

Although on the topic of the mythologicalness of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, I read the work and L.N. Gumileva, and A.T. Fomenko, and Valyansky with coryuzhny, but so convex, in detail and no one wrote to Alexei Kungurov. And I can congratulate the "our regiment" researchers of a non-political Russian history, which one bayonet has become greater. I note that he is not only well read, but also is capable of a wonderful analysis of all the absurdities of professional historians. It is a professional historiography that comes up with Luke, shooting 300 meters with a slaughter power of a modern rifle bullet, it is calmly appoints backward cattle breeders who did not have statehood, the creators of the largest in the entire history of mankind of state, it is they sucking the huge armies of conquerors who cannot be sormined from the finger nor move for several thousand kilometers. The illiterate Mongols, it turns out, was made up with parime and pillow lists, that is, the population census was conducted on the scale of this huge country, as well as the registration of trade income even with stray merchants. And the results of this huge work in the form of reports, lists and analytical reviews disappeared somewhere. It turned out that there is not a single archaeological confirmation of the existence of both the capital of the Mongols and the capitals of uluses, as well as the existence of Mongol coins. Yes, and today, Mongolian tugresses are non-convertible monetary units.

Of course, the chapter affected many more problems than the reality of the existence of Mongol-Tatars. For example, the possibility of disguise due to the Tatar-Mongolian invasion of the real forced Christianization of Russia West. However, this problem requires much more seriously argument, which in this chapter of Alexei Kungurov is absent. Therefore, I do not take care of any conclusions in this regard.

Conclusion.

Nowadays, there is only one justification for the support of the myth on the Tatar-Mongolian invasion: he not only expressed, but also expresses the point of view of the West on the history of Russia today. The point of view of Russian researchers West is not interested. You can always find such "professionals", which for the sake of the korear, career or fame in the West will be supported by the generally accepted and fabricated by the West myth.

In the 12th century, the state of the Mongols expanded, their military art was improved. The main occupation was cattle breeding, bred mainly horses and sheep, they did not know agriculture. They lived in felt tents-yurts, they were easily transported during far nomads. Each adult Mongol was a warrior, since childhood was sitting in the saddle and owned weapons. Cowardly, unreliable in the warriors did not get, became an outcast.
In 1206, at the congress of Mongolian, named Great Khan was proclaimed Techovkin with the name of Genghis Khan.
Mongols managed to combine hundreds of tribes under their power, which made it possible to use them in the troops during the war someone else's material. They conquered Eastern Asia (Kyrgyz, Buryat, Yakuts, Uigurov), the Tangut Kingdom (south-west of Mongolia), North China, Korea and Central Asia (the largest Central Asian state of Khorezm, Samarkand, Bukhara). As a result, by the end of the 13th century, Mongols owned half Eurasia.
In 1223, Mongols switched to the Caucasian ridge and invaded the Polovetsky lands. Polovtsy turned for help to Russian princes, because Russians and Polovtsy traded each other, concluded marriages. The Russians responded, and on the river Kalka on June 16, 1223, the first battle of Mongol-Tatars with Russian princes took place. The army of Mongol-Tatars was intelligent, small, i.e. Mongol-Tatars had to divide what lands lie ahead. Russians came to just fight, they weakly imagined that behind the enemy is in front of them. Until the Polovtsy request for help, they did not even hear about the Mongols.
The battle ended with the defeat of Russian troops due to the treason of Polovtsy (they were rushed into flight from the very beginning), and also due to the fact that the Russian princes failed to unite their forces, underestimated the enemy. Mongols offered to give the princes to surrender, promising to keep them their lives and let go of the will for the ransom. When the princes agreed, the Mongols were tied up, put the boards on them, and the nose from above, began to send a victory. Russian warriors, remaining without leaders, were interrupted.
Mongol-Tatars retreated in the Horde, but returned in 1237, knowing already, what an opponent in front of them. Batu Khan (Battered), grandson of Genghis Khan led a huge army with him. They preferred to attack the strongest Russian principalities - Ryazan and Vladimir. Defeated and subordinate to themselves, and in the next two years - all of Russia. After 1240, there was only one land independent - Novgorod, because Baty reached its main goals, to lose people under Novgorod did not make sense.
The Russian princes could not unite, therefore defeated, although, according to scientists, the battered lost half of their troops in the Russian lands. He occupied Russian lands, offered to recognize his power and pay tribute, the so-called "output." Initially, she was going to "in kind" and amounted to 1/10 of the crop, and then was transferred to the money.
Mongols have established the ogo system of total suppressing national life at the captured territories. In this form, the Tatar-Mongolian IHO lasted 10 years, after which the prince Alexander Nevsky offered the Horde new relationships: the Russian princes went to the service to Mongolian Khan, were obliged to collect tribute, to turn her into the Horde and receive a label on the Grand Diction - a leather belt there. At the same time, the prince who pays more received a shortcut for the reign. This procedure was provided with backers - Mongolian commander, who with the army managed Russian lands and watched, whether the tribute is going correctly.
It was the time of vassalitet of Russian princes, but thanks to the act of Alexander Nevsky, the Orthodox Church was preserved, raids stopped.
In the 60s of the 14th century, the Golden Horde split into two warring parts, the border between which was Volga. In the Left Bank Horde there were constant gravestics with the change of rulers. In the Right-Bank Horde, Mamay became the ruler.
The beginning of the struggle for liberation from the Tatar-Mongolian Iga in Russia is associated with the name of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1378, he, feeling the weakening of the horde, refused to pay tribute and interrupted all Baskakov. In 1380, Mamay's commander went with the whole Horde for Russian lands, and the battle of Dmitry Donskoy occurred on the Kulikov field.
Maama had 300 thousand "Sabel", and that Mongols almost did not have infantry, he hired the best Italian (Genoese) infantry. Dmitry Donskoy had 160 thousand people, of which only 5 thousand were professional military. The main weapons of the Russians were clubs, hinge and wooden horns.
So, the battle with Mongol-Tatars was suicide for Russian troops, but still the Russians remained a chance.
Dmitry Donskaya crossed Don on the night of September 7-18, 1380 and burned the crossing, there was nowhere to retreat. It remained to win or die. In the forest, he hid 5 thousand deugers, behind his troops. The role of the squad was to save the Russian army from bypass from the rear.
The battle lasted one day for which the Mongol-Tatars was outpathed by the Russian army. Then Dmitry Donskoy ordered an ardent shelf to leave the forest. Mongol-Tatars decided that they were the main forces of the Russians and, without waiting, when everyone came out, turned and began to run, flooding the Genoese infantry. The battle turned into persecution of the running opponent.
Two years later, a new horde came with Khan Tuchtamiam. He captured Moscow, Mozhaisk, Dmitrov, Pereyaslavl. Moscow had to resume the payment of Dani, but the Kulikov battle was a fracture in the fight against Mongol-Tatars, because The dependence on the horde was now weaker.
After 100 years in 1480, Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III ceased to pay the payment of Horde.
Han Horde Ahmed came out with a big army against Rus, wanting to punish a recurrent prince. He came up to the border of the Moscow principality, to the River Ugration-Influx of Oka. Ivan III came there. Since the forces turned out to be equal, they stood on the River Ugra, Summer and Autumn. Fearing of the coming winter, Mongol-Tatars went to the Horde. It was the end of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, because The defeat of Ahmed meant the collapse of the powers of Batya and the independence of the Russian state. Tatar-Mongolian Igo lasted 240 years.

It has not been a secret for a long time that "Tatar-Mongolian Iga" was not, and no Tatars with Mongols did not conquer Russia. But who and for what falsified the story? What was hidden for the Tatar-Mongolian igom? Bloody Christianization of Russia ...

There are a large number of facts that not only unequivocally refute the hypothesis about the Tatar-Mongolian IGE, but also suggest that the story was distorted deliberately, and what was done with a fully definite goal ... But who and why did the story deliberately distort the story? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If you analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that the "Tatar-Mongolian Igo" was invented in order to hide the consequences of the "baptism" of Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed by far from a peaceful way ... In the process of "baptism", most of the population of the Kiev Principality was destroyed! Definitely it becomes clear that those forces that stood behind the imposition of this religion in the future and fabricated the story, putting the historical facts for themselves and their goals ...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and everyone who wants without any problems can find them on the Internet. Owning scientific research and justification, koi are already described quite widely, summarize the main facts that refute the big lies about the "Tatar-Mongolian IHE".

French engraving Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

1. Chingis Khan

Previously, 2 people answered in Russia for the management of the state: Prince and Khan. Prince answered the management of the state in peacetime. Khan or "Military Prince" took the Brazda of Department for himself during the war, in peacetime on his shoulders they were responsible for the formation of the Horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but the title of "Military Prince", which, in the modern world, is close to the post of commander-in-chief of the army. And people who wore such title were somewhat. Timur was the most outstanding of them, it is usually about him, when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In the preserved historical documents, this person is described as a high height warrior with blue eyes, very white leather, a powerful reddish chapel and a thick beard. What obviously does not correspond to the signs of the representative of the Mongoloid race, but it is fully suitable for the description of Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe.").

In modern "Mongolia" there is not a single folk epic, in which it would be said that this country conquered almost all Eurasia in antiquity, exactly, like nothing and about the great conqueror of Genghis Khan ... (N.V. Levashov "visible and invisible genocide ").

Reconstruction of the Throne of Genghis Khan with a genital tammy with a swastika

2. Mongolia.

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks arrived in the nomads living in the desert in the desert, and they were the descendants of the Great Mongols, and their compatriot created the Great Empire in his time, which they were very surprised and delighted . The word "Mogul" has a Greek origin, and means "the Great". This word Greeks called our ancestors - Slavs. It does not have any attitude towards the name of any people (N.V. Levashov "visible and invisible genocide").

3. The composition of the army "Tatar-Mongols"

70-80% of the Army "Tatar-Mongols" amounted to Russians, the remaining 20-30% accounted for other small peoples of Russia, actually, as well as now. This fact clearly confirms the fragment of the icon of Sergius of the Radonezh "Kulikovskaya Battle". It is clearly clearly seen that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

Museum description Icons say: "... in the 1680s. Moving with a picturesque legend of "Mamaev Boy" was added. In the left side of the composition depicted cities and villages, who sent their warriors to help Dmitry Donskoy - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl and others. Right - Mama's camp. In the center of the composition of the scene of the Kulikovsky battle with a duel of overreach with a lubeem. On the lower field - a meeting of victorious Russian troops, the burial of the dead heroes and the death of Mama ".

On all these pictures, taken from both Russian and European sources, are depicted by the battles of RUSS with Mongol-Tatars, but nowhere can I define who Rusich, and who is Tatar. Moreover, in the latter case, the Russians, and the "Mongol-Tatars" are closed in almost the same gilded armor and helmets, and they fight under the same gauge with the image of the deceasure of the unclean. Another thing is that the "saved" in the two opposing parties was most likely different.

4. What did Tatar-Mongola look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Heinrich II pious, which was killed on the Legnitis field.

The inscription is as follows: "Tatar's figure under the legs of Heinrich II, Duke Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with Tatars at the lignice on April 9, 1241. As we see from this "Tatar" completely Russian appearance, clothing and weapons.

In the following image - "The Khan Palace in the capital of the Mongolian Empire Hanbalyke" (It is believed that Hanbalyk is supposedly Beijing).

What is "Mongolian" here and what is "Chinese"? Again, as in the case of the Tomb of Heinrich II, we are in front of us - people of clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, shooting caps, the same vane beards, the same characteristic saber blades called "Elman". The roof on the left is a practically exact copy of the roofs of older rubers ... (a. Bushkov, "Russia, which was not").

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic studies, it turned out that the Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. Whereas the differences in the genetics of Russian and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: "The distlies of the Russian gene pool (almost completely European) from Mongolian (almost entirely central-Asian) is really great - this is like two different world ..."

6. Documents during the period of Tatar-Mongolian yoke

During the existence of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, a single document has been preserved in Tatar or Mongolian. But there are many documents of this time in Russian.

7. The lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis about the Tatar-Mongolian ig

At the moment there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongolian IHO. But there are many fakes, designed to convince us in the existence of fiction called "Tatar-Mongolian Igo". Here is one of these fakes. This text is called "the word about the death of the Russian Earth" and in each publication is declared "by passage from the poetic work that has not come to us ... About the Tatar-Mongolian invasion":

"Oh, light bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! Many beauties are glorified by many ... Lakes are famous for many, rivers and sources of locally, mountains, steep hills, high dumbers, clean fields, wonderful beasts, various birds, countless cities, villages of the glorious, gardens of monastic, temples of God and Princes of Grozny, boyars honest and Many mokes. All you are filled, the Russian land, about the Orthodox faith of Christian! .. "

In this text, there is not even a hint of "Tatar-Mongolian Igo". But in this "ancient" document there is such a line: "To all you are filled, the earth is Russian, about the Orthodox Vera Christian!"

The church reform of Nikon, which was held in the middle of the 17th century, Christianity in Russia was called "Orthodox". Orthodox it became called only after this reform ... It became, this document could be written not earlier than the middle of the 17th century and nothing to do with the era of Tatar-Mongolian Yeah ...

On all the cards, which were published before 1772 and were not fixed in the future, you can see the following picture.

The Western part of Russia is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartarium ... In this small part of Russia, the rules of the Romanov dynasty. The Moscow king until the end of the 18th century was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or Duke (Prince) in Moscow. The rest of Russia, who served almost all the mainland of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovia of that time is called Tartarium or the Russian Empire (see Map).

In the 1st edition of the British Encyclopedia of 1771, the following is written about this part of Russia:

"Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called the Great Tartarium. Those tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the north-west of the Caspian Sea, are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek tartars and mongols that live north of Persia and India and, finally, Tibetan living north-west from China ... "

Where did Tartarium name come from

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, man. But, like now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those times. People who in their development have left much further than others, and which could manage space and matter (to manage the weather, heal the disease, see the future, etc.), called Wheel. Those of the Magi, who could manage the space on the planetary level and above, called the gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God, our ancestors were not at all as it is now. The gods were people who went out in their development much further than the vast majority of people. For an ordinary person, their abilities seemed incredible, nevertheless, the gods were also people, and the possibilities of each God had their limit.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarh, he was also called Dazhibogu (giving God) and his sister - the goddess of Tara. These gods helped people in solving such problems that our ancestors could not solve themselves. So, the Gods Tarh and Tara taught our ancestors to how to build houses, cultivate the land, writing and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the catastrophe and with time to restore civilization.

Therefore, more recently, our ancestors spoke to strangers "We are the children of Tarh and Tara ...". They spoke like that because in their development, they were indeed children in relation to the significantly gone in the development of Tarhu and Tara. And the inhabitants of other countries called our ancestors to Tarkhtarai, and in the future, due to the complexity in pronunciation - Tartars. Hence the name of the country - Tartarium ...

Baptism of Russia

And here is the baptism of Russia? - Some can ask. As it turned out, it is very good. After all, baptism took place far from a peaceful way ... Before baptism, people in Russia were educated, practically everyone was able to read, write, count (see the article "Russian culture older european").

Recall from the school program on history, at least, the same "Berevian diplomas" - letters who wrote to each other the peasants on Beretta from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as described above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion is reduced to the blind adoption of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding, why it is necessary to do this, and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people to people who are the understanding of the real laws of nature, understanding how the world is arranged, which is good, and what is bad.

People saw what was happening after the "baptism" in neighboring countries, when under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population was immersed in ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy were able to read and write it, and that's not all. ..

Everyone perfectly understood that the "Greek Religion" carries in themselves, in which the Kiev Rus was going to baptize Vladimir and those who stood behind him. Therefore, none of the inhabitants of the then Kiev Principality (the province, whipped from the Great Tartarium) did not accept this religion. But Vladimir stood great strength, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of violent Christianization, it was destroyed, with a rare exception, almost an adult population of Kiev Rus. Because to impose such a "doctrine" could only be unreasonable children, who, because of their youth, could not understand that such a religion paid them into slaves and in the physical, and the spiritual sense of the word. All the same, who refused to take a new "faith" - killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have reached us. If there were 300 cities to "baptism" in Kiev Rus and lived 12 million inhabitants, then after "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, "Rus Orthodox before the adoption of Christianity and after").

But despite the fact that almost all the adult population of Kiev Rus was destroyed by the "saints" baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dualsman was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the slaves imposed by the religion, and herself continued to live on the Vedic tradition, however, not exposing it to the appearance. And this phenomenon was observed not only in the masses, but also among the part of the ruling elite. And such a state of affairs remained up to the reform of the Patriarch Nikon, which invented how to deceive everything.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartarium) could not calmly look at the miscarions of his enemies, which destroyed three-quarters of the population of the Kiev Principality. Only her retaliatory actions could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartarium was engaged in conflicts on their Far Eastern borders. But these response actions of the Vedic Empire were carried out and entered into a modern history in distorted form, called the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Hana Batya in Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 on the river Kalka appeared the troops of the Vedic Empire. And the combined army of Polovtsy and Russian princes was completely broken. So we were hampered in the lessons of history, and no one could explain why the Russian princes fought with the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them moved even to the side of the "Mongols"?

The reason for such a fault was that the Russian princes who accepted alone religion knew perfectly well who had come ...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but was the return of rebeling provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Khan Batya had a task to return to the wing of the Vedic Empire Western European provinces-states, and to stop the invasion of Christians on Rus. But the strong resistance of some princes, felt the taste of another limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new riots in the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be completed (N.V. Levashov "Russia in curves of mirrors", Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the Kiev principality, only children were left alive and a very small part of the adult population, which accepted the Greek religion - 3 million people from the 12 millionth population before baptism. The principality was completely broken, most of the cities, villages and villages were looted and burned. But the authors of the version of the "Tatar-Mongolian IGY" draw the same painting the same picture, the difference is that the same cruel, the actions were made there allegedly "Tatar-Mongols"!

As always, the winner writes a story. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Kiev principality was baptized, and in order to stop all possible questions, and was subsequently invented by Tatar-Mongolian Igo. Children were brought up in the traditions of Greek religion (Cult Dionysia, and later Christianity) and rewritten the story where all cruelty dumped into "wild nomads" ...

In the section: News of Korenovsk

July 28, 2015 marks 1000 years of memory of the Grand Duke Vladimir Red Sunny. On this day, festive events on this occasion took place in Korenovsk. Read more Read more ...

o (Mongol-Tatar, Tatar-Mongolian, Ordinskoe) is the traditional name of the system of exploitation of Russian lands who came from the east conquerors to nomads from 1237 to 1480.

This system was aimed at implementing a mass terror and robbery of the Russian people by charging brutal shares. She operated primarily in the interests of the Mongolian nomadic military feudal nobility (Neuonov), in favor of which the lion's share of the Dani was collected.

Mongol-Tatar Igo was established as a result of the invasion of Khan Batya in the XIII century. Until the early 1260s, Russia was under the rule of the great Mongolian khans, and then - the Khans of the Golden Horde.

Russian principalitys were not directly in the Mongolian power and retained the local princely administration, whose activities were controlled by baskakov - representatives of the Khan on the conquered lands. The Russian princes were danutrics of Mongolian khans and received labels from them to possession of their principalities. Formally, the Mongol-Tatar Igo was established in 1243, when Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich received a label from the Mongols to the Vladimir Grand Principality. Rus, according to the label, lost the right to fight and should have been regularly annually (in spring and autumn) to pay the tribune khans.

There were no permanent Mongol-Tatar troops in Russia. The need was supported by punitive campaigns and repression against recurrent princes. The regular entry of Dani from the Russian lands began after the census of 1257-1259, conducted by Mongolian "numerals". There were units: in cities - courtyard, in rural areas - "Village", "Sokha", "Plug". Only the clergy was released from Dani. The main "Ordinous burdens" were: "Exit", or "Tsareva Dan" - the tax directly for Mongolian Khan; trade fees ("sot", "Tamka"); perceptions ("holes", "Summaries"); The content of the Khan ambassadors ("food"); Different "gifts" and "bleacious" of Khan, his relatives and approximate. Every year, a huge amount of silver left the Russian lands. Periodically gathered large "requests" to military and other needs. In addition, the Russian princes were obliged to send warriors on the order of Khan to participate in the campaigns and in the closed hunting ("Loviters"). At the end of the 1250 - early 1260s, Muslim merchants were collected from the Russian principalities ("demenny"), whipping this right among the Great Mongolian Khan. Most of Dani walked Great Hanu in Mongolia. During the upright of 1262, "degeneramen" from Russian cities were expelled, and the duty of collecting Dani passed to local princes.

Russia's struggle against Iga acquired an increasing latitude. In 1285, the Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich (the son of Alexander Nevsky) defeated and expelled the army of the "Orda Tsarevich". At the end of the XIII - the first quarter of the XIV century, the speeches in Russian cities led to the elimination of bachers. With the strengthening of the Moscow Principality, the Tatar Igo gradually weakens. Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita (printed in 1325-1340) achieved the right to collect "exit" from all Russian principalities. From the middle of the XIV century, the leaders of the Gold Horde, not supported by a real military threat, were no longer performed by Russian princes. Dmitry Donskaya (1359 1389) did not recognize the Khan labels issued by his rivals, and the Vladimir Grand Principality seized by force. In 1378, he defeated the Tatar army on the river, in the Ryazan Earth, and in 1380 she won the Mama in the Kulikovsky Battle of the Kulikovsky rule.

However, after the hike, Tukhtamysh and the capture of Moscow in 1382, Russia was forced to again recognize the power of the Golden Horde and pay tribute, but already Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389-1425) received a Vladimir great reign without a khan label as "his victor." With it, IHO was rated. The tribute was paid irregularly, Russian princes conducted an independent policy. Attempting the Goldenordinian ruler of the Communication (1408) to restore the completeness of the authorities over Russia ended in failure: he failed to take Moscow. The excitement began in the Golden Horde opened the possibility of the overthrow of the Tatar yoke before Rus.

However, in the middle of the XV century, Moscow Rus sama survived the period of civil war, which weakened its military potential. During these years, the Tatar rulers organized a number of devastating invasions, but they could not bring Russian to complete humility. The combination of Russian lands around Moscow led to concentration in the hands of the Moscow princes of such political power, with which the weak Tatar khans could not coincide. The Great Moscow Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich (1462-1505) in 1476 refused to pay Dani. In 1480, after an unsuccessful campaign of Khan, the Big Horde of Akhmat and "Standing at the Ugra" IHO was finally overthrown.

The Mongol-Tatar Igo had negative, regressive consequences for the economic, political and cultural development of Russian lands, was a brake for the growth of the productive forces of Russia, which were at a higher socio-economic level compared to the productive forces of the Mongolian power. It artificially melted on for a long time Pure feudal natural economy. In politically, the consequences of the IGA were manifested in violation of the natural process of the State Development of Russia, in artificially maintaining its fragmentation. The Mongol-Tatar Igo, which lasted two and a half centuries was one of the reasons for the economic, political and cultural lag of Russia from Western European countries.

Material is prepared based on open sources.

Golden Horde - one of the most sad pages in stories of Russia. Some time after the victory in battle on Kalka Mongols began to prepare a new invasion of Russian land, examining the tactics and features of the future opponent.

Golden Horde.

Golden Horde (Ulus Juni) was formed in 1224 as a result of the section Mongol Empire Genghis Khan between her sons on the western and eastern part. The Golden Horde has become the western part of the empire from 1224 to 1266. With the new Khan Mengu-Timur, it became independent in fact (although not formally) from the Mongol Empire.

Like many states of that era, in the XV century she survived feudal fragmentation And as a result (and the enemies offended by the Mongols were very much) by the XVI century finally ceased to exist.

In the XIV century, Islam became the state religion of the Mongolian Empire. It is noteworthy that the Ordane Khans (including in Russia) did not impose their religion at the controlled territories. The concept of "golden" at the horde was gained only in the XVI century because of the golden tents of her khan.

Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Tatar-Mongol yoke, just like mongol-Tatar yoke- not quite right in terms of history. Genghis Khan considered his main enemies of the Tatars, and destroyed them most (almost all) tribes, the rest obeyed the Mongolian Empire. The number of Tatars in the Mongolian troops was meager, but due to the fact that the empire occupied all the former Tatars lands, Chingishan's troops began to call tatar-Mongolian or mongol-Tatar conquerors. In reality, it was about mongolian IGE.

So, Mongolian, or Ordan, IHO is a system of political dependence of the ancient Russia from the Mongol Empire, and a little later from the Golden Horde, as a separate state. The complete elimination of Mongolian yoke occurred only by the beginning of the XV century, although the actual one is more than.

Mongolian invasion began after the death of Genghis Khan Batu Khanom (or khan Batym) In 1237. The main troops of the Mongols were strung up to the territories near the current Voronezh, which before that were controlled by the Volga Bulgaram, until they were almost destroyed by Mongols.

In 1237, the Golden Horde seized Ryazan and destroyed all the Ryazan Principality, including small villages and villages.

In January-March 1238, the same fate suffered Vladimir-Suzdal Principality and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Tver and Torzhok were taken last. There was a threat of taking the Novgorod Principality, but after taking the trading on March 5, 1238, without reaching less than 100 km to Novgorod, Mongols turned around and returned to the steppe.

Until the end of 38 years old, Mongols only made periodic raids, and in 1239 they moved to South Rus and on October 18, 1239 took Chernigov. Putivl was destroyed (the place of action "Crying Yaroslavna"), Glukhov, Rylsk and other cities in the current Sumy, Kharkov and Belgorod regions.

This year Megging (The next ruler of the Mongolian Empire after Genghis Khan) sent additional troops from the Transcaucasus and in the fall of 1240 Khan Bati besieged Kiev, preliminarily repalted by all the surrounding lands. Kiev, Volyn and Galitsky Principles at the time of the rules Danila Galitsky, the son of Roman Mstislavovich, who at that time was in Hungary, unsuccessfully trying to conclude an alliance with King Hungarian. Perhaps later, the Hungarians regretted his refusal by Danil, when the Horde Batya seized all Poland and Hungary. Kiev was taken to the beginning of December 1240 after a few weeks of siege. Mongols began to control most of Russia, including even those areas (at the economic and political level) that they did not capture.

Kiev, Vladimir, Suzdal, Tver, Chernigov, Ryazan, Pereyaslavl and many other cities were completely or partially destroyed.

There was an economic and cultural decline in Russia - this explains the almost complete lack of the chronicles of contemporaries, and as a result - the lack of information for the current historians.

For a while, Mongols were distracted from Russia because of the raids and invasions to Polish, Lithuanian, Hungarian and other European lands.