Scientific educational children's literature examples. And scientific and artistic books

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Among the arts addressed directly to children, literature belongs to the leading role. It contains the great opportunities for the development of the emotional sector of the child, figurative thinking, the formation of the foundations of the foundations of worldview and moral representations, expanding their horizons. Literature for children and young people caused a lot of disputes and discussions about whether it is possible to consider it off. The type of art, which is the main thing in the works for children - the laws of artistic creativity or educational function. Assembly, compliance and availability requirements often caused a relatively low on a general literary background. The level of works written specifically for children. But in the circle of children's reading, those works that satisfy the needs of the child in a figurative, emotional word, clear and entertaining image of reality phenomena were held.

These criteria corresponded, above all, some folk works (fairy tales, parables, ritual poetry) and classical literature. The tasks of the introduction of a young reader to high art in those forms that meet the peculiarities of its worldview and spiritual formation, the need for age differentiation determine the specifics of literature for children and young people.

The formation of children's literature is associated with the advent of educational books. Their authors considered the artistic word, placed next to the training material, as an incentive to the teachings and learning of everyday rules.

History of development Scientific and educational literaturefor younger schoolchildren

All books and works that make up this part of the Children's Circle are made to be submitted in the form of two unprepactly related units of the young reader: Part One - Scientific and Artistic Literature; Part Two - Literature Actually Cognitive, or Research and Popular.

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Scientific and artistic literature is defined as a special kind of literature facing mainly to the human aspect of science, to the spiritual appearance of her creators, to the psychology of scientific creativity, to the "drama of ideas" in science, to the philosophical origins and the consequences of scientific discoveries. Combines the "common interest" with scientific accuracy, the pattern of the narrative with documentary accuracy. It is born at the joints of artistic, documentary and publicistic and popular science literature.

We define the differences in science and artistic literature. We will rely on the study of N.M. Druzhinina.

1. In a scientific and artistic work, there is always causal relations of scientific nature. In the absence of these links, it cannot carry out the task of adopting the reader to the elements of scientific thinking.

2. The artistic book is characterized by a bright discharge of the hero - a man. In the scientific and artistic work man as a hero of events in the second plan.

3. The difference is the difference in the use of landscape by authors of artistic and scientific and artistic works. In the artistic work, the landscape shall apply the mental state of the hero and is connected with him. In scientific and artistic works, the landscape always works on the cognitive topic of the work. For example, the winter landscape in the story of V. Bianki is associated with the problem of determining, finding animals to their trails, and in the story of A. Tolstoy "Childhood Nikita" - with the creation of a certain emotional attitude of the reader, with the disclosure of the internal state of the main character of the story - the permanent sense of happiness .

4. The main content of the scientific and artistic work is a quest, discoveries, research or just a message of any knowledge. Question: What is this book about? " - It allows you to determine whether it applies to scientific and artistic or artistic literature.

5. The elements of cognitive knowledge included in the artwork does not imply their application. The task of the author of the scientific and educational story to show how to use cognitive content. It becomes instructions for work.

The artistic biographies of scientists and historical figures can be attributed to scientific and artistic literature, works on nature in which scientific information is presented in figuratively. Scientific and artistic literature has not only intellectual-cognitive, but also aesthetic value. Some genres of didactic literature can be considered early samples of scientific and fiction: "works and days" of the Gesiod, the "visible world in pictures" Jan Amos Komensky, "Worm" V.F. Odoevsky. In Russia, the scientific and artistic works of domestic and foreign authors M. Pryshvin, V.Bianki, I. Akimushkina, N.Sladkov, Trebris, E.Shima, A. Bremy, E. Saton-Thompson, D. Kervuda, , Sulfur owls, etc. Mostly children in the literary reading lessons are acquainted with scientific and artworks.

The initial stage of the development of children's literature in Russia is associated with the emergence of works by the teacher literature, the first hosts and Azbukhuknikov (16-17 centuries). By placing on the pages of study books to appeal to the student, verses, sermons, the authors tried to meet the needs of children's age. The first Russian children's writer is Caryon Eastomin. His "facial tracker" (1694) opened one of the most important features of literature for children and young people: the principle of clarity is the basis of not only the educational book, but also artistic. From the letter to the letter, a whole trip was made to the letter, as a result of which the student absorbed the alphabet, many moral concepts and cognitive information.

In their main features, the literature for children was with the second half of the 18th century. Influenced by the enlightenment of interest in the issues of education, the achievements of pedagogical thought.

Already in 17 century. The world of Russian books included translated works for children: Basni Ezopa, a story about Beauvais Korolev, Herclane Lazarevich and others. In 18 V. In the retelling, Roman M. Servantes "Don Quixote" came out.

From 1768 Tales sh. Perso, who first made this folk genre in the property of children's literature. "Traveling Gullyer" J. Swift in Russian processing for children has been preserved only a fabulous adventure canvas.

The desire to enrich and expand the horizon of the child was facilitated by the 18th century for world children's literature. The form of an edification conversation (mentor with a student, father with children, etc.). The dialogical form, was absent in the original, received Roman D. Defo "Robinson Kruzo" in retelling for children of the German teacher I. G. Kampa. The beginning of this tradition in Russian literature put the translation of the political-moral novel F. Phenelon "The Adventures of Telemaca, Son Ulysses". The travels of Telemac and his older friend and mentor of the mentor (name it became nominated) and their conversations gave the author the opportunity to inform readers a lot of information. Following the translation, there were numerous "conversations of a prudent mentor with good-supported pupils", "Mother's letters to the son of the righteous honor and to his daughter about the virtues, decent female sex" and others. Educational ideas in these works often took the form of moralization. Next to the "mentor", turned to "unfortunate children," as a hero appeared an obedient child-resonor.

Genuine educational pathos clearly called in the gifts of M. V. Lomonosov, A. P. Sumarokova ("Letter to the girls of Nelidova and Borshovoy"), Ya. B. Prinjinina ("Message to Russian pets of free arts"), MH Moryuva. Turning to future citizens, the authors of OD argued the strength and benefit of enlightenment, modesty and work, the height of spiritual perfection. In his poems of MM Heraskov ("To Chisty"), G. A. Khovansky ("Message to Children Nikuliška and Pearshink"), P. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov ("five-year-old boy"), I. I. Dmitriev ("To Baby "), drawing early childhood as the happiest period in life, the time of innocent pranks, mental purity, wanted to prepare a person to future everyday adversities and temptations.

Help the children to understand the device of the Universe, for the purposes and sense of human activity, A. T. Bolotov in the book "Children's philosophy, or moral conversations between the Mrs. and her children." Written and vividly written, the book learned to recognize and love nature, familiar to children with the main positions of the Copernicus system. The play of Bolotova "Unfortunate orphans" also had a lot of popularity, which posted the beginning of children's drama. The desktop book of the entire reading Russia was "writing" N. G. Kurganov (Naib. Full - 4 ed., 1790).

18 V. It was marked by the appearance of the first Russian magazine for children "Children's reading for the Heart and Mind" (1785-89), which brought up several generations. The goal and appointment of the journal of his publisher N. I. Novikov saw in helping to raise good citizens, help the development of those feelings, without which "a person in life is safe and satisfied can not be." In accordance with this program in the works of Russian and translation literature, made noble ideals: a person was valued only by virtue of his personal advantages, every violence was subjected to condemnation ("Damon and Pythias", "generosity in low state", "correspondence Father with his son about rustic life "," On imitating parents ", etc.).

Active participation in the magazine's publication took H. M. Karamzin (Tale "Eugene and Julia", translations, poems). At the beginning of the 19th century. In the circle of children's reading, his works "Poor Lisa", "Raisa", the historical stories "Natalia, Boyarskaya Daughter" and "Borngolm Island" entered. With the work of Karamzin is connected by t. N. Sentimental education - awakening touching sympathy for someone else's fate, deep penetration into the world of his own soul, unity with nature. Fruitful for children's literature was the activity of A. S. Shishkov, who was selectively translated and reworked about a third of the "Pieces" from the "Children's Library" Kampa (the Russian version was withstanding 10 publications). In verses "Song on a bathing", "Nikolain praised winter utahs" and others. Shishkov opened up as a thin and kind connoisseur of children's life. The world of the child in his classes, games, feelings, relations with parents found the original reflection in verses A. F. Merzlyakov ("Choir of Children's Little Natasha" and others).

Patriotic War 1812 aggravated interest in history. The reader has a success with the writings of P. Blanchara (in the translations of F. Glinka, S. Nemirov) "Plutarch for the youth" and "Plutarch for young maidens." In the publications that came out after 1812, there were new chapters dedicated to the lives of "famous Russians". In the publication 1823, the book represented a kind of Russian history from Olga, Svyatoslav and Vladimir to Kutuzov and Bagration. The workshop of the Arrangement of Historical Works (including Karamzin) was distinguished by the books A. O. Ishimova "History of Russia in stories for children." With the work of Ishimova and A. P. Zontag ("Sacred History for Children ...", Part 1-2, 1837) also associated with the historical and educational direction in children's literature.

The tradition of the inner world of the child, outlined in the literature of the end of the 18th century, was developed in a number of works of the 19th century, the hero of which was the reader's peers ("Gray Armyak" V. V. Lvov, "Black Chicken, or Underground Residents" A. . Pogorelsky, "Tales of Grandfather Irinea" V. F. Odoyevsky).

The creativity of A. S. Pushkin played a special role in the development of children's literature. Pushkin himself was not intended for any of his work especially for children's reading. But, as V. G. Belinsky wrote, "... no one, decisively none of the Russian poets tightened such an indisputable right to be an educator and young, and mature and even old ... readers like Pushkin, because we don't know In Russia more moral, with the greatness of talent, poet ... ". "Tales", joining Ruslan and Lyudmila, the lyrical poems poems are early entering the literary world of the child and today. According to A. A. Akhmatova, "these works will be intended to play the role of the bridge between the greatest genius of Russia and children."

However, in the 19th century. They also received the spread of the work for children of a low artistic level. Poet and prose, scientific and educational and historical books B. Fyodorova, V. Berunova, P. Furmann was distinguished by utilitarian moralization, unreliability and compilation, a conservative look at the history. A democratic criticism was opposed to this kind of children's literature, which formulated the aesthetic requirements imposed by children's literature and the tasks of its pedagogical effects. The criticism of the books, which were "bad glued" stories, crossed by the centions, Belinsky emphasized the value of the literature facing, first of all, to the feelings of a child, where, instead of abstract ideas and edifying conclusions, images, paints, sounds will dominate. Indicating the need for the development of artistic means of imagination, fantasy of the child, A. I. Herzzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov recommended for reading children and adolescents Basny I. A. Krylov, poetry and prose V. A. Zhukovsky, M. Yu. Lermontova, N. V. Gogol, the fairy tale "Konon-Gorbok" P. P. Ershova. Circle of child reading in 19 century. Expanded due to transfers. R. E. Ramp, Brothers Grimm, E. T. A. Gofman, X. K. Andersen, Ch. Dickens, V. Scott, F. Coper, J. Sand, V. Hugo, and others.

From the late 40s. Poems began to appear on the pages of children's magazines, long-failed readers for a long time. These works answered the needs of the child to hear and say about themselves, it was easily remembered ("Sidework" K. A. Peterson, "Once, two, three, four, five ...." F. B. Miller, "A, I came across a bird , rest ... "A. Poelnikova). Poems shifted to music, they passed into a children's game.

In domestic poetry for children, a fundamentally new stage opened the work of N. A. Nekrasov. The poet continued the traditional form of an adult conversation with a child, but filled it with dramatic life content ("Railway"). In verses, Nekrasov, for the first time, the lyrical hero appeared the peasant child, full charm, and his life opposing the celebrating existence. In the circle of children's reading included many works of the poet. The motives of the native nature, peasant labor are also characteristic of the children's poetry I. S. Nikitin, I. 3. Surikova, A. N. Plesechev, Ya. P. Polonsky. In poems A. A. Feta ("The cat sings, her eyes", "Mom! Looks from the window ..."), A. N. Maikova ("Senokos", "Lullaby song") Adults as it were were personified, They began to be depicted not as "senior", "parents", whom the children were afraid and read, but as close people, causing feelings of love and affection. The objects and toys surround the surrounding children came, walked laughter, children's sorrow and joy were discovered.

A significant factor in the history of children's literators was the pedagogical activity of L. N. Tolstoy. In his "new alphabet", he settled the goal of creating a type of children's book, able to become a source of moral and aesthetic education, to introduce the child to the miracle of "infection" by the art of the word. Relying on the experience of world literature, he sought to develop accessible to children the shaped and simple style of the narrative. For the "Alphabet", Tolstoy wrote the "Three Bear" fairy tale, the stories of "Filipple", "Bone" and others, the story "Caucasian captive".

Popularity won instructive stories K. D. Ushinsky ("Four Desires", Children in Grove ", etc.). To participate in his book" Native Word ", a repeatedly reprinted peculiar children's encyclopedia, designed for the initial child's education, he attracted L. N. Modzalevsky, on the verses of which "Invitation to School" ("Children! Going to school!") There fell a special reader success. Multiple reissues posed a collection of philosophical affairs for children "Tales of Cat Murlyki" N. P. Wagner, the central theme of which - Relationship of mind and feelings in the soul of man.

Writers who came to children's literature in Con. 19 - Nach. 20 centuries, expanded its range of problems, created new genre forms. In the works of D. N. Mine-Sibiryak, paintings of the Urals of the Urals, heavy work of adults and children, opened the harsh beauty of the taiga and the depth of human relations ("Alyonushkin Fairy Tales" and others). In the "frog-traveler" and others. Fairy tales V. M. Garshin, a fantastic fiction and a little reality for a small reader.

With the trilogy of Tolstoy "Childhood", "adolescence", "Youth", with the story of S. T. Aksakov "The Children's Years of Bagrova-Grandson" in children's literature included a hero of a child as an independent person with his individual character traits. In these works, childhood appeared as the richest world of feelings, thoughts, interests. The subject of literary works largely determined questions about how the fate and character of a person from the social structure of society depend on when the child's acquaintance begins with life, as the world's world and the world of adults relate to each other.

In the works of A. P. Chekhov, V. G. Korolenko, A. I. Kupina, K. M. Stanyukovich Children most often share the fate of "humiliated and offended". The society encourages them for inspirple work ("Vanka Zhukov" and "I want to sleep" Chekhov, "Petka at the cottage" L. N. Andreeva), they are absolutely defenseless and disassembled. The fate of the gifted topic of Kartashev is tragic, the bright aspirations of which are crushed by the atmosphere of the gymnasium, where hypocrisy dominate, the influence and cruelty ("childhood theme", "Gymnasists" N. Garina-Mikhailovsky). The world of children's consciousness is poetic, joyful, immediate - is opposed to the prone to any compromise to the consciousness of adults; Through the naive and pure perception of the child, the events and people get the most faithful assessment ("in the bad society" Korolenko, "Nyanka" Stanyukovich). A child with his special, often with a hardest destiny, becomes the hero of such works like "Devora", "Boys" Chekhov, "White Poodle", "Elephant" Kuprik, "in the storm", "snake puddle", "Seryozha" "three friends "," Nikita "A. S. Serafimovich," Sevastopol Boy "Stanyukovich.

In Russian children's literature in translations entered the contract. World Literature: Books J. Verna, T. M. Reed (T. Main Reed), Emar, A. Dodé, Bilecher-Stowe, R. L. Stevenson, Mark Twain, A. Konan-Doyle, J. London. Teenagers attracted the brightness of the ethnographic color, the beauty of the descriptions of nature, the incidence of the plot, the accuracy in the image of characters. Romantic books were gaining great popularity: "Spartak" R. Jovanoli, "Fierce" E. L. Voynich. Wide distribution among children received works directly to them (especially in the publication "Golden Library" M. O. Wolf): "Little Women", "Little Men" L. M. Olcott, "Little Lord Fauntler" and "Little Princess "(" Sarah Kr ") F. E. Burnett," Silver Skates "MM Dodge," Without Family "G. Little," Heart "(in Rus. Per." Schoolboy's Notes ") E. De Amichisa," Sandalus " B. Auerbach, "Blue Heron" S. Jemba, "Elders of the Vilbian School" Reed. Young heroes of these works in the most difficult, sometimes tragic circumstances retain their dignity, courage, good attitude towards people. The folk and literary fairy tales used the reader's successful success, including "Wonderful Journey Niels Holhegerson with wild geese in Sweden" S. L. Carroll, Alice in Wonderland "L. Carrolla, stories and fairy tales R. Kipling, animal stories E. Setton-Thompson, etc.

In 1901-17, at different times there were about 70 magazines for children of all ages, in which many works were printed for the first time who received recognition: "Ryzhik" A. I. Svirsky, verses I. A. Bunin, K. D. Balmont, with . M. Gorodetsky, A. A. Bloka, R. A. Kleasheva ("Christmas tree was born in the forest"), S. A. Yesenin, Sasha Black. Young readers were fond of L. A. Charian novels; In the best of them - "Princess Javakha", "Bold Life" (about N. Durra) - found an artistic expression of the idea of \u200b\u200bfriendship, dedication, compassion. However, during this period, the reader's demand was used by a lot of "light" essays (for example, the series about the detective Nata Pinketon).

In con. 19 - Nach. 20 centuries. A serious scientific and artistic and popular science books for children and young people were created, in which prominent scientists were attended by A. N. Beketov, A. A. Kizhevetter, M. N. Bogdanov, P. N. Sakulin, and others. Non-scientific books D. N. Kajorodova, A. A. Slenok, Ya. Zingger withstood multiple reprints. The topic of science and technology was presented in the works of N. A. Rubakina, V. Lunner, V. Ryumin, Ya. I. Perelman, who created a series of books "Entertaining sciences" (continued by V. A. Obruchev). The advisory reading for the gymnasium was the entertaining life position of the Classic writers P. V. Avenaius ("Adolescent Years of Pushkin", "Youthful Years of Pushkin", "The Student Years of Gogol", etc.).

The first two decades of Soviet power were marked by stressful searches for the development of children's literature, solving issues: how and what to write for the new generation of the Soviet country, do you need a fairy tale to the proletarian child? In acute discussions, the officially supported point of view was prevailed that the fairy tale using conditional literary techniques could have a negative impact on the realistic perception of the world by the child, prevent the upbringing of an active person. There were also suggestions that the "new" child is needed not a fun, entertainment book, and business, information. Books appeared on the pages of which the children reasoned about the problems of adults, using newspaper reference languages. Doubted the work of K. I. Chukovsky, Gaming verses S. Ya. Marshak, Fairy Tales V. Bianki.

A. V. Lunacharsky became an opponent of "harsh pedants of realism. By defining the prospects for the development of children's literature, he pointed out talented writers (S. T. Grigoriev, Bianki, Marshak, D. I. Harms, Yu. K. Oleshu) who can write in a new way for children.

A significant role in these discussions were played by Articles M. Gorky "Man, whose ears shredded by cotton", "about irresponsible people and about the children's book of our days", "about fairy tales". He defended the child's right to a fairy tale, convinced of her beneficial effect on the education of man. Attracting the attention of writers to modern material, he argued that the book would be able to influence the child if she would talk with him "talented, skillfully, in forms easily digestible."

The subject of Soviet poetry for children was K. I. Chukovsky, V. V. Mayakovsky, S. Ya. Marshak. For Chukovsky, the important task of poetry is to help approve child optimism. Merry, disdain, dynamic poems of Chukovsky's fairy tales ("Crocodile", "Moidodyr", "Muha-Costoha", "Cockroach", "Miracle tree", "Barmalei"), easily remembered already in a two-year-old age, contributed to the expansion of age Borders of children's literature.

Poetry of the 20-30s. He experienced a strong impact of social order - to instill new concepts about morality, labor, about the meaning of social struggle. This was reflected in the verses of Mayakovsky. The poet continued the tradition of the senior conversation with the younger ("What is good and what is bad", "walk", "horse-fire", "Who be?"). In an effort to give children elementary ideas about the life of society, Mayakovsky was looking for non-traditional paths of their artistic incarnation. He created a witness fairy tale ("The Tale of Peter, a Tolstaya Baby, and about Sime, who is thin"), a picture book ("that neither page is an elephant, then a lioness", "This book is mine about the sea and about the lighthouse" ), "May Song", "Song Lightning".

The creator of a cheerful, concise and accurate "childish" verse was made by Marshak. His poems are aphoricist, full of humor, close folk speech. Past and present, joy of labor, nobility and courage, amazing properties of things, people of difficult, tempting professions, games and affairs guys - the main topics of Marshak poems ("Yesterday and today", "Fire", "Mail", "Story about an unknown hero " and etc.).

Overcoming schematic ideas about the child, children's literature became more attentive to him and, therefore, more diverse both thematic and artistic terms. Decrease intently peering into the life of a growing person, ranging from the first step of his first toys and first psychological problems, distinguishes by A. L. Barto poetry. In the lyrical manner, the children's life was drawn by E. A. Blaginina: in her verses feelings, actions, the child's business is full of meaning, children associate with older deep attachment ("That's what mom", "sit in silence"). The image of a small man who develops the world as a kind of miracle, became the main thing in the funny lyrical verses of Heb. Poet L. M. Kwitko (included in Russian poetry in Translations Marshak, S. V. Mikhalkov, M. A. Svetlova, Blaginina, etc.).

The tendency to an eccentric joke, incredible, was characteristic of the authors journal. "Yozh" and "Chizh" D. Harms ("Detachment", "Rug", "Game", "Ivan Ivanovich Samovar"), Yu. D. Vladimirova ("Chudaki", "Orchestra", "Essay"), n . A. Zabolotsky ("How mouses with cat fought", "a fairy tale about a man's curve"). The creative manner was close to them and A. I. Vvedensky, author of journalistic poems for older children, poetic stories, lyrical miniatures for kids (collections "on the river", "Journey to Crimea", "Summer", poem with an outfit basis " Who?"). New ways in poetry for children opened the work of S. V. Mikhalkov, who connected the humorous beginning with lyrical and journalistic ("Uncle Step", "And what do you have?", "We are with a friend").

A large path was a children's prose of 20-30s. It was difficult to search for ways of lighting in children's literature of the events of revolution and civil war. I failed attempts to give an idea of \u200b\u200brevolutionary events for younger readers through the chamber toy world ("Bunk dolls" Gorodetsky, "War of Toys" N. Ya. Agnivzva), for teenagers - through the incredible adventures of the heroes of children ("Vanka Ognev and his dog partisans "F. G. Kamanina," Mystery Ani Guy "S. T. Grigorieva), although the best of them are" Red Devolat "P. A. Blyakhina, Makar-Parishper, L. E. Ostrumov, who inherited the traditions of the adventure book began 20 V., - Preserved in the circle of children's reading. The first books that combined the believable image of events with an entertaining, adventure plot were the story "Tashkent - the city of bread" A. N. Neverova, "R. V. S.", "School" A. P. Gaidar, stories and the story of Grigoriev " With a bag of death "," Red Bucken "," locomotive E-5324 ". Many questions of the child, a new mastering world, answered the works of S. G. Rosanov ("The Adventures of the grass"), B. S. Zhitkov ("What happened", "what I saw"). Heroes of Zhitkov - Sailors, workers, hunters - constantly hold the exam on courage, partnership, honor; In difficult tests, the true face of man is revealed. Together with the characters of the books of N. Ogneva ("Diary of the Bones Ryabtsev"), L. A. Kassille ("Conduit" and "Svwambra"), N. G. Smirnova ("Jack Eightsmecin - American"), L. Budochoskova ("Tale About the Red Girl "and" Tale of the Lanar ") the young reader thought what a new life should be. From the book "Republic of Skid" G. White and L. Panteleeva, "Watches" Panteleeva, Salazhonok S. A. Kolbasyev, "Ten Wagons" B. M. Levin, Hist of A. V. Kozhevnikov He learned how he went to The past old world, as I became full citizens of former homeless people. The strong impact on the minds provided for adults, but entered into a circle of reading adolescents "Pedagogical Poem" A. S. Makarenko.

The literary fairy tale is especially beloved by readers - the genre, less than others experienced the influence of ideological stereotypes. The wealth of fiction, a fascinating plot, a hero, who is close to the reader, are the main features of the fairy tales "Three fathers" Oleshi, "Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino" A. N. Tolstoy, Pieces "Red Hap" and "Snow Queen" E. L. Schwartz, "The Wizard of the Emerald City" A. M. Volkov. The story-fairy tale "Old Man Hottabych" L. I. Lagin and the humorous "Adventures of Captain Carrunel" A. S. Nekrasov were very popular.

The most important issues of ethics and morality became the basis of children's stories M. M. Zoshchenko ("The most important thing", "Stories about Lele and Mink"). Anxiety of youth, her need to love, the thirst for genuine human relations found an expression in the book R. I. Fraerman "Wild Dog Dingo, or a Tale of First Love." Romantics of the feat was fascinated by the young reader of the book "Two Captain" V. A. Kaverin, which organically connected the adventure genre with domestic. It was not easy to conquer his place in the children's literature The artistic world of Gaidar, for whom a similar combination of genres is characteristic. Disputes arose around his books: the writer was reproached in the moods of sacrifice, to use outdated for the educational impact of the means of "implacation" (discussion about "military secret", 1935).

In the 2nd half of the 30s. In official educational policy, a serious role was given to heroic example, which led to the spread of biography, genre. The works of Leninians appeared (Zoshchenko's stories, A. T. Kononov), which received special development in the post-war years, books about the parties' leaders ("Iron Felix" Yu. P. Hermann, "Grac - Bird Spring" S. D. Mstislavsky, "Boy From the urzhuma "A. G. Gleva and others). The extensive library consisted of historical books for children and junior (al. Al-Taev, Yu. N. Tynyanov, V. B. Shklovsky, T. A. Bogdanovich, S. P. Zlobin, V. Yang, E. I. Bezbyskaya, V.P. Belyaev, 3. K. Shishov, Grigoriev).

Feel the beauty of native nature, the books of N. I. Madelikov, Bianki, E. I. Charushin, distinguished by the depth of philosophical vision of the world of the work of M. M. Privina. These writers have created a genre of scientific and artistic book in Soviet children's literature, which has developed in the 60-80s. The beginning of scientific journalism was put. M. Ya. Ilina ("Story about the Great Plan", "Stories about things", "as a person became a giant"), Zhitkov ("Telegram", "Grivennik", "Steamer"); Powesty in "Kara-Bugaz" and "Colchide" combined the traditions of artistic prose and journalism.

It means that the role in the development of Soviet literature for children and the youth and in the unification of children's writers was played by magazines for children "Murzilka", "Pioneer", "Friendly guys", "fire", and others, in which many prominent children's writers collaborated - Marshak, Allows, B. Ivanter, N. Oleinikov, Schwartz, and others. In journals. "Children's literature" (1932-41) systematically gave assessments and analysis of novelties of the children's book. Of great importance was the creation of the ed, children's literature.

One of the most significant in the literature is the topic of the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945. From the artistic and documentary books, the reader learned about his peers, participants and heroes of the war ("Fourth height" E. Ya. Ilyina, "Tale of Zoe and Shura" L. T. Kosmodemyanskaya, "Partizan Löny Golikov" Yu. M. Korolkova, "Street of the younger Son" Kassille and M. L. Polyanovsky, etc.). A lot of attention in these books was given a pre-bank time, the story about how the character and spiritual appearance of the hero was evolved.

Writers sought to convey to the young reader the harsh truth of the life of people in war and in the rear (KN. "Son of the Regiment" V. P. Kataeva, "On Yalik", "Marinka" Panteleeva, "Dear My Boys" Cassil, "Ivan" V. O. Bogomolov).

In the literature, conflicting trends acted in the literature for children and the youth of the post-war period. Like all art, children's literature 40s - 1st floor. 50s. I experienced a period of unconfluousness and falsification of reality. Pioneer romance, poster imagery and sentimentality were indirect features of many works on the military-patriotic topic. Obtained the distribution of so-called. School stories, where children's life appeared extremely embellished, and artistic tasks were supplanted by primitive didactics. However, at the same time, works of other orientation, more corresponding to the reality and the needs of the young reader were created. In this sense, the official pedagogical plant for the formation of a harmonic, highly moral personality focused on children's literature on general apparent values, the development of curiosity and expansion of the horizontal of youth. Democratic changes in the country's social life in the mid-50-60s. Opened new creative opportunities before the writers. Many writers turned to the experience of Russian classics and folklore. Reflecting in the books of difficulties and contradictions of his time, they sought to penetrate the inner world of the child, understand its genuine needs, joy, chagrins. An external, event plot or even lost importance, or became a means of disclosing spiritual conflicts in everyday life. Unusual artistic form seemed to be a literary and pedagogical criticism of psychologically too complicated for the perception of a child or a teenager. But the works of F. A. Vigdorova, V. V. Golavkina, M. S. Bremen, V. K. Arro, S. M. Georgievskaya, A. I. Musatova were designed for the reader, ready for the effort of thought and tension of feelings. They helped him grow. An uncompromising look was assessed by modern reality in his books N. I. Dubov ("Boy by the Sea", "Sirota", "Mount one", "Fugitive"). His young heroes are a difficult path of becoming, but they are not alone, there are elders next to them, living under the laws of conscience, ready to help in a word and affair. In another manner - it's funny about serious - wrote their books HH nosov ("Vitya Maleev at school and at home", "Adventures of Justice and his friends", etc.), Yu. V. Sotnik ("White Rat", "about our business "), Yu. Khazanov (" My Marathon "), V. Medvedev (" Barankin, be a man! "), V. Yu. Dragunsky (" Denisian stories "). Humor position did not become here in itself, but helped to explore the variety of life, reveal the character of the hero.

As the continuents of the traditions of domestic prose, bringing attention to the books for children and adolescents to her attention to the problems of conscience, psychologism, the accuracy of realistic artistic words, received fame A. Ya. Brushtein ("Road goes to Dal"), A. G. Aleksin (" Meanwhile, somewhere ... "," Late child "," My brother plays on the clarinet "," Mad Evdokia "," Section of Property "," Signals and Hornsties "), A. A. Likhanov, R. M . Senon, Yu. Ya. Yakovlev. Noteworthy in children's literature of the 80s. The story of V. K. Zheleznikova "Stuffed", challenging the rooted point of view, according to which the team is always right. Here, the truth is on the side of the girl, opposing its moral attitude towards the life of cruelty and the silent of their peers.

Many writers turned to the original genre forms. On the basis of the Eastern Literary Tradition, L. Solovyov created a "story about Host Nasreddina" who loved readers of different ages. The workshop use of the techniques of modernist prose is distinguished by the story of the post-war childhood E. Dubrovina "Waiting for the goat." Estonian Proser Ya. Rannap built a caustic and funny satirical story about the school "Agu Sokhankha says the truth" in the form of a series of explanatory notes, where the young mischievous sacrifies the stereotypes of speech and thinking of adults.

At the same time, the portion of the raised-romantic image of reality (A. A. Kuznetsov, Yu. I. Corinthz, R. P. Pogodin, Yu. I. Koval, Estonian writer X. Vygia). In the works of V. Mukhina-Petrinskaya, 3. Zhuravlyova, V. P. Karapivina, Ukrainian Prosaika V. Gemini was transferred to the natural and festive, poetic experience of being, which is characteristic of many impressionable people in childhood and adolescence. Romantic shade is also present in the historical works of Al. Altaev and Shishova.

Significant influence on children's literature 50-70s. Adventure novels and stories, literary fairy tales, including transferable. Children's prose of this period includes the history of adolescent Robinsonad created in various languages \u200b\u200bof the multinational country, guys in the spirit of Tom Sawyer and Gope Finn, dangerous games, as a result of which children expose criminals. From the works of such a genre, the readers were loved by the workshops written by A. N. Rybakov "Kortk" and "Bronze Bird", whose poetics dates back to the "destiny of the drummer" Gaidar.

The atmosphere of the game, often associated with a violation of traditional genre canons, inherent in fairy tales, fabulous stories and parables, to which children's writers willingly apply to the 60-80s. Such are the semi parody of theatrical fairy tales E. N. Asspensky, Tales T. Alexandrova, combining folklore and modern motifs, romantic fabulous adventure made. F. Knorre, S. L. Prokofyeva and Krapivina; Fantastic stories V. Alekseeva, philosophical fairy tales R. Pogodina, Tales-Prithchi R. Ovsepyan (Armenia), Tale-tales K. Saya (Lithuania) and S. Vangeli (Moldova), built from poems and prose, magic stories and morals , Mosaic compositions 3. Halila (Azerbaijan), picturesque rhythmized miniature tales I. Ziedonas (Latvia).

60-80s. marked with rapid interest in science fiction. Teens were fond of books by R. Bradbury, K. Saimaka, R. Shekley, but their wonderful popularity was not inferior to the success of domestic novels and the lead. The books of the 20-30s are permanent interest. "Aelita" and "Hyperboloid engineer Garina" A. N. Tolstoy, "Head of Professor Doweel" and "Affibory Man" A. R. Belyaeva, "Flaming Island" A. P. Kazantseva, and also published later "Andromeda Nebula" I. A. Efremova, works of G. S. Martynova, I. I. Warsawsky, G. I. Gurevich, A. P. Dniprov, A. N. and B. N. Strugatsky, A. I. Shahamova, A. A. Shcherbakova, A. and S. Abramov, K. Bulycheva, D. A. Bylekin, E. I. Poznanov, and others. Island, saturated with modern issues, they worryed by the audacity of thought, the authors' sufficient to the requests of the day (in connection with which Some works of this genre - the Roman "Hour of the Bull" Efremova, the story of the "nasty swans" of Strugatsky, subsequently published under the "rain time", were subjected to a political ban).

In children's literature 60-70s. There was a peculiar "diffusion" genre. The clear boundaries were erased between artistic prose and scientific and artistic, popular science literature. Works I. Andronikova, N. Ya. Eidelman, in an entertaining form of schoolchildren to literary research and history, can serve as samples of good Russian prose. "Titanium Taken" Ya. E. Votoroveker, giving adolescents on ancient mythology, is imbued with the poetry of the ancient legends and the tragic maidestos of the twentieth century. Books about the living nature of V. Chaplina, G. A. Szrevitsky, N. Ya. Sladkov, G. Ya. Snegirev, I. I. Akimushkin read as full-fledged artworks, distinguished by the spirit of humanity, a sense of responsibility of a person for all living things. Fascinating and accessible to children about the world of modern science D. S. Danin, about wild and home plants - N. L. Dilatics and HM Vervillee, about minerals - A. E. Fersman, about remodels - Yu. A. Arbat, about painting - L. N. Volynsky.

In the genre of scientific journalism in the 80s. Worked writers A. M. Markusha, R. K. Balandin, G. I. Kublitsky. In scientific and artistic children's literature, the biographical topic is of great importance - the life of famous scientists (Books L. E. Oversize about physics P. N. Lebedev, about Astronomer P. K. Sternberg). Filly at first glance from humanitarian problems, scientific and popular books for the younger help the reader feel like diverse and complex reality, thereby laying the foundations of modern worldview. In the 2nd floor. 70s. Reached a high level of children's journalism (E. Rich, L. Zhukhovitsky, L. Cherlin, etc.), who spoke to the reader mainly on humanitarian topics - about conscience, the dignity of the mind, feelings, personality of man. For the 60-70s. There is a flourishing of poetry, from early childhood, a sense of word has brought up in readers. In the works of I. P. Tokmakova, V. V. Berestova, B. V. Soda, Ya. L. Akim, E. E. Moshkovskaya, Yu. P. Moritz, G. V. Sapgira, A. M. Kushner, L. Mezinova, V. Levina, Yu. Kushaka, R. Sefa, V. Lunina, O. Driza there is a fantasy and humor, genuine feeling, subtle lyrism, mischief. At that time, the poets of the older generation were also continued - Barto, Bluginina, Mikhalkov.

In children's literature 2nd floor. 80-X-Nach. 90s. A significant event was to enter the light of the prosaic collection "Aboriginal", "catching butterflies and an abandoned friend", "I fly in a dream", telling about the problems of everyday life, the state of the family and school, the spiritual appearance of a modern teenager. Among the works included in these collections, the most interesting in artistic terms were truly tragic, such as the story "Gorbok" N. Solomko, "Curve Thursday" L. Sinitsyn, "Aboriginal" Y. Korotkov, "Shokhina Cassettes" S. Vinokurova, telling about heavy, often leading to the tragic outcome of teenagers. The lyrical mood is distinguished by the story "from the life of Kondrais" I. Chudovskaya, "Little Night Serenade" V. Romanova. An entertaining story, taking psychological observations are characteristic of the ages and stories of L. Evgenaya (Sat. "Frog"). Some works saw the light, at one time not allowed to publication, in particular the story B. Zhitkov "Iron" and Yu. Daniel "Fiance."

The Children's Fund is published by the tram magazines for children of younger and "We" for teenagers, attracted the reader with brightness and originality. The literary almanacies "Boy" and "Girl" are popular, the creators of which set themselves the task of helping the moral formation of growing men and women, to form a good aesthetic taste from them.

In the 50-70s. New translations and retells have appeared for children of works of world children's literature, folk fairy tales. Children's poetry circle entered E. Lira, comic poems A. Milna. In many favorite children of translation works, childhood acts as a certain autonomous country, the laws of which do not know how to understand adults ("King Matyush first" Ya. Korchak, "Little Prince" A. De Saint-Exupery). Characters of books J. Barry ("Peter Peng and Bendi"), Milna ("Winnie Pooh and All-all-all"), P. Traverts (Mary Poppins) fall into the imaginary world, where they live an exciting, active life. Young readers enjoy the game side of these fairy tales, they open up a lot in the difficult world of the child.

The books of the Swedish writer A. Lindgren "Baby and Carlson who lives on the roof", "Peppi Long Stuff", "Mio, My Mio!" Are greatly popular. Cheerful adventures of heroes, soft humor of Lindgren works reveal the completeness of life, create instructive characters.

Polish poet Julian Tuwiem accurately expressed the universal nature of children's literature, saying that if she was lazy, boasting, talkativeness, arrogance, if in verses reign good laugh, joke, game, fun means, it means for all children. The property of children's children's literature, like many other countries, was the books of E. Kestener and J. Krussa (Germany), A. Marshall (United Kingdom), J. Roda Ri (Italy), Writers of the countries Vost. Europe A. Bossev, D. Gabab, M. Alechkovich, V. Nezvala, F. Hisp, A. Sera. High professional level distinguishes translations and retelling of works of foreign writers into Russian T. G. Gabbe, A. I. Lubar, Nodoka, Tokmakova, Corinets, Berestova, V. Eagle, Yu. Vronsky, Akim, etc.

The organic part of the domestic children's literature was the works of the world children's classics 2nd floor. 20 V. - Philosophical fairy tales "Lord of the Rings" J. R. Tolkien, "Threshold" and "Magician of the Earth" W. Le Guin, T. Yantson books, etc.

References

fiction Children's informative

1. Analysis of the artwork: artwork in the context of writer's creativity / Ed. M.L.Semanova. - M., 1987.

2. Bogdanova O.Yu. The development of the thinking of high school students in the literature lessons: a manual for special course. - M., 1979.

3. Education of the creative reader: problems of extracurricular and extracurricular work on literature / ed. S.V. Mikhalkov, etc. Polozova. - M., 1981.

4. Golubkov V.V. The problem of the psychological substantiation of the study of literature at school // Literature I Mova in schools: Scientists. - Kiev, 1963. - T. XXIV.

5. Gurevich S.A. Organization of reading high school students. - M., 1984.

6.Demidov N.A. Perception with ten-graders Romana A.N. Tolstoy "Peter the first" and the problem of his analysis in school // Perception of students of the literary work and the method of school analysis. - L., 1972.

7. Kachurin MG Influence of analysis on the perception of artistic works by graduates of grade 4 // Perception by students of a literary work and a technique of school analysis. - L., 1972.

8. Crest N.O. The perception of the literary work and its analysis at school // Questions of the analysis of literary works. - M., 1969.

9. Kudryashev N.I. On the process of managing the perception of the literary work by high school students // The art of analyzing the artistic work. - M., 1971.

12. Leontiev A.N. Activities, consciousness, personality. - M., 1975.

13. Maranzman V.G. Analysis of the literary work and reader's perception of schoolchildren. - L., 1974.

14. Moldavskaya N.D. The literary development of younger schoolchildren in the learning process. - M., 1976.

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M. Ilyin and Scientific and Artistic Literature for Children

One of the creators of the Soviet Scientific and Artistic Literature - M. Ilyin (Ilya Yakovlevich Marshak) was born in 1895 in the city of Bakhmut. Ilya Yakovlevich's father worked as a technician in soap plants - he was a giving chemist self-taught, inventor. Ilya Yakovlevich studied in St. Petersburg.

From ten years he wrote poems - about stars, volcanoes, tropical forests and jaguars. In the summer, I spent the clock before the anthill, and in the winter it was chemical experiments. So even in adolescent years, the main interests of life were determined: nature, science, poetry.

Brother Ilya Yakovlevich - in the future Poet S. Ya. Marshak - met with M. Gorky, V. Stasov, and his stories about these wonderful people were excited by many thoughts, increased interest in literature and art.

Higher education Ilya Yakovlevich finished already in the post-October years - in the Leningrad Institute of Technology, where he received a specialty chemical engineer. He worked in the laboratory of the Stearin Plant. And since 1924, Ilyin began writing small notes for chemical topics in the Children's magazine "New Robinson".

At the same time, a disease that pursued Ilya Yakovlevich all his life was opened - tuberculosis. He had to part with the factory laboratory. But he compatient with scientific interests to his literature. A poetic story about science and nature became the matter of his life, untouched in 1953.

The first books of M. Ilina appeared in 1927. By the time, notable achievements in the field of children's literature on science and technology were less than in poetry and fiction. The first books B. Zhitkov appeared on technology, V. Bianki - about living nature, began to be printed in children's journals M. Ilyin, N. Grigoriev; It would be possible to call several more names, but then the main mass of scientific and popular children was then the work is mainly compile, and their level in general was low.

Meanwhile, the need for ideologically saturated, a truly literary book about science has grown immeasurably.

In 1922, V. I. Lenin in the preface to the book I. I. Stepanov, the electrification emphasized that now popular books are needed not for intellectuals, but for the mass of the people, for ordinary workers and peasants.

The creation of such books, wrote V. I. Lenin, the writers of Marxists should be engaged. I. I. Stepanov wrote for adults, and Lenin insisted that folk teachers not only learned the book, but also knew how to simply retell her students and peasant young people at all.

Then, in 1922, children went out more. Therefore, Lenin's proposal to retell their works written for adults, was of great importance. But in the following years, when the release of literature increased dramatically, it became obvious, as it is important to create a library of scientific and technical books specifically for children. We needed works that would contribute to the communist raising of children, showed a huge role of science in the construction of a socialist society and the importance of the industrialization of the country.

It is obvious that even the most competent and conscientious compilations are transfers of scientific essays on children affordable to children - could not meet new requirements: the excitement of a cognitive theme with a wide educational idea.

What literary means could solve such a task? The answer to this question was bitter. It is necessary to create books are not popular, but scientific and artistic.

Gorky suggested contacting at the same time to mind and to the sense of a teenager, and hence, and increase the active, personally interested attitudes of the reader to science. Theoretical statements of Gorky about cognitive literature for children, his huge organizational activities, specific assistance to writers played a very important role in the development of Soviet scientific literature for children.

Gorky's views on the tasks and methods of creating cognitive books are closely related to the views of Belinsky, Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky. But Gorky was not only the heir of the ideas of revolutionary democrats. He was a student of Lenin, a leader of the socialist revolution. In his literary views, he could have to go much further than revolutionary democrats, to deal with the solution of the problems nominated by the new system of public life.

"To educate is to revolutionize" - these words of Gorky met the requirements of a socialist society, the requirements of the party and at the same time were as it were to the conclusion from the views of revolutionary democrats. In applied to the literature on science and technology, the principle nominated by bitter meant, in particular, the call for the propaganda orientation of cognitive books, to the livelihood of them with modernity.

About things seriously needed to speak with children so as to conquer their mind and heart, it is always interesting to say, sometimes funny.

The idea of \u200b\u200ba poetic story about science was not new. She is still from the famous poem of the Roman writer Lucretia Kara "On the nature of things", in Russian literature - from Lomonosov. But scientific and fiction as a recognized independent type of books did not exist, in addition to historical and biographical essays, which were widespread, especially in the West, from the beginning of the 20th century.

Yet writers who told children about nature, such as Bianks, could rely on a magnificent classic tradition, which goes back to S. Aksakov, I. Turgenev and continues to M. Svtain.

K. Paustovsky, who connected the topic of nature with the theme of socialist construction, used the method of Belletrist: His "Kara-Bugaz", "Kolkhida" was built as plot stories. They are based on both extensive scientific material, and a rich supply of personal observations.

It was more difficult to find support in the experience of preceding literature writers who devoted their works by technical topics - B. Zhitkov, M. Ilyin. We first wrote about the technique or in special works, or in popular books, usually just simplified material and terminology of scientific books. Artists of the Words to technical topics have not yet been treated.

There are similarities in working on books about the technique of two very different writers - B. Zhitkov and M. Ilina. Both of them, education engineers, were completely futilely oriented in those sectors of the technicians. It would seem that this condition is indispensable, but it is not always observed. Popular books still often wrote people whom Gorky called intermediaries-compilers, ready to comprehend essay, an article or a whole treatise on any topic.

Another trait of similarities is that work on a book about the technique and inks and Ilyin approached not as engineers, but as writers. Observing the subject, they were looking for such methods of presentation, which would easily meet the adolescent consciousness and did not leave the reader indifferent.

But then there are significant differences. The fattes sought to create a plot that organically includes cognitive material, that is, to the fictional decision of the topic, or turned to the form of a free conversation with the reader, as if imitated spoken speech.

For the apparent scattering of messages, a clear plan was hidden. The theory, to complex technical solutions, almost always walked from simple experience, from interesting, observation and comparisons to children.

In Ilyina's books, there is no plot in the usual sense of the word. The stress, the emotional tonality of books Ilina determines the inner plot, constant in almost all of its works: The struggle of mankind for mastering the mysters of nature, for the conquest of her forces.

It is difficult to remember another writer, which is so consistent, from the book to the book, would have developed on a different material, in various aspects one topic, all deepening and expanding it.

Ilyin was obsessed with this topic in the best and noble sense of the word. He invested in its development all mental strength, all talent, a huge passion and ability to work. "I am fascinated by the poetry of storms and thunderstorms, the romance of struggle with the elements," he wrote.

This passion was not contemplative, passive or cut off from the needs and aspirations of the people.

Having funny the greatness of a person who knows and transforming the world, the greatness of the people, the conquering forces of nature, Ilyin wanted to initiate that emotion in readers, the admiration of the titanic and ingenious work of the creation of a new world, who experienced himself. He sought to light their passion for the transformation of nature, to participate in folk labor.

At the very essence of his writer's appearance, Ilyin is a propagandist, political writer.

"Every good book," he wrote, "arguisates the worldview, which invested in her. The campaign must be unsolved passionate, temperamental so that it acts. If a person needs to convince someone in something, he will speak passionately. I would like to live before in our scientific literature there were such passionate, temperamental books, which created in the artistic literature Saltykov-Shchedrin. "

This is not a common declaration for Ilyin, but a specific program he has followed in all its writer work is a form of its participation in socialist construction.

Ilyina was not enough to fulfill the usual task of popular science literature - to give the reader the knowledge margin in a particular area. He wanted his books to raise people who are ready for all the strength, giving, all soulful fought to give a tense struggle for the conversion of the world.

Science - Mighty and acute weapons in this struggle. She became one of the foundations of the life of the people, his movement to communism.

It is this understanding of science that the books of Ilina are imbued. Propaging science, he promoted the struggle for communism.

The fact that Ilyin put in front of him not only cognitive, but also educational challenges, determined his literary method. The book should be addressed to mind, and to the feeling, and to the imagination of the reader to raise it. In other words, the book should be artistic.

"What is the strength and meaning of the image in the cognitive book?" In the fact that he mobilizes the reader's imagination to help the ability to argue. Without imagination, science is not created and does not comprehend ... Science is needed not only formula, she needs and visible images that help thoughts ... But the image is made absolutely necessary when science goes to the people when she wants to become accessible to many, "we read Ilina .

And since it was this that he achieved - to make science accessible to many, then the appeal to the artistic letter was organic for him.

M. Ilyin searched not only images, details, comparisons expressing the essence of the phenomenon and affect the reader's imagination, was looking for not only a organic composition and a transparent-clear phrase, but also the specific material that would give him the opportunity to show another aspect of his constant topic. : mankind, knowing and conquering nature.

As a granker, forcing diamond to blame, M. Ilyin did the visible beauty of science. He found it not in the results of research, but in a feud of mankind, the labor and talent of the producing truth, labor and struggle approving his power over nature.

Gorky spoke in the article "On the topics":

"... Our book about the achievements of science and technology should give not only the final results of human thought and experience, but enter the reader in the process of research work, showing the gradual overcoming of difficulties and the search for the right method.

Science and technique should be depicted not as a warehouse of ready discoveries and inventions, but as a steel of the struggle, where a particular living person overcomes the resistance of the material and tradition. "

It was on this path that Ilyin walked, so, however, the difference is that in most part of his hero's books are not a specific living person, but a generalized image of mankind, a generalized image of the people - Creator Culture. This is one of the important and principal features of Ilina's creativity.

In the first books of Ilina - they were devoted to the history of technology - it is also planned to be the crosant of a cognitive topic with a propaganda idea, which largely determines the innovation and the fundamental importance of his literary work.

And in these works, the history of inventions is already given as a labor history. The books are devoted to the evolution of things, material culture, but their genuine hero is not a thing as such, but humanity that created it.

Many elements of the form of an artistic story about science and technology that the writer later developed and improved here was found here.

But all the peculiarity of dating, the artistic method of Ilina revealed in a "big plan". This work was written when the country began to fulfill the first five-year plan. Ilyin spoke with readers about the most important thing - the people who lived in those years, spoke with the passion of propagandist, the visual talent of the artist and the accuracy of the scientist.

Work on the "big terms story" largely defined the entire creative path of Ilyin. Whatever he wrote about what material I chose for my books - all his works were saturated with publicistic content, propaganda of Marxist-Leninist philosophy and socialist construction.

Books written by Ilyin about modern times, poured into a passionate call for the struggle for the conquest of the forces of nature for the benefit of man. The writer has always directed the attention of readers to the most important sections of general labor for the next years. These were books about science, but written in such a way that it became clear the place of science in our movement to communism, which became clear activity that the science acquires when it was put on the service of the people.

After the "story of the Great Plan" - a book that was not only acquainted with the works of the first five-year plan, but also giving a common idea of \u200b\u200bthe methods of socialist construction, "Ilyin wrote about how these methods apply to fulfill the most important work on the alteration of nature. He told in the book "Mountains and People", as the desert ceases to be deserts, how the rivers will be conquered, the swamps are dried, as the earth will become more fertile. This work was created during the second five-year plan and reflected ideas that then scientifically justified and embodied in real plans, in real work.

At one time, Jules Verne, carefully following the works of scientists, with a wonderful little, found in theoretical developments what can and should go from science to the technique, to embody in things. Inventions of the future, he put the basis of his science fiction novels. But in his works, the inventor-loner was usually opposed to society, was in conflict with him. Magnificent technical facilities - a submarine Captain Nemo, the plane of Robura - remained the private and unique property of the inventor, useless for humanity. And this was vital truth: only inventions are carried out in the bourgeois society, or bring to the rapid benefit to capitalists, or military, that is, in the first case, not all inventions are used, which could benefit society, to promote its progress, and in the second case - Harmful to humanity, as they are tools for destruction, not creation. Julian novels are talking about the stiffness of the genius, about opposing a person to society.

Ilyin wrote about how to achieve science and technology have become one of the most important elements of state plans. This created a fundamentally new environment in which unprecedented scope can be performed. Hence the optimisticity of Ilyina - optimisticity is not hope, but confidence, born by new relations between the state and science.

The desert technically can be turned into a fertile steppe. The benefits of this is proved for society. Therefore, it will be done in economically and economically appropriate terms. We have no barriers between the package and the conclusion, which are created by class contradictions in capitalist society.

When Ilyin writes about the conquest of rivers, about the use of wealth of our subsoil, about creating new plants, he does not just dream, does not just fantasize, but proves the feasibility of dreams and thus mobilizes the consciousness and imagination of readers to the upcoming work.

The Patriotic War began. Ilyin, who did not give the opportunity to become a row of the defenders of the Motherland on the front, led the fighting work in the rear. He gave his temperament and talent for the publicist's disgusting appearance of fascism. In speeches on radio, essays and articles for a foreign reader, Ilyin passionately urged to mobilize all the progressive forces of mankind in the defeat of fascism. He contrasted the creative work of the Soviet people destructive actions and the conciliatory aspirations of the fascists, ratified for the celebration of humanism in science and in life.

Next to A. Tolstim, N. Tikhonov, I. Ehredburg, with all the advanced detachment of Soviet literature Ilyin led everyday journalistic work, which facilitated the combat work to our soldiers and helped people abroad better understand the clarity of the goals and aspirations of the Soviet people, his strength and courage .

And in the same years, Ilyin, together with his wife E. A. Segal, a regular officer and co-author of many works, wrote a book, as if far from the events of the war, "as a man became a giant." She was started before the war - her first part, about the primitive man, came out in 1940. "As a man became a giant" - the history of labor and the thoughts of mankind in their inextricable communication. Ilyin created the poem about the nobility and beauty of labor, about the limitless strength of thought, about the magnitude of the millennial struggle for the only true, materialistic understanding of the world.

However, not in the nature of Ilina - the writer, extremely enthusiastically carried away by his era, the work of his people, - to leave for a long time from the most live interests of today and tomorrow. As in the years of war, he combined the work on the historical and philosophical book with everyday journalistic work, so after the victory, collecting material for continuing work on the history of mankind, he writes books about modernity. He picks up new party plans for the alteration of nature, new achievements of science and technology to prepare readers to solve the huge tasks of tomorrow, to a tense and joyful struggle for increasingly fully mastered by nature.

Ilyin creates three books: "Man and Element", "Transformation of the Planet", "Conquest of Nature". One tells about the achievements and prospects of meteorology, in the other - about the magnificent work of Russian and Soviet scientists to increase the fertility of the Earth, in the third - on the transformation of steppes and desert irrigation, on the peaceful use of atomic energy.

Each of these works is publicly in its own way, but they all speak of a tense peaceful work. Ilina's books about the labor conquest of nature and conquering elements are opposed to those calls to put science to the service of the aggressive war, which were strong even then in some capitalist countries.

It is enough to compare the small book of 1949 "Plant-Self-Prospect", dedicated to the history of machine tooling, with "stories about things", which Ilyin began his literary path to see, in which direction his evolution was.

In the "stories about things", a journalistic topic was still apparent. And in the "factory-self-propeller" Ilyin says:

"The story of things is difficult to separate from the history of man.

And the life of a person is inseparable from the life of his people and all mankind.

That is why in my story about the machine there is a speech about wars and revolutions, about peoples and countries.

Talk to the old workers. You will see that in the life of each locksmith or Turner, the history of his country, and the history of his machine "was also reflected."

The thought of any thing, any scientific work for Ilina, became inseparable from the idea that this thing or work should give the people and what gives you an acquaintance with her to the formation of his views, for becoming it in life. The bridge from the story about the past to the story about modernity, about the future Ilyin is internally needed, because in every line written by him - he is the son of his time and his homeland.

As Ilyina was great, the stock of creative opportunities and forces, shows what they wrote them shortly before death, in collaboration with E. Segal, the book "Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin".

For the first time, at sunset, Ilyin created a book, in the center of which is the image of a person. The skill with whom the writer decided to have a new literary task for him shows how the range of his talent was wide.

And again from the history of Ilyin returns to modern science and technology. His latter, the remaining unfinished work - the "people-builder" is devoted to the fifth five-year plan.

The topic of your literary life is a person and nature, the Soviet people and nature - Ilyin developed on the most diverse material. The literary method found already in the first books, he constantly improved and deepen.

What is the essence of this method representing one of the most important and fruitful lines of development of Soviet literature on science?

The answer to this question, is not accustomed to clarify some features of the type of books that we call scientific and artistic, you can get, stopping more at least on some works M. Ilina.

Most of the children's literature is an artistic prose and poetry. However, the scientific and technological revolution in society ensured the development of the relevant type of literature. Value scientific and educational children's books In modern society has increased significantly.

The description and classification of this industry has been performed by N.M. Druzhinina. The goal of a scientific and educational children's book, "she believes," to bring up the mental activity of the reader, to introduce him to the great world of science. Two types of scientific and educational book help this goal: the book is scientific and artistic and popular. Compare them in ways to achieve the goal.

Scientific and artistic book Developing creative curiosity of the child using the arsenal of artistic means: teaches comparing events, analyze them, independently draw conclusions, portraying in private, typical individually, showing the process of researching the problem, comprehending the individual cognitive elements of the scientific topic. The specific form of generalization in scientific and artistic literature is the image used in a fascinating story story, in an art essay, a story, a tale of non-market. Such genres draw up an illustrator artist, emphasizing in pictures to the texts the educational idea of \u200b\u200bthe work. Types of books in structure: book-paper and bookbooks.

Scientific Popular Book Reports to children affordable knowledge in perhaps more complete, showing the general in general, typical in typical, relying on the final results of the study of the world, revealing a certain knowledge system in a scientific topic. The specific form of knowledge transfer is information using items, concepts and terms, which is enclosed in articles, documentary essays and stories. Such genres draw up photo fiction, documentary materials, drawings to them are performed by artists-specialists in a certain field of scientific knowledge. Research and popular works are published in the books of reference type, encyclopedias, industry dictionaries, in the special series of "intelligence books", "Know and Deterge", "behind the pages of your tutorial" and under. Scientific and popular publications are complemented by bibliographic lists, schemes, tables, cards, comments, notes.

How to use the other type of publications of a scientific and educational book? Methods for reading such literature must comply with the specifics and nature of the work. Scientific and artistic book requires a holistic emotional perception, identifying cognitive material in the art canvas, in the author's plan. Reference type books are read by selectively, small "portions" of the text, they are as needed, with an academic purpose, they are repeatedly returned and remembered (write down) the main material.

Examples of scientific and artistic books: V.V. Bianks - "Stories and Fairy Tales", M.M. Sv'evin - "In the edge of the Mazaya grandfather", Syrbbstsky - "Four artists", B.S. Allows - "About Elephant", "About Monkey", Yu.D. Dmitriev - "Who lives in the forest and that it grows in the forest", E.I. Charushin - "Big and Small", N.V. Durov - "Corner of the name of the Durova", E. Mesh - "City on Birch", N. Sladkov - "Lisa-dance", M. Gumilevskaya - "How to open the world", L. Obukhova - "Tale of Yuri Gagarine", with .P. Alekseev - "Unprecedented", etc.

Examples of scientific and popular books: "Children's encyclopedia" in 10 tons, "What is? Who it? Inquisitive satellite "For younger schoolchildren, M. Ilyin, E. Segal -" Stories about what surrounds you ", A. Markusha -" ABB "(about technology); E. Kameneva - What color of the Rainbow is a dictionary on visual art; A. Mityaev - "Book of Future Commanders", V.V. Bianks - "Forest Gazeta"; N. Sladkov - "White Tigers", Yurmin - "From A to Z in Sport", "All works are good - choose to taste"; A. Dorokhov "About you yourself", S. Mogilevskaya - "Girls, a book for you", I. Akimushkin - "These are all dogs", Yu. Yakovlev - "The Law of Your Life" (about the Constitution); Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist, literary critic, mathematics, musician, technique, etc.

The purpose of scientific and fiction is the upbringing of such human qualities as curiosity, cognitive interest, the intensification of thinking, the formation of consciousness and materialistic worldview. Scientific and popular literature promotes knowledge about nature, society, man and its activities, about cars and things, expands the horizons of the child, complements the information about the world around the world he received in school and other educational institutions. The component of the artisticity is sometimes so fascinating the young reader that it does not master the knowledge embedded in the text. Therefore, the perception of scientific and artistic literature is more difficult for the baby, but more interesting. The perception of the popular science book is easier, but emotionally poorer. The authors of the popularizers of knowledge seek to include in their texts elements of the enraged.

Compare Scientific-artistic story M. Privina "Hedgehog" and an article about hedgehog from the book "What is? Who it?" Upon clear generality of the topic, the volume of information about the hero is essentially richer in the encyclopedia: reported on the appearance of the animal, habitat, hawves, nutrition, use for the forest, etc. It is given a clear logical definition of the type of animal, the language of the material about the hedgehog, as it should be in scientific article, - compressed, strict style, correct, book, lexicor terminological. Building an article: Thesis - Justification - Conclusions. In the work of the Svarvina, the story about the hedler leads a narrator who conveys his stakeholder and forest animal. The narrator suits such an atmosphere in his home so that the hens seemed that he was in nature: a candle was a moon, legs in boots - trunks of trees, transfusing water water - stream, water plate - lake, rustling newspaper - dry foliage. Hedgehog for humans - an individual creature, a "barbed lump", a small forest pig, first frightened, and then - brave. Learning HOW Yehph is scattered along the plot: there is a tie, development of actions, culmination (hedgehogs already arranges a nest in the house) and a junction. The behavior of the hedgehog is alive, the reader finds out how these animals behave in different situations that they eat and what "character". A collective "portrait" of the animal was discharged by an expressive artistic language, in which there is a place of personification, comparisons, epithets, metaphors: for example, the hood snort is compared with the sounds of the car. The text has direct speech, inversion and ellipses that give proposals to the fantastic intonation of oral speech.

So the article enriches the knowledge of the child with information about the forest animal and calls for observations in nature, and the story creates an image of a curious and active animal, gives rise to love and interest in the "brothers to our smaller".

Master of the scientific and educational children's book was Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov (1882-1938). About the work of Zhitkov K. Fedin said: "In his books you enter, as a student - in the workshop." Allows came to the literature by the experienced man, in 42 years, before that there was a period of accumulation of life experience. In childhood, Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov was a person's unique, as he was remembered by K.I. Chukovsky, who studied with Zhitkov in one class by the 2nd Odessa Gymnasium. Chukovsky wanted to make friends with an excellent student of Zhitkov, as Boris lived in the port, over the most sea, among the ships, he had admirals, he played the violin, which he wore a trained dog, he had a boat, a telescope on three legs, cast-iron Gymnastics balls, he walked perfectly, rowed, gathered herbarium, knew how to tie nodes in the sea (do not unleash!), To predict the weather, he knew how to speak French, etc. etc. Man possessed talents, knew a lot and knew how to do. Allows graduated from two faculties: natural-mathematical and shipbuilding, he tried a lot of profession, and being an assault naval diving, she wondered half of the sides of the globe. He taught, he studied Ihtiology, he was invented by the tools, he was a "master of all hands", this boy from an intelligent family (father is a teacher of mathematics, author of textbooks, mother - pianist). In addition, dates from childhood loved literature and was an excellent storyteller. To relatives, he wrote such letters that they were read as fiction. In one of the letters, the nephew of lettuce formulated essentially a motto of full school life: "It is impossible to learn to be difficult. It is necessary to learn to be joyful, tremble and victorious "(1924).

"Well, surprising that such a person in the end is taken over the pen and, holding for him, immediately creates unparalleled books in world literature," W. Bianki wrote. The whole former life became for Zhitkov material for creativity. His favorite heroes are people who know how to work well, professionals, masters. About such cycles of its stories "Marine Stories", "On Bold People". Recall his small stories about the beauty of the professional behavior of people: "Red commander", "flood", "collapse". A extreme situation is created, from which only people of high responsibility and knowledge find the right way out. The girl was suppressed by the fish bone ("collaught"), the doctor hurries to help, he helps to overcome road builders: cleared the collapse by stones with a hydrotaran pump. The help arrived on time.

Allows, choosing the situation for the story, expects to immediately capture the reader into emotional captivity, provide such a case from life in which there is both moral and practical lesson. We must know what to do when the accident, when people took place on the ice in the sea, when the engine refused when he got into the field in the Purga, when the snake bitten, etc.

Allows shows the production processes of printing - "about this book", the transfer of telegrams on the wires - "Telegram", the features of the sailor service - "Steamer". At the same time, it not only reveals the content of the topic, but also chooses the workshop to receive it. A fascinating story about the cleaning of the deck ("steamer") ends unexpectedly a story about the tragic case that occurred from excessive cleaning. The narrative includes messages about ship mechanisms, the screw, anchor, port service ...

In the story "About this book" reproduces the procedure for action with a book in the printing house: It starts with the facsimile (accurate copy) of the manuscript of the book, it is shown to be a set, layout, adjustment, printing, stitching, refinement ... Movages invented to talk about every stage of creating a book so: what It would be if I would miss this operation, what fun faults would turn out.

Composite finds are distinguished by the story about the operation of an electric telegraph: this is a chain of successive discoveries. In a communal apartment, one tenant must be ringing 2 times, and the other - 4. So a simple call can become a directional signal. And you can agree so that whole words transfer calls. Such an alphabet has already been invented - Morse. But imagine: they are transmitted with the help of Azbuchi Morse, dots and dash, letters, words ... until you listen to the end, you will forget the beginning. What should I do? Write down. So passed the stage. But a person may not have time to write down everything - a new difficulty. Invented engineers to make a car - Telegraph for a person. So, having started a simple call from a simple call, the readers brought the reader to know the complex telegraphic apparatus.

The writer, as a good teacher, in the work alternate a light and difficult, fun and serious, distant and close, new knowledge is based on the previous experience, it is proposed to memorize the material. It was especially important to do in the encyclopedia for preschoolers "What have I seen?". From the face of the five-year-old Aleshy-lap of the Allium, there are a story about how little citizen will gradually know the world around him - the house and courtyard, city streets, going on trips, learns the types of transport and travel rules, while something new writer compares with already known The narrative permeates humor, interesting observation details, emotionally coloring text. For example, ride Alyosha and his uncle's bus, there are troops on the way, going to maneuvers: "And everyone began to repeat: the cavalry goes. And it just riding the Red Army women rushed with sabers and with guns. "

Children reading includes fairy tales and stories of Zhitkov about animals "Brave Duckling", "about an elephant", "about a monkey", which distinguishes the wealth of information and figurative accuracy. Several stories of fattegration devoted to children: "Powding", "like I caught men", "White House" and other people - the real enlightener of children, giving knowledge with great respect for those who receive them.

Contribution to the development of the scientific and educational book of the twentieth century brother S.Ya Marshak - M. Ilin (Ilya Yakovlevich Marshak, 1895-1953), chemical engineer in the first specialty. In the 20s with the factory laboratory, due to illness, it was necessary to part, and Ilyin successfully masters the second profession - Belletrist. He puts the goal - to show children as a person mastered the secrets of nature to improve his life and work. "What is the power and value of the image in the cognitive book? In that he mobilizes the reader's imagination to help the ability to argue ... The image is made absolutely necessary when science wants to become accessible to many, "wrote Ilyin in one of his articles (1945).

M. Ilin was looking for ways, including artistic to show children the beauty of science, make the achievements of technical progress with visible, bright, inhabit children with discoveries, experience and even experiments. The famous collection of "stories about things" appeared in 1936; It was the history of the development of civilization in human society: "Sun on the table" - about the coverage of the dwelling; "What time is it now?" - about measuring time; "Black on white" - about the letter; "One hundred thousand why?" - About the things of the surrounding reality: about the house, clothes, dishes ...

Its Encyclopedia about things Ilyin begins with riddles questions to cause a sense of surprise and then interest: what is warmer: three shirts or a triple thick shirt? Are there any air walls? Why bread pulp all in holes? Why can I skate on ice, but you can not on the floor? etc. Mixing questions with the answers, causing the work of the heart and thoughts, travels the writer with young friends readers, along the street, around the city, surprising and exciting them with the creations of the hands and mind of man.

In the subjects, it opens the figurative essence: "The main property of the stubbornness"; "Wastered underwear - it means to wash the dirt from him, like how we are erased by a rubber band written on paper"; "People died, and legends remained. We are because we call them "legends" that they were transmitted from one person to another. " Such comments make the reader look at the reader and listen to the root meaning of words, develop attention to the language. The approval "Not a fur coat warms a person, but a person - a fur coat" - the beginning, impetus to the process of thinking of a child: Why so? Human Ilyin compares with a stove producing warmth, which coat is designed to save.

Together with his wife Elena Alexandrovna Segal Ilyin made another book of an encyclopedic type about the complex world of machines, technicians, inventions - "Stories about what surrounds you" (1953), "As a man became a giant" (the history of man and thoughts, History of philosophy for adolescents, 1946), "As a car studied to walk" - (History of vehicles), "Travel to Atom" (1948), "Transformation of the Planet" (1951), "Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin" (1953, on scientist chemist and composer ).

Showing the transformation of a person's life, Ilyin could not not touch the role of the state and politics in this process ("the story of the Great Plan" - about the five-year plans for the development of the Soviet state). The enlightenment part of Ilina's books is not outdated, and everything that is associated with journalism is a tendency to lose relevance. Ilyin showed readers to poetry knowledge, and this in his work has an impermanent value.

The classic of the scientific and educational children's book is Vitaly Valentinovichbianki (1894-1959). "All the huge world around me, I need and under me full of unexplored secrets. I will open them all my life, because this is the most interesting, the most exciting occupation in the world, "wrote V.V. Bianci. He confessed that he loves nature, like a wolf, and told about this wolf a fairy tale: "Once asked for one day:" Forty, forty, do you love nature? " - "But what about, - Zaparachtel forty, - Yes, I can't live without a forest: the sun, space, freedom!" Wolf asked about the same. Grunted the wolf: "How I know, I love nature or not, I did not wonder and did not think." Then then hunters Soroka and Wolf caught, put them in a cage, held here longer and asked: "Well, how is life, forty?" "Yes, nothing," says Strektunya, "you can live, feed." They wanted to ask the same wolf, but look, and the wolf is tend. I did not know the wolf, whether he loves nature, he just could not live without it ... ".

Bianci was born in the family of a scientist of the ornithologist, biological education received at home, and then at the University of St. Petersburg.

Since 1924, Bianki wrote for children over two hundred works of various genres: stories, fairy tales, articles, essays, stories, notes, phenologus, composed quizzes and useful tips, how to behave in natural conditions. The most voluminous book, written in conjunction with the students, is the encyclopedia of the time of the year "Forest Gazeta", and in 1972-74, a collection of works of Bianki for children was published.

Bianki - an expert of natural science, nature and environmental, which with scientific accuracy conveys preschoolers and younger schoolchildren encyclopedic knowledge about life on Earth. It often makes it in artistic form, using anthropomorphism (like a person). The genre developed by him, he called a fairy tale non-stack. Tale - Because the animals talk, quarrels, find out whose legs, whose nose and the tail is better, who sings, whose house is most convenient for living and under. Ozackage - Because, telling a story about how the ant home was in a hurry, Bianki has time to report on the ways of movement of various insects: the caterpillar produces a string to descend from the tree; The beetle crosses plowed furrows in the field; Watercase is not sinking, because on her legs there are airbags ... Insects help ant and get home, because with the sunset ant holes closed overnight.

Each tale, each story of Bianks activate thinking and enlighten the child: is there a tail in birds for decoration? Is all birds sing and why? How can the life of the owls on the clover yield? It turns out that it is possible to disprove the expression "Bear on the ear" about a person who does not have a musical hearing. The writer is known "Bear is a musician", which plays a stump of stump as on the string. It was such an intelligent beast that Messenger met (Bear Hunter) in the forest. Clumsy looks like Toptygin is shown skillful and clever. Such images are remembered for life.

Naturalist story teaches a child to observe and study the phenomena of nature. In the cycle "My tricky son", a hero of a boy on a walk with his father finds out how to track a hare, to see Tetherieva. Bianki - Animal Portrait Master: Extrudy, Fudge, Vertisheki ("First Hunt"), Quail and Partridges ("Orange Gorelshko"), Master of Dialogue between Animals ("Foxes and Mouse", "Teremok"), Master of the Unusual Situations: Little The protein frightened a large fox ("Mad Belchonok"); The bear retrieves the music from Hemp ("Musician").

Children's writer and animal artist Evgeny Ivanovichyshin (1901-1965) depicts the favorite heroes - the animal of the cubs: Bedber, Volchat, puppies. Favorite plot - Meeting baby with peace. Not resorting to the receiving anthropomorphism, the writer transmits the condition of the hero in certain events of his life and does it good-naturedly, with humor Charushinsky Nikitka (now the artist N.E. Charushin) and other boys (Peter and Shura in the "terrible story") also, through the game And fears, the life experience of communicating with the big world is gaining. The main collection of Charushin is called "big and small".

The famous saying "Protect nature means to protect the Motherland" belongs Mikhail Mikhailovich Privine (1873-1954). His arrival in the literature at 33, the writer called a happy accident. The profession of agronomist helped him know and feel the land and everything that grows on it, looking for the faded trails - the unexplored places of the earth, comprehend everyone who lives in nature. Svtained pondered in diaries: "Why am I writing about animals, about flowers, about forests, about nature? Many say that I limit my talent, turning off my attention to the person myself ... I found my favorite lesson: to look for and open in nature the beautiful sides of the human soul. So I understand the nature like a human soul mirror: both the beast, bird and grass, and the cloud only a person gives his way and meaning. "

Creating images of Nature, Privain does not think it, does not like people of people, but personifies, looking for something wonderful in it. A significant place in his works occupy descriptions made with the art of a photographer. He carried the photo of the photo after all his life, the 6-Tomny collection of the writings of the Navigan is illustrated by his photographs - the same poetic and mysterious as texts.

Short works of the Privhan Republic can be called poems in prose or lyrical notes. In the book "Forest droplets" sketching the picture from the life of the winter forest consists of one sentence: "I managed to hear how the mouse under the snow gnawing the root." In this miniature, a thoughtful reader will appreciate each word: "I managed" - expresses the joy of the author about the fact that he was trusted by one of the secrets of nature; "Hear" - in the winter forest there is such a silence that it seems there is no life in him, but we must listen to: Forest full of life; "Mouse under the snow" is a whole image of a secret, hidden from the eyes of a human life, the mouse has a house - mink, the grain reserves that Dirushka came out or walk, but she "gnaws the root" tree, feeds on a frozen juice, their own problems solves under Thick snow cover.

As a traveler, Svarvin traveled the land of the Russian North: about this the book "In the edge of nonpougalian birds" containing ethnographic information; About Karelia and Norway - "For the Magic Kolobkom"; The Asian steppes is devoted to the story "Black Arab", the Far East - the story "Zhen-Shen". But she lived in the heart of Russia, in the suburban forests, and the Central Russian nature was most expensive to him - almost all the books about the Golden Rings of Russia: "Ship Chat", "Forest Drops", "Calendar of Nature", "Storey Sun" ...

The collection "Golden Lugu" (1948) combined many children's stories writer. The story "Guys and duck" shows the eternal conflict of large and small; "Lisukin Bread" - about walking in the forest for the gifts of nature; "Hedgehog" fell to a visit to a person; "Golden meadow" about the colors of dandelions, which grows in the meadow and live in a sunny hour.

The fairy tale of the "Storeroom Sun" tells about the orphans of the War of the fortieth anniversary of Nastya and Mitra. Brother and sister live themselves and with the help of good people. Do not borrow the courage and courage, once they go to the terrible Bludovo swamp behind the cranberries, the main berry of those places. The beauty of the forest carries children, but also tests. Strong hunting dog grass helps a boy who fell into trouble.

In all works, the Privhanine is held a deep philosophical thought of union, human relationship with nature.

How Gaidar came up with a noble game in Timurov, so Yuri Dmitrievichdmitriev (1926-1989) invented the game in the "Green Patrol". Thus called the book he wrote, because some boys, having come to the forest, ruin the bird nests and do not know what to do useful. I wanted to teach the guys to guard nature, protect it.

In the 60s, Dmitriev became a writer, in the 80s he was awarded an international European award for the work of the Nature "Neighbors on the Planet". K. Pouustovsky wrote about the early stories of Dmitriev: he has "Levitan vision, accuracy of the scientist and image imagery."

The library series for younger school age with the note "Scientific and Artistic Literature" is represented by the Volume Book "Hello, Squirrel! How do you live, crocodile? " (Favorites). There are several stories cycles under one cover, the following:

1) "Stories of an old ladder" (what a forest is); 2) "Fairy tales about Musonka and his friends"; 3) "Ordinary Miracles"; 4) "Little story about Borovik, Amanita and more"; 5) "Mysterious Night Guest"; 7) "Hello, protein! How do you live, crocodile? "; 8) "Chitresians, invisible and different parents"; 8) "If you look around ..."

The cycle, who gave the name of the entire book, has a subtitle "Stories about how animals talk to each other." Animals have their own language of movements, smells, whistles, knocks, shouting, dance ... On the expressiveness of the "conversation" of various, small and large, harmless and predatory animals, the author says.

The cycle of cunning and invisibility is the stories about how animals are protected by mimicing in nature, adapting to the environment. "If you look around ..." - chapter on insects: dragonfly, butterflies, spiders. There are no useful and harmful insects, there are necessary or harmful people, so he calls them so much. There is a collective character Mishka Krykin, who catches and destroy everyone who is weaker than him. Yunnata learn to distinguish between insects and treat them objectively.

Y. Dmitriev in his books protects those who are easy to offend in nature - ants, butterflies, worms, spiders and under., Telling about their benefits of land, grass, trees, about what they can be interesting to people.

Tireless travelers Yu. Dmitriev, N. Sladkov, S. Sugarnov, G. Snegirev, E. Shim considered himself students of Bianki and in the second half of the twentieth century created a wonderful nature library for younger students. Everyone went its way. Sweets in the continuation of the "Forest Gazeta" created a "underwater newspaper" about the life of the inhabitants of water bodies; Very actively uses for studying the nature of technical means of scuba diving, a photomotive, that is, a device with a lens of a great power of magnification, a tape recorder, etc., but also as a teacher, he loves the story of the story and fairy tales, in which trails, imagery, Proverd, figurative meanings of words are merged with strict realistic image.

The children's naval encyclopedia was S.V. Sugarov, having received several international awards for it. His stories about exotic animals are emotional and amazing. Books GG. Snegiva fascinate readers wonderful discoveries, knowledge of the laws of nature. Writers who have scientific degrees come to children's literature - G.K. Szoztsky, employee Zoo V. Chaplin; Multilateral formed - Yurmin, and specializing in favorite topics - A. Markush, I. Akimushkin ... And all together the creators of the scientific and educational children's book about nature perform an environmental mission, bring up attentive and careful attitude towards the world around the world.

One of the most difficult scientific and artistic directions in children's literature - historical book. The historical prose makes up from the works of the historical and biographical and the birthplace cycle. For children and young people, special series "Zhzl", "Little Historical Library", "Legendary Heroes", "Grandfather Medals" and under.

Writers are interested in those events in the past our homeland, which can be called the turning point, the most important, and the fate of historical characters in which the features of a national character, the features of patriotism, were revealed. Considering the age needs of readers, writers give the stories and the leads adventure, adventure character, choose such factual material that may have raised value.

The historicism of thinking is inherent in many classic writers. Reading works on the topic of childhood, we learn a lot of important about the epoch in which the hero lives, for the historical background and private character life is always inextricably linked (V. Kataev, L. Kassil, etc.).

Often the story in presentation for kids is legendary. Literal CM. Golitsyn (1909-1989) I introduces children with the past of Russia ("Tale of the White Stones", "Bel-Goriuch Stone", "Tale of the Earth of Moscow") in the style of vintage epic (pay attention to the first word in the title of books). The formation of Russian statehood is shown using the chronicle sources of knowledge.

Writer and artist G.N. Yudin (1947) began his literary path from the book of "Building", created in the System of Gaming Literacy. The book "Bird Sirin and Horseman on the White Kone" is clearly inspired by Slavic mythology. High-Master, artist 16th century, lives in the time of Ivan the Terrible. Yudin through the language gives to feel the reader of the Spirit of the Epoch, reports customs, rites, songs of that time. Another direction of the writer's creativity is gortgage literature. He writes for teenage books about the legendary saints - Ilya Muromster, Sergie Radonezh and others. The plots include apocryphas (non-canonical religious texts retold by the people), Orthodox prayers, philosophical judgments.

In children's reading includes: story V. Yana. « Nikita and Mikitka", In which Moscow is shown in the time of Ivan the Terrible, Boyarsky life, the teaching of children in the historical past; tale Yu.P. German « That's how it was»About Leningrad Blocade during the Great Patriotic War; Stories about the heroes of that war A. Mityaev, A. Zharikova, M. Belakhova.

The rich historical library for the younger student has created Sergey Petrovalekseev (1922). He was a pilot to the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. "Maybe the combat profession taught him not to be afraid of heights, every time strive for takeoffs and more decisive and bold," said Alexeyev S.V. Mikhalkov. Indeed, the plan of his, the former pilot and the teacher, to create works about every major historical event of our Motherland in stories for the most young readers requires big courage. The plan was implemented throughout life and also at the time when Alekseev served as chief editor of the magazine "Children's literature". I list its main books of historical librars: "Unprecedented" (about Petrovsky times), "The Story of the Serf Boy" (about the fortress law), "Glory Bird" (about the war of 1812, about Kutuzov), "Stories about Suvorov and Russian Soldiers "," The Life and Death of Grishatki Sokolov "(about Pugachev Uprising)," Grozny Rider "(about Stepan Razin)," There is a War of People "(about the Great Patriotic War) ...

His "One hundred stories from Russian History" was awarded the State Prize and are included in the Krestomatia as texts for software reading in the junior grade school.

Successful is this method of filing historical material that suits all: and young readers, teachers, and parents. Writers reproduce events, accurate facts, including in the plot of specific real and fictional heroes. The descriptions of the descriptions, the dynamism of the narrative meet the specifics of the children's perception of art, make it easier for children to perceive text. The triumph of good, justice and humanism in the works, the assessment of history through the prism of modernity makes the complex historical books of Alekseeva close to children, and the story is empathy. So the patriotic feelings of the young reader are raised.

The writing

Russian scientific and artistic literature for children was created, on the one hand, in the fight against the old, anti-scientific, reactionary and religious popular book; And on the other hand, in the development of the best traditions of this genre, presented before the revolution by the works of D. Kaygorodov, V. Lunkevich, Ya. Perelman, N. Rubakina, etc. These talented popularizers of science continued to work.
They were joined by well-known scientists and writers. The works of M. Sv'evina appeared in the press ("Stories of Eger Mikhail Mikhailich"), I. Sokolova-Mikitova ("Logo found"), V. Obrucheva (Plutonia), A. Arsenyev ("Dersu Uzala"), V. Durov ("Beasts of the grandfather of Durov") and others. Russian scientific-artistic literature was created, as noted by A. M. Gorky, "With the direct participation of authentic workers of the science and writers of high verbal techniques." The formation of it as a genre is associated primarily with the work of B. Zhitkov, V. Bianki and M. Ilina, who began to be published since 1924 in the magazine "New Robinson", edited by S. Marshak. (The old name of the magazine is "Sparrow".)

Topic: History of children's popular science

Main questions:

1. Traditions of the genre of scientific and educational literature.

2. Creativity B. Zhitkov.

3. V.Bianki-writer-naturalist.

4. E. Charushin-Children.

5. Scientific and educational book at the present stage.

Scientific and artistic book for children in Russia of the twentieth century was created, on the one hand, in the fight against the old tradition. On the other hand, in the development of the best traditions of this genre, laid down by K. Ushinsky, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, D. Mamin - Siberian. In the 20s, many scientists and writers were engaged in the development of this genre: B. Zhitkov, M. Svtain, A. Arsenyev, V. Durov, V. Bianki, etc.
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B. S. Zhitkov was a man of versatile knowledge and professions: by ichthyologist, engineer, captain of the research vessel, physics and drawing teacher. His works for children give a large cognitive material in physics, chemistry, geography, device of various devices. The composition of his works is characterized by a sequence in the development of the plot of the conflict of conflict in them is energetic, unexpectedly there is often a selection situation. The works of Zhitkov are designed to readers of different ages. A special place in his work is occupied by stories about animals:''pro elephant''''''Pro Anyjd''''''mangusta''''''d.
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They show the habits of animals, described how they look like they feed, etc. In 1936, he wrote a book for children 3-4 years old. "I saw't. This encyclopedia is written on behalf of Alesh. In many ways, this is an innovative work.

V. Bianki - Writer, Scientist - Biologist, one of the creator of scientific and fiction for children. Scientific issues of works by V. Bianki. Disclosure of natural laws. The genre variety of his works for children: fairy tales, stories, stories, newspapers, etc. Non-scientific fairy tale (''les'le dominas''y,''Pheel hunting''a, 'of the nose is better?'',''hvosti''' et al.). Accuracy of observations. Anthropomorphism in creating animal images, birds. Clarity and language accuracy. Stories'Sinichkin Calendar'''''Po Padam''''''Zel-Pond''''' et al.
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Educating the observation and inquisitive attitude of children to nature. Protection of Nature. The story of the peak'''''''''Na's Great Sea Path''' et al.
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Fabulous motifs in the audience. Elements of adventures in the composition of the stories of environmentalists. ''Les newspaper'''' is an artistic encyclopedia of nature. E. I. Charushin is a writer and an animal artist. Animals and young animals are the main characters of his stories. Merge text and illustrations. A short story is the main genre of Creativity Charushina:''Medvetnya'''''''volchko''''' et al.
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Subtlety of animal observations, emotionality, humor.
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Mastery of Charushin of the narrator and the artist.

In modern literature, the scientific and educational book occupies one of the first places. Creativity of modern writer-naturalists in genre attitude is very diverse: documentary stories, plot stories, hunting were, entertaining fairy tales and travel diaries. Often the narration in them is conducted on behalf of the child. Like, for example, in the story of the "Demikina's" Demikina's story, I spent okay's story, in several stories from the collection of Snegiva, in several stories from the collection .

Topic: Children's literature 90-Gᴦ. 20 V. - Nach. 21 c.

Main questions:

1. The main trends in the development of children's literature of the last decade.

2. Genres of fiction and fantasy in modern children's literature.

3. Modern children's poetry.

4. Children's periodicals of the 90s of the 20th century.

The second half of the 80s - 90s is the time of reorganization of the country's life. The shittomatic series of heroes of Soviet children's literature has undergone severe revision. From the program, works about the pioneers-heroes, about the heroes - Komsomol, the story of A. Gaidar were removed. This caused numerous discussions. An attempt to debunk''Gaidar myth'''t failed. In front of historians and literary criticism was tasked to give an explanation''Phenenomen of Gaidar''''''Phenomena. A wave of reprints of famous once children's books that have become rare. Among them were dominated by the works of the Silver Century - the books of Lydia Char, Gorky Collection''eli'eli, etc., the Soviet avant-garde of the 20-30s - Poems and Proza Obenuts, as well as children's literature of emigrants - Hope of TEFFI, Ivan Schmelœeva, Sasha Black . The undergraduker became publicly available. In the subculture of childhood, poems and songs of Igor Hirtienev, some rock singers,''mietkov''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' " Oleg Evgenievich Grigoriev (1943-1992) was greatly influenced by the children's literature (1943-1992). (1989) asked the tone of variousdactic gaming poetry. With his name, the development of the semi-chet gallery genre is associated with the development of the semi-chet, bringing them to the only early poem of the Petrov electrician.

The band's''Churi''''man, on the one hand, shared children's literature on Soviet, in which he could not have anything like that, and the post-Soviet. On the other hand, she served the transition to the themes, before the taboo, - violence, fear. 'Justing'''''s in verses and in prose, funny and truly terrible, made fashionable enthusiasm readers of various ages. The genres system rapidly changed, reflecting changes in adult literature. There was a duplication and interpenetration of adult and children's literature, the boundaries between the children and adults were erased. At the end of the 90s''Feor'''''''''mnutrition reached the peak of its development, but it was strongly contrary to the post-pre-felting sentiments. In addition, there was a cult of education in society, the book began to require a systematic and consistent presentation of the material. We needed encyclopedias, directories, not eccentric books. In''lestroikh''''m years in the literature and in art prevailed a retrospective view of reality. The management of the literary - publishing and trading process is a new thing, it must negotiate its shortcomings and begin to bring real benefits, not only in monetary terms, but also in social, spiritual terms. The change of the angle of view was that the normal development of generations began to be understood through the education of free individuality. Children's writers were sirred along the camps, but the acute struggle did not lead. A quiet refusal to the idea of \u200b\u200bstruggle as the foundations of the children's work should be dated another 60 years, when the hero-fighter began to outpay the hero-contemplator. For example, lion and the turtle, hedgehog and bear in the fairy tales of Sergei Kozlov. Updating children's literature was accompanied by the destruction of the canons

Images developed in the Soviet period. Together with the canons, they were rejected and''Serena'''''n - a school story, didactic story, poems on ideological topics. At the beginning of the 21st century, their lack was acutely felt, voices were heard against the Gaming Literature. Influenced children's literature and artistic direction that had global coverage - postmodernism. Postmodernists criticized the model of peace and man, in which binary oppositions play the main role: truly - false, good - bad. ʜᴎʜᴎ showed that humanity cannot exist exclusively between two poles. Successfully in the named period is developing a historical book. The topic of books is from ancient history until the 19th century. From the mid-90s, a series of books for middle-level schoolchildren''Kniga Battvi'''a P. Toroptseva is coming out. It contains battle plots from ancient Egypt to the imperial wars of Europe and Russia of the 18th-early 20th century. Popular today and comic genre. Comics attracts such children's writer, like Andrei Tru, Valery Ronshin, Oleg Krugsov. Among the artists of the comic is their masters-stylists: Andrei Ayshin, Andrei Snegirev, Dmitry Smirnov. ʜᴎʜᴎ orient to American, Japanese, European schools. Periodicals for children since the 90s is experiencing a stormy period. Although old magazines most of them begin to go out, their content, the composition of the authors is updated. It is firmly holding the leading positions of the oldest magazine for children 'allowable pictures''''''. The leader among magazines for beginners school teaching remained''Murzilka'''', which leaving 1924. For children from 6 to 10 years, the magazines '' Solokolchik''''''Bely lessons ',''Bvgd'''''''''Abvgd'. The newspapers'''Nesnayka'''''''Pionerskaya is true'''''''''Pioner. In the province there are their magazines: in Volgograd - magazine''Postokvasha'''', in Yekaterinburg -''Vitamin''''''''''''Vitaminka. The natural course of the literary process does not comply with publishing and trading policies, the mechanism of creating children's literature, in which public order, state participation and writing initiative should send the work of publishers and booksellers.

Literature:

1. Arzamasseva I. N., Nikolaev S. A. Children's literature. - M., 2007.

2. Gritsenko Z. A. Children's literature. Methods of admiration for children to reading. - m., 2007.

3. Meshcheryakova M. I. Russian Children's, Teenage and Youth Prose of the second half of the 20th century. - M.: 1997.

4. Ovchinnikova L. in the Russian literary fairy tale of the twentieth century. History, classification, poetics. - M., 2003.

5. Port of M. Useless advice // Children's literature. - 2000. - № 2-3.