Peoples residing in Europe. Peoples of Europe: history, features, traditions, customs, culture, languages, religion, life

As a result of the studies, 87 peoples live on the territory of modern Europe, of which 33 are the main nation for their states, 54 - an ethnic minority in countries where they live, their number is 106 million people.

In Europe, there are about 827 million people in Europe, this figure is steadily growing at the expense of emigrants from the countries of the Middle East and come here to work and study a large number of people from all over our planet. The most numerous European peoples are the Russian nation (130 million people), German (82 million), French (65 million), British (58 million), Italian (59 million), Spanish (46 million), Polish (47 million), Ukrainian (45 million). Also, residents of Europe are such Jewish groups as Karaims, Ashkenazi, Rominiot, Mizryhim, Sefard, the total number of their number - about 2 million people, Gypsies - 5 million people, Yenishi ("White Roma") - 2.5 thousand people.

Despite the fact that European countries have a motley ethnic composition, it can be formed that they, in principle, passed a single path of historical development and their traditions and customs were formed in a single cultural space. Most countries were created on the wreckage of the once Great Roman Empire, stretching from the possessions of the German tribes in the West, to the borders in the east, where Galla lived, from the shores of Britain in the north and southern borders in the north of Africa.

Culture and traditions of northern Europe

According to the UN, the countries of Northern Europe include states such as United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Norway, Finland, Sweden. The most numerous peoples living in these countries and components of more than 90% of the population are the British, Irish, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians and Finns. In most, the peoples of Northern Europe are representatives of the Northern Group of the European Dream. These are people with light skin and hair, their eyes most often gray or blue. Religion - Protestania. Residents of the North European region belong to two language groups: Indo-European and Ural (Finno-Ugorskaya and the German Group)

(English schoolchildren elementary classes)

The British live in the country called the United Kingdom or as it is also called foggy Albion, their culture and traditions have a centuries-old history. They are considered to be a little reference, restrained and cold-blooded, in fact they are very friendly and stacks, they simply value their personal space and for them they are unacceptable kisses and hugs at a meeting, such as the French. They are very respecting sports (football, golf, cricket, shadow), holy thanks "File about a chick" (five to six pm - time to drink traditional English tea, preferably with milk), for breakfast prefers oatmeal and saying "My home - my Fortress "Just about such" desperate "households, what are they are. The British are very conservative and not very welcomed by change, therefore, with great respect they treat the ruling queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family.

(Irishtian with his toy)

The Irish is known for the general public in the color of the hair and beard, the emerald greens of national color, the celebration of St. Patrick's Day, faith in the mythical gnome of Leprechaun, who acting, the hot-tempered character and the fascinating beauty of the Irish folk dances performed under Jig, Rail and Horinpipe.

(Prince Federick and Princess Mary, Denmark)

Danes are distinguished by special hospitality and faithfulness to the old customs and traditions. The main feature of their mentality is the ability to remove from external problems and worries and completely dive into home comfort and peace. From other northern peoples that have a calm and melancholic temper, they are distinguished by a lot of temperament. They like no other than any other freedom and personal rights. One of the most popular holidays is St. Hans's Day (we have Ivan-Kupala), a popular Wiking Festival is held on Zealand Island.

(Breaking Breeding Table)

By the nature of the Swedes mostly restrained, silent people, very law-abiding, modest, thrifty and closed people. They also love nature very much, differ in hospitality and tolerance. Most of their customs are associated with the change of seasons, in the winter they meet the Holy Lucia, in the summer they celebrate Midssammar (pagan festival of solvent).

(Norway indigenous representative in Norway)

The ancestors of Norwegians were brave and proud Vikings, whose lives were completely devoted to the struggle for survival in the harsh conditions of the northern climate and surrounded by other wild tribes. That is why the culture of the Norwegians is impregnated with the spirit of a healthy lifestyle, they welcome sports in nature, appreciate the hardworking, honesty, ease of everyday life and decency in human relations. Their favorite holidays are Christmas, the day of the Holy Cant, the day of the summer solstice.

(Finns and their pride - deer)

Finns differ very conservative views and very well read their traditions and customs, they are considered very restrained, completely devoid of emotions and very slow, and for them silence and the circumstance are a sign of aristocracy and good taste. They are very polite, correct and appreciate punctuality, love nature and dogs, fishing, skis and bathe in Finnish saunas, where they restore physical and moral forces.

Culture and traditions of the peoples of Western Europe

In Western Europe countries, the most numerous peoples, here are the Germans, French, Italians and Spaniards.

(In french cafe)

The French are distinguished by restraint and polite appeal, they are very raised and the etiquette rules for them are not an empty sound. It ised for them - the norm of life, the French are large gourmets and connoisseurs of good wines, which even children drink there.

(Germans at the festival festival)

The Germans are characterized by special punctuality, accuracy and pedantry, they rarely violently express in people emotions and feelings, but in the depths of the soul are very sentimental and romantic. Most Germans are zealous Catholics and celebrate the holiday of the first communion having very important for them. Germany is famous for its beer festivals, for example, such as Munich Oktuberfest, in which the tourists drink millions of gallons of the famous foam drink every year and eat thousands of fried sausages.

Italians and restraint are two incompatible concepts, they are emotional, merry and open, they adore stormy love passions, ardent courtship, serenade under windows and magnificent wedding celebrations (in Italian Matrimony). Italians profess Catholicism, almost every village and the village has its own Saint patron, in homes necessarily the presence of a crucifix.

(Lively Street Buffet Spain)

The indigenous Spaniards constantly spend loudly and quickly talk, gesticulating and exhibit violent emotions. They have a hot temperament, there are many "many" everywhere, they are noisy, friendly and open to communicate. Their culture is permeated with feelings and emotions, dancing and music are passionate and sensual. The Spaniards love to walk, relax during the summer two-hour sisend, to whip over the tickets on Borrida, leaving tomatoes on the annual Battle of Tomatoes at the Tomatin festival. The Spaniards are very religious and their religious holidays are very magnificent and pompous.

Culture and traditions of the peoples of Eastern Europe

The ancestors of the eastern Slavs live in Eastern Europe, the most numerous ethnic groups are Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.

The Russian people distinguishes the latitude and depth of the soul, generosity, hospitality and respect for native culture having centuries-old roots. His holidays, customs and traditions are closely connected both with Orthodoxy and with paganism. His main holidays Christmas, baptism, Maslenitsa, Easter, Trinity, Ivan Kupala, Pokrov, etc.

(Ukrainian Divic)

Ukrainians value family values, honor and respect the customs and traditions of their ancestors, which are very colorful and bright, believe in the meaning and strength of champions (specially made items protecting evil spirits) and use them in various spheres of their lives. These are the hardworking people with a distinctive culture, in his customs mixed by Orthodoxy and paganism, which makes them very interesting and colorful.

Belarusians are a hospitable and open nation, loving their unique nature and self-respecting their traditions, it is important for them a polite attitude towards people, respect for the suffering. In the traditions and customs of Belarusians, just like all the descendants of the Eastern Slavs there is a mixture of Orthodoxy and Christianity, the most famous of them - caalids, grandfathers, dogs, Guikanni.

Culture and traditions of nations of Central Europe

The peoples living in Central Europe include Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Moldovans, Romanians, Serbs, Croats, etc.

(Poles at the National Holiday)

Poles are very religious and conservative, at the same time open to communicate and hospitable. They are characterized by a cheerful temper, friendly and have their own point of view on any question. All age categories of Poles every day attend the church and exceeds the Virgin Mary. Religious holidays are celebrated with a special scope and celebration.

(Five Palest Rose Holiday in the Czech Republic)

Czechs are hospitable and benevolent, they are always friendly, smiling and polite, honor their traditions and customs, keep and love folklore, love national dances and music. National Czech drink - beer, a lot of traditions and rites are devoted to him.

(Hungarian dancing)

The nature of the Hungarians is distinguished by a significant proportion of practicality and vitality, combined with deep spirituality and romantic gusts. They very much like dancing and music, arrange the lush folk festivals and fairs with rich souvenir products, carefully keep their traditions, customs and holidays (Christmas, Easter, St. Ishthan's Day and the Day of the Hungarian revolution).

Despite the fact that Europe does not apply to the regions where the origin of mankind occurred, the man nevertheless appeared here for a very long time: nizhny Paleolitis(The ancient stone age), - apparently, no later than 1 million years ago. Initially, the southern and central parts of Europe were populated. Especially many finds of stone tools of the oldest period made in the caves in the south-west of France. During the period of the upper Paleolithic (40-13 thousand years to paragraphs), people who belonged to the modern human kind - Homo Sapiens have already lived in Europe. In this era, people settled almost all of Europe,

in addition to its northern part. Finally, during the period of mesolitis (13 - 5 thousand years BC. E.) was mastered and northern Europe. At the same time there were differences in the economic classes of people who inhabited different areas of Europe: the inhabitants of the Baltic and Mediterranean seas, they began to engage in fishing, on the coast of the North Sea - sea gathering, in the inner areas - hunting and collecting. Pretty early population of individual regions of Europe began to move to the manufacturing farm, then some groups of fishermen managed to domesticated dogs and pigs. On the territory of Northern Greece, agricultural-cattle settlements arose earlier than in other areas - about 9 thousand years ago. In VI or V thousand BC e. The population of Europe has already skillfully to pay metals, and in I thousand BC. e. On the territory of Europe began the so-called iron age.

Language characteristics of the ancient population of Europe. In which languages \u200b\u200bthey spoke the ancient inhabitants of Europe, it is unknown. Their tribes subsequently dissolved in the mass of native speakers of Indo-European languages, which came to these areas in the III - II thousand BC. e. From the ancient non-invo-European languages \u200b\u200bin Western Europe, only a language has been preserved basque.From Indo-Europeans to Europe before the tribes penetrated pelas-gov, Ellinov(otherwise the Greeks), then italianand celtic tribes.In III - II thousand to n. e. Under the influence of the Ancient Educational Cultural Centers in the south of Europe, an outstanding critical mixing civilization has developed. The culture of Criton-Myckene inherited civilization of the Ellinov (Greeks),arising in I thousand BC. er, and its successor, in turn, became an ancient Rome.

In the Roman Empire (end I c. BC. E. - 2nd half V century. N. Er), in its western part, mass romanization(from the name Roma - Rome) of the European population. The people conquered by the Romans adopted the culture and language of conquerors - latin,however, Latin was mixed with them with local languages \u200b\u200b(mostly Celtic), partly distorting, partly acquiring new forms. So originated vulgar

(folk) Latin, which gave rise to modern Romanesque languages.

Great relocation of peoples. In III-IX centuries.In III - IXVV. Already our era in Europe there was mass migrations of the Germanic, Slavic, Turkic, Iranian and other tribes and tribal associations, later called name Great relocation of peoples.Powerful pulse of this migrating flow gave Turkic-speaking tribes huns.They came to Europe in the IV century. From distant Asian steppes. At that time, the first clash of Europe's residents with Mongoloids occurred. Gunns defeated German-speaking tribes sharp(Eastern ready) and began to be crowded vest Ready(Western ready) who lived on the lands to the north of the bottom of the Danube. Westges with the consent of the Roman emperor moved to the Balkan Peninsula, which was part of the Roman Empire. In 378 They rebelled in alliance with Huns and came from the East Iranian-speaking alanakhdefeated Roman troops. In 410g. Westges captured Rome. After this defeat, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire (section of the Roman Empire to the Western and Eastern occurred in 395) gave way to Westnesss to Aquitain (the southwestern part of the territory of modern France), where in 419 the first German state appeared in the territory of Western Europe - the Toulouse Kingdom . Later, the North-East of the Pyrenean Peninsula and the North-East of the Pyrenean Peninsula also departed. And in the north-western part of it, another German tribe was fixed sveva.In the middle of V c. Other German tribes burgundyand franky- created their kingdoms (Burgundy and Frankish) in Gaul. At about the same time, German tribes angles, saksovand yutovbegan to conquer the British Isles abandoned by the Romans, inhabited at that time by Celts.

In the middle of V c. Huns together with the Ostatians invaded Gallia, but were divided by the combined forces of the Romans and the Hermann settled there and the Danube Plain was gone. With VI by VIII century. On this plain, the dominant positions occupied avara.Subsequently

gunns and Avars completely dissolved in the local population.

In 476 Under the blows of Germans, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist, and in 493. The accepted participation in her defeat of the Ostrich created their own state that covered the extensive territory from Central Italy to the Danube. In the north of Italy in the VI century. The German-speaking tribe settled langobards.

Thus, the German tribes were widely settled in Western Europe and created their states here. At the same time, various dialects of vulgar Latin preserved in highly novel parts of Europe (on the territory of Gaulia, Iberia, Italy), and the Germans have been assimiced by the local population over time. In the same areas where the cultural influence of the Romans was weak (for example, in Britain), German languages \u200b\u200bprevailed.

On the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium), the main driving force of mass relocations were slavs.In the V-VII centuries. They settled on an extensive territory from the Black and Aegean Seas to Adriatic.

In the VIII century Arabs invaded the southwest of Europe. They won some territories in the Northern Mediterranean (for example, the Pyrenean Peninsula). Arab culture, starting with material - elements of clothing and homemade life - and ending with high samples of Arabic poetry, science, architecture, put the strongest imprint on the culture of the peoples of the Pyrenean Peninsula.

In IX century To Central Europe, the Magyars (Hungar) penetrated the Danube pool. Former pastoral, nomadic tribes, in a new place, they switched to farming, perceived much of the local culture, but they retained and transferred their tendevity (Finno-Ugric), on which Hungarians say now.

IX and X in. were marked by moving from north to south of the Scandinavian tribes (Normanov).They conquered one of the northern regions of France (later "called Normandy) and gradually

manized, that is, they switched to French (developed earlier on the basis of a local version of Vulgar Latin), and also experienced cultural impact on the part of the French. In the XI century Already the nomanized Normans won England. Thanks to the Normans, England experienced a strong French influence, it was the Norman conquest that led to the fact that in English there was a big layer of Romanesque vocabulary. In addition to Northern France and England, Normanams were able to gain a foothold in the south of the Apennine Peninsula and on Sicily Island.

In the XIV-XV centuries. Penetrated to Europe ottoman Turks.They managed to defeat the Byzantium and for several centuries to subjugate the Balkans. In the period of feudalism (VIII-XVI centuries) in different cities of Europe formed jewishcommunities. In the XV-XVI centuries. In Europe appeared gypsyand gradually, "small groups settled in many countries.

Residents of the C8 Verrev0y Europe

Ethnic and Language Composition. In modern Europe there are several dozen of different nations, however, the ethnic composition of its population is less complicated than in other major regions of the world, since almost all European peoples relate to one - indo-European- Language family. The largest branches of this family in Europe are Romanesque, German and Slavic (see Slavs in chapter 14). Ethnic groups whose languages \u200b\u200bbelong to the Romance group, live mainly in the south-west of Europe and in the Basin of the Lower Danube.

The Romance Group includes Spaniards, Portuguese, Galicians (resettled in the North-West of Spain), Catalans (live in northeastern Spain), Andorran residents (these peoples form the Ibero-Romanesque subgroup); The French, Wallona (live in the south of Belgium), Francischweiver (focused in the west of Switzerland), Monegasi (National residents of Monaco) (these ethnic groups are Gallo-Romanesque subgroup); Italy

tSIs including Sardinsev, Italy Schools (inhabit the south of Switzerland), Corsicans (residents belonging to France Corsica Islands), Sanmaintsy (indigenous inhabitants of San Marino, these peoples form Itaallo-Romanesque subgroup); Romanesy (live in the east of Switzerland), incense (resettled in the east of Switzerland and northern Italy), Friela (the area of \u200b\u200btheir distribution - northeast Italy) (these three people are customary to unite into a reto-romance subgroup); Romanians and Aromas (the latter are resettled in the north of Greece, as well as in Serbia) (these two people belong to the Balkano-Romanesque subgroup).

Some of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Romanesque Group are relatives for several peoples: for example, French for the French, Wallon and Francischwiper, Italian - for the Italians and Italy. For the largest number of native speakers of the Romanesque Group - Italian - characterized by many dialects, and some dialects are so different from each other, which part of the linguists consider them in separate languages. The dialectological fraction of the Italian language illustrates such a fact: in 1875, on the occasion of the five hundred years from the day of the death of Joan-Nor Boccaccio (an outstanding Italian poet and the Writer of the Renaissance), the volume of its works in which one novel was reproduced by 623 Italian dialects. The modern Italian literary language was formed on the basis of the Tuscan dialect.

The peoples of the German language group live in the north, northwest and in the center of Europe. Currently, the German group is divided into two subgroups - Western and North. In the past there was also an eastern subgroup, but none of the languages \u200b\u200bof this subgroup was preserved. The East German subgroup, in particular, was the language of the sharp. In the languages \u200b\u200bof the West German subgroup, the Germans, Austrians, Liechtensteins, German-Swiss (live in the north and in the center of Switzerland), Alsace (inhabitants of Alsace - Areas in the east of France), Luk-

semburzhtsy, Dutch (the main people of the Netherlands), Flemish (resettled in the north of Belgium and the South of the Netherlands), Friezes (dispersed in the north of the Netherlands and Germany, in coastal areas), the British, Scots, Scotland and AngloDers (live in Northern Ireland). To the same subgroup usually relate to those who live in Europe the Jews, since previously most of them spoke in the language yiddish,close to German. Now they speak mainly in the state languages \u200b\u200bof those countries in which they live. In North-German, or Scandinavian, the subgroup includes Swedes (except Sweden, they live in the coastal areas of Finland and on the Aland Islands owned by Finland), Norwegians, Icelanders, Farories (live on the Faroe Islands owned by Denmark) and Danes.

A number of peoples of the German group speaks German or in English. So, in German, in addition to the Germans, Austrians say, German-Swiss, Alsace (the last - bilingual and usually know French), Liechtensteins, Luxembourgs (they are three-story and speak in itself German, their Letzburg variant of German, as well as in French ). Interesting is the language situation in German itself. Although the literary language of Germans alone, conversational languages \u200b\u200bin the country two. They are relative, but not mutual understanding. This is Vernenemetsky (on the basis of which the German literary language was created) and the Lowernesec, common in the north of Germany and very close to the Dutch language. In English, except the British, they say the Scots, most of the Irish and some other nations. Language situation in Norway is exactly the opposite of German. Here, with one spoken language, two literary. Attempts to "unite" are not crowned with success, but led to the creation of a third literary language, which, however, did not receive any wide distribution.

The descendants of the ancient indigenous population of Europe - Celts - for many centuries assimilized

it was numerous and german-speaking peoples, and the number of the cocery population was steadily reduced. Nevertheless, the Celtic language group is still represented in Europe. It is divided into two subgroups: Goydelskaya (or Gaelskaya) and Britt-Tan. The Goydelian subgroup includes Irish and Galy. In Irish (called IRS-Kim or Gaelle), they speak in the extreme West of Ireland in the Gaelftat area. The rest of the Irish also know their language (it is also taught at school), but in everyday life used in the main English. Many Irish bilinguals. Galya (or Heylenders) speak their Gaelic. They live in mountainous areas in the north of Scotland. The Brattic subgroup includes Bretonians (residents of the French province of Brittany, they are bilingual and they say both in French and Bretono) and Walessets, or Welsh - the inhabitants of Wales (they preserve their tongue quite well, although some switched to English). Recently, even the roots began to be included in the same subgroup. These are residents of Cornwall (Cornwell) in the south-west of England. The root language has been considered dead for a long time, but now he is actively reborn. It already speaks 150 people and a few thousand are studying it.

In Europe, two independent branches of the Indo-European language family are also represented to which the languages \u200b\u200bof the Greeks and Albanians are. Representatives of the Indoiran branch - Gypsies.

Three ethnos of Europe - Hungarians (13 million), Finns (5 million) and a small people saama (blades)- belong to the Finno-Ugric branch of the Ural language family. Saamas are resettled in the Far North of Europe: in the Arctic regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Maltese (the population of the island state of Malta) refer to the Afrazian (seven-Khamita) language family. Maltese is actually one of the dialects of Arabic, although Latin writing has been adopted in it. True, at present, most of the Maltesers, along with Maltese, know English and Italian.

One indigenous people of Europe - Basis - in language ratio takes an isolated position. Basque language could not be attributed to any language family. Basks live in the north of Spain and in Western Pyrenees - on both sides of the Spanish-French border.

In addition, in Europe, there are currently pretty numerous groups of immigrants (Arabs, Berbers, Turks, Kurds, Indians, Pakistanis, etc.). Arabs and Berbers are more often detached in the major cities of France, the overwhelming majority of the Turks and Kurds settle in Germany, people from India and Pakistan are guided primarily to the UK. In large cities of Great Britain, there were also immigrants from the former English colonies in West Indies and Black Africa.

In addition to resettlements from other parts of light for Europe, intra-regional interstate migrations are very characteristic, which also makes the ethnic composition of the population of countries more than the foral. The main flows of migrants go to France, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden. Italians, Portuguese, people from Spain, Poles, in the UK are also sent to France - primarily residents of neighboring Ireland, Germany - Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Serbs, Croats and others.

Anthropological characteristics of the population.In a racial attitude, the modern population of Europe (not counting the gradually increasing group of immigrants from non-European countries) is more or less uniform: with the exception of Sami, which in their physical appearance occupies an intermediate position between European views and Mongoloids, the main population of Europe belongs to the European-like race. Nevertheless, among the European phones, three groups of anthropological types can be distinguished: north, Southand transition.For the northern group, bright stripes, light skin and blue, gray or blue eyes are characterized by Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Finns, part of the British (mainly residents of East

of the districts of England), the Dutch, the Northern Germans and a number of other peoples of the North of Europe. Representatives of the southern group of anthropological types of dark hair, relatively dark skin and black eyes. This is what the representatives of the peoples inhabiting the south of Europe look like: Most of the Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians (except Northern), Romanians, Albanians, Greeks, etc. The larger part of the nations belongs to transient racial types, whose representatives in their racial features occupy an intermediate position between Northern and southern groups. They are gluttony, they are somewhat darker than that representatives of the northern group, but not so dark, like the peoples living in the south. The color of the eyes in representatives of the transition group varies greatly: they have blue, gray, blue, green, brown eyes. The transitional group includes most French and Germans, the northern Italians, the population of Belgium and Switzerland, Austrians, Hungarians.

Religion. The prevailing religion of the peoples of Europe is Christianity, presented here by all three of its main directions: catholicism, Protestantismdifferent flows I. orthodoxy.Catholicism adheres to the majority of the population in many countries of South and Western Europe: Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Ireland and some others. Catholics form the most numerous groups, although they do not constitute the absolute majority, also in Switzerland and the Netherlands. Significant groups are resettled in the UK and Northern Ireland. Many followers of the Roman Catholic Church lives in Albania.

The largest flows of Protestantism in Europe are Lutheranism, Anglicism and Calvinism. Lutheranism professes most of the inhabitants of Germany and the overwhelming majority of the population of Scandinavian countries and Finland. The British make up over half of the UK population (in England, the British make up the overwhelming majority, and ang

the Likan Church has the status of a state religion there, this status does not apply to the rest of the United Kingdom). Calvinism confesses a significant part of the population of Switzerland, the Netherlands and Scotland. Distribution in the states of the Central and Northern Europe of Protestantism, which is characterized by civil servants in national languages, a lot has contributed to the development of literary languages \u200b\u200band ethnic self-consciousness in these countries.

Orthodoxy (from among those considered in this chapter of the peoples of Europe) adhere to the Greeks, Romanians and part of Albanians.

In Europe, there is also one country - Albania, where Muslims are the largest religious group. In connection with the non-European immigration, significant groups of Muslims appeared in many European countries.

In major European cities there are also Jewish communities.

The man began to settle Europe as the glacier retreat. The most ancient settlements approximately arose about 22 thousand years ago on the territory of the modern Vladimir region and in England. As a result of the warming of climate, the glacier retreated at a speed of about 1 km. a year, and man walked behind him "on the heels." 10 thousand years ago, the settlements of a person already existed on the territory of modern Denmark, 9 thousand - Finland, 8 thousand - Sweden and Norway. Experts believe that Europeans looked like modern residents of Northern Europe of Saama, having external features of European views and Mongoloids. Another 8 thousand years ago was one anti-European language. From its roots in Europe remained, apparently, only one, formed later, Basque. Approximately 5-7 thousand years ago, modern Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bhave developed. Over the Millennium, the formation of major ethnic groups in Europe took place. To V c. AD their main features were formed and their geography was formed..

The German peoples settled most of the Central and Northern Europe, the German tribes settled in England and conquered local Celts. Slavs are historically concentrated in the East, and Romance peoples - in the south. The northeast tip of Europe flooded the Ubro-Finnish peoples who came to this territory in the III-II centuries. BC e.

In addition to the named peoples, the picture was complemented by the so-called "ethnic unicumes". First of all, this refers to the Greeks, the oldest ethnic group of Europe, whose flourishing accounted for the VIII-V centuries. BC e. The self-confusion of the ethnos - Ellina (and the country - Ellada) was not given in other nations, and in the use of the name given to them in southern Italy, the Greeks. On the Pyrenean Peninsula, there are a compact basque-speaking tall, ancient language. They themselves call "Euscaldunak", which means "Basque-speaking". At the other end of Europe, Albanians have traditionally lived on the Balkan Peninsula, descendants of more ancient inhabitants of this. Their self-adhesion is "Shkipter", meaning "talking clearly". The basks and Albanians lived in a completely unlike "language environment". Maybe so they called themselves so? In the West of Europe, the foci of residence of the Celtic population remained, and earlier the Celts lived on the mainland of Central Europe. Later, fate brought them to the British Islands.

In the V - X centuries. Europe experienced the era of the Great Resettlement of Peoples, which covered the territorially almost all of Europe and the northern part of Africa.

By the middle of the XVI century. (It was the era of revival) there were almost all major ethnic communities, the predecessors of modern European nations.

From the XVI century And to the present, the major changes in the ethnic composition of the population did not happen. Millions of immigrants from non-European countries who arrived in the region mainly after World War II did not make major changes to the ethnic picture of the 700 millionth population of Europe. Multinational Empire - Russian, Ottoman and Austria-Hungary broke, and without creating uniform nations (yes it was impossible in those conditions). They replaced Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and the USSR. However, they also ceased to exist. In general, we can say that in the west of Europe ethnic processes at the end of the XX century. They proceed relatively calmly, and in the east they are often accompanied by the desire to create "ethnically clean" states (see also the article ""). This leads to numerous conflicts and even wars (as it happens in the former Yugoslavia). An example of a quiet civilized national "divorce" in the east was only former Czechoslovakia.

Most of the European countries are odonational, in which the overwhelming part of the population falls on people of one nationality.

From whom did residents of modern Europe occurred? Trojans, Hellenes, descendants of Jafet, the legendary heroes of Germanians - they all, if you believe the historians of the past, stood at the origins of the European civilization.

Jafet

According to the Bible underlying the entire Christian mythology, only representatives of the Nov family could be the only progenitors of modern humanity. He, according to the 10th chapter of Genesis, was three sons: Sim, Ham and Jafet. From the first went seven (Jews, Arabs, Assyrians), from the second residents of Northern and East Africa - Khamiti (Egyptians, Libyans, Phoenicians, Ethies, as well as representatives of the Negroid race). Japhet is known as the progenitor of all Bellie people on Earth (Yaquietides). His sons raised by the world spawned the Greeks, Celts, Germans, Baskov, Thracians, Scythians, Slavs, Armenians, as well as other nations of Europe and nearby lands.

This version of the origin of the peoples was considered the only true in the Middle Ages - during the period when Europe was born. All chronicles, chronicles and genealogy took Japeta per point of reference. "The Tale of Bygone Years", for example, begins as follows: "Let's start the story. On the Flood, the three sons of Noah divided the land - Sim, Ham, Jafet. And I got east to Sim: Persia, Baktria ... Hama got south: Egypt, Ethiopia ... The countries of the West and North went by the Japhet. The way that the sons of Noah divided the Earth among themselves, clearly show medieval cards such as. Asia has been signed by the name of Sima, Africa - Ham, and Europe - Japhet.

Hellene

Characters from 10 Being Heads often echo with the legendary progenitors from the pagan mythologies of the peoples of Europe. So, Elis, the grandson of Japheta, reminds the ancestor of the Greek people - Hellen, the son of Gerkalion (Prometheus's son) and Pierra (the first death, which gods stolen). He became the first king after the great flood nailed by Zeus, in order to destroy the sinful human generation.

From Hellen and Nymphs Orsayids were born three sons: Dor, Ksyuf and Eao. Dorians occurred from the first, from Eoli - the aolians, from the descendants of the Ksyuf - Ionians and Ahaeis. All these peoples received the name of Ellina on behalf of their progenitor. It is believed that the biblical Elis or Alice, who is mentioned in interpretations to the Holy Scripture as the Greek Pratcher, could be borrowed from the ancient Greek myth about Ellina.

Aeneas

The Romans, whom the Apennines considered the reached people, unlike the local tribes of Etruscov or Ligurov, called themselves the descendants of the Trojans who escaped the Hero of the Hero of the Dogered Troy.

After long wanders, they found themselves at the mouth of the Tiber River, where they decided to settle. Eney has established friendly relations with the local ruler of Latin, who issued his daughter for him - a lava. She gave birth to the Trojan of the son of Askania-Yula, who founded the city of Alba Long in the Albanian Mountains. So they lived there until the fourteenth generation, while in the last king the numitor, because of his lack of men, the family drama did not play.

His cunning brother Amulius Overlook the numerator from the throne, and his daughter gave in the priests of the goddess Vesta, who gave vow of celibacy. So the royal dynasty was interrupted if the god of war Mars did not visit the young Virgin. Twins were born from this connection - Romulus and Rem, whom Amululi ordered to throw in Tiber. But the twins did not died, and were found and fed with a wolf. Further, the story is known. With Uncle Romulus and Rem, they decided to leave Alba Long and establish a new city. Rem did not live up to this point due to the quarrel of the brothers, and Romulus in 753 to our era, on the third year the sixth Olympiad founded the Eternal City of Rome.

Brute Troyansky

Not all descendants of Eney remained in Italy. Among them was the young man named Brut, who mistakenly killed his father and was expelled. After a long wanderfish on the Tyrrhenian Sea, North Africa and Gaul, where they were founded by the city tour, he moored to Britain's shores. Even during the wanderings, he had a vision of the island, where his descendants sent by the goddess Diana will live.

Having learned the land dedicated to him, he called it in honor of himself and became the first British king (1149 BC- 1125 BC). Brut founded the city on the banks of the Thames, called him Troia Nova, that is, "New Troy" and made his capital. Subsequently, the name was fixed on Trinovantum, today he is known as London. In the center of the city of Bruta allegedly, the altar was erected by the goddess Diana, in gratitude for her generous gift. This stone is still kept behind bars in the house 111 on Cannon Street. According to local legend, if it is destroyed, London will plunge under water. In the Middle Ages, the London Stone indicated the center of London and served to refer distance.

Subsequently, Brut shared his lands between the three sons: Lokrinina, who got England, Albanakt (Scotland) and Camber (Wales).
The legend of the Trojan origin of the British first appeared in Historia Britonum, written in the IX century of our era Welsh Nennia. She became famous thanks to Galphrid Monmouth - the historian of the XII century, the creator of the "History of the Kings of Britain" and "Merlin's Life".

Mann

According to the list of peoples from 10 Heads of Being, the progenitor of the German and Scandinavian tribes was the grandson of the Japta Aschenaz, who lived somewhere in the Rhine area. His descendants include the Anglo-Saxon tribes, subsequently emigrated to the British Islands. Until now, when it comes to Jews from Germany and Central Europe, the term "Ashkenazi" is used, recalling the resettlement of ascenasis descendants in these territories. Nevertheless, the indigenous version of the origin of the German tribes, unlike Greek, had nothing to do with biblical legends.

We will learn about her thanks to the ancient Roman historian Tacitis, who left us a detailed description of the culture and life of the German tribes who lived at the tips of the Roman Empire. According to him, in the ancient German chasters, the God's generated land was glorified, whose son Mann became the great-grandfather and the father of the entire German people. He was attributed to the Tacitis, according to one version, was attributed to three sons, on the names of which, the tribes living near the ocean were called ingiewons, in the middle - Hermiones, all the other - Eliminations. On the other, Mann had many descendants from which Mars, Gamburry, Cvares, Vandilia and Others occurred. The word Germany, according to Tacitis, new and recently included in everyday life. So there was once the name of Tongurov - the first tribes that crossed the Rhine and captured Celtic lands.

No science gives an accurate definition of such a thing as the "people", but everyone implies a greater community of people who are compact in a certain territory.

Science Ethnography, studying peoples and ethnic groups, including the most numerous peoples, allocates from 2.4 to 2.7 thousand nations living on Earth today. But ethnographers can rely in such a delicate matter to rely on statistical data, which is called the figure of 5 and a half thousand peoples on Earth.

Ethnogenesis, which studies the emergence and development of various ethnic groups. Imagine in a small review the largest peoples, which have developed in a distant antiquity, and their total number exceeds 100 million people.

Chinese (1 320 million)

The generalized concept of the "Chinese people" includes all residents of China, including people of other nationalities, as well as those having Chinese citizenship, but living abroad.

Nevertheless, the Chinese people are the biggest, both in the concept of "nation" and in the concept of "nationality." To date, 1 billion 320 million Chinese residents live in the world, which is 19% of the total number of residents of the planet. So, the list of the greatest peoples of the world, in all indicators, rightfully headed by the Chinese.

Although in fact those whom we call the "Chinese" ethnically are representatives of the people of Han. China is a multinational country.

The name of the people "Han", which means "Milky Way", and comes from the name of the country "Podnebyny". This is also the most ancient people of the Earth, whose roots go to the distant past. Hanza in the PRC make up an absolute majority, about 92% of the country's population.

Interesting Facts:

• The Chinese people of Zhuana, who is a national minority in the country, has a number of about 18 million people, which is comparable to the population of Kazakhstan and exceeds the population of the Netherlands.
• Another Chinese people Huyutz has a number of about 10.5 million people, which is early to the population of countries such as Belgium, Tunisia, Czech Republic or Portugal.

Arabs (330-340 million)

In the second place of Arabs, in ethnographic science are defined as a group of nations, but from the point of view of ethnogenesis, this is one people of the Semitic language group.

Nationality developed in the Middle Ages, when Arabs sat down the Middle East and the northern part of Africa. All of them are united by a single Arabic language and a peculiar writing - Arabic. The people have long come out of the historical homeland, and at the present stage, by virtue of different circumstances, settled in other regions of the globe.

Today, the number of Arabs is calculated at 330-340 million people. Basically, Islam adheres to, but there are Christians.

And you knew that:

• In Brazil, Arabs live more than in the United Arab Emirates.
• The Arabs Figu gesture is considered an insult with sexual subtext.

Americans (317 million)

Here is a bright example when you can accurately determine the people, with a practically non-existent concept of "American nation". In a narrow understanding, this is a group of various nationalities that make up the US population and having American citizenship.

For a 200-year history, a single culture was established, mentality, a common language used in communication, which allows us to combine the population of the United States in one people.

Today, US Americans make up 317 million. For the indigenous population of America, Indians, the name of Americans can be used, but on ethnic identification it is a completely different ethnic.

By the way, read the most interesting sights of the United States.

Hinduscan (265 million)

At the moment, Hinduscan has been compactly settled in the three neighboring countries of the South-Eastern Region of the Planet - India, Nepal and Pakistan.

As for India, the largest number of their number lives in the northern part of the state, and the ethnology has about 265 million Hindusans, and the main language of their communication is the various adverbs of the Hindi language.

Interestingly, from the relatives closest to them, Gypsies and Dravids, inhabiting the southern regions of India.

Bengaltsy (more than 250 million)

Among the numerous peoples, the beagles, numbering more than 250 million, occupy their leading positions. Basically live in Asia countries, but there are small diasporas in the United States and the United Kingdom, they are in other European countries.

For the centuries-old history, Bengali retained their national culture, originality and language, as well as the main types of classes. In the Asian region, they live mainly in rural areas, since since since since since ancient times is engaged in agriculture.

Bengali is one of the most complicated on Earth, as a result of the synthesis of the Indoary language and numerous local dialects.

Brazilians (197 million)

A group of different ethnic groups living in Latin America developed in a single Brazilian people. Currently there are about 197 million Brazilians, most of which live in Brazil itself.

The people have passed the complex path of ethnogenesis, so began to develop as a result of the conquest by Europeans of the South American continent. Native American nationalities lived in extensive territories, and with the arrival of Europeans most of them were destroyed, the rest is assimilated.

It so happened that Catholicism became the religion of Brazilians, and the communication language was Portuguese.

Russians (about 150 million)

The name of the most numerous people of Russia occurred as a result of the transition of the adjective "Russian people", "Russian people" into the generalizing noun "Russians", in the concept of the people.

Modern statistical studies suggest that Russians on Earth have about 150 million people, of which most of which lives in Russia. The most numerous people of Russia relates to the Language group of East Slavic languages, and today more than 180 million people consider Russian native language.

Russians are almost homogeneous in the anthropological plan, although they are separated by large territory, are divided into several ethnographic groups. Ethnic has developed during the development of the Russian state from different ethnic groups of Slavs.

Interesting fact: the largest number of Russians outside the Russian Federation and the countries of the former USSR is located in Germany (~ 3.7 million) and in the United States (~ 3 million).

Mexicans (148 million)

Mexicans, who are about 148 million people, unites the common territory of residence, a united Spanish language of communication, as well as an amazing national culture that has developed on the basis of the heritage of the oldest civilizations of Central America.

This people, as well as a vivid example of duality, as those Mexicans who live in the United States, can also be considered American at the same time.
The uniqueness of the people is also in the fact that on ethnicity it is Latin Americans, but the communication language refers them to the Romance group. It is also a nation on our planet, growing the largest pace.

Japanese (132 million)

Conservative Japanese on Earth 132 million, and they live mainly in the historic homeland. After the Second World War, part of the Japanese seized the world, and now only 3 million people live outside Japan.

The Japanese people are distinguished by closure, high hard work, a special attitude to the historical past and national culture. For many centuries, the Japanese managed to preserve, and most importantly multiply their heritage as spiritual and logistical.

The Japanese is particularly special, with some suspicion, belong to foreigners, and reluctantly admit them to their lives.

Punjabtsy (130 million)

Another of the largest peoples compactly lives in the territories of India and Pakistan. Of 130 million Penajabs in the regions of Asia, a small part has settled in Europe and Africa.

The hardworking people have created an extensive irrigation system of irrigated fields, and their main occupation has always been agriculture.

It was Punjabs who, among the first peoples on Earth, created highly developed and cultural civilization in the valleys of Indian rivers. But, as a result of cruel colonial politics, much of the heritage of this people was lost.

Biharians (115 million)

The amazing people of the Biharians, which lives mainly in the Indian state of Bihar, today has about 115 million people. The small part was settled on other Indian states and in neighboring states.

Modern representatives of the people are direct descendants of those. Who in the valleys Inde and Ganga created the first agricultural civilizations on Earth.

Today there is an active process of urbanization of the Bihar residents, and leaving the main classes and the most ancient crafts and crafts, they massively move to cities.

Yavantsy (105 million)

The last major people of the Earth whose number is above 100 million people. According to the most fresh data of ethnology and statistics, Javanese on the planet about 105 million people.

In the XIX century, the data on the origin was given only by the Russian ethnographer and the Miklukho-Maklai traveler, and today there are quite a lot about the ethnogenesis of Yavantans.

They settled mainly on Oceania Islands, and are the indigenous population of the Great Island of Java and the Indonesia states. For many centuries, they created a unique and unique culture.

Thais (more than 90 million)

Already by the name of the ethnos, it becomes clear that Thai act as the indigenous population of the Kingdom of Thailand, and today they have more than 90 million.

The etymology of the origin of the word "Thai" is interesting, which is "free person" in local adverbs. Ethnographers and archaeologists, studying the culture of Thais, determined that he was formed during the early Middle Ages.

Among other nations, this nationality allocates sincere love, sometimes bordering the fanaticism, to theatrical art.

Koreans (83 million)

The people have formed many centuries ago and at one time settled the Korean Peninsula of Asia. They managed to create a highly developed culture, and carefully protect national traditions.

The total number of people is 83 million, but the confrontation led to the formation of two states with one ethnicity, which is at the currently unresolved tragedy of Koreans.

More than 65 million Koreans live in South Korea, the rest in North Korea, as well as settled in other Asian and European countries.

Marathi (83 million)

India among all its uniqueness is also a record holder in the number of numerous nationalities living in its territory. For example, the amazing people of Mariati live in Maharashtra.

Very talented people, followed by high posts in India, Indian cinema filled with marchs.

In addition, the marchs are very purposeful and cohesive ethnos, which in the 50s of the twentieth century achieved the creation of his own state, and today, with 83 million people, this is the main population of the Indian state.

European peoples

It is worth separately touched by the largest peoples of Europe, among which the descendants of the ancient Germans are leading, whose number, according to various sources, ranges from 80 to 95 million. The second place is firmly held by the Italians, who are 75 million on Earth. But the French are firmly settled in third place, with a number of about 65 million.

Summarize

In the photo: Fountain of the friendship of peoples in Moscow.

Large nations living on the globe, however, as small, have their cultural, national traditions that have developed throughout the long historical process.

Today, there is increasingly experiencing the process of ethnic and national borders. On earth, there are practically no mononational states left, simply in each of them, there is some kind of prevailing nation, and the entire vatonational people unites under the generalized concept of a "resident of the country".