The name of the new planets. The names of the planets of the solar system: where do they happen

18.10.2019

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Breakless space that surrounds us is not just a huge airless space and emptiness. Here everything is subordinated to a single and strict order, everything has its own rules and obeys the laws of physics. Everything is in constant movement and is in constantly interrelations with each other. This is a system in which each heavenly body takes its definite place. The center of the Universe is surrounded by galaxies, among which is our Milky Way. Our galaxy, in turn, form stars around which large and small planets are spinning with their natural satellites. Complement the pattern of the universal scale of wandering objects - comets and asteroids.

In this endless accumulation of the stars, our solar system is tiny on cosmic standards Astrophysical object, to which our Space House includes planet Earth. For us, earthlings, the size of the solar system are colossal and difficult to perceive. From the point of view of the scale of the Universe, these are tiny figures - only 180 astronomical units or 2,693e + 10 km. Here, everything is also subordinated to their laws, has its own clearly definite place and sequence.

Brief characteristic and description

The interstellar medium and stability of the solar system provides the location of the sun. Its location is an interstellar cloud that is entering the Orion-Swan sleeve, which in turn is part of our galaxy. From a scientific point of view, our sun is on the periphery, 25 thousand light years from the center of the Milky Way, if we consider the galaxy in the diametral plane. In turn, the movement of the solar system around the center of our galaxy is carried out in orbit. The full turnover of the Sun around the center of the Milky Way is carried out in different ways, within 225-250 million years and is one galactic year. The orbit of the solar system has a slope to the galactic plane in 600. Nearby, next to our system, run around the center of the galaxy other stars and other solar systems with their big and small planets.

The approximate age of the solar system is 4.5 billion years. Like most objects in the universe, our star was formed as a result of a big explosion. The origin of the solar system is explained by the action of the same laws that acted and continue to act today in the field of nuclear physics, thermodynamics and mechanics. At first, a star was formed, around which the formation of the planets began by force of centripetal and centrifugal processes. The sun was formed from a dense accumulation of gases - a molecular cloud, which became a product of a colossal explosion. As a result of centripetal processes, the compression of hydrogen molecules, helium, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and other elements in one solid and dense mass occurred.

The result of the grandiose and so large-scale processes was the formation of protocol, in the structure of which thermonuclear synthesis began. This long-term process, which began much earlier, we see today, looking at our sun after 4.5 billion years since its formation. The scale of the processes occurring during the formation of the star can be submitted by estimating the density, size and mass of our Sun:

the density is 1.409 g / cm3;
the volume of the sun is almost the same digit - 1.40927x1027 m3;
mass stars - 1.9885x1030 kg.

Today, our sun is an ordinary astrophysical object in the universe, not the smallest star in our galaxy, but not far from the biggest. The sun is in his mature age, being not only the center of the solar system, but also the main factor in the appearance and existence of life on our planet.

The final structure of the solar system falls on the same period, with a difference, plus-minus half a billion years. The mass of the entire system, where the sun interacts with other celestial bodies of the solar system, is 1.0014 m☉. In other words, all planets, satellites and asteroids, cosmic dust and particles of gases rotating around the Sun, compared to the mass of our star, - a drop in the sea.

In the form in which we have an idea of \u200b\u200bour star and planets rotating around the Sun is a simplified version. For the first time, the mechanical heliocentric model of the solar system with the hourly mechanism was presented to the scientific community in 1704. It should be borne in mind that the orbits of the planets of the solar system do not lie all in the same plane. They rotate around at a certain angle.

The model of the solar system was created on the basis of a simpler and old television mechanism, with which the position and movement of the Earth was modeled with respect to the Sun. With the help of Telluria, it was possible to explain the principle of the movement of our planet around the Sun, to calculate the duration of the earth year.

The simplest model of the solar system is presented in school textbooks, where each of the planets and other celestial bodies occupy a certain place. It should be borne in mind that the orbits of all objects rotating around the Sun are located at a variety of angle to the diametrical plane of the solar system. The planets of the solar system are located at different distances from the sun, make a turn with different speeds and turn around their own axis in different ways.

Map - The scheme of the solar system is a drawing, where all objects are located in the same plane. In this case, such an image gives an idea of \u200b\u200bonly the size of the celestial bodies and distances between them. Thanks to such a interpretation, it was possible to understand the location of our planet in a number of other planets, to estimate the scale of heavenly bodies and give an idea of \u200b\u200bthose huge distances that separate us from our heavenly neighbors.

Planets and other Solar System Objects

Almost the entire Universe is Miriad stars, among which there are large and small solar systems. The presence of the star of his satellite planets is an ordinary phenomenon for space. Physics laws are everywhere and our solar system is no exception.

If you wonder how many planets in the solar system was and how much is today, it is definitely difficult to answer. Currently, the exact location of 8 large planets is known. In addition to this, 5 small dwarf planets are spinning around the sun. The existence of the ninth planet at the moment in scientific circles is disputed.

All solar system is divided into groups of planets, which are located in the following order:

Planets of the earth group:

Mercury;
Venus;
Mars.

Gas planets - Giants:

Jupiter;
Saturn;
Uranus;
Neptune.

All planets presented in the list are distinguished by the structure, have various astrophysical parameters. What is the planet more or less than others? The dimensions of the planets of the solar system are different. The first four objects similar to their structure with the ground have a solid stone surface, endowed with an atmosphere. Mercury, Venus and Earth are internal planets. Mars closes this group. The gas giants followed by him: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - dense, ferro-shaped gas education.

The process of life of the planets of the solar system does not stop for a second. Those planets that today we see in the sky is the location of the celestial bodies that has a planetary system of our star at the moment. The state that was at the dawn of the formation of the solar system is straightely different from what is studied today.

On the astrophysical parameters of modern planets indicates a table, which also indicates the distance of the planets of the solar system to the Sun.

The existing planets of the solar system are about the same age, but there are theories that the planets at first were more. This is evidenced by numerous ancient myths and legends describing the presence of other astrophysical objects and disasters that led to the death of the planet. This confirms the structure of our star system, where, along with the planets, there are objects that are products of turbulent cosmic cataclysms.

A bright example of such activities is the belt of asteroids, which is between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Here are concentrated in a huge number of objects of extraterrestrial origin, mainly represented by asteroids and small planets. It is these wreckage of the wrong shape in human culture that are considered the residues of Faeton's protofable residues who died in billions of years ago as a result of a large-scale cataclysm.

In fact, in scientific circles there is an opinion that the belt of asteroids was formed as a result of the destruction of the comet. Astronomers discovered on a large asteroid of the Femis and on the small planets of Ceres and Vesta, which are the largest objects of the belt of asteroids, the presence of water. The ice found on the surface of asteroids may indicate the cometic nature of the formation of these cosmic bodies.

Previously, referring to the number of big planets Pluto today is not considered a full-fledged planet.

Pluto, which was previously found to the large planets of the solar system, today translated into the size of dwarf celestial bodies rotating around the sun. Pluto, along with Hawmer and Makemak, the largest dwarf planets, is in the belt belt.

These dwarf planets of the solar system are located in the belt of the bed. The region between the Koiper belt and the Oorta cloud is the most distant from the Sun, however, and there is no space space. In 2005, there were found the most distant celestial body of our solar system - the dwarf planet Erid. The process of studying the most remote areas of our solar system continues. The cigarette belt and the Oort cloud, are hypothetically border areas of our star system, visible border. This cloud from gas is at the distance of one light year from the Sun and is a district where comets are born, our wandering satellites of our shine.

Characteristics of the planets of the solar system

The earth group of the planets is represented by the planets closest to the sun - Mercury and Venus. These two cosmic bodies of the solar system, despite the similarity in the physical structure with our planet, are hostile to the medium. Mercury is the smallest planet of our star system, the closer to the sun is closer. The warmth of our star literally incites the surface of the planet, almost destroyed the atmosphere on it. The distance from the surface of the planet to the Sun is 57,910,000 km. In terms of its size, only 5 thousand km in diameter, Mercury is inferior to most of the major satellites in the power of Jupiter and Saturn.

Saturna Titanium satellite has a diameter of more than 5 thousand km, Jupiter Ganymed satellite has a diameter of 5265 km. Both satellites are inferior only to Mars.

The very first planet rushes around our star with a huge speed, making a complete turn around our shone for 88 terrestrial days. It is almost impossible to notice this small and pinset on the starry sky because of the close presence of the solar disk. Among the planets of the earthly group, it is on Mercury that the largest daily temperature differences are observed. While the surface of the planet addressed to the Sun, up to 700 degrees Celsius, the reverse side of the planet is immersed in the universal cold with temperatures up to -200 degrees.

The main difference between Mercury from all planets of the solar system is its internal structure. Mercury has the largest ironoponekel internally kernel, which accounts for 83% of the mass of the entire planet. However, even uncharacteristic quality did not allow Mercury to have its own natural satellites.

Following the Mercury is the most closest planet - Venus to us. The distance from Earth to Venus is 38 million km, and it is very similar to our land. The planet has a practically the same diameter and mass, a little inferior on these parameters by our planet. However, in the rest, our neighbor is radically different from our space house. The period of turnover of Venus around the Sun is 116 terrestrial days, and around their own axis, the planet is cleaned extremely slow. The average surface temperature of the venera rotating around its axis is 447 degrees Celsius.

Like its predecessor, Venus is deprived of the physical conditions that contribute to the existence of famous forms of life. The planet surrounds a dense atmosphere, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. And Mercury, and Venus are the only planets of the solar system, which are deprived of natural satellites.

The land is the last of the inner planets of the solar system, while from the sun at about 150 million km away. Our planet makes one turn around the Sun for 365 days. Rates around his own axis for 23.94 hours. The Earth is the first of the heavenly bodies, located on the way from the Sun to the periphery, which has a natural satellite.

Retreat: the astrophysical parameters of our planet are well studied and known. The land is the largest and most dense planet from all other internal planets of the solar system. It is here that natural physical conditions are preserved, in which water is possible. Our planet has a stable magnetic field holding the atmosphere. The Earth is the most well-studied planet. The subsequent study mainly has not only theoretical interest, but also practical.

Closes the parade of the planets of the earth group Mars. The subsequent study of this planet is mainly not only theoretical interest, but also practical, associated with the development of an extraterrestrial world. Astrophysician scientists attract not only the relative proximity of this planet to Earth (an average of 225 million km), but also the lack of complex climatic conditions. The planet is surrounded by an atmosphere, the truth is in the extremely sparse state, it has its own magnetic field and the temperature differences on the surface of Mars are not so critical as on Mercury and Venus.

Like the Earth, Mars has two satellites - Phobos and Demos, the natural nature of which is recently questioned. Mars is the last fourth planet with a solid surface in the solar system. Following asteroid belt, which is a kind of inner border of the solar system, the kingdom of gas giants begins.

The largest cosmic celestial bodies of our solar system

The second group of planets, which are part of the system of our star has bright and large representatives. These are the largest objects of our solar system, which are considered external planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are most removed from our star, huge for earthly standards and their astrophysical parameters. These celestial bodies are distinguished by their massiveness and composition, which basically has a gas nature.

The main beauties of the Solar System are Jupiter and Saturn. The total mass of this pair of giants would be enough to ensure the mass of all the famous celestial bodies of the solar system. So Jupiter is the largest planet of the solar system - weighs 1876.64328 · 1024 kg, and the mass of Saturn is 561.80376 · 1024 kg. These planets have most natural satellites. Some of them, Titan, Gamornad, Callisto and Io are the largest satellites of the solar system and in size are comparable to the planets of the earth group.

The largest planet of the Solar System - Jupiter - has a diameter that makes up 140 thousand km. In many ways, Jupiter more resembles a failed star - a vivid example of the existence of a small solar system. This is said about the size of the planet and astrophysical parameters - Jupiter is only 10 times less than our star,. The planet rotates around his own axis fast enough - only 10 terrestrial hours. Amazes and the number of satellites, which today have been identified 67 pieces. The behavior of Jupiter and its satellites is very similar to the model of the solar system. Such a number of natural satellites at one planet puts a new question as the planets of the solar system at an early stage of its formation. It is assumed that Jupiter, possessing a powerful magnetic field, turned some planets into their natural satellites. Some of them are Titan, Gamornad, Callisto and Io are the largest satellites of the solar system and are comparable to the planets of the earth group.

Slightly inferior in its dimensions of Jupiter his smaller brother is a gas giant Saturn. This planet, like Jupiter, consists mainly of hydrogen and helium - gases that are the basis of our star. With its sizes, the diameter of the planet is 57 thousand km, Saturn also resembles the protozing, which stopped in its development. The number of satellites in Saturn is a little inferior to the number of satellites of Jupiter - 62 against 67. On the satellite Saturn Titan, as well as on John Satellite of Jupiter - there is an atmosphere.

In other words, the largest planets Jupiter and Saturn with their natural satellite systems strongly resemble small solar systems, with their clearly pronounced center and the system of movement of the celestial bodies.

The two gas giants go cold and dark worlds, the planets Uranus and Neptune. These celestial bodies are at the distance of 2.8 billion km and 4.49 billion km. From the sun, respectively. By virtue of huge remoteness from our planet, Uranus and Neptune were discovered relatively recently. Unlike two other gas giants, in uranium and neptune there are in large quantities of frozen gases - hydrogen, ammonia and methane. These two planets are also called icy giants. Uranium is less in size than Jupiter and Saturn and ranks third in the solar system. The planet is a pole of the cold of our star system. On the surface of the uranium, the average temperature of -224 degrees Celsius is recorded. From other celestial bodies rotating around the Sun, uranium has a strong slope of its own axis. The planet as if rolls, rotating around our star.

Like Saturn, Uranus surrounds the hydrogen-helium atmosphere. Neptune, unlike uranium, has a different composition. The presence of the blue color of the planet's spectrum speaks about the presence in methane atmosphere.

Both planets slowly and magnifier move around our shining. Uranus turns around the Sun for 84 Earth years, and Neptune is around our star twice as long as 164 Earth years.

Finally

Our solar system is a huge mechanism in which each planet, all satellites of the solar system, asteroids and other celestial bodies move along a clearly settled route. There are laws of astrophysics, which are not changing here by 4.5 billion years. On the outer edges of our solar system moves in the belt of Koiper Dwarf planets. Frequent guests of our star system are comets. These space objects with a periodicity of 20-150 years attend the internal areas of the solar system, flying in the visibility zone from our planet.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

Predated people's attention attracts space. The planets of the Astronomer's Solar System began to study in the Middle Ages, considering them in primitive telescopes. But a thorough classification, a description of the characteristics of the structure and movement of the celestial bodies began to be made only in the 20th century. With the advent of powerful equipment equipped with the latest technology of observatories and spacecraft, several previously unknown objects were opened. Now every student can list all the planets of the solar system in order. Almost all of them fell as a space probe, and the man had only been on the moon.

What is a solar system

The universe is huge and includes many galaxies. Our solar system is part of the galaxy in which more than 100 billion stars. But very few people like the sun. Basically, all of them are red dwarfs, which in size less than him, and shine not so bright. Scientists suggested that the solar system was formed after the emergence of the Sun. His huge field of attraction captured a gas-dust cloud, from which particles of solids were formed as a result of gradual cooling. Over time, heavenly bodies have been formed. It is believed that the sun is now in the middle of his life, therefore it is, as well as all heavenly bodies dependent on him, there will be several more billion years. Middle Space Astronomers has long been studied, and anyone knows what the planets of the solar system exist. The photos made with space satellites can be found on the pages of all kinds of information resources on this topic. All celestial bodies are held by a strong field of sun attraction, which is more than 99% of the volume of the solar system. Large celestial bodies rotate around the shone and around their axis in one direction and in one plane, which is called the plane of ecliptic.

Planets of the Solar System in order

In modern astronomy, it is customary to be heavenly bodies, ranging from the Sun. In the 20th century, a classification was created, which includes 9 planets of the solar system. But the latest research of space and the newest discovers pushed scientists to revise many of the provisions in astronomy. And in 2006, at the International Congress, due to its small sizes (dwarf, in diameter, not exceeding three thousand km), Pluto was excluded from among the classic planets, and there are eight left. Now the structure of our solar system has taken a symmetrical, slim view. It includes four planets of the earth group: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, then the belt of asteroids is going, after it is followed by four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. On the outskirts of the solar system also passes which scientists called the bodily of the bed. It is in him that Pluto is located. These places have been studied little because of their remoteness from the Sun.

Features of the planets of the earth group

What makes it possible to attribute these celestial bodies to one group? We list the main characteristics of the internal planets:

relatively small sizes;
solid surface, high density and similar composition (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and other heavy elements);
the presence of the atmosphere;
the same structure: the kernel of iron with nickel impurities, a mantle consisting of silicates, and the bark of silicate rocks (except Mercury - he has no bark);
small number of satellites - only 3 on four planets;
pretty weak magnetic field.

Features of the planets giants

As for the external planets, or gas giants, they are inherent in such similar characteristics:

large sizes and masses;
they do not have a solid surface and consist of gases, mostly helium and hydrogen (therefore they are also called gas giants);
liquid core consisting of metallic hydrogen;
high speed of rotation;
a strong magnetic field than the unusualness of many processes occurring on them is explained;
in this group of 98 satellites, most of which belong to Jupiter;
the most characteristic feature of gas giants is the presence of a rings. They have all four planets, however, not always noticeable.

The first planet - Mercury

It is located closest to the sun. Therefore, from its surface, the luminais looks three times big, rather than from the ground. The same temperature differences are explained by this: from -180 to +430 degrees. Mercury moves very quickly in orbit. Maybe therefore he received such a name, because in Greek mythology, Mercury is a messenger of the gods. There is practically no atmosphere here, and the sky is always black, but the sun shines very brightly. However, there are no places on the poles where his rays never fall. This phenomenon can be explained by the slope of the axis of rotation. Water on the surface did not find. This circumstance, as well as an abnormally high daytime temperature (as well as low night) completely explain the fact of lack of life on the planet.

Venus

If you study the planets of the solar system in order, then the second in the account is Venus. Her people could watch in heaven in antiquity, but because she was shown only in the morning and in the evening, it was believed that these are 2 different objects. By the way, our ancestors-Slavs called her messenger. This is the third brightness object in our solar system. Previously, people called her morning and evening star, because it is best visible before sunrise and sunset. Venus and the Earth are very similar in structure, composition, size and strength of gravity. Through its axis, this planet moves very slowly, making a full turn for 243.02 of earthly day. Of course, the conditions on Venus are very different from the earth. It is two times closer to the Sun, so it's very hot there. The high temperature is also explained by the fact that thick cloudy of sulfuric acid and the atmosphere of carbon dioxide create a greenhouse effect on the planet. In addition, the surface pressure is greater than on Earth, 95 times. Therefore, the first ship who visited Venus in the 70s of the 20th century, stood there no more than an hour. The peculiarity of the planet is also what it rotates in the opposite direction, compared to the majority of the planets. More astronomers about this celestial object is not yet known anything.

Sun Planet

The only place in the solar system, and in the entire well-known astronomer of the Universe, where life exists - the Earth. In the earth's group, it has the largest sizes. What are her

The greatest gravity among the planets of the earth group.
Very strong magnetic field.
High density.
It is the only one among all the planets has a hydrosphere, which contributed to the formation of life.
It has the largest, compared to its size, satellite, which stabilizes its slope relative to the sun and affects natural processes.

The planet Mars

This is one of the smallest planets of our galaxy. If we consider the planets of the solar system in order, then Mars is the fourth of the sun. It has a strongly rareered atmosphere, and the pressure on the surface is almost 200 times less than on Earth. For the same reason, very strong temperatures are observed. Planet Mars studied little, although the attention of people has long been attracted. According to scientists, this is the only heavenly body on which life could exist. After all, in the past on the surface of the planet there was water. Such a conclusion can be done on the basis that large ice caps exist on the poles, and the surface is covered with a set of grooves, which could be dried rivers. In addition, there are some minerals on Mars, the formation of which is possible only in the presence of water. Another feature of the fourth planet is the presence of two satellites. Their unusualness is that Phobos gradually slows down its rotation and approaches the planet, and Dimimos, on the contrary, is distinguished.

Than famous Jupiter

The fifth planet is the biggest. The volume of Jupiter would fit 1300 lands, and its mass is 317 times more earthly. As with all gas giants, its hydrogen-helium structure, resembling the composition of stars. Jupiter is the most interesting planet, which has many characteristic features:

this is the third in brightness of the heavenly body after the moon and Venus;
on Jupiter, the strongest magnetic field among all planets;
full turn around the axis he makes only 10 terrestrial hours - faster than other planets;
an interesting feature of Jupiter is a big red spot - this is so visible from the ground atmospheric vortex, rotating counterclockwise;
like all the planets-giants, it has rings, however, not so bright as Saturn;
this planet has the largest large number of satellites. He has 63 of them. The most famous is Europe, which found water, Ganymed - the largest satellite of the planet Jupiter, as well as IO and Kalisto;
another feature of the planet is that in the shade the surface temperature is higher than in places lit by the sun.

Planet Saturn

This is the second largest gas giant, also named after the ancient God. It consists of hydrogen and helium, but on its surface traces of methane, ammonia and water were discovered. Scientists found out that Saturn is the most rarefied planet. Its density is less than the water. This gas giant rotates very quickly - one turn is incurred for 10 terrestrial watches, as a result of which the planet is flattened from the sides. Huge speeds on Saturn and the wind - up to 2000 kilometers per hour. This is more sound speed. Saturn has another distinctive feature - he keeps 60 satellites in his attraction field. The largest of them - titanium - is the second largest in the entire solar system. The uniqueness of this object is that, exploring its surface, scientists first discovered the celestial body with conditions similar to those that existed on Earth about 4 billion years ago. But the most important feature of Saturn is the presence of bright rings. They are glad to the planet around the equator and reflect more light than she herself. Four is the most amazing phenomenon in the solar system. Unusually the fact that the inner rings move faster than the outer.

- Uranus

So, we continue to consider the planets of the solar system in order. The seventh of the sun planet is uranium. It is the coldest of all - the temperature drops to -224 ° C. In addition, scientists did not find in its composition of metal hydrogen, and found modified ice. Therefore, uranium refers to a separate category of ice giants. The amazing feature of this celestial body is that it rotates, lying on the side. It is also unusual to change the seasons on the planet: the whole 42 of the earth year there reigns winter, and the sun is not shown at all, the summer will also last 42 years, and the sun does not enter the sun at that time. In the spring and autumn, the luminais appears every 9 hours. As with all the planets giants, uranium has rings and many satellites. As many as 13 rings revolves around it, but they are not as bright as Saturn, but the satellites of the planet holds only 27. If we compare Uranium with the ground, then it is 4 times more of it, 14 times harder and is heavier and is from the sun away, in 19 times greater than the path to the luminaries from our planet.

Neptune: Planet Invisible

After Pluto was excluded from among the planets, Neptune became the last of the Sun in the system. It is located 30 times further from the shining than the Earth, and from our planet is not visible even to the telescope. Opened his scientists, so to speak, by chance: watching the features of the motion of the planets closest to him and their satellites, they concluded that the orbit of uranium should have another major celestial body. After detection and research, the interesting features of this planet turned out:

due to the presence in the atmosphere of a large amount of methane, the color of the planet from the space seems to be blue-green;
neptune orbit is almost perfectly round;
the planet rotates very slowly - one circle commits in 165 years;
Neptune 4 times more land and 17 times harder, but the strength of attraction is almost the same as on our planet;
the largest of 13 satellites of this giant is Triton. He will always turn to the planet with one side and slowly towards it. According to these signs, scientists suggested that he was captured by the attraction of Neptune.

In the whole galaxy, the Milky Way - about a hundred billion planets. While scientists can not even explore some of them. But the number of planets of the solar system is known to almost all people on Earth. True, in the 21st century, interest in astronomy a little UGAS, but even children know the name of the planets of the solar system.

The solar system is a group of planets rotating in certain orbits around a bright star - the Sun. This shine is the main source of heat and light in the solar system.

It is believed that our Planet System was formed as a result of an explosion of one or several stars and it happened about 4.5 billion years ago. Initially, the solar system was an accumulation of gas and dust particles, however, with time and under the influence of its own mass, the sun and other planets appeared.

Planets of the Solar System

In the center of the Solar System is the sun, around which eight planets are moving around in its orbits: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Until 2006, Pluto belongs to this group of planets, he was considered the 9th planet from the Sun, however, because of its significant remoteness from the sun and small sizes, it was excluded from this list and is named the planet-dwarf. Rather, it is one of several dwarf planets in the Belt of the Kuiper.

All the above planets are customary to divide into two large groups: earth group and gas giants.

The earth group includes planets such as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. They differ in small sizes and rocky surface, and in addition, are closer than the rest to the sun.

Gaza giants include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are characterized by large sizes and the presence of rings, which are ice dust and rocky pieces. These planets are mainly made of gas.

Mercury

This planet is one of the smallest in the solar system, its diameter is 4,879 km. In addition, it is closer to the sun. Such a neighborhood predetermined a significant difference in temperatures. The average temperature on Mercury during the daytime is +350 degrees Celsius, and at night - -170 degrees.

Mercury first planet from the sun.
On Mercury there are no seasons of the year. The tilt of the planet's axis is almost perpendicular to the plane of the orbit planet around the sun.
The temperature on the surface of Mercury is not the highest, although there is a planet closest to the sun. He gave the first place to Venus.
The first research apparatus visiting Mercury was Mariner 10. He conducted a series of demonstration spans in 1974.
Day on Mercury lasts 59 terrestrial days, and the year is only 88 days.
On Mercury, the sharpest temperature differences are observed, which reach 610 ° C. In the afternoon, the temperature can reach 430 ° C, and at night -180 ° C.
The strength of gravity on the surface of the planet is only 38% of the earth. This means that on Mercury you could bounce three times higher, and it would be easier to raise heavy objects.
The first observations of Mercury in the telescope carried out Galileo Galilee at the beginning of the 17th century.
Mercury has no natural satellites.
The first official map of the Mercury surface was published only in 2009, thanks to the data obtained from the spacecraft Mariner 10 and Messenger.

Venus

This planet second from the sun. According to its size, it is close to the diameter of the Earth, the diameter is 12 104 km. For all other indicators, Venus differs significantly from our planet. Day here lasts 243 terrestrial days, and year - 255 days. The atmosphere of Venus by 95% consists of carbon dioxide, which creates a greenhouse effect on its surface. This leads to the fact that the average temperature on the planet is 475 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere also includes 5% nitrogen and 0.1% oxygen.

Venus is the second planet from the sun in the solar system.
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, although it is the second planet from the sun. Surface temperature can reach 475 ° C.
The first spacecraft sent to the examination of Venus was sent from the ground on February 12, 1961 and was called Venus-1.
Venus is one of two planets, the direction of rotation of which around its axis differs from most planets in the solar system.
The orbit of the planet rotation around the sun is very close to circular.
The daily and night temperature of the Venus surface is practically no different due to the high heat inertia of the atmosphere.
One revolution around the Sun Venus is doing for 225 terrestrial days, and one turn around its axis for 243 terrestrial days, that is, one day on Venus lasts more than one year.
The first observations of Venus in the telescope carried out Galileo Galilee at the beginning of the 17th century.
Venus has no natural satellites.
Venus is the third in the brightness object on the sky, after the sun and the moon.

Land

Our planet is at a distance of 150 million km from the Sun and this allows you to create a temperature on its surface suitable for the existence of water in a liquid form, and it means to appear life.

Its surface is 70% covered with water, and it is the only one of the planets on which there is such a liquid. It is believed that many thousand years ago contained in the atmosphere of pairs created on the surface of the earth the temperature necessary for the formation of water in liquid form, and solar radiation contributed to the photosynthesis and life of life on the planet.

The land in the solar system is the third planet from the Sunsbut;
Around our planet rotates one natural satellite - the moon;
Earth is the only planet that is called not in honor of the Divine Being;
The density of the Earth is the largest of all planets in the solar system;
The speed of rotation of the Earth is gradually slowed down;
The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1 astronomical unit (the conditional measure is long in astronomy), which is approximately 150 million km.;
The land has a magnetic field of sufficient strength to protect the living organisms on its surface from destructive solar radiation;
The first artificial satellite of the Earth called PS-1 (the simplest satellite - 1) was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome on the satellite RN on October 4, 1957;
In orbit around the Earth, compared to other planets, is the largest amount of spacecraft;
The earth is the largest planet of the earth group in the solar system;

Mars

This planet is the fourth on the account of the Sun and removed from it for a distance of 1.5 times more than the Earth. The diameter of Mars is less terrestrial and is 6,779 km. The average air temperature on the planet varies from -155 degrees, up to +20 degrees in the equator area. The magnetic field on Mars is much weaker than that of the Earth, and the atmosphere is quite discharged, which allows unhindered solar radiation to affect the surface. In this regard, if there is life on Mars, it is not on the surface.

During the examination with the help of mercts, it was found that there are many mountains on Mars, as well as dried river beds and glaciers. The surface of the planet is covered with red sand. This color Mars gives iron oxide.

Mars is located on the fourth orbit from the Sun;
On the red planet there is the highest volcano in the solar system;
Of the 40 research missions sent to Mars, only 18 were successful;
Mars occurs the largest dust storms in the solar system;
After 30-50 million years, the rings system will be located around Mars, like Saturn;
The fragments of Mars were found on Earth;
The sun from the surface of Mars looks two times less than from the surface of the earth;
Mars is the only planet in the solar system, which has polar ice;
Ok Mars rotates two natural satellites -demos and phobos;
Mars does not have a magnetic field;

Jupiter

This planet is the largest in the solar system and has a diameter of 139,822 km, which is 19 times more terrestrial. Day for Jupiter last 10 hours, and the year is approximately 12 Earth years. Jupiter mainly consists of xenon, Argon and Crypton. If it were 60 times more, it could become a star due to the spontaneous thermonuclear reaction.

The average temperature on the planet is -150 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere consists of hydrogen and helium. Oxygen and water on its surface is not. There is an assumption that in the atmosphere of Jupiter there are ice.

Jupiter is located on the fifth orbit from the Sun;
On the earth's sky, Jupiter is the fourth in the brightness of the object, after the sun, the moon and Venus;
Jupiter is the shortest day of all the planets of the solar system;
In the atmosphere of Jupiter, it rages one of the longest and powerful storms in the solar system, better known as a large red stain;
Moon of Jupiter - Ganymed, is the largest moon in the solar system;
Around Jupiter is a thin rings system;
Jupiter visited 8 scientific and research apparatus;
Jupiter has a strong magnetic field;
If Jupiter was 80 times more massive, he would become a star;
Around Jupiter rotates 67 natural satellites. This is the largest indicator in the solar system;

Saturn

This planet is second in size in the solar system. Its diameter is 116,464 km. It is most similar in its composition with the sun. The year on this planet lasts for quite a long time, almost 30 terrestrial years, and the day is 10.5 hours. The average temperature on the surface is -180 degrees.

Its atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and a small amount of helium. In its upper layers, thunderstorms often arise and polar radiances.

Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun;
In the atmosphere of Saturn, the strongest winds are blowing in the solar system;
Saturn is one of the least dense planets in the solar system;
Around the planet is the largest rings in the solar system;
One day on the planet lasts almost one earthly year and are equal to 378 Earth days;
Saturn visited 4 research spacecraft;
Saturn, together with Jupiter, account for approximately 92% of the entire planetary mass of the solar system;
One year on the planet lasts 29.5 Earth years;
62 famous natural satellites rotates around the planet;
Currently, the study of Saturn and his rings is engaged in the Cassini automatic interplanetary station;

Uranus

Uranus, Computer Artwork.

Uranus is the third to the size of the planet in the solar system and the seventh of the Sun. It has a diameter of 50,724 km. It is also called the "Ice Planet", since the temperature on its surface is -224 degrees. The day in uranium lasts 17 hours, and the year - 84 of the Earth years. At the same time, the summer lasts as much as winter - 42 years. Such a natural phenomenon is due to the fact that the axis of that planet is located at an angle of 90 degrees to the orbit and it turns out that uranium, as it were, "lies on the side."

Uranus is located on the seventh orbit from the Sun;
The first who learned about the existence of uranium became William Herschel in 1781;
Uranus visited only one spacecraft - Voyager 2 in 1982;
Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system;
The plane of the uranium equator is tilted to the plane of its orbit almost at right angles - that is, the planet rotates retrogradi, "the lying on the side is slightly head down";
Uranium's moon wear titles taken from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Porup, and not Greek or Roman mythology;
A day in uranium lasts about 17 terrestrial hours;
Around the uranium there are 13 famous rings;
One year in uranium lasts 84 Earth years;
Around the uranium rotates 27 well-known natural satellites;

Neptune

Neptune - the eighth planet from the sun. In its composition and sizes, he is similar to Uranium's neighbor. The diameter of this planet is 49,244 km. The day at Neptune lasts 16 hours, and the year is 164 Earth years. Neptune refers to ice giants and for a long time it was believed that no weather events occur on its ice surface. However, it was recently found that on Neptune, a busy vortex and wind speed is the highest of the planets of the solar system. It reaches 700 km / h.

Neptune has 14 satellites, the most famous of which is Triton. It is known that it has its own atmosphere.

Neptune also has rings. This planet has 6.

Neptune is the most remote planet in the solar system and takes the eighth orbit from the Sun;
The first on the existence of Neptune recognized mathematicians;
There are 14 satellites around Neptune;
The orbit is not removed from the sun on average at 30 AE;
One day on Neptune lasts 16 terrestrial hours;
Neptune visited only one spacecraft - Voyager 2;
Around Neptune there is a rings system;
Neptune has a second largest gravity force after Jupiter;
One year at Neptune lasts 164 Earth years;
The atmosphere on Neptune is extremely active;

Jupiter is considered the largest planet of the solar system.
In the solar system there are 5 dwarf planets, one of which retrained to Pluto.
Very little in the solar system asteroids.
Venus is the hottest planet of the solar system.
About 99% of the place (by volume) takes the sun in the solar system.
One of the most beautiful and original places of the solar system is considered Saturn Saturn. There you can see a huge concentration of ethane and liquid methane.
Our solar system has a tail resembling a four-leaf clover.
The sun should be a continuous 11-year cycle.
In the solar system there are 8 planets.
Fully formed solar system due to a large gas-pepped cloud.
Spacecraft flew to all planets of the solar system.
Venus is the only planet of the solar system that rotates counterclockwise around its axis.
Uranus has 27 satellites.
The biggest mountain is on Mars.
A huge mass of the solar system facilities fell in the sun.
The solar system is located in the Milky Way Galaxy.
The sun is the central object of the solar system.
Often the solar system is divided into regions.
The sun is a key component of the solar system.
Approximately 4.5 billion years has been formed a solar system.
The most distant planet of the solar system is Pluto.
Two areas in the solar system are filled with small bodies.
The solar system is built contrary to all the laws of the universe.
If you compare the soy system and space, then it is just the sand in it.
Over the past few centuries, the solar system has lost 2 planets: Volcano and Pluto.
Researchers assure that the solar system was created artificially.
The only satellite of the solar system, which has a dense atmosphere and the surface of which will not be able to see due to cloud cover - titanium.
The region of the solar system, which is behind the orbit of Neptune is called a hiding belt.
The Oorta cloud is called the area of \u200b\u200bthe solar system, which serves as the source of the comet and the long period of appeal.
Each object of the solar system holds there due to the force of attraction.
The leading theory of the solar system involves the appearance of planets and satellites from a huge cloud.
The solar system is considered the most secret particle of the universe.
In the solar system there is a huge belt of asteroids.
On Mars you can see the eruption of the largest volcano of the solar system, which is called Olympus.
The outskirt of the solar system is considered Pluto.
Jupiter has a large ocean of liquid water.
The moon is the largest satellite of the solar system.
The largest asteroid of the solar system is considered pallada.
The brightest planet of the solar system is Venus.
Basically the solar system consists of hydrogen.
Earth is an equal member of the solar system.
The sun heats up slowly.
Oddly enough, the most huge stocks of water in the solar system are in the sun.
The plane of the equator of each planet of the solar system is dispelled with the orbit plane.
Mars satellite titled Phobos is an anomaly of the solar system.
The solvent system may affect its own manifold and scale.
Solar system planets are influenced by the sun.
The outer shell of the solar system is considered to be satellites and gas giants.
A huge number of planetary satellites of the solar system is dead.
The largest asteroid, the diameter of which is 950 km, is called Cereter.

The solar system is a group of planets rotating in certain orbits around a bright star - the Sun. This shine is the main source of heat and light in the solar system.

Planets of the Solar System

In the center of the Solar System is the sun, around which eight planets are moving around in its orbits: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

All the above planets are customary to divide into two large groups: earth group and gas giants.

The earth group includes planets such as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. They differ in small sizes and rocky surface, and in addition, are closer than the rest to the sun.

Gaza giants include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are characterized by large sizes and the presence of rings, which are ice dust and rocky pieces. These planets are mainly made of gas.

The sun

The sun is a star around which all planets and satellites are rotated in the solar system. It consists of hydrogen and helium. The age of the Sun is 4.5 billion years, it is only in the middle of its life cycle, gradually increases in size. Now the diameter of the Sun is 1 391,400 km. As many years later, this star will expand and reaches the orbit of the Earth.

The sun is a source of heat and light for our planet. Its activity increases or becomes weaker than in 11 years.

Due to the extremely high temperatures on its surface, a detailed study of the Sun is extremely difficult, by trying to run a special machine as close as possible to the star continues.

Earth group of planets

Mercury

If you focus on the earthly year, then Mercury makes a complete turn around the Sun in 88 days, and one day there is 59 Earth days. It was noted that this planet periodically can change the speed of his rotation around the Sun, remoteness from him and its position.

There is no atmosphere on Mercury, in connection with this, asteroids often attack it and leave a lot of crater on its surface. Sodium, helium, argon, hydrogen, oxygen were discovered on this planet.

A detailed study of Mercury represents great difficulties due to its close neighboring with the Sun. Sometimes Mercury can be seen from the ground with the naked eye.

According to one of theories, it is believed that Mercury was previously a satellite of Venus, however, it was not possible to prove this assumption. Mercury has no satellite.

Venus

Unlike the Earth, most of which are covered with water, there is no liquid on the vein, and almost the entire surface is occupied by the frozen basalt lava. According to one of theories, there used to be oceans earlier on this planet, however, as a result of internal heating they evaporated, and the pairs were carried out by the sunshine into outer space. Near the surface of Venus, weak winds blow, however, at an altitude of 50 km, their speed increases significantly and is 300 meters in sec.

There are many crater and hills that resemble earthly continents on Venus. The formation of crater is associated with the fact that there were less dense atmosphere on the planet.

A distinctive feature of Venus is that, in contrast to the rest of the planets, its movement occurs from the west to the east, and from the east to the west. It can be seen from the ground, even without the help of a telescope after sunset or before sunrise. This is due to the ability of its atmosphere well reflect light.

There is no satellite from Venus.

Land

The peculiarity of our planet is that under the earth's crust is huge tectonic plates, which move, face each other and lead to a change in the landscape.

The diameter of the Earth is 12,742 km. Earth days last 23 h 56 min 4 seconds, and year - 365 days 6 h 9 min 10 sec. Its atmosphere by 77% consists of nitrogen, 21% oxygen and a small percentage of the remaining gases. None of the atmospheres of other planets of the solar system has such a quantity of oxygen.

According to scientists research, the age of the earth is 4.5 billion years, about the same amount there is its only satellite of the moon. It is always turned to our planet only one side. On the surface of the moon, many crater, mountains and plains. She very little reflects the sunlight, so it can be seen from the ground in a pale lunar radiance.

Mars

One of the most frequent events on the planet are dust storms that wear a bulk and destructive nature. It was not possible to detect geological activity on Mars, however, it is relifically known that significant geological events took place on the planet.

The atmosphere of Mars consists of 96% of carbon dioxide, 2.7% nitrogen and 1.6% argon. Oxygen and water vapor are in minimal quantities.

The day on Mars is similar to the duration with the earth and make up 24 hours 37 min 23 s. The year on the planet lasts twice the longest of the earth - 687 days.

The planet has two satellites Phobos and Dimimos. They have small sizes and uneven shape resembling asteroids.

Sometimes Mars is also visible from the ground with a naked eye.

Gaza giants

Jupiter

Jupiter has a huge number of satellites - 67. The largest of them are IO, Gamornad, Callisto and Europe. Ganymed is one of the largest satellites in the solar system. Its diameter is 2634 km, which approximately corresponds to the dimensions of Mercury. In addition, the thick layer of ice is visible on its surface, under which water can be. Callisto is considered the most ancient of the satellites, since it is his surface that has the greatest number of crater.

Saturn

Its atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and a small amount of helium. In its upper layers, thunderstorms often arise and polar radiances.

Saturn is unique in that it has 65 satellites and a few rings. Rings consist of small ice particles and stony formations. Ice dust perfectly reflects the light, so Saturn's rings are very clearly visible in the telescope. However, he is not the only planet, having a toy, simply at the other planets it is less noticeable.

Uranus

Uranus has 27 satellites. The most famous of them are: Oberon, Titania, Ariel, Miranda, Umbriel.

Neptune

Neptune has 14 satellites, the most famous of which is Triton. It is known that it has its own atmosphere.

Neptune also has rings. This planet has 6.

Interesting facts about the planets of the solar system

Compared to Jupiter Mercury seems point in the sky. These are actually proportions in the solar system:

Venus is often called the morning and evening star, as it is the first of the stars is visible in the sky with the beginning of the sunset and the latter disappears from visibility with the dawn.

An interesting fact about Mars is the fact that methane will find on it. In connection with the rarefied atmosphere, it constantly evaporates, and this means that the planet is a constant source of this gas. Such a source may have live organisms inside the planet.

On Jupiter there is no change of seasons. The biggest mystery is the so-called "big red spot". His origin on the surface of the planet is still not fully understood by scientists suggest that it is formed by a huge hurricane, which rotates at a very high speed for several centuries.

Interesting is the fact that uranium, like many planets of the solar system, has its own rings system. Due to the fact that the particles included in their composition poorly reflect the light, the rings could not be detected immediately after the opening of the planet.

Neptune is distinguished by a rich blue, so he was called in honor of the ancient Roman God - the host of the seas. Because of the far location, this planet was opened one of the latter. At the same time, its location was calculated mathematically, and after the time it was possible to see it, and it was in the calculated place.

The light from the sun to the surface of our planet comes in 8 minutes.

Solar system, despite its long-term and careful study, pays back many mysteries and secrets, reveal which is still to be. One of the most fascinating hypotheses is the assumption of the presence of life on other planets, the search for which is actively continuing.

solar system - This is the system of celestial bodies sold by mutual attraction. It includes: the central star is the sun, 8 large planets with their satellites, several thousand small planets, or asteroids, a few hundred who observed comets and countless meteoric bodies, dust, gas and small particles . She formed a way gravitational compressiona gas-pepped cloud of about 4.57 billion years ago.

In addition to the Sun, the system includes eight of the following large planets:

The sun

The sun is the closest star to Earth, all others are from us immeasurably further. For example, the closest star proxima from the systema. Centaurus 2500 times ahead of the sun. For the Earth, the sun is a powerful source of cosmic energy. It gives the light and heat required for the plant and animal world, and forms the most important properties of the Earth's atmosphere. In general, the sun determines the environment of the planet. Without it, there would be no air required for life: it would turn into a liquid nitrogen ocean around frozen waters and iced sushi. For us, earthlings, the most important feature of the Sun is that our planet arose about him and life appeared on it.

Mercur iY

Mercury - the closest planet to the sun.

Ancient Romans considered Mercury by the patron of commerce, travelers and thieves, as well as the Baznik of the gods. It is not surprising that a small planet, quickly moving across the sky after the Sun, received his name. Mercury was known since ancient times, but the ancient astronomers did not immediately realize that in the morning and in the evening they see the same star. Mercury closer to the Sun than the Earth: The average distance from the Sun is 0.387 A.E., and the distance to the Earth ranges from 82 to 217 million km. Obligation of the orbit to the ecliptic I \u003d 7 ° is one of the largest in the solar system. Mercury's axis is almost perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, and the orbit itself is very elongated (eccentricity E \u003d 0.206). The average speed of Mercury in orbit is 47.9 km / s. Due to the tidal effect of the Sun, Mercury fell into a resonant trap. The period of its appeal period measured in 1965 (87.95 terrestrial days) refers to the period of rotation around the axis (58.65 terrestrial days) as 3/2. Three full turns around the axis of Mercury completes in 176 days. For the same period, the planet makes two turns around the sun. Thus, Mercury takes relative to the sun the same position in orbit, and the orientation of the planet remains the same. Mercury satellites has no. If they were, then in the process of formation of the planet fell to the proposerucleus. Mercury weight is almost 20 times less than the mass of the Earth (0.055m or 3.3 10 23 kg), and the density is almost the same as in the Earth (5.43 g / cm3). The radius of the planet is 0.38r (2440 km). Mercury is less than some satellites of Jupiter and Saturn.

Venus

The second planet from the Sun, has an almost a circular orbit. She passes towards Earth closer than any other planet.

But dense, the cloud atmosphere does not allow directly to see its surface. Atmosphere: CO 2 (97%), N2 (approx. 3%), H 2 O (0.05%), impurities CO, SO 2, HCl, HF. Thanks to the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature is heated to hundreds of degrees. The atmosphere, which is a dense carbon dioxide blanket, holds the heat that came from the sun. This leads to the fact that the temperature of the atmosphere is much higher than in the oven. The pictures obtained using the radar demonstrate a very large variety of craters, volcanoes and mountains. There are several very large volcanoes, up to 3 km high. and width of hundreds of kilometers. The outpouring of the lava on Venus occurs much longer than on Earth. Pressure on the surface of about 107 pa. Surface breeds Venus are close in composition to earth sedimentary rocks.
Finding Venus in the sky is easier than any other planet. Her dense clouds reflect the sunlight, making the planet bright in our sky. Every seven months, within a few weeks, Venus is the brightest object in the western part of the sky in the evenings. Three and a half months later, she rises three hours earlier than the sun, becomes a sparkling "morning star" of the eastern sky. Venus can be observed an hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise. Venus has no satellites.

Land

Third from SOL. nCA planet. The rate of circulation of the Earth along the elliptical orbit around the Sun is equal to - 29.765 km / s. The slope of the earth axis to the 66 O 33 "22" plane. "Earth has a natural satellite - Moon. Earth has Magnanother electric fields. The Earth formed 4.7 billion years ago from the gas scattered in the protocused system-Ivoy Substances. As part of the Earth dominate: iron (34.6%), oxygen (29.5%), silicon (15.2%), magnesium (12.7%). Pressure in the center of the planet - 3.6 * 10 11 Pa, the density of about 12 500 kg / m 3, the temperature is 5000-6000 o C. Most partthe ocean (361.1 million km 2; 70.8%) occupies the ocean; Susha is 149.1 million km 2 and forms six motherscove and islands. It rises above the ocean level on average 875 meters (the highest height of 8848 meters - Jomolsungma). Mountains occupy 30% sushi, the deserts close about 20% of the surface of the sushi, savanna and gentlemen - about 20%, the forests are about 30%, glaciers - 10%. The average depth of the ocean is about 3,800 meters, the highest - 11022 meters (Marian chute in the Pacific), water volume of 1370 million km 3, the average salinity is 35g / l. The atmosphere of the Earth, the total mass of which is 5.15 * 10 15 tons, consists of air - mixtures mainly nitrogen (78.1%) and oxygen (21%), the rest - water vapor, carbon dioxide, noble and other gases. About 3-3.5 billion years ago, as a result of the natural evolution of matter on Earth, life arose, the development of the biosphere began.

Mars

The fourth planet from the Sun, similar to Earth, but less largest and colder. On Mars there are deep canyons, Giant volcanoes and extensive deserts. Around the Red Planet, as elsewhere called Mars, two small moon fly: Phobos and Dimimos. Mars is the following planet for Earth, if you count from the Sun, the only, except for the moon, a cosmic world that can already be achieved with modern missiles. For astronauts, this journey in a length of 4 years could be the next borders in the study of outer space. Near the Equator Mars, in the area called Tarsis, there are volcanoes of colossal sizes. Tarsis is a name that astronomers gave rise to an exaltation with 400 km. In width and about 10 km. Height. There are four volcanoes on this plateau, each of which is just a giant in comparison with any terrestrial volcano. The most grandiose volcano Tarsis, Mount Olympus, rises above the surrounding area by 27 km. About two thirds of the surface of Mars is a mountainous area with a large number of craters that occurred from shocks and surrounded by chips of solid rocks. Near Tarsice volcanoes, sniffing the extensive canyon system is about a quarter of the equator. Valley Mariner has a width of 600 km., And its depth is such that Mount Everest would have fallen entirely on her bottom. The sheer cliffs come out for thousands of meters, from the bottom of the valley to the plateau at the top. In ancient times, there were plenty of water on Mars, large rivers flowed on the surface of this planet. On the South and Northern Poles of Mars are ice hats. But this ice consists not from water, but from frozen atmospheric carbon dioxide (freezes at temperatures -100 o C). Scientists believe that surface waters are stored in the form of ice blocks buried in the soil, especially in polar regions. The composition of the atmosphere: CO 2 (95%), N 2 (2.5%), Ar (1.5 - 2%), CO (0.06%), H 2 O (up to 0.1%); Pressure at the surface of 5-7 GPa. In total, about 30 interplanetary space stations were sent to Mars.

Jupiter

The fifth planet from the Sun, the largest planet of the solar system. Jupiter is not a firm planet. Unlike four solid planets, closer to others located to the Sun, Jupiter is a gas ball. The atmosphere includes: H 2 (85%), CH 4, NH 3, HE (14%). The gas composition of Jupiter is very similar to the sunny. Jupiter is a powerful source of thermal radio emission. Jupiter has 16 satellites (adracy, methda, amaltium, phib, Io, Lisite, Elara, Anank, Karma, Pacific, Cinop, Europe, Gamornad, Callisto, Leda, Himalia), as well as a ring width of 20,000 km, almost closely adjacent to planet. The speed of rotation of Jupiter is so great that the planet is protruding along the equator. In addition, such a rapid rotation is the cause of very strong winds in the upper layers of the atmosphere, where the clouds are pulled out with long colorful ribbons. In the clouds of Jupiter there is a very large amount of vortex spots. The largest of them is the so-called big red spot, surpasses in its size. A large red spot is a huge storm sized in the atmosphere of Jupiter, which is already watching for 300 years. Inside the planet under a huge pressure, hydrogen from the gas turns into a liquid, and then from the liquid into the solid body. At a depth of 100 km. Located a vast ocean of liquid hydrogen. Below 17,000 km. Hydrogen turns out to be compressed so much that its atoms are destroyed. And then he begins to behave like a metal; In this state, it easily conducts electricity. Electric current flowing in metallic hydrogen creates a strong magnetic field around Jupiter.

Saturn

The sixth planet from the sun, has a striking rings system. Because of the rapid rotation around its axis, Saturn, as it were, fighters the poles. Wind speed at the equator reaches 1,800 km / h. The width of the rings of Saturn is 400,000 km., But in the thickness they have only a few tens of meters. The inner parts of the rings rotate around the Saturn faster than the outer. Rings are mainly consisting of billions of small particles, each of which draws in orbit around Saturn as a separate microscopic satellite. Probably these "microsavers" consist of water ice or ice-covered stones. Their size ranges from several centimeters to tens of meters. In the rings there are larger objects - stone blocks and fragments to hundreds of meters in diameter. The slots between the rings arise under the action of the forces of seventeen moons (Hyperion, Mimas, The Afony, Titan, Encelada, etc.), which force the rings to split. The atmosphere includes: CH 4, H 2, HE, NH 3.

Uranus

Seventh OT Sun planet. Was opened in 1781 by the English astronomer William Gershelem, and named aftergoskin about the god sky uranium. The orientation of uranium in space differs from the rest of the planets of the solar system - its axis of rotation lies as if "on the side" relative to the plane of the appeal of this planet around the sun. The rotation axis is tilted at an angle of 98 o. As a result, the planet is facing the Sun alternately, then the northern pole, then the southern, then the equator, then the average latitudes. Uranium has more than 27 satellites (Miranda, Ariel, Umbrie, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cresan, Dzentameron, Juliet, Portion, Rosalind, Belinda, Pack, etc.) and the rings system. In the center of uranium is a kernel consisting of stone and iron. The atmosphere includes: H 2, HE, CH 4 (14%).

Neptune

E. orbit crosses the orbit of Pluto in some places. Equatorial diameter is the same as uranium, although R. neptune is raised at 1627 million km further from uranium (Uranus is located in 2869 million km from the Sun). Based on these data, it can be concluded that this planet could not be noticed in the XVII century. One of the bright achievements of science, one of the evidence of the unlimited cognition of nature was the discovery of the planet Neptune by calculations - "at the tip of the pen." Uranus - Planet, following Saturn, who was considered many of the centuries from distant planets itself, was opened by V. Hershelem at the end of the XVIII century. Uranus is hard to see the naked eye. By the 40s of the XIX century. Exact observations showed that Uranus barely evins the path to which he should follow, taking into account the perturbations from all known planets. Thus, the theory of the movement of celestial bodies, so strict and accurate, has been tested. Leverier (in France) and Adams (in England) suggested that if the perturbations from the well-known planets do not explain the deviation in the movement of uranium, it means that there is an attraction of a non-famous body. They almost simultaneously calculated where the uranium should have an unknown body, which produces these deviations by its attraction. They calculated the orbit of an unknown planet, its mass and indicated place in the sky, where at this time an unknown planet was to be. This planet was found in the telescope at the place specified in 1846, it was called Neptune. Neptune is not visible to the naked eye. Winds with speeds up to 2,400 km / h, opposed to the rotation of the planet. These are the strongest winds in the solar system.
The composition of the atmosphere: H 2, He, CH 4. It has 6 satellites (one of them Triton).
Neptune - in the Roman mythology, the God of the Seas.