German surnames: meaning and origin. Men's and women's German surnames

So, my first post, which is not a copy-pasted made of magazine. And precisely thanks to which my bluer appeared (what is written in the first post blog).

It all started with the fact that one day my girlfriend Zoana, like I am fond of fanfucked, asked me: What do the consoles mean to surnames in some characters in a particular work? I was also interested in the question, but at first I didn't want too much. However, literally every other day I wondered - why do some characters have more than one or two names? The response to the friend did not give the results, and I decided to relate to the Internet, and praise by these two questions, after writing to her and for others, the results of the research "Research".

Also, for fairness, I will indicate that a considerable part of the information presented here, I am learned from the Internet, and together with my own reflections, a kind of mini-abstract was obtained.

Number of names

I decided to start a question from "my" - why some characters have one or two names, and some three, four or more (the longest thing I came across in history about two Chinese boys, where the poor called just Chon, and the name of the rich Five probably).

I turned to Mr. Google, and he told me that the tradition of several names today takes place, mainly in English-speaking and Catholic countries.

The most visible is the "naming" system in the UK, presented in many books. According to her, according to statistics, all English children traditionally receive two names at birth - personal (First Name) or second name (Second Name). Currently, the average name plays the role of an additional distinctive feature, especially for persons who wear widespread names and surnames.

Custom to give the child the average name, as I found out everything in the same place, goes back to the tradition to assign a few personal names to the newborn. It is known that, historically, the name of the person was of particular importance, as a rule, testifying to the life of the child, as well as communicated with the name of God (or another sense of a patron), for the patronage and the protection of which parents were counted ...

Distracting - At this moment, I did some stuffing and the little was the thought of the thought that if someone could not find the meaning of my life, then maybe you need to study your name in more detail and act on the basis of it? Or (if seriously), on the contrary, you can give your next character a name that will be clearly or hidden to testify to its destination (which, by the way, have been done by some well-known authors, giving the heroes of their work speaking names and / or surnames).

In addition, as I read when I interrupted reflections, the significance in society could depend on behalf. So, often, if the idea of \u200b\u200bpatronage was not contained in the name, the carrier was considered doubtful on the genealogion or insignificant and did not use respect.

Several names, as a rule, was given an important person recognized to fulfill several glorious cases - as much as he had names. For example, several names could be an emperor, king, prince and other representatives of the nobility. Depending on the audience and number of titles, the complete form of the name could be a long chain of names and alleged epithets. The monarch of the Main Primary name was the so-called "Throne Name", which officially replaced the name received by the heir to the throne at birth or baptism. In addition, a similar tradition is observed in the Roman Catholic Church, when the elected dad chooses a name to him, under which he will be known from this moment.

Of course, the church name and naming system is much wider, and it can be considered much more detailed (which only the system "worldly name is the church name") is, but I'm not strong in this and I will not go deep into it.

It should also be noted that the church is traditionally the keeper of such customs. For example, a custom partially preserved in the already mentioned Catholic Church, when a person often happens three names: from birth, from baptism in childhood and from the world-building to enter the world with the grace of the Holy Spirit.

By the way, at the same stage there was no time and an additional - "registered" - social bundle. The problem was that, historically, for each unnecessary name at one time it was necessary to pay churches.

However, the poor people were sharpened, and this "restriction" went away - in part, therefore, there is a French name that unites the patronage of all Saints - Tusten.

I, of course, for the sake of justice, would remember the saying "at seven nannies child without an eye" ... I don't decide, of course, although I could have a good story about the fate of the character with the same name, the patrons of which could not agree on joint patronage. Or maybe even there is - I did not read the works in my life so much.

Continuing the same story, it is worth noting that the average names may also denote the generation of the activity or the fate of a man wearing them.

As medium names, both personal names and geographical names, nominal names, etc. can be used. The average name may be meaningful "Rodov" - when the child is called the name that did not have the next relatives, but which from time to time appears in Sign, foreshadowing a man of one or another role. The name may be "family": when children call "in honor of" someone from relatives. Any direct name association with its already known carrier certainly connects to the named after, in honor of whom it, or her, called. Although coincidences and similarity here, of course, are unpredictable. And, often, the more tragic in the end is perceived incompleteness. In addition, the names of people are often used as middle names, in honor of which they are assigned.

There is no law limiting the number of medium names (or at least I did not find this), but more than four additional medium names are usually not assigned. However, traditions and rules are often designed to violate them. In the fictional worlds "legislator" is generally the author, and everything written lies on his conscience.

As an example of several names from the real world, a fairly famous professor of John Ronalda Ruel Tolkina can be remembered.

Another indicative - but already fictional - an example is Albus Percival Wolfric Braij Dumbledore (Joan Rowling - Harry Potter series).

In addition, I recently recognized such an interesting fact that in which countries "sexuality" of the average name does not matter. That is, a female name can be used as the middle name of the man (male character). It happens, as I mean, all of the same fact of imputations in honor of the highest patron (patronage in this case). I somehow did not meet feedback (or I do not remember), but according to the logic of a woman with medium "male" names can also be.

As an example, I remembered only Ostap-Suleiman --Bert Maria-Bender-Bay (Ostap Bender, Yeah)

Personally, I will add the fact that nothing, in principle, does not interfere with the author of a specific work, come up with and justify your naming system.

For example: "In the world, randomies, especially sacred is the number of four and, so that the child was happy and lucky, the parents try to give him four names: the first is personal, the second - on his father or grandfather, the third - in honor of the Saint patron and the fourth - in honor of one of Great Warriors (for boys) or diplomats (for girls) of the state. "

The example is invented absolutely going away, and your fictional tradition can be much more thoughtful and interesting.

I'll go to the second question.

Family consoles

The question that my girlfriend Zoana puzzled me, and which I once wondered himself, although it was lazy to find out what the matter is here.

To start the definition " Family consoles - In some world registered formulas, constituting and integral part of the name.

Sometimes indicate an aristocratic origin, but not always. They are usually written separately from the main family word, but sometimes they can merge with it. "

At the same time, as I found out for myself from the read, the family consoles differ from the country to country and may have different meanings.

Also, I note that there were much more copy-paste and excerpts in this part of the article, since this question has a much closer connection with history and languages, and my non-core to the topic of education is unlikely enough to recover in a more free style.

England

Fitz - "Son someone", Distorted FR. FILS. dE. (for example: Fitzgerald, Fitzpatrick) .

Armenia

Ter - Ter [տեր], in the ancient Armenian original Tearn (Arm. տեարն), "Vladyka", "Mr.", "Host". For example: Ter-Petrosyan.

This prefix may have two similar, in general, values, and mean:

1) The title of the highest Armenian aristocracy, similar to the British Lord. This title was usually put before or after the generic name, for example, Tern Andzewats or Artzruneats Ter, and most often belonged to Naaretu (head of the clan or the leader of the tribe in ancient Armenia), Tanutor (in ancient Armenia, the head of the aristocratic kind, patriarch) or Gaherec Ishkhan (in IX-XI centuries The head of the nobleman, which corresponded to the earliest Naareu and Tanutor) of this kind. The same title was used when referring to the face of the highest aristocracy.

2) After the Christianization of Armenia, this title was also used by the highest clergy of the Armenian Church. Unlike the initial designation of the aristocrat, the title "ter" in church use began to be added to the names of the chickens. In a similar combination, "ter" is similar to the church "Batyushka", "Vladyka" and is not an indicator of the noble origin of the navigation carrier. Now present in the names of those who in the ancestors in the male line was a priest. The word "ter" itself is used today when applying to the Armenian priest or, when mentioning it (akin to the more familiar to our hearing, the appeal "[Saint] Father").

Germany

Background (eg: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

CSU (eg: Karl-Teodor Tsu Guttenberg)

Mostly family console "Background", as it turned out He is a sign of noble origin. She expresses the idea of \u200b\u200bland ownership of representatives of an old nobility, for example "Duke von Württemberg," Ernst Auguston von Hannover. But there are exceptions. In the north of Germany, many "common-procracy" are called "background", which indicates only a place of residence / origin. Also compared to nobles, initially burgher origin, which were erected by sovereign to noble dignity with the presentation of the instance of the noble diploma (adelbrief) and the wake of the coat of arms (WAPPEN), the name prefix "Background" and Mr. Müller turned into Mr. Background Muller.

Unlike the "background" predicate "CSU" Be sure to include the attitude to a certain inherited land ownership, mainly a medieval castle - for example "Prince Background and Tsu Liechtenstein" (Liechtenstein \u003d Principality and the Family Castle).

Currently, the titles of aristocrats became parts of the composite surnames in Germany. Such surnames often include a "background", "background tree" particle, "background dem" (translated as "from"), less often "CSU" (translated as "in") or a mixed version of the B UB TSU. "

It is usually believed that "VON" indicates the place of origin of the surname (family), while "Zu" means that this territory is still in possession of the kind.

With a particle " und."I, how much I did not read, did not fully understand. Although, as far as I understood, she plays simply the role of a bundle, denoting either mixing the family consoles, or the combination of surnames at all. Although it may be prevented by just ignorance.

Israel

Ben - - Son (presumably following the example of English fits) (for example: David Ben-Gurion)

Ireland

ABOUT‘ - Means "grandson"

Poppy - Means "Son"

That is, both consoles in Irish last names usually indicate their origin. Regarding the spelling of the Poppy console, I read that in most cases in Russian it is written through a hyphen, but there are exceptions. For example, a generally accepted fusion writing such surnames such as McDonald, Macdaull, Macbeth, and others, does not exist, and writing in each case individually.

Spain

In the case of Spain, the situation is even more complicated, since, based on the surnames read by me, the names of the Spaniards are usually two: paternal and maternal. At the same time, the father's surname ( apellido Paterno.) is put in front of the maternal ( apellido Materno.); So, with the official handling, only the father's surname is used (although there are exceptions).

Similar system exists in Portugal, With the difference that in the double surname, the first name of the mother, and the second - father goes.

Returning to the Spanish System: Sometimes the father's and maternal surnames are separated by a particle "and" (for example: Francisco de Goya-and-Luciates)

Further, in some areas there is a tradition to add the name of the area, where the carrier of this surname was born or from where his ancestors come from. The particle "de" used in these cases is not an indicator of noble origin, but is only an index of origin (and, indirectly, antiquity of origin, since we know that the terrain sometimes have a property of changing the names for one reason or another ).

In addition, in the marriage of the Spanish, the surname does not change, but simply add to the "Apellido Paterno" surname of the husband: for example, Laura Riario Martinez, having married a person by the name Marquez, Laura Riario de Marquez or Laura Riario, Señora Marquez, where a particle De "separates the last name to marriage from the name after marriage

Limits the "rampant naming" the fact that according to the Spanish legislation, no more than two names and two surnames can be recorded in the documents in humans.

Although, of course, any author, creating his own history and guided by the Spanish model of the naming for his characters, may simply ignore this law with the foregoing tradition of average names. Remember such entertainment as double names? And the tradition of double surnames in some languages \u200b\u200b(in Russian, for example)? Have you read the above names about the number of names? Yes? Four double names, two double surnames - imagine already?

And you can also come up with your tradition of naming, as I wrote above. In general, if you are not afraid that your character will look unnecessarily extravagant - you have a unique opportunity to reward it or her family and registered design at least half-foot.

Italy

In Italian, historically consoles meant the following:

De / di - Belonging to the surname, family, for example: de Filippo means "one of Filippo family",

Yes - Belonging to the place of origin: Da Vinci - "Leonardo from Vinci", where Vinci meant the name of the city, terrain. Subsequently, and de became just part of the name and now nothing is denoted. Completely due to the aristocratic origin.

Netherlands

Van - a particle that is sometimes a prefix to the Netherlands surnames produced from the name of any locality; Often it is written to the surname itself. Corresponding to the grammatical meaning of the German "background » and the French "de » . It is often found in the form of Wang de, Van der and Wang Den. Means all the same "out." However, if in the German language "background" means the nobility (for mentioned exceptions) origin, then in the Netherlands naming system, the simple prefix "Van" is not related to the nobility. Noborskaya is the double prefix van ... that (for example, Baron Van Wrist is so vast).

The value of other common consoles, such as Van den., Van der. - see above

France

French consoles, for me personally, are the most famous and indicative

In France, the consoles for the surnames, as already mentioned earlier, denote the noble origin. Translated into Russian consoles denote the genitive case, "from" or "... sky." For example, Cesar de Vandom - Duke of Vandoma or Vandomsky.

Most used consoles:

If the surname begins with the consonant

de

du

If the surname starts with vowels

d.‘

Others

In addition, there are still a number of different family nominal consoles, the origin of which I find out, unfortunately, failed.

Only some of them are listed below.

• Le (?)
• Yes, Du, Shower (Portugal, Brazil)
• La (Italy)

So, as I found out in the end, the traditions of naming and "picking" the names are quite extensive and diverse, and most likely I only considered the top of the iceberg. And even more extensive and varied (and, often, no less interesting) may be the author's derivatives from these systems.

However, in conclusion I will add: before anticipating to bring hands above the clave, think about it - and how do you need your name to the half-page? Alto itself, the long name of the character is a loworiginal idea and, if this is not worth anything except the author's "Wishlist", it is quite stupid.

In today's release, we will talk about what the prefix "background" mean to German last names, there is a noble title in Germany today and what privileges he gives it to the owner.

Lovers of long-distance reception await the next issue of the DX-category.

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"Leed in Germany noble titles, for example, Baron Stretube., And which means the prefix" background ". I asked for this question to answer Elizabeth Vibe.

Nobility in Germany

First, the meaning of the word "background". This is in the grammatical sense, a regular pretext indicating the source point in space or the initial geographical point. Der Zug Von Berlin - (train from Berlin). Der König Von Schweden (King of Sweden), Der Präsident Von Rusland (Russian President). In combination with the surname, the background means the noble title.

It seems to me that the noble title in our time does not play any role. Legally, he is part of the name, as well as the doctor of the doctor of science. But if you compare, Dr. Mayer means high professional qualifications. When a device for work, the doctor will be preferred before the non-doctor. And what does the prefix "background" give? If the background such as nothing in life achieved, then the noble title of its position in society will not improve. Example - Our Cologner Street Musician Claus der Giger - Claus-violinist. He is noble blood. He has a wandering lifestyle. Almost homeless.

- Yes you are right. People of noble origin in Germany can be found among any professions. The privileges of the nobles are no longer. They were canceled more than eighty years ago, after the First World War. Then in the constitution of the country was recorded that all people from birth are equal. Prior to this, many centuries were no celestial estates. In the 16th century, during Kaiser Carla, the nobility appeared, a granted diploma of the king or a kayster appeared, compared to the generic aristocracy. Among the old hereditary births, such a nobility was considered unreal, second-rate. And from 1919 in Germany, noble title can not be granted.

But you can buy this noblestry? Sometimes something like that flashes something like this.

- Buy not in the sense that you pay someone and get a diploma. A man who wants to become a nobleman must find someone who will adopt him, that is, he will live under though the noble, but someone else's family name of his adopter. Adapting an adult is a difficult procedure, and the nobility is fake, even if legally everything is correct.

I think it's rarely.

- Yes, much more often happens that representatives of old aristocratic births do not advertise their high origin. For example, prominent politician from the Free Democratic Party of Liberals Herman Otto Slavs actually Prince Tsu Slavs-Khokhenzolms-Lih. The real name of the historian of Dominica Livena - Dominica Prince von Liven, but "Prince" and "Background", telling his graduate students, Professor Liven calls "Incomputer Unfug). Another representative of this kind, a biologist insists that Alexander Prince von Liven named him.

Well. Once this name is such a surname. I think it sounds beautiful. And since I was inherited from the ancestors a noble last name, then I wore it with honor, so that the children and grandchildren were not enough to convey. And the descendants of the last German Kaiser still live in Germany?

- Yes. This is a big family. Even a few families who are not very progressing among themselves. Prince Georg Friedrich Prussian recently hit the pages of the press due to the fact that he was spoken at the auction of 17 thousand items from the Heritage of Kaiser: porcelain, silver. He needs money to pay the inheritance tax to the financial department. After the death of his grandfather, Georg (he was 26 years old) became the head of the house of Gogenzollers and the main heir. But he must pay the share of inheritance and six relatives - uncle and aunts. By the way, the potential Kaiser is studying at the university and fellow students call him just Georg, and not "Highness."

I bring the result: the nobility prefix in Germany is part of the last name, she does not give privileges, the noble rank - unlike England - is no longer assigned to anyone. Nevertheless, the descendants of the nobles are often rightfully proud of their ancestors and their last name. Thanks for the information, Elizabeth Vibe.

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Hello dear.
Have you ever paid your attention to complex surnames? On all sorts of background and tsu? Personally, these things always rushed into my eyes. And I understood that not always this is connected with noble origin or de titles. For it happens in different ways :-) Let's wonder some examples.

Ursula background der Lyien
Let's start with German actually. The most famous prefix for the surname, it is actually a background (von). Most often it is truly an aristocratic surname. It can be translated as "from" Prefix "VON" indicates the place of origin of the surname, although there were cases when the name was not related to the place of residence. Well, Otto Bismarck, for example. As an option, it is not "background", but "fom". This reduces the options with the articles "background der", "background dem." The essence of the same

Vladimir Fedorovich von der Launitz
Another embodiment of the aristocratic surnames was the CSU prefix (Options "TsUM", "SCUR", etc.). It can be translated as "B". And most often it was used in a mixed version of the "Und Tsu background", for example, Hartmann Background Und Tsu Liechtenstein.

The combination of the background "Background" and "CSU" in the form of the "Und Tsu background" indicates that the face of noble origin, the ancestors of which from the times of the Middle Ages live in this territory, that is, this territory by the time of "fixing" the surname is in possession of the genus. In addition, the prefix "CSU" was carried primarily by the so-called "dominal princes", which, in connection with the media of 1803-1806, did not lose the princely title, but lost the "territorial" supremacy (for example, Tsu Isenburg, Tsu Stolberg). Thus, they differed from those princes that were ruled and after 1815 and wore the prefix "Background".
But options
in, Him, In der, An der, AM, AUF, AUF Der, Aous, Aus Dem, Aus Den was not at all a sign of noble last name. Unless not part of the dominated title. Although also had the meaning of "out". Such of this place.
Here is the famous German goalkeeper hockey, for example, has the name Danny Aus den Birken

Close meanings to German in Scandinavia and Finland. These are or inborn noble surnames, or converted after receiving the noble rank. For example, Karl von Linné. Before assigning the title was just Karl Linney :-)

Although other consoles were used sometimes. For example, AF, or even French de or de la (right rarely).
But the Swedish hockey player Jacob de la Roses is played in NHL

By a similar path went to Lithuania. Assigning some awards equates the receipt of the knightly title, siren nobility and thus can change the surname. The famous media personality Anastasia von Kalmanovich changed the last name after her deceased now (alas), the most interesting spouse Shabtai Kolmanovich received the Order of the Grand Prince Gediminas.

To be continued...
Have a good day.

Family consoles - In some world registered formulas, constituting and integral part of the name.

Sometimes indicate an aristocratic origin, but not always. Usually written separately from the main family word, but sometimes merge with it.

Consumption in different countries

England

• Fitz - "Son someone", Anglo-Norman fitz. (for example: Fitzgerald, Fitzpatrick)

Arab countries

• al (AR, AU, AT, ASH) - indicates where a person comes from (صدام حسين التكريتي saddam Husine AT-Tikriti "Saddam Hussein from Tikrit")
• abu - Father - Abu-Mazen (Father Mazen)
• ibn - Son - Ibn-Hottab (son Hottab)
• Haji - Honors of Muslim, who has committed pilgrimage to Mecca

Armenia

• Ter or Turn - [տեր] կամ տերն, in the ancient Armenian original tearn. (Arm. տեարն), "Vladyka", "Mr.", "Host". For example: Ter-Petrosyan (Arm. Տեր-պետրոսյան).
• Nor-[ո ր], the unpropered form of the prefix in Armenian surnames.

Germany

• background and other options (background of der, background dem, fom, background of und tsu, background Und Central Committee, Fom Und Central Committee, Background Tsu, Background Und Tsu Der, Background In Der) (for example: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) Affiliate to nobility, aristocracy, ancient genus.
• cSU and other options (SDG, TSUM, CSU IN) (for example: Karl-Teodor Tsu Guttenberg)
• in and other options (in der, im)
• an der, AM
• aUF and Other Options (AUF DR)
• aUS and other options (AUS DEM)

Israel

• Ben - (IVR. בן - Son) (for example: David Ben-Gurion)
• Bar - the same

Spain

• de - (for example: Miguel de Cervantes Saovenova)

Italy

• della

Netherlands

• van - a particle sometimes component to the prefix to the Netherlands surnames produced from the name of any locality; Often it is written to the surname itself. Corresponding to the grammatical value of the German particle "Background" (VON), Dutch (VAN) cannot, however, to be considered, like the first, a sign of noble origin. [Those Dutch names with the prefix van, Van de, etc. who are not among the words starting with the Wang, should be sought under the letters from which the very name begins.]
• van de
• van den.
• van der.
• van ten

Portugal

As well as in Galicia, Spain, France and other countries that have arisen after the collapse of the Roman Empire, in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries, the family console de He is an identifier of noble origin:

• de ( dE.) - Momes Freere de Andrad
• do ( do.) m. r. units. h.
• yes ( dA) R. units. h. - Vasco da Gama
• shower ( dOS.) m. r. MN. h.
• dash ( dAS.) R. MN. h.

France

In France, the prefixes for the names are denoted by noble origin. Translated into Russian consoles denote the genitive case, "from" or "... sky." For example, Cesar de Vandom is the duke of Vandoma or Vandomsky. For example: D'Artagnan means that a person who has this surname is a nobleman from Artanyan.

Most used consoles:

• if the surname begins with the consonant:
  • de la
  • de la
• if the surname starts with vowels:
  • de l.

Ireland and Scotland

• Oh "- means" grandson ". For example, O'Reili, O'Hara, etc.

• Mac - means "Son" - in Irish and Scottish names usually indicates their origin. In most cases, in Russian is written through a hyphen, but there are exceptions. So, for example, a generally accepted fusion writing such names like McDonald, McDaull, Macbeth, McGonggl, Macca, McCleugen and others. The general rule does not exist, and writing in each case individually.

Others

• Yeah (Arab countries)
• aF (Sweden)
• Al (Arab countries)
• BE (Finland)
• bay, Beck, Ben (Arab countries; at the end of the last name)
• Beth (Assyria), Beth Mushal
• yes, Dalla, de, Della, Del, Deli, Di (Italy)
• yes, Di, Dos, Du, Shower (Portugal, Brazil)
• zade, Zul (Arab countries; at the end of the last name)
• kyzi (Azerbaijan; at the end of the name)
• ogs (Azerbaijan; at the end of the name
• oOL (Tuvinsky) means "son"
• Ol (Arab countries)
• pasha (Arab countries; at the end of the last name)
• UL (Arab countries)
• khan (Arab countries; at the end of the last name)
• ol (Arab countries; at the end of the last name)
• shah (Arab countries; at the end of the last name)
• ED (Arab countries)
• el (Arab countries; at the end of the last name)
• ES (Arab countries)

What does the prefix "pro" (see)?

pro-Ukrainian, pro-Russian, pro-American and many many other options.

what exactly does it mean?

Natalia100.

All known expressions "Pro" and "Kontra" came into a modern language from the ancient Latin in meaningful "for" and "against", respectively, not losing their initial value.

Depending on which part of the speech, the prefix "Pro" changes and the meaning of educated words and phrases. Pro-communist, proamerican, pro-President - denotes lobbying and commitment to the concepts that this prefix accompanies. In this case, the prefix is \u200b\u200bused as an antonym of the word "anti". Polytic painfulness of words with this prefix depends on its use.

Added to verbs, prefix denotes the direction of action.

When adding to the noun, this prefix may designate the position between something: prointermediate proburn.

There are also ancient Greek roots "Pro" - Cutting "Before".

Then the prefix "pro" can denote the initial stage of which -the process preceding something: progreens, proseventh or preceding the development stage of organisms - proechidna

There are many new and fashionable cases of newly formed (neologisms) of words with "Pro" denoting the primacy, leadership, priority: pronews, probiotics.

The specified adjectives use the prefix about Latin origin - Pro. In Latin, she meant something like for, for, forward. Now it is used in adjectives to give them the importance of approving something like a sign, as in the words of pro-American, pro-Russian and others. In nouns, it can be used in two ways. As a separate morpheme, the prefix is \u200b\u200bused in value instead and as a rule form nouns, denoting something substituting, for example, a vice-rector, a deflection. But more often this prefix is \u200b\u200bpart of the root, that is, loses its uniqueness as a morpheme and then we get the words protection, progress and others.

Vladimir

She moved from Latin. In ancient Rome, in addition to procurators, the economy, there were still Caesaris Pro Legato and Legatus Pro Praetore. In general, it corresponded to the prefix "For". And in the future, some of the stationerys remained in Latin.

Murochka striped

The prefix "about" came to our language from Latin and means "for", "instead," "for". For example: Pro-American - it means for Americans.

But there are also many words in which "about" is in the root of the word.

What does the prefix mean

Prefix is \u200b\u200bused in education:
1. Nouns with meaning:
a) space near or along something (coast, pyrose);
b) the combination of objects characterized by the action called the original word (Porosl).
2 adjectives with meaning:
a) committed after what is indicated by the basis (Poreform);
b) characterizing performance, measurement or distributionability (income, alternate);
B) Located nearby (Volga).
3. verbs and denotes:
a) accomplishing action for some, more often a short time (run);
b) strengthening the action of any sign of quality, condition (promotion);
c) the beginning of action (run);
d) bringing action to the desired limit (love);
e) bringing action to a natural limit (screaming).
4. Instant with the circumstantial value of the place and time (everywhere, in the morning).

What does the prefix "Pro-" mean? For example, a pro-American agent.

Dr Morgan

The prefix prohibited by the phenomena negatively assessed by the official ideology introduces meant in the negative assessment field.
Prefix of Latin origin in the first half of the XX century. Detected weak activity. For example, in the Ushakov dictionary, only three derivatives with her words (progenic, proorman, profascist) are noted, and this prefix itself is characterized as follows: "Forms nouns and adjectives with the value: which is a supporter acting in the interests of someone else." In the "new in Russian vocabulary-60" there are only two words with pro- (pro-sperialistic, pro-Western); "New in Russian vocabulary-70" notes their several (pro-Israel, Prokytnysky, Prozolonialist, Procal, Procratric, Prokhuntovsky). The prefix prohibited by the phenomena negatively assessed by the official ideology introduces meant in the negative assessment field. Therefore, with the word, the procrimonyistic in the "new in Russian vocabulary" needed an additional indication of where this word is consumed: in the terminology of anti-communism: in other words, such a word can create only the enemies of communism.

The release of "new in Russian vocabulary-81" includes a word of proficiency with explanation: on supporting the policy of the Soviet Union (the term of imperialist propaganda).

In the 1980s - 1990s, the estimated component is eliminated from the semantics of the prefixes of pro-; It begins to connect with the words neutral, not expressing the ideological assessment. Until the mid-1980s, this prefix was combined with adjectives that are based on the name of the country, party or nationality (pro-Israeli, profascist, Peresetsky). Now the circle of its actions has expanded and includes the names of persons, including the names of their own, the names of any processes (inflation, reforms), some other types of producing: Proprepsive, Procravsky, pro-delegal, sample, and prooformist, intelligence, prospeki, milletist, etc. The words of the type of pro-band, pro-government can be used by supporters of different parties, they are deprived of an ideological assessment.

The derivatives with the prefix are projected as antonyms of words with anti-: ... The government tried in December - January to return to the oppliamentary policy. . . Now the anti-inflation policy is based on ideological beliefs. . .

Tatyana Lagunova

This means "positively tuned towards someone", "expressing someone's interests."
By the way, you have led not correct example: strictly speaking, so we put it, as you did, it is impossible! You can, for example, say: "Pro-American moods". But the agent or spy can be simply "American" - without the prefix "pro".

Tell me who knows. What does the prefix "under" the substation in the word, for example, is electrical?

What does the prefix "under" in the word substation, for example, electric?
The prefix "under" in the names of the nouns gives them a value that represents some of some whole, the separation of some institution, for example, submarine, subgroup, subclass, substation.
Indeed, the electrical station itself (representing the set of installations, equipment and equipment used directly to produce electrical energy, as well as the necessary construction and buildings, located on a certain territory) - a manufacturer of electricity, and a substation, that is, an electrical installation intended for reception, The transformation and distribution of electrical energy consisting of transformers or other electrical energy transducers, control devices, distribution and auxiliary devices is only a link defined by a part of the chain in the production and distribution of eletric energy.