Separate agreed definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition: examples

19.10.2019

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A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH THE? When parsing sentences, definitions are underlined with a wavy line.

Definitions are usually included as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjunction (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, ABILITY (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions associated with nouns by agreement are called agreed, by means of control or adjunction - inconsistent.

Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (MADE ROUTE), possessive pronouns (OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of the adjective (I DID NOT SEE A STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .

Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (what?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are perfectly appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEET (with whom?) FRIENDS and MEET (what?) FRIENDS. In these phrases WITH FRIENDS it will be both an addition and a definition.

Isolation- this is the selection on the letter on both sides with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, brackets) of some part of the sentence.

Definitions are separated in accordance with the following rules.

1. An agreed definition is isolated, consisting of several words and referring to the previous noun. Compare two sentences:

Path, overgrown with grass led to the river.
overgrown with grass path led to the river.

2. An agreed definition relating to a personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For instance:

Happy he
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Satisfied with your success he told me about them.
He, happy with your success told me about them.

Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is marked with commas. If the definition has dependent words, then together they form definitive turnover.

This rule has three notes:

1. An agreed definition (both one-word and consisting of several words), referring to a noun and standing before it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of the reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstance of the reason). For instance:

Tired tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.

(In both sentences, the definition explains reason refusal to re-ascent.)

2. Definitions that come after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For instance:

He could hear things are rather unpleasant (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).

3. A definition stands apart, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For instance:

In the end of January, covered with the first thaw, cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).

The exercise

They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).

Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat without undressing until late at night (Pushkin).

The old woman_ looking at him from behind the partition_ could not know whether he fell asleep or just thought (Pushkin).

The Foolovites, who were not strong in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).

Encased in granite_ the waves of the sea are suppressed by enormous weights_ sliding along their ridges_ beat against the sides of the ships, on the shores, beat and grumble_ foamed_ polluted with various rubbish (Bitter).

In a long beak_ curved at the end_ the seagull held a small fish.

And either he made a grimace_ blinded by the setting sun_ or some strangeness was characteristic of his face in general, only his lips seemed too short ... (Mann).

Children_ curious and inquisitive_ immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.

His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.

He opened the notebook and drew two lines parallel to each other.

Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

But now they did not speak for long, - that_ wise_ who did not interfere with their judgment_ spoke himself: “Stop! There is a punishment. This is a terrible punishment; you won't invent something like that in a thousand years!" (Bitter).

A small nocturnal bird, rushing inaudibly and low on its soft wings, almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).

Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail_ of a collar that came out of the felt padding (Aitmatov).
Lying on his armor-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex, divided by arcuate scales_ belly, on the top of which he could barely hold_ a blanket that was about to finally slip off (Kafka).
In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were drawn - thin, like letters (Pasternak).
The princess absolutely hates me, they have already told me two or three epigrams in my account_ rather caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
I still try to explain to myself what kind of feeling boiled in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger_ born at the thought that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm impudence_ two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, for if I had been wounded in the leg a little more, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
Grease the mold so that it does not rust, and clean the kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
Staggering and panting, he finally went ashore, saw a dressing gown lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed it until his stiff body warmed up (Hesse).
My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, intending to set up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to be trained in the art of paramedics (Herzen).
Who told you that there is no true, true, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
But that's not all: the third in this company turned out to be a cat that came from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook ... (Bulgakov).
Winter evening on December 14_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
The fields, all the fields, stretched all the way to the sky, now slightly rising, then lowering again; here and there one could see small forests, and ravines, dotted with sparse and low shrubs, twisted ... (Turgenev).
One_ black_ large and shabby_ was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
Strangest of all are the incidents that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
Dr. Budakh_ washed out_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

good (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) Appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, a definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

"Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
"The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

"Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about the subject or clarify its belonging to any person are considered isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

"Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

"Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
pronoun - (whose?) My dog fell off the leash;
numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;
communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

"Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
"We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
"People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and the nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the biggest luck (what?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial turnover). Commas with this type of definition are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

The frightened girl silently walked forward.
Painted in Italy, the painting became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yusch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
when creating in present. the time of real communion 2 ref., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - led, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to participles) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

Frustrated, she went into the yard.
They were tired and went straight to bed.
He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For instance:

The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

Separate members of the sentence

1. As a rule, isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of a sentence are separated by commas on both sides) agreed common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the word being defined, for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma(Chekhov).

Note. Agreed common definitions are not isolated:

a) standing before the noun being defined (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning), for example: The detachment that came out early in the morning had already covered four versts(L. Tolstoy);

b) standing after the noun being defined, if the latter in itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined, for example: He could hear things rather unpleasant for himself, if Grushnitsky unequally guessed the truth(Lermontov) (the combination could hear things does not express the desired concept); Chernyshevsky created a highly original and extremely remarkable work.(Pisarev); It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft, like that of an awakened child.(Chekhov); Division is the opposite of multiplication; We often fail to notice the more essential things;

c) related in meaning and grammatically to both the subject and the predicate, for example: The moon rose very crimson and gloomy, as if sick(Chekhov); Even the birches and mountain ash stood sleepy in the sultry languor that surrounded them.(Mamin-Sibiryak); Foliage from under the feet comes out tightly adherent, gray(Prishvin); The sea at his feet lay silent and white against a cloudy sky(Paustovsky). Usually such constructions are formed with verbs of motion and state, acting as a significant connective, for example: Returned home tired; In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Law Club excited and joyful.(A.N. Tolstoy). If the verb of this type itself serves as a predicate, then the definition is isolated, for example: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory.(Turgenev);

d) expressed by a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since such forms do not form a turnover and act as an indivisible member of the sentence, for example: The guest watched with a wariness much more convincing than the hospitality shown by the host; The author suggested a shorter version; The most urgent messages are published. Wed (if there is turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters(L. Tolstoy).

2. Participles and adjectives with dependent words after an indefinite pronoun are usually not separated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun, for example: Her large eyes, full of inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in mine for something resembling hope.(Lermontov). But if the semantic connection between the pronoun and the definition following it is less close and when reading after the pronoun there is a pause, then isolation is possible, for example: And someone, sweaty and out of breath, runs from store to store...(V. Panova) (two single definitions are separated).

3. Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase following them, closely adjacent to it, for example: All factual data published in the book have been verified by the author; In this corner forgotten by people, I rested all summer; Your handwritten lines were hard to read. Wed: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked with the stamp of humor was little available to him.(Korolenko); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head.(A.N. Tolstoy).

But if the definitive pronoun is substantivized or if the participial turnover has the character of clarification or explanation, then the definition is isolated, for example: Everything related to the railway is still fanned for me by the poetry of travel.(Paustovsky); I wanted to distinguish myself in front of this, dear to me, person ...(Bitter).

Note. It is not uncommon for sentences with agreed definitions to allow variant punctuation. Wed: That middle one over there plays better than the others (that- definition with a substantiated word average). – That one, the middle one, plays better than the others.(substantiated word that- subject, with it a separate definition average).

A common definition is not separated by a comma from the preceding negative pronoun, for example: No one admitted to the Olympiad solved the last problem; None of these dishes can be compared to anything served under the same name in vaunted taverns.(although such designs are very rare).

4. Two or more agreed single definitions are separated after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition, for example: ... Beloved faces, dead and alive, come to mind...(Turgenev); ...Long clouds, red and purple, guarded him[sun] peace...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not separated depending on the author's intonation-semantic load, as well as their location (definitions standing between the subject and the predicate are separated). Wed:

1) ... I especially liked the eyes, big and sad e (Turgenev); And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, marched on three roads to three gates(Gogol); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick bundle and was silent ...(Gladkov);

2) Under this thick gray overcoat beat a passionate and noble heart.(Lermontov); I walked along the clean, smooth path, I did not inherit(Yesenin); Led a bow on the violin of an old gypsy, lean and gray-haired(Marshak).

5. An agreed single (non-spread) definition is separated:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated in meaning with a subordinate clause, for example: At his cry, the caretaker appeared, sleepy(Turgenev);

2) if it has an additional circumstantial value, for example: It’s impossible for a young man in love not to blurt out, and I confessed everything to Rudin.(Turgenev) (cf .: "if he's in love"); Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her.(Chekhov);

3) if the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined, for example: Eyes closed and, half-closed, also smiled(Turgenev);

4) if the definition has a clarifying meaning, for example: And five minutes later it was already pouring heavy rain(Chekhov).

Note. A separate definition may refer to a noun that is absent in this sentence, but perceived from the context, for example: Look - out, dark, running through the steppe (Bitter).

6. Agreed common or single definitions standing directly before the noun being defined are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, temporary), for example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house(Pushkin); Stunned by the blow of the cargo fist, Bulanin at first staggered in place, not understanding anything.(Kuprin); Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their ascent; Left to their own devices, children will find themselves in a difficult position; Wide, free, alley into the distance attracts(Bryusov); Disheveled, unwashed, Nejdanov looked wild and strange.(Turgenev); Knowing real village life well, Bunin literally became furious at the far-fetched, unreliable portrayal of the people.(L. Krutikova); Tired of their mother's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(V. Panova); Embarrassed, Mironov bowed at his back.(Bitter).

7. An agreed common or single definition is isolated if it is torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is in front of or after the word being defined), for example: And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope ...(Sholokhov); Spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and trousers were drying ...(V. Panova); Behind the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window. – persistent, solid(Fedin) (several isolated definitions, more often at the end of a sentence, can be separated by a dash).

8. Agreed definitions related to the personal pronoun are separated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly(Chekhov); He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe.(Paustovsky); From him, jealous, having locked himself in a room, you remember me, lazy, with a kind word(Simonov).

Note. Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated:

b) if the definition is semantically and grammatically related to both the subject and the predicate, for example: We dispersed satisfied with our evening(Lermontov); He comes out of the back rooms already completely upset ...(Goncharov); We ran to the hut soaking wet(Paustovsky); She came home upset, but not discouraged.(G Nikolaeva);

b) if the definition is in the form of the accusative case (such a construction, with a touch of obsolete, can be replaced by a modern construction with instrumental case), for example: I found him ready to go(Pushkin) (cf. "I found it ready ..."); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in a poor neighbor's house(Lermontov); also: And the police beat her drunk on the cheeks(Bitter);

c) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh you're cute! Oh, I'm clueless!

9. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (more often with a preposition) are usually isolated in artistic speech if the meaning they express is emphasized, for example: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and the boulevard.(L. Tolstoy); Some plump woman, with her sleeves rolled up and her apron raised, was standing in the middle of the yard...(Chekhov); Five, without frock coats, in the same waistcoats, played ...(Goncharov). But compare: The best man in a top hat and white gloves, out of breath, throws off his coat in front(Chekhov); In another picture, above the carcass of a dead wild boar, there was a man with a mustache and slick hair.(Bogomolov).

In the neutral style of speech, there is a steady tendency towards the absence of isolation of such definitions, for example: teenagers in knitted hats and down jackets, permanent residents of underground passages.

Note. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined, for example: In a white tie, in a smart overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone(Turgenev).

Typically, such inconsistent definitions are pegged (the pegging of inconsistent definitions in all of the following cases is affected by their location):

c) if they refer to a proper name, for example: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on a sofa(Goncharov); Elizaveta Kievna never left her memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a miserable smile and meek eyes.(A.N. Tolstoy); Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with a shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual.(Chekhov);

b) if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example: I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it.(L. Tolstoy); ... Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful.(Bitter);

c) if separated from the word being defined by any other members of the sentence, for example: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her.(Goncharov) (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common name); On his ruddy face, with a straight large nose, bluish eyes (Gorky);

d) if they form a series of homogeneous terms with previous or subsequent separate agreed definitions, for example: I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard(Turgenev); With bony shoulder blades, with a bump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he was a funny figure.(Chekhov) (regardless of what part of speech the defined word is expressed).

Inconsistent definitions are often isolated in the names of persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, etc., since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message, for example: Grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(Bitter); The headman, in boots and an overcoat, with tags in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, took off his bright hat(L. Tolstoy).

The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given turnover from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject, for example. The women, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field(Turgenev); The painter, drunk, drank a tea glass of lacquer instead of beer(Bitter). Wed also: ... It seemed to Mercury Avdeevich that the stars were growing in the sky and the whole courtyard, with buildings, rose and went soundlessly to the sky(Fedin) (without isolation, the combination with buildings would not play the role of a definition).

10. Inconsistent definitions are separated, expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective, if the noun being defined is usually preceded by an agreed definition, for example: A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.(Turgenev); A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy); Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall...(Chekhov).

In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated, for example: But at another time there was no man more active than him(Turgenev).

11. Inconsistent definitions are separated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which words can be put without prejudice to the meaning "namely", For example: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good!(Chekhov); But this lot is beautiful – shine and die(Bryusov).

If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides, for example: ... Each of them solved this issue – leave or stay – for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketlinskaya). But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted, for example: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, the field marshal had to choose the latter(L. Tolstoy).

Standalone Applications

1. A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun (usually such an application is after the word being defined, less often in front of it), for example: The mother spoke more, the lady with gray hair(Turgenev); The good-natured old man, the hospital watchman, immediately let him in(L. Tolstoy); Miners, immigrants from the central Russian provinces and from Ukraine, settled in farms with the Cossacks, became related to them(Fadeev).

Constructions in sentences like: The editor-in-chief, who is also the deputy director of the publishing house, spoke about the plans of the publishing house.

2. A single non-common application, standing after a common noun, is isolated if the noun being defined has explanatory words with it, for example: He left his horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, the deacon(Turgenev); One girl took care of me, Polish(Bitter).

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single defined noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merge intonation with the word being defined, for example: Father, a drunkard, fed from an early age and herself(Bitter); And the enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death(Fadeev).

Note 1. A single application is usually attached to the defined common noun with a hyphen, for example: hero city, oil geologists, teenage girls, sorceress winter, melancholy villain, research engineer, lone canoe, field nurse, cosmonaut pilot, frost governor, programmer operator, deceased father(but: father archpriest), pans-gentry(but: pan hetman), song bird, innovator worker, bomber plane, giant slalom, musician neighbor, old watchman, excellent student(but: excellent students...– heterogeneous applications), physiologist, French teacher, organic chemist, battle painter.

Note 2. In some cases, hyphenated spelling is also possible in the presence of an explanatory word (definition), which in meaning can refer to or to the entire combination ( famous experimenter-inventor, dexterous acrobat juggler), or only to the word being defined ( demobilized military conscript, original self-taught artist, my teacher neighbor), or only to the application ( experienced female doctor). However, in these cases, double punctuation is possible; compare: The lecture will be read by a well-known professor-chemist. – The lecture will be read by a famous professor, chemist; The assignment was given to one philology student. – The assignment was given to one student, a philologist.

A hyphen is also written after a proper name (most often a geographical name acting as an application for a generic name), for example: Moskva-river, Baikal-lake, Kazbek-gora, Astrakhan-gorod(but without the hyphen in reverse word order: the Moscow River, Lake Baikal, Mount Kazbek, the city of Astrakhan; expressions like mother Russia, mother earth have the character of stable combinations). After the proper name of a person, a hyphen is placed only if the noun being defined and the application merge into one complex intonation-semantic whole, for example: Ivan Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.

The hyphen is not written:

a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to the definition of an adjective, for example: handsome man(cf.: handsome man), old man father, giant factory(but when rearranging words: giant plant), a poor tailor, a hero horseman, a little orphan, a predatory wolf, an expert cook;

b) if in a combination of two common nouns the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific one, for example: magnolia flower, baobab tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver steel, carbon gas, floss thread, zipper, tweed fabric, Roquefort cheese, kharcho soup. But if such a combination is a composite scientific term (in which the second part does not serve as an independent specific designation), the name of the specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written, for example: hare, goshawk, stag beetle, hermit crab, field mouse, cabbage butterfly, general practitioner, toolmaker;

c) if the noun or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, for example: female surgeons, civil engineer designer, mechanical designer, Volga-mother river; but (in separate terms): rear admiral-engineer, captain-lieutenant-engineer;

a) if the noun being defined has two uncommon applications connected by the union and, For example: students of philology and journalists, MPs Conservatives and Liberals; the same if there is a common application for two definable nouns, for example: students and graduate students of philology;

e) if the first element of the combination are words citizen, master, comrade, our brother, your brother(in meaning “I and others like me”, “you and others like you”), For example: citizen judge, mister envoy, comrade secretary, our brother student.

3. An application related to a proper name is isolated if it comes after the noun being defined, for example: My brother Petya, a teacher, sings wonderfully(Chekhov); Sergei Ivanovich, the head of the family, a tall, round-shouldered man who shaved his head, was a good carpenter(Soloukhin).

Before a proper name, an application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial value, for example: A renowned scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man that he was when they first met.(Kazakevich) (cf .: "although he was a famous intelligence officer" - with a concessive meaning). But: The lieutenant of the tsarist army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland ...(Fedin) (without additional adverbial value).

4. The proper name of a person or the nickname of an animal acts as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (you can insert words before such an application without changing the meaning “and his name is”, “namely”, “that is”), For example: The daughter of Darya Mikhailovna, Natalya Alekseevna, at first sight might not like(Turgenev); At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father's favorite greyhound dog. – Milka(L. Tolstoy); And the brothers Anya, Petya and Andryusha, schoolboys, pulled him[father] behind the tailcoat and whispered embarrassed ...(Chekhov).

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory shade of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:

G) Only one Cossack, Maxim Golodukha, escaped from Tatar hands along the way.(Gogol); Elizaveta Alekseevna went to visit her brother, Arkady Alekseevich(she has only one brother; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, her own name should not be isolated); He reminded me of my son Borka(same basis);

b) His sister Mary entered; Today my friend Valentin and I are leaving for Moscow; The head of the course Dima Shilov informed; Belov, Ivan Petrovich, a mathematics teacher, appeared in the corridor.

5. Application attached by the union how(with an additional meaning of causality), as well as words by name, by surname, nickname, family, etc., is usually isolated if it is at the beginning or middle of a sentence, for example: Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and redo everything himself(Goncharov); As a person of high rank, it is not fitting for me to ride a horse...(Chekhov); Like an old gunner I despise this kind of cold decoration(Sholokhov) (regardless of what part of speech the defined word is expressed); ... A little dark-haired lieutenant, by the name of Zhuk, led the battalion to the backyards of that street ...(Simonov) (pay attention to the intonation of isolation).

Note. Union Attached Application how with meaning "as", as well as words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth, etc., is not isolated if it is at the end of a sentence, for example: The response received is considered as consent.(Azhaev); He got himself a teddy bear named Yasha(Paustovsky); We met a German doctor named Schultz(without intonation of isolation).

6. The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun, for example: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant?(Pushkin); Doctrinaire and somewhat pedant, he liked to instruct(Herzen); Tears of humiliation, they were caustic(Fedin); Here is the explanation(L. Tolstoy).

In sentences like the last example, double punctuation is possible, depending on the nature of intonation, the presence or absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in demonstrative function) with the preceding particle here (out); compare:

a) Here they are, bunny dreams!(Saltykov-Shchedrin); Here they are, workers!(Troepolsky);

b) Here is the reality(Sukhovo-Kobylin); That's pride(Gorbunov); Here it is the triumph of virtue and truth(Chekhov).

It is not put in such sentences when following a demonstrative particle with a pronoun after a noun, for example: Spring is over there, in the yard(B. Field).

7. A separate application may refer to a word missing in this sentence, if the latter is suggested by the context, for example: What about before lunch? – I, brother, have a court waiter in mind: so, the dog, will feed you that you just won’t get up(Gogol); Everything is getting smarter...(Gorky. Artamonov case: Peter about Alexei).

The missing pronoun may be suggested by the personal form of the verb-predicate, for example: I never drink, sinner, but through such a case I will drink(Chekhov).

8. Instead of a comma, when separating applications, a dash is used:

a) if before the application it is possible to insert words without changing the meaning "namely", For example: A new state flag of the Russian Federation has been approved - a tricolor flag with white, blue and red longitudinal stripes;

b) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given, for example: I don't like this tree too much – aspen(Turgenev); We drove around some old dam sunk in nettles, and a long-dry pond – deep yaruga, overgrown with weeds taller than human height(Bunin); Nearby was a closet – directory storage(Granin).

Wed single application after common proper name: Welcome to the capital of Ukraine - Kiev!

c) to highlight on both sides applications that are of an explanatory nature (usually in artistic speech), for example: Some unnatural greenery – the creation of boring incessant rains – covered the fields and cornfields with a liquid net ...(Gogol); Light spasms - a sign of a strong feeling - ran through his wide lips ...(Turgenev); The overseer of the rooming house, a retired soldier from the Skobelev era, followed the owner(Fedin).

The second dash is omitted:

1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application, for example: Using a special device for breathing a person under water - scuba gear, you can dive to a depth of tens of meters;

2) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding word being defined has a more general meaning, for example: At the meeting of the leaders of the countries - members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, topical problems of economic development were considered;

3) if in such a construction the application precedes the word being defined, for example: The most deceitful, hypocritical and most influential of all the "teachers of life" - the church, preaching "love for your neighbor as for yourself", in the past burned tens of thousands of people at the stake, blessed "religious" wars(Bitter); One of the outsiders of the national championship – Athletes of the club "Fili" won the third victory in a row(From newspapers);

a) for clarity, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal, for example: At the table sat the mistress of the house, her sister - a friend of my wife, two faces unfamiliar to me, my wife and I. The second dash is not put in these cases; compare: I began to talk about conditions, about inequality, about people who are victims of life and about people who are the masters of it.(Bitter);

b) to separate prepositive (standing in front) homogeneous applications from the word being defined, for example: The author of wonderful works for children, a brilliant translator, poet and playwright - Marshak took a prominent place in Russian literature;

c) in constructions like: Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable. Wed: Ernani - Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker(from a letter to A.P. Chekhov).

What is a separate definition?

Irina Robertovna Makhrakova

If you are only interested in the term itself, then a separate definition is a definition that is distinguished in pronunciation by voice, and in writing by punctuation marks, more often commas, and sometimes dashes.
A separate definition is most often expressed:
a) participle with dependent words (participial turnover) - Squeaky carts filled with black grapes stretched along the dusty road leading to the gardens (L.T.);
b) an adjective with dependent words - We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous secular forest, equal in size to a good principality (Kupr.);
c) two or more single adjectives or participles - The other shore, flat and sandy, densely and discordantly covered with a close bunch of huts (M. G.)
d) forms of indirect cases of nouns (more often with prepositions) - single or common - Kholop, in brilliant decoration, with sleeves folded back, carried various drinks and edibles right there (G.)

If you are interested in the conditions for separating definitions, then they are discussed in detail [the link is blocked by the decision of the project administration]

A sign might help with this.

Knot for memory

A definition distinguished in speech by pauses and intonations, and in writing by commas. Usually expressed by homogeneous adjectives or participles.
Separate definitions are: a) agreed and b) inconsistent.

Detached Members:
- clarify the idea being expressed;
- specify the description of the action;
- give a more in-depth description of a person or object;
- add expressive coloring to the sentence.

General conditions for separating definitions:
1) stand after the word being defined;
2) refer to a personal pronoun;
3) have additional circumstantial significance.
4) remoteness of the definition from the word being defined

What is a standalone agreed common definition? Preferably detailed and with example(s)

Tamara

Anya Magomedova

The rule is long. In short, it is a participial turnover. Separation is the placement of commas at the beginning and end of a turnover. As a rule, common agreed definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: A cloud hanging over the high tops of poplars was already pouring rain (Kor.); Sciences alien to music were disgusting to me (P.).

If the main members of the sentence are the basis, then the secondary ones are accuracy, beauty and imagery. Particular attention should be paid to definitions.

Definition as a member of a sentence

A definition refers to a word with an objective meaning and characterizes a sign, quality, property of an object that names the word being defined, answers the questions: "what?", "what?", "what?", "what?" and their case forms. There is an agreed and inconsistent definition in Russian.

For example, "I loved watching a big beautiful white bird."

The word being defined is "bird". From him the question is raised: "what?"

Bird (what?) Large, beautiful, white.

Definitions characterize an object in this sentence according to such features: in size, in appearance, in color.

Definitions "big, beautiful"- agreed, and " white"- inconsistent. What is the difference between agreed definitions and non-agreed definitions?

Definitions " big, beautiful"- agreed, they change when the word being defined changes, that is, they agree with it in gender, number, case:

bird (what?) big, beautiful;
bird (what?) big, beautiful;
a bird (what?) big, beautiful.

Definition "white color"- inconsistent. It will not change if you change the main word:

bird (what?) white;
birds (what?) white;
a bird (what?) of white color;
a bird (what?) of white color;
about a bird (what?) of white color.

Thus, it can be concluded that this is an inconsistent definition. So, we found out how agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones. The first ones change when the main word changes, and the second ones do not change.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the object is made

Inconsistent members of a sentence are never expressed by adjectives, participles, agreed pronouns. They are most often expressed by nouns with and without prepositions and have different meanings of the attribute of the subject. One of these meanings is "the material from which the object is made."

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the subject

Very often it is necessary to indicate what the object exists for, then inconsistent definitions are used that have the meaning “the purpose of the object”.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

If it is said that something is present or something is missing from the subject of speech, then inconsistent definitions are usually used with the meaning “an accompanying subject feature”.

Inconsistent definitions with the value of belonging to the subject

Inconsistent definitions are widely used in the language, expressing the belonging of an object or, more precisely, the relation of an object to another object.

Separation of inconsistent definitions and additions

Since inconsistent definitions are expressed by nouns, the problem of distinguishing between definitions and additions arises. Additions are also expressed by nouns in indirect cases and do not formally differ from inconsistent definitions. Distinguishing these minor members is possible only in terms of syntax. Therefore, it is necessary to consider ways to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions.

Additions refer to verbs, gerunds, participles, and definitions - to nouns, pronouns that indicate the subject.
We pose questions of indirect cases to additions, and to definitions - questions "what?", "whose?"

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Possessive pronouns can act as inconsistent definitions. In such cases, questions are posed: "whose?", "whose?", "whose?", "whose?" and their case forms. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by possessive pronouns.

V her the light came on in the window (in whose window?).

His girlfriend did not come (whose girlfriend?).

V their the garden had the most delicious apples (in whose garden?).

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in a simple comparative degree

If the sentence contains an adjective in a simple comparative degree, then it is an inconsistent definition. It denotes a sign of an object that is expressed to a greater or lesser extent than in some other object. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by the adjective in a simple comparative degree.

Grandpa built himself a house better ours.

Society is divided into people cleverer me and those who are not interested in me.

Everyone wants to grab a piece more than others.

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Often adverbs act as inconsistent definitions, in such cases they have the meaning of a feature in terms of quality, direction, place, mode of action. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with adverbs.

Let's listen to the opinion of your neighbor (which one?) left.

The closet was small with a door (what?) outside.

The upper room was bright with a window (what?) against.

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

The infinitive can be an inconsistent definition for nouns that have abstract concepts: desire, joy, need and the like. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with infinitives.

Everyone would understand my desire (what?) capture these magical pictures.

Necessity lives indestructibly in the heart (what kind?) be in love someone.

The division will come up with a task (what?) take height on the right bank of the Dnieper.

Everyone should experience joy (what?) feel yourself as a human.

She had a habit (what?) talk with someone invisible.

Separation of inconsistent definitions in Russian

The selection of inconsistent definitions in writing with commas depends on the position taken and on their prevalence. Inconsistent definitions that stand directly behind the defined word - a common noun - are not inclined to isolate.

At the back of the garden stood a long barn (what?) from boards.

The old woman served sour cream in a bowl (what?) with broken edge.

girl (what?) in a blue dress stood at the entrance to the park, waiting for someone.

In the park (what?) with cleanly swept alleys it was empty and boring.

Desire (What?) survive at all costs owned it all the time.

Inconsistent definitions after the main word - a common noun, are isolated only if it is necessary to give it a special semantic significance. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

In the same sweater , from gray wool, she left the room as if there had not been a whole year of separation.

This vase , with broken neck, I remember from childhood.

If inconsistent definitions are before the word being defined, then they are most often isolated. Such definitions acquire an additional circumstantial connotation of meaning.

In a long fancy dress, sister seemed taller and more mature.

Long skirt and bare arms, the girl stands on the stage and sings something in a thin voice.

Inconsistent definitions are always isolated if they refer to a personal pronoun and a proper name. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

She, with braids to the waist, went to the middle of the room and looked for me with her eyes.

Maria Ivanovna , in a white starched blouse, loudly called the servants and ordered the girl who came to clean up the scattered things.

It (the sun) with red-orange trim hung very low from the horizon.

Practical task in the OGE format

Among the examination tasks, there is one that requires knowledge of inconsistent definitions. To complete this task, you need to find a sentence that has an inconsistent definition. The following is a text with numbered sentences, among which you need to find the right one.

Example 1: Find a sentence with an inconsistent common definition.

1) The room was quiet, and for a long time neither the boy nor the man broke the silence.

2) After a while, the father suddenly said:

3) Listen, Timur! 4) Do you want me to buy you a dog? 5) Sheepdog with a black stripe on the back.

Example 2: Find a sentence with an inconsistent standalone definition.

1) Mother stood very close to Nadezhda.

2) She came in from the street.

3) Wearing a raincoat and a white coat, she seemed to Nadia different than she was two months ago.

4) And Nadezhda, not yet coming to her senses, looked at her mother for three seconds, not recognizing.

5) She saw several new wrinkles, diverging from the wings of the nose to the corners of the lips.

6) Only the look of the mother remained the same, the same as Nadezhda carried in her heart.

Example 3: Find a sentence with an inconsistent non-isolated definition.

1) She beamed with joy.

2) She was called mother today.

3) Didn't all the neighbors hear this girl with dark hair screaming:

5) The girl understood why her aunt was happy.

6) Only she herself did not yet understand whether she called her.

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Appendix

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, object or circumstance, determines the sign of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which the? whose?

The definition can refer to words of different parts of speech: a noun and words formed from adjectives or participles by transition to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and inconsistent definition

An agreed definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic relationship between the main and dependent words is agreement. For instance:

A disgruntled girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the outdoor terrace.

(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: a laughing boy, a bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition may be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connection:

management

adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the bedside table.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book

(mother's book is an agreed definition, connection type: agreement, and mother's book is inconsistent, connection type is control)

Inconsistent adjacency-based definition:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift is an expensive gift

(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is agreement)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Compare: a center with five floors - a five-story center

(five-story center - inconsistent definition, communication type - management, and five-story center - agreed definition, communication type - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus - noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French - adverb)

3) a verb in an indefinite form:

She had the ability to listen.

(listen - verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of the adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she chooses the harder tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her is a possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

Application is a special kind of definition. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case.

Applications denote various features of an object that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived with me in the hotel.

A variation of the application are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony is an agreed application, the words of the river and Sukhony are in the same case.)

The son read the fairy tale "Cinderella".

(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases

Definition (syntax)

This term has other meanings, see Definition.

Definition(or attribute) - in syntax, a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed by an adjective or participle. Answers the questions: which? which the? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose? When parsing a sentence, it is underlined by a wavy line.

Classification

Definitions can be associated with nouns in a way of agreement ( agreed definitions) and methods of control and adjacency ( inconsistent definitions).

Agreed definitions

They agree with the defined member in the form (case, number and gender in the singular), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns.

« Large trees grow near paternal house"
"V our class no lagging behind students"
"He decides this task second hour"
“The bright sun shone in my eyes. »

In modern Russian, an agreed definition in a sentence most often precedes the name being defined (see the above examples). The reverse order (an agreed definition follows the name being defined) is allowed, but is usually used in special cases:

in traditional proper names and special terms: "Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky”, “Ivan Great", "name noun"," heather ordinary»;
in poetic works, the word order of which is influenced by the requirements of the form (meter, rhyme, etc.):

Baron in cloisters sad
Satisfied, however, was fate,
Pastor flattery funerary ,
coat of arms tombs feudal
AND epitaph bad .

A. S. Pushkin. Message to Delvig

Inconsistent definitions

They do not agree with the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in oblique cases, comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitive, subordinate clause.

"The rustle of the leaves birches»
"He liked the evenings at grandma's house»
"Choose a fabric more fun with a pattern»
"Eggs for breakfast soft-boiled»
"They were united by the desire see you»
"House where I live»

In Russian, inconsistent definitions in a sentence almost always follow the name being defined, exceptions are found only in poetic works:

Yes, I remember, though not without sin,
From the Aeneid two verses.
He rummage didn't have hunting
In chronological dust
Genesis of the earth:
But days gone by jokes
From Romulus to the present day
He kept it in his memory.

A. S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

good (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) Appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

"Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
"The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

"Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

"Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

"Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
pronoun - (whose?) My dog fell off the leash;
numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;
communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

"Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
"We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
"People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and the nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of the sacrament

The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

The frightened girl silently walked forward.
Painted in Italy, the painting became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yusch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
when creating in present. the time of real communion 2 ref., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - led, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

Frustrated, she went into the yard.
They were tired and went straight to bed.
He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For instance:

The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

What is a detached inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by oblique cases of nouns (more often with a preposition), stand apart if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and the boulevard. Inconsistent definitions can also stand before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a dandy overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Such inconsistent definitions are usually isolated:
if they refer to their own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on a sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if referring to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous terms with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a peasant, wet, in tatters, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, and so on, because due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old Kartuz without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating this turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is not isolated: But at another time there was no person more active than him.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which one can put the words without prejudice to the meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for himself, for his loved ones. But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika asakova

Isolation is the selection in writing by punctuation marks, and in oral speech by intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of the proposal, which answers the question: Which one? Whose? , underlined in a sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word by the method of control or adjacency. For example: stairs (what?) to the attic. To the attic is an inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Naval borscht is an agreed definition (it is in the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our athletes are high class players. High class players - an inconsistent definition.
For your information, the participial turn of speech is an agreed definition.

Common consensus definition

An agreed definition is a definition associated with the noun being defined by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the form of the same gender, number and case as the main one). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjunction, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs, and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, a promise to come.

A common definition is a definition that has dependent words with it, for example: a person running after a bus, a promise to come today. A separate definition is a definition that is highlighted by punctuation marks.

An example of an agreed common isolated definition is the participial turnover, separated by commas: I do not feel sorry for the years wasted in vain (Yesenin). Will I fall, pierced by an arrow (Pushkin). Squeaky carts filled with black grapes stretched along the dusty road leading to the gardens (L. Tolstoy)

Kostya regular

Pasha Shulepov

Isolation(comma-separated) agreed-upon definitions depend on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (circumstantial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and the way of expressing the definition.

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they) are isolated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the way it is expressed (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:

I AM , learned by experience I will be more attentive to her. Tired, she shut up, looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, he fell asleep immediately.

2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, somebody, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:

Can't compare to this novel. nothing previously written by the author. Flashed across his face something like a smile.

Notes.

1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive turnover is isolated. For instance: AND someone , sweaty and out of breath running from store to store(Panova).

2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words associated with the definitive pronoun all are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all - as a dependent definition. For instance: All those late to class standing in the hallway. (cf.: Late to lecture standing in the hallway). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For instance: Everything , railroad related, still fanned for me by the poetry of travel(cf.: Everything still fanned for me by the poetry of travel).

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions stand apart if they come after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they come before the noun they define.

Wed: glades, strewn with leaves were full of sunshine. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sunshine; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.

Notes.

1) Common and homogeneous single definitions after the noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. In oral speech, it is on these definitions that the logical stress falls, and there is no pause between the word being defined and the definition. For instance: Instead of a fun Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in the side deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, graceful, poetic (Chekhov).

2) A single definition, standing after a noun, is usually not isolated. For instance: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial value (it can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, though and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For instance: young man in love, it's impossible not to talk(Turgenev). - It is impossible for a young man, if he is in love, not to speak out; The people, amazed, steel like stones(M. Gorky). - People became like stones because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always copyrighted (!).

2. Before the noun being defined, a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions to them why? contrary to what? and etc.; they can be replaced by adverbial clauses with conjunctions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.

Wed: Always cheerful, lively, nurses now they were moving silently and concentratedly around Tanya (Kazakov). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they were moving silently and concentratedly around Tanya.

However, such separation is usually optional, not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or non-isolated.

Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head he couldn't crawl- pause after noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun) scout).

3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are before or after the main word).

For instance:

1. angry, sullen walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, sullen refer to the noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.

2. towards me, pure and clear,, the sounds of the bell came(Turgenev). Definitions pure and clear, as if washed by the morning chill stand before the noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - predicate brought.

Note!

1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

glades, strewn with leaves were full of sunshine.

2) The attributive phrase after the coordinative conjunction ( and, or, but etc.), but not associated with it, is separated by a comma from the union according to the general rule.

Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, sullen walked across the room.

The union connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be kept: Kashtanka stretched, yawned, and walked up and down the room.. Therefore, a comma is placed after the union and.

But between the union (usually it is the union a) and the definitive turnover, a comma is not placed if the omission of the turnover requires a restructuring of the sentence.

The ball rests on the surface of the pool, a immersed in water, pops up quickly.

In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive turnover without the union a.

The ball stays on the surface of the pool, but quickly floats up.

3) The adjective and participle associated with the verb - predicate are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives, participles do not obey the above rules.

Wed: To the hut we ran wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.

Writing inconsistent sentences is a common grammatical error. An inconsistent sentence is two complete sentences that are combined without proper punctuation or conjunctions. If you're taking notes for a specific purpose and are concerned that you might have inconsistent sentences, you first need to learn to recognize common mistakes that lead to inconsistent sentences.

Steps

Understanding independent proposals, to identify inconsistent proposals

Distinguish between independent and dependent clauses. An independent clause has a subject and a predicate. It can be independent and forms a complete thought. For example, "I eat ice cream." It is a complete independent sentence (a complete sentence) because it has a subject "I" and a predicate "to eat".

An independent clause is the opposite of a dependent clause. A dependent clause also has a subject and a predicate, but it must have an independent clause to be considered complete. For example, "Because I eat ice cream" is addictive because it doesn't make sense on its own; the words "because" require more information.

Find the subject in the independent clause. When you look at a set of words that you consider to be an independent clause, first find the subject. The subject is that which performs the action. It is a noun that is a person, place, thing, or idea.
- Consider the sentence "The dog licked the bowl." Who performs the action? The dog is doing the action. This means that the dog is the noun in the sentence.
Find the predicate. The predicate is the action in the sentence. It shows what the subject does. In the above sentence, what is the action? What is the dog doing? She licks. "Licked" is a predicate.

Determine if the sentence has a complete thought. Ask yourself, does this set of words sound like a complete thought? Are there words like "because" in this set that rob the sentence of its own meaning (e.g. "at that time", "when", "what" and so on)? The sentence "The dog licked the bowl" has no such words, so it is considered independent.

Understand that you must separate independent sentences with punctuation marks. Independent sentences need special punctuation. End with a period, semicolon, or comma and conjunction to separate them from another sentence.

Look for inconsistent sentences as you reread notes. Read the text slowly. Read it aloud. Think over every offer. Does it have more than one independent proposal? Does it have two subjects and two predicates without proper punctuation? If you find inconsistent proposals, correct them using the following sections.
- Make sure you use each comma correctly, as an incorrect comma can create inconsistent sentences. This issue will be discussed in the next section.
Recognition and correction of connecting commas
1. Watch out for connecting commas in your letter. A connecting comma is when two independent sentences are separated by a comma. Look at the two sentences: "The dog licked the bowl, he liked the ice cream." We have already established that "The dog licked the bowl" is an independent sentence.
  - How about "She liked ice cream"? Who is performing the action? In this case, it's "Hey". Yeu is a pronoun that takes the place of a noun. What is the action in the offer? It's a little harder to define the action in this sentence, but she "liked" the ice cream, so "liked" the predicate. Is there a word that makes this sentence dependent? No, none. Therefore, "She liked the ice cream" is also an independent proposal.
2. Correct the connecting commas by adding a period. You have three basic tricks that you can use to correct connecting commas. The first is to simply change the comma to a period and the first letter of the following sentence: “The dog licked the bowl. She liked ice cream."
3. Change the comma to a semicolon. Another option for correcting connecting commas is to use a semicolon between two sentences. Let's look at our example:
  - “The dog licked the bowl; she liked ice cream.
4. Add a conjunction to turn part of an inconsistent sentence into a dependent clause. Another way to correct the inconsistency is to add conjunctions such as "and", "but", "neither", "nevertheless", "thus", or "or", depending on the relationship between the two sentences. "And" connects additional clauses; "but" connects conflicting sentences. "Neither" indicates that neither option is suitable. "Or" gives two options. "Nevertheless" is also contradictory. "Thus" basically means "therefore".
  - In our example, the sentences are complementary, although if you choose this method, it makes more sense to reverse the sentences: "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl."
    - You can also use "because" in our example: "The dog licked the bowl because he liked the ice cream." "Because" creates a dependent clause and now the whole clause will consist of a dependent and an independent, which is perfectly acceptable.
5. Choose a correction method depending on the types of offers you are dealing with. The method you use to separate sentences depends on how they are related. Most likely, a semicolon, or a comma and conjunction would work well, because if you've already separated sentences with commas, then the sentences are most likely closely related.
  - The dot is suitable for independent sentences.
Correction of other types of inconsistent proposals
1. Find sentences where there are more than two independent sentences on the same line. Another kind of inconsistent sentences is when there are more than two independent sentences in a line connected by conjunctions. For example, look at the following sentences:
  - "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl, but he didn't finish it." We have already established the first two sections of this text of independent proposals. What about the last one? What a question? "She" is the subject, as is the pronoun. The predicate here is a little more complicated, because it consists of several words. But what does action show? "Didn't finish" is a grammatical predicate in this sentence. Thus, this text has three independent sentences. This is too much for one line.
2. Correct the inconsistency with more than two independent proposals. To correct this inconsistency, use the same methods from the previous section in at least one of the independent proposals. For instance:
  - “The dog liked the ice cream. She licked the bowl, but she didn't finish it."
  - Of course, you have other options for correcting this inconsistency, such as “The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl. However, she didn't finish it." Or “The dog liked the ice cream. She licked the bowl; however, she did not finish it." Basically, you don't use a conjunction to start a sentence (although this rule has been loosened), so you need to change "but" to "nevertheless" when it's at the beginning of a sentence.
3. Add separators to inconsistent sentences without punctuation. Another kind of inconsistent sentences are two sentences that are put together without punctuation marks. For instance:
  - "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl." You can use the same methods described in the previous section to separate them: "The dog liked the ice cream so he licked the bowl."
- The main thing to remember is that basically a sentence can only have two independent sentences, and they must have proper punctuation marks. Never combine two independent clauses with just a comma; always use a dot, semicolon, or comma with a union.
- Connecting commas are when two complete sentences are separated by only a comma, not a dot or semicolon.
- Find complex connecting commas. The connecting comma can be a little confusing, like "The dog wanted to eat chocolate, however, chocolate is not good for him." You have two full sentences here, and "nevertheless" does not count as a conjunction to separate the two sentences.

Separate agreed definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition: examples

Read also

The exercise

Definition concept

Separate definitions

Agreed definitions

Inconsistent definition

Structure of definitions

Separation of the sacrament

Separation of the adjective

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

Other segregation definitions

Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

What is a separate definition?

What is a standalone agreed common definition? Preferably detailed and with example(s)

Definition as a member of a sentence

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the object is made

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the subject

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

Inconsistent definitions with the value of belonging to the subject

Separation of inconsistent definitions and additions

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in a simple comparative degree

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

Separation of inconsistent definitions in Russian

Practical task in the OGE format

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Appendix

Definition (syntax)

Classification

Agreed definitions

Inconsistent definitions

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

Definition concept

Separate definitions

Agreed definitions

Inconsistent definition

Structure of definitions

Separation of the sacrament

Separation of the adjective

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

Other segregation definitions

What is a detached inconsistent definition?

Common consensus definition

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

Steps

Understanding independent proposals, to identify inconsistent proposals

Recognition and correction of connecting commas

Correction of other types of inconsistent proposals