People's Artist of the USSR Efimov. Boris Efimov - Patriarch of the Soviet caricature
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The future famous cartoonist was born 15 (28) September 1900 in Kiev in the family of an artisan-shovel of Efim Moiseevich Friedland. The pseudonym under which he became known first by the whole country, and then he took everything to the world in honor of his father. He began to draw at the age of five, but according to his own words about the career of the artist did not think and he never studied on the artist. Drawing was just a hobby, and he painted mostly funny people.
At the beginning of the new century, the Fredlyand family moved to Bialystok (now located in Poland), where the future artist entered the real school. Mikhail's older brother, Mikhail Koltsov, the author of the famous "Spanish diary" studied there. In August 1914, the First World War began, and in the summer of 1915, the front was rapidly approaching Bialystok - the strategic retreat of the Russian army went into history as a great retreat of 1915. Residents of Bialystok found out that there are air bombings - German airplanes and zeppelins regularly appeared over the city. Following the Russian army, Bialystok left those of its inhabitants who did not want to live under the Germans. The Friedlyand Family divided - the parents returned to Kiev, Mikhail left to Petrograd, and Boris moved to Kharkov, where he was enrolled as a refugee to the 5th grade of a local real school.
Back in Bialystok Mikhail and Boris produced a handwritten school journal - Mikhail wrote texts, Boris drawing illustration. Boris did not quit his passion and in Kharkov. He sent his drawings to his brother in Petrograd. Mikhail studied at the Psychoneurological Institute and at the same time did a journalist career - his fekelons and essays were printed in the capital's newspapers. In addition, he himself edits the progressive magazine "The Way of Student". Boris, of course, did not even hoped to see his drawings - cartoons and caricatures on the pages of the metropolitan press, but in 1916, the luxurious popular magazine "Sun of Russia", he finds his drawing there - a cartoon on the chairman of the State Duma Rodzianko occupies half one of the bands . Founding is the signature "Bor. Efimov".
1917 came. The fact that the February Revolution took place in the capital, Boris found out in the theater - someone from theatrical administration came to the scene and read the text about the refinement of the sovereign on a piece of paper. And the audience, and the actors met this with the news of the ovation and the execution of "Marceles".
In the summer, receiving documents on the end of the next class of the real school, Boris rides to parents in Kiev. At the same time, the elder brother comes to Kiev. In February, he was in the very thick of events. As part of the student militia, he even took part in the arrest of a number of royal dignitaries. But the summer ended, the brother returned to the capital, and Boris remained in Kiev and entered the third real school. Having finished it to entered the Kiev Institute of National Economy, from where he was transferred to the Faculty of Faculty of Kiev University. However, the young people at that time were not before studying - the power in the city was constantly changing - the German interventions, Petlyura, Radmapadsky, Rada, Directory, Hetmanschi ... But such a frequent change of authorities does not prevent Boris to engage in a loved one - draw. In 1918, a selection of cartoons Efimova appears in the Kiev magazine "Spectator". By the same time, the series of cartoons "conquerors" also includes a kind of sketching from nature, a kind of graphic report on the latest history of Kiev.
When in the spring of 19th in Kiev, the Soviet power is established, the young artist takes it unconditionally. He goes to work as secretary of the editorial and publishing department of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of Soviet Ukraine. Boris Efimov leads the release of newspapers, posters, leaflets. But brother who came to Kiev, an employee of the Red Army newspaper asks him to draw a caricature for this newspaper. The first caricature was followed by the second, the third ... At our own memories, it was then Boris Efimov realized that the ability to ridiculously draw this was not a pellement and not a "hobby", this weapon that had a revolution.
Since 1920, Boris Efimov has been working in a cartoonist in the "Communar" newspapers, Bolshevik, "Vista". He heads the department of visual agitation of Yugrost (growth - Russian telegraph agency) in Odessa. In the meantime, Kiev is in the hands of Belopolds and Petlisters. But Boris did not believe that his hometown would remain in the hands of the enemy for a long time in the hands of the enemy and asked the translation from Yugrost to the 12th Army's politicalotel standing near Kiev. He hoped to work in the newspaper of this army, but instead he was appointed as an instructor on visual agitation of the management of railway agitpunctions. In this position he tries himself in a new genre for himself - takes part in creating a large campaign panel at the station in Kharkov. Returning to the liberated Kiev, he becomes the head of the artistic and poster department of the Kiev branch of Ukrostt and led the agitation of the Kiev Railway Knot.
At the same time, he publishes his caricatures in popular Kiev newspapers.
And in 1922, Boris Efimov moved to Moscow and becomes the most young employee of the newspaper "Izvestia". Its main genre becomes political satire. His works are pronounced in other metropolitan newspapers, including in the main party newspaper "True". Heroes of his caricatures are leading Western politicians. Already in 1924, the first collection of his works is published in the publishing house of the newspaper "Izvestia". By the way, the preface to this collection and the enthusiastic review was written by Lev Davydovich Trotsky, at the time another member of the Central Committee, the Hero of the Civil War, one of the leaders.
Chiefs of Efimov also draws. But it draws, of course, not caricatures, but friendly cartoons. True, these cartoons before publishing, it was necessary to show the leaders themselves. A cartoon has been preserved on Stalin's work of Efimova, but according to the memories of the artist, Stalin did not approve him - he did not like what he was painted in huge soldiers' boots. However, this unsuccessful cartoon had no consequences for the artist - with a sense of humor, Stalin was all right.
In the same 1924, the first foreign business trip of Efimov took place. Others followed the first business trip. For example, in 1929, he along with his brother Mikhail takes part in the European tour of the Wings of Soviets aircraft (ANT-9, one of the first passenger aircraft of Soviet production). The artist had the opportunity to "live" to see the heroes of his cartoons. For example, he found himself as part of the Soviet delegation, which Benito Mussolini took.
During the twenties-thirties, the artist creates a gallery of bright and memorable images of European politicians - Mussolini, Cloon Hitler, Marty, Goebbels, Borov Gering. These characters have painted many Soviet caricaturists, but the work of Efimov, thanks to his unique style, were among the most successful. Sometimes so successful that the protest was caused. ONE OTHER COMMUNICATIONS CARIARETS Efimova "Face of the Enemy" (1931), "Cartoon of the Defense Service of the USSR" (1931), "Political cartoons" (1931), "The output will be found" (1932), "Political cartoons" (1935) , "Fascism - the enemy of peoples" (1937), "war arsonists" (1938), "Fascist interventions in Spain" (1938).
In December 1938, Mikhail Koltsov, brother of the artist, was arrested. He was withdrawn from Spain, where he was officially listed by the Pravda correspondent, and was unofficially a political adviser, a representative of the Soviet Union at the Republican Government. And, of course, fulfilled various kinds of "unofficial" tasks. The republican government consisted of representatives of all the species of the left currents of Europe, and to direct the activities of this government to the right direction and was one of the duties of Koltsov. But with correspondent work, he coped brilliantly - his Spanish Diary was one of the most popular books in our country. He was submitted standard charges of espionage charges for the period of Big Terror, and on February 2, 1940 he was shot.
Boris Efimov, as the brother of the enemy of the people, waited for his own arrest. But no one hurried to blame him in relations with the enemies of the people or espionage. True, in the first days of 1939, the editor-in-chief of the "news" Yakov Grigorievich Selikh said that no one dismisses dismissal, but no one would publish his work in the newspaper either. And Boris Efimov wrote a statement "at his own request." It was impossible to find work in the specialty. The only work he found is the creation of a series of illustrations for the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin by order of the State Literary Museum V. D. Bonch-Burevich. But in February 1940, a call was rang out of the editorial office "Labor" - Efimov offered to work in this newspaper. His caricatures returned to the pages of Soviet newspapers.
And then it was June 22, 1941. Already on the sixth day of war, Boris Efimov participates in the creation of "windows of the TASS" - a direct heir to the legendary of the "growth winds" of the Civilian times. Posters for "windows" are drawn around hot pursuit immediately after receiving the next front-line summary and immediately go into circulation. In addition to Posters, Efimov continues to draw and caricatures for leading newspapers. In search of the plots, he often goes on business trips to the front.
In the archive of the artist, numerous reviews of the most demanding critics are preserved - fighters with advanced. We give a few such reviews:
Dear Tov. Efimov! Draw more ... Caricatures are a weapon that can not only be mixed, but also to cause hot hatred, contempt for the enemy and forcing it even more to fight and destroy the damned nicknamers. Dukel Ilya. Field mail 68242.
Your weapon, weapons of the Soviet artist, great power in the fight against the German-fascist invaders. If you knew, with what we look forward to us, the army team, each fresh number of the newspaper "Red Star" ... p / p 24595. V. Ya. Kornienko.
Happy New Year, dear t. Efimov! A group of front-line parts of the N-part sews to you Hi and congratulates Happy New Year. We wish you success in your fruitful and great work. It is difficult to convey, with what impatience we are waiting for each of your caricatures on those who will soon fall under our blows. Nearby that day when we are in the German Christmas tree we will see the hungry leaders of Hitler's Germany. With greetings and good wishes of Frontoviki Leontyev, Evseev, Tleshov and others. P / N 18868.
During the war years, Efimov was the works that caused an international resonance - his caricatures about the second front, were printed in British newspapers. Moreover, the content of these cartoons retells on the radio. However, with the opening of the second front, the Allies still dragged until June 5, 1944, i.e. until the point when the outcome of war was already obvious to everyone.
Efimova caricature, published in Manchester Gardian
He received recognition in the countries of the Allies and the famous collection of cartoons "Hitler and his sample" (we talked about it in more detail). The famous British cartoonist David Lowe (with which Efimov was familiar personally), so responded about these works:
"Efimova caricatures, assembled in the album, discover the feature on which special attention should be paid: their fantasy and creative method do not represent any difficulties for British perception. Apparently, the Russian sense of humor is very close to British ... Russians love laughter, and In addition, laughter, understandable to us, British.
It is possible that the Efimov Collection will speed up this discovery, which will eventually have a deeper impact on the mutual understanding of the British and Russian peoples than the whole WHO diplomatic notes. "
Look at those representatives of Hitler's samples, who did not commit suicide with them, in the example of their Fuhrer, Efimov had a chance in Nuremberg in the famous process. Hitler Efimov saw only once, at the beginning of the thirties, a glimpse, when he returned through Berlin from Paris to Moscow. He accidentally found himself at the Palace of Guindenburg (at that time he was still alive) just at the moment when the palace came out of the palace and a hurried gait proceeded to his limousine. And now, Efimova, one of the accredited Soviet correspondents on the process, was the ability to draw "favorite" heroes from nature.
"Hitler. Sketching from nature." Hitler Efimov saw a glimpse in Berlin in 1933
Here, for example, the impression of Efimov about German Gering, one of the main projects of the process:
During one of the small breaks, when the defendants are not taken out of the hall, it happened to approach the barrier himself and, standing at one and a half meters from Geering (you can get a hand ...), focus on it to stare. Thus, in the terrarium of the zoo, you closely and intently study the fatty boys moving with your disgusting rings, which, by the way, very much resembled Hering with its cold, evil eyes of the reptile, frog, moving the movements of a heavy body.
At first, Goering pretends that he did not pay any attention to the annoying look. Then it begins to annoy him, and he nervously turns away, the squinting looks frightly look. Our eyes meet for a split seconds, and for some reason I come to my memory Caught Feldmarshal Trevon from Fakhtvangerian "Falio-Nero".
Zhdanov continued:
- Comrade Stalin So approximately represents this drawing: General Eisenhower with a huge army rushes to the Arctic, and immediately there is a simple American and asks: "What is the case, General? What is such a stormy military activity in this deserted area?" And Eisenhower replies: "How? Don't you see that we are threatened with Russian danger from here?" Or something like that.
- No no. Why something else, - I said hastily. - In my opinion, so very cool. Allow, Andrei Aleksandrovich, I am also painting.
"Well, please," said Zhdanov. - I will give comrade Stalin.
- Let me, Andrei Aleksandrovich, only one question.
- You are welcome.
- When do you need it?
- When? - Zhdanov thought for a second. - Well, we are not a hurry. But it is not necessary to delay.
Already on the way home I began to reflect on this foggy answer. "We are not a hurry" - it means that if I draw a caricature every other day or two, may say: "Hurried. It was not serious about the task of Comrade Stalin. SHALTURIL ..." It is oh how dangerous. And if you bring a drawing in four or five days, they can say: "delayed ... tightened. I did not take into account the operational description of the task of Comrade Stalin ...". It is even more dangerous.
I decided to choose the "Golden Middle": to start work tomorrow, finish a day and on the third day to call the Zhdanov secretariat that everything is ready.
So I entered. The next morning laid a large sheet of Watman (ordinary drawings for the newspaper I did on the quarters of the sheet, but in this case ...) And, slowly, began to work. To portray General Eisenhower on the "Willis" in a stereotrub, who heads the Terrible Armada of Tanks, guns and aircraft, and also near him "simple American" did not prevent much difficulty. But how to portray in a ridiculous form ("... This case should be hit by a laugh ...") Mythical "Russian Danger" is a preposition for the invasion? Thinking, I drew a small yurt, near which a lonely Eskimo stands, with surprise stared at the approaching man. Next to him is a small Eskimik, holding a chocolate ice cream on a stick, the so-called popsicle. It is also surprised at Eisenhower and his army are two bears, deer, walrus and ... Penguin, which is known to be in the Arctic.
After performing this entire sketch in a pencil, I decided that today this is enough for me. I postponed the drawing aside, sweetly stretched and ... At that moment a phone call rang:
- Comrade Efimov? Wait as a phone. Comrade Stalin will speak with you.
I wake up. After a rather long pause, I heard a slight crossway and familiar to millions of people voice:
- Yesterday spoke to comrade Zhdanov about the same satire. Do you understand what I am talking about?
- I understand, Comrade Stalin.
- You depict one person there. Do you understand what I'm talking about?
- I understand, Comrade Stalin.
- So, this person must be portrayed so that it is, as they say, armed to the teeth. Airplanes are all sorts, tanks, guns. Do you understand?
On some fraction of a second in the remote insuls of the brain flashed ridiculous-mischievous: "Comrade Stalin! And I already painted! I myself guessed it!" But aloud, I, naturally, answered:
- Clear, Comrade Stalin.
- When can we get this thing?
- Uh ... Comrade Zhdanov said that I don't need too ...
- We would like to get it today to six o'clock.
- Well, Comrade Stalin.
"At six o'clock you will come to you," the owner said and put the phone.
I looked at the clock - half the fourth, then looked at the drawing with horror. We had to clarify different details until only sketched with a pencil, then to circle all this complex multi-digurized pattern of ink, erase the traces of a pencil, write text - work at least for a whole day. And I felt myself in the skull of the chess player who had fallen into the most unnecessary insane, when there is not a single second for thinking, search for options, correcting errors, and we need to do only the most accurate, sole, error-free moves. But the chess player the opportunity to recoup in another party. I had no such opportunity. I knew that the owner does not like when they do not fulfill his instructions. When he was reported that the drawing was not received for a deadline, he most likely instructs the comrade of Beria "to figure out". And Lavrentia Pavlovich Beria will need no more than forty minutes to knock out the recognition from me that I threw the task of Comrade Stalin on the task of American intelligence, which consists of many years. Especially since the phenomenal memory, or rather angry, Stalin, he knew perfectly well that I was my native brother Mikhail Koltsov, who was arrested on his instruction and shot as a "enemy of the people" before the war. Who could know how this terrible, unpredictably the capricious person will be done ... But, it is clear that I was written on the nature that some miracle I managed to finish the drawing and present it to the arrival at exactly six hours Feldgere.
The next day passed without any events, but the phone call rang out the next morning: "Comrade Zhdanov asks to come to him in the Central Committee to Hollow Day."
"Why could I need it?" I thought. "If the picture did not like it, then why would you call me? To make a firmness of it? Such ceremonies are hardly possible. They would simply cause another artist, most likely, Kukryniks. And if you like it? ? Then, at best, they would not have been informed through the secretary by phone. No, here it is clearly we can talk about any amendments. What are you supposed to be assumed two options. The first: Stalin found that there is little Eisenhower, which I recently saw, - that I came to Moscow and stood next to the master at the parade of physical cultivors. The second: it does not seem to be shown in the figure Northern Lights. I thoroughly redrawd it from the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, but I contemplated it personally in the Turukhana link.
Zhdanov kindly went to meet me from the depths of her huge cabinet and, friendly supporting the waist, led to a long-standing meeting, standing perpendicular to the monumental desk. It was on the table of the meeting that I saw my drawing.
"Well, here," he said, "considered and discussed. There are amendments. They are made by the hand of Comrade Stalin, - Added Zhdanov, meaningfully looking at me. I silently bow my head.
"By the way," he continued, "half an hour ago, Comrade Stalin called and asked if you had already arrived. I said you are already here and waiting with me in the reception.
"Fyshmagoria," I thought. "- A nightmare. Stalin asks Zhdanov about me ... Well, well ... To tell about it - who will believe? .."
Looking once again on your drawing, I said:
- Andrei Aleksandrovich! As far as I see, the amendments, in general, are more related to the text, and in the drawing, as if ...
"Yes, yes," said Zhdanov, "in the drawing, there are no objections in general. True, some members of the Politburo expressed the opinion that Eisenhower was too accented with ass. But Comrade Stalin did not give this meaning. Yes, in the drawing, everything is in order.
What amendments were made in my drawing "Hand of Comrade Stalin"? First of all, on top of the sheet it was a red pencil inscribed by the print letters "Eisenhower defends himself" and emphasized with a light wavy line. Below, somewhere under the legs of a surprised Eskimo, the same red pencil says "CE" ... But then the red pencil, apparently, broke, was further simple (black) - "... the faithful pole", and lower, along the edges Figure, - "Alaska" and "Canada".
"Comrade Stalin said," Zhdanov explained to me, "it is necessary that it is absolutely clear that this is the Arctic, and not Antarctica."
Then the owner took the text written by me under the drawing. He replaced the words "stormy activity" on "combat activity", and "in this peaceful area" - on "in this deserted area." In writing, "... What are the enemy forces focused here," he, like the Raced Litred-actor, he stopped with one decisive stroke, so it turned out - "... what the enemy forces are concentrated here."
The phrase "one of the opponents already swung at us with a grenade" (I wanted to humoristically "beat" a chocolate popsicle in the Hoodie of the Eskimo), the leader struck out entirely and wrote instead: "Just from here is a threat of American freedom." The leader and the teacher of this, however, was not satisfied: when he called Zhdanov and asked me, he at the same time he ordered in the last sentence to cross the initial words "just" and instead of them to write "precisely" that Zhdanov fulfilled.
With these amendments, the caricature "Eisenhower defends" was published in the truth in two days. I must say that the readers did not slip out the penguin depicted among the inhabitants of the Arctic. Echidial remarks were sprinkled, but when it became known that the drawing was approved by the owner, critics bited the languages \u200b\u200band the presence of penguins in the area of \u200b\u200bthe North Pole was thus the highest proclaimed. And the cartoon entered the history of the long-term "cold war" as one of the first satirical arrows launched into the former allies on the anti-Hitler coalition. "
After the Great Patriotic War Boris Efimov, fruitfully worked even more than half a century. The enumeration of the titles and awards, which this artist was awarded to take too much space - and state awards, and the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor, and the three orders of Lenin, and the three orders of the Labor Red Banner ... One of the last Awards of the artist was the Order of Peter the Great I degree . After the 107th (!) Birthday was appointed chief artist of the newspaper Izvestia.
Yes, he had numerous critics - he was reproached that he served the power all his life. For example, he was friends with Bukharin, and then exposed him in his cartoons, was one of those who accompanied Trotsky in the link, and then exposed him. And in the years of restructuring, painted caricatures already in Stalin. But, read the opposites of front soldiers above. In our opinion, they "outweigh" any criticism. In addition, his caricatures are a bright chronicle that reflects all the main events in the history of our country throughout the whole century.
He died on 109 years of life on October 1, 2008. He had a chance to catch the last days of the nineteenth century, live the whole twentieth century and to catch the new millennium.
Boris Efimov.
And the longest life lasted life ...
On the night of October 1, there was no one of the most outstanding people of our time. At the age of 108, the famous Soviet artist-cartoonist, a hero of socialist labor, a three-time winner of the USSR State Prize, a member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, and later the Russian Academy of Arts Boris Efimovich Efimov.
Boris Efimov - this is mentioned by all who knew him personally - was an amazing person. He knew how to treat life so that there was a complete impression of flirting with fate, and he just tried to breathe full of breasts and live every day so, as if this day was the last. "Even Allah cannot do the former unprecedented" - it was the favorite saying Boris Efimov. She became his life credo: what a sense regret what was it? You just need to move without looking back. It is just necessary to survive all the troubles, to remain untidewid out, prevent something bad with thoughts and feelings. It is necessary to abstract from life and on everything to look with a slightly cynical semi-jamper all understanding person. Maybe this is exactly the attitude towards life became the main cause of the old fox.
For his life, Boris Efimov fell out a lot: two wars, Soviet power, Stalin Terror, the wreck of the empire, the formation of a new state. He was familiar with Lenin, Mussolini, communicated with Stalin - Generalissimus very much loved the work of Efimov and even sometimes personally edited them, asking for the artist to make some changes in the drawing. The artist invariably followed the instructions from above, although sincerely considered Stalin by mediocrity. Boris Efimov also supported the acquaintance with Lev Davidovich Trotsky, who respected and appreciated. What, however, absolutely did not prevent him from portraying Trotsky and his like-minded people in their caricatures.
With our magazine, Boris Efimov began to cooperate about ten years ago. He came to Lekhaim thanks to meeting one of our best editors Musi Iosifovna Vigdorovich. If the issue of the magazine is carefully smoking the number of the magazine, then the name of Boris Efimovich Efimova will meet more than a dozen times on the pages of our publication. Cooperation with the artist was very fruitful: there were dozens of letters in his name - the articles of Boris Efimov, who often illustrated himself, caused constant interest among the reader.
Once, Boris Efimovich made a gift to the Chief Rabbi of Russia Burl Lazaru: He presented as a gift the old female prayer room, found to them in Maidaek during the liberation of this death camp by Soviet troops. Some unawareweight power led Efimov in the female Barack, made it forced a small bang in the corner with a translation into German. The artist brought her home from the front and gave his mother, and when she died, handed over to the synagogue.
Boris Efimovich Efimov (real surname Friedlyand) was born on September 28, 1900 in Kiev. It began to draw early - already at five years later his pencil was pretty ray. Boris Efimov repeatedly mentioned that he never studied artwork, the craft was compiled exclusively in practice. From the earliest childhood of the young artist, the children attracted little to which children usually pay attention to: much more puppies, kittens and flowers were interested in people, their emotions and characters. Already at this age, the boy learned to notice funny in the surrounding and masterfully tolerate it is funny on paper.
In 1914, Fredlyand family moved to the Polish city of Bialystok, where Boris and his older brother - the future publicist Mikhail Koltsov, who did not survive the repression of 1937, were enrolled in the real school. The first more or less serious experience of artwork was the handwritten school journal, which brothers started to release in the school. Mikhail took over the editorial work, Boris took up illustrating.
He was sixteen, when his first caricature was published in those years illustrated by the magazine "Sun of Russia". A teenager made out the photo of a cartoon on the chairman of the State Duma Mikhail Rodzianko and sent the fruits of his works to St. Petersburg. What was the surprise of Boris, when he saw his job in a new issue of the magazine. From this point on, the creative path of the famous caricaturist begins.
Feeling that his drawings like others, Boris decided to do this seriously. He began to draw cartoons on the famous contemporaries: Poet Alexander Blok, actress Vera Yurenova, director Alexander Cugel fell on the pages of his albums. But the case could not be limited to the case and then sharp political cartoons began to go from his pencil. According to the series of color drawings, "Conquerors" can be studied the chronicle of the authorities rapidly in Kiev: German, Belogvardeyskaya, Petlyurovskaya. With the coming to Ukraine, the Soviet power of Efimov got a job as secretary of the editorial and publishing department in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs. His caricatures and campaign drawings are constantly appearing on the pages of local newspapers and magazines.
However, the scale of the work could not satisfy such an active man as Boris Efimov. In 1922, he moved to Moscow, and the "workpaper", "crocodile", "True", "Izvestia", "Spark", "Floodlight" become the publications of the publications; Albums began to publish with the works of the artist. Since then, the political satire has become a specialization of Efimov.
He produces caricatures on many Western politicians: In the 1920s, these were Yuz, Delady, Chamberlain; In 1930-1940 - Hitler, Goebbels, Goering and Mussolini; Then Churchill, Truman and many others. Do not forget the artist and about domestic political figures. During World War II, Boris Efimov's name and his caricatures on Reich's leaders were widely known in Germany. He was one of the first on the list under the vulture "Find and hang."
The Great Patriotic War became an important milestone in the life of Boris Efimov. Already on the sixth day after the German attack on the Soviet Union of the group of writers and artists, in which the Efimov was also created, the "TASS windows" was created. Summary from the front and the latest international communication immediately turned into posters, which were posted on the Moscow streets, were replicated and sent to the rear, supporting people in the most difficult times for them, instilling faith in victory.
In 1954, Boris Efimovich was elected by a correspondent member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, and a year later he became a member of the Board of the Union of Artists of the USSR. Then they came the deserved titles "People's Artist of the RSFSR" and "People's Artist of the USSR".
Boris Efimov painted his last political caricature on Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. She ended in the 20th century and the career of the artist - according to his own words, in the new century the time of war was the ideology, and for his pencil, there were simply no objects left. In just 86 years of its artistic career, Efimov created tens of thousands of political cartoons, campaign posters, humorous drawings, illustrations, cartoons, as well as machine-to-the-satellite drawings for zonal, group and all-Union art exhibitions. On his account dozens of satirical albums, as well as a number of books of memoirs, stories, essays, articles, studies on the history and theory of cartoonist.
On Saturday, October 4, Moscow said goodbye to the famous artist. More than a thousand people gathered for civil servants and funerals - hundreds of friends and acquaintances, whom Efimov had a huge amount; Dozens of students and followers accompanied the artist to the burial site at the Novodevichy cemetery of the capital. Among other officials and informal individuals, their condolences to the Native Boris Efimovich expressed the main rabbi of Russia Berl Lazar: "I am sure that many thousands of Jews share with me today - not only in Russia, but all over the world. After all, Boris Efimovich was for us all the living legend. He captured for the descendants the whole Russian history of the twentieth century, from the collapse of the royal regime to the fall of communism and the acquisition of long-awaited freedom. The talent of the artist is a universal phenomenon, its expressive drugs are supranational. But as a man Boris Efimovich always remained a Jew, embodied in himself the best that the Russian Jewry characterizes is the sharp critical mind and the warmth of the soul, the ability to express the views of all people, regardless of the origin, and at the same time commitment to the historical memory of their people. We will always remember Boris Efimovich, and I am sure that his light image will remain in the hearts of many more generations. "
Artist-schedule, illustrator, posterist, one of the most famous and fruitful Soviet cartoonists. Member of the USSR. Three times laureate of the USSR State Prize (1950, 1951, 1972). Academician of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, then the Russian Academy of Arts.
Boris Efimovich Friedlyand was born on September 15, 1900 in Kiev. Began to draw from five years. After moving the parents in Bialystok entered the real school, where his elder brother Mikhail was studied. There, they published a handwritten school journal together. Brother (future publicist and feuiloneist Mikhail Koltsov) edited the publication, and Boris illustrated.
In 1918, the first cartoons of Boris Efimova were appeared in the Kiev magazine "Spectator" on A. A. Bloka, Veru Jurev, Alexander Kougel. In 1919, Efimov became one of the secretaries of the editorial and publishing department of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of Soviet Ukraine.
Since 1920, Boris Efimov has been working as an artist-cartoonist in Bolshevik newspapers, "Vesti", "Communar" by the head of the visual agitation department of Yugrost in Odessa. Here he fulfilled his first poster on the plywood sheet, on which he portrayed the Red Army of Denikin. Later, the Efimov artist was the head of the height of the branch of the Antipanks of the South-Western Front in Kharkov. Upon returning to Kiev, he was appointed head of the art and poster department of Kiev - Ukrrost. In parallel, collaborated with the newspapers "Kiev Procelet" and "Proletarian Pravda".
In 1922, the artist moves to Moscow, where he collaborates with the central newspapers Izvestia and True, with the Satir magazine "Crocodile", and since 1929, with the magazine "Chudak". His drawings began to be regularly printed on the pages of the "Working Newspaper", magazines "Spark" and "Floodlight", go out in separate collections and albums. In these years, the political caricature was his main specialization. "Heroes" of his cartoons were: in the 20s, many Western political figures - Daladye, Chamberlain; In the 30s - 40th - Hitler, Mussolini, Goebbels and Goering; In subsequent years - Truman, Churchill and others.
In the 1930s, the albums of Boris Efimova caricatures are published: "The Enemy's face", "caricature in the service of defense of the USSR", "Political cartoons" (all -1931), "The output will be found" (1932), "Political cartoons" (1935) , "Fascism is the enemy of peoples" (1937), "Fascist interventories in Spain", "war arsonists" (both -1938).
After the arrest of M. Koltsov at the end of 1938, the artist was dismissed from the newspaper Izvestia and was forced to switch to work in the book illustration (works of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). In 1940, under the pseudonym V. Borisov returned to the political caricature (the work "Labor") and after direct instructions, Vyacheslav Molotov was again incorporated into the clip of the Masters of the Soviet political caricature, with the resumption of publications in the "Pravda", "Crocodile", Agitplakat and Other.
During the war, Boris Efimov, together with other famous painters and charts, was actively involved in work on anti-fascist posters. Many of which are outstanding samples of campaign art. Some of them fulfilled together with the artist Nikolai Dolgorukov ("the arsonists of the New War would have to remember the shameful end of their predecessors" 1947, "the forces of the world are invincible!" 1949, "Old song on a new way!" 1949, "People's Court. Law" 1951, "Where the court is sold to capitalists, the rights of the people are emitted there!" 1957), their cooperation continued in the post-war time. Together with V.N. Deni, D. S. Moorom, L. G. Brodaty, Cookryniks created a unique infinitioner in world culture - "Positive Satire".
In 1966-1990, Efimov is the editor-in-chief of the creative and industrial association "Agitplakat". He is the author of politically topical caricature posters on international topics: "The debt of mankind and every nation: nowhere and never give her a stroke!" (1977), "Friends from Tel Aviv and Cairo suddenly crowned the world premiums" (1978), "rapid response building" (1979), "Soviet threat. Red Danger "(1979)," There, as a story reads, the invader was forced to finish! ".
Actively participated in all political campaigns of the Soviet government: the fight against the "social fascists" - the Social Democratic Party of the West, the fight against Bukharinians, Tropotskis, with cosmopolitans, with geneticists - "Morganists' Weismanists, Slevubami-Mukholyubami, with the Vatican," doctors -Hebians, "with" enemy voices "- radio stations" Freedom "and" Voice of America ". His anti-religious posters and caricatures are known ("Dad at the guard" 1932).
Boris Efimov is an extraordinarily fruitful author, just over the years of creative activity created tens of thousands of political cartoons, campaign posters, illustrations, satirical patterns, cartoons, as well as machines. He participated in many group and all-union art exhibitions. Dozens of satirical albums, books, stories, essays, studies on the history and theory of art caricature are published.
Boris Efimov - Hero of Socialist Labor. He was awarded many awards: three orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the three orders of the Labor Red Banner, the Order of the Hall Sign, the Bulgarian Order "Cyril and Methodius" of the I degree, many other domestic and foreign awards.
In August 2002, he headed the department of art caricature of RAH. September 28, 2007, in his 107th birthday, he was appointed to the position of the chief artist of the newspaper Izvestia. And in 107 years, Boris Efimov continued to work. Basically, he wrote memoirs and painted friendly cartoons, took an active part in public life, speaking at all sorts of memorable and anniversary meetings, evenings, events.
Original satirical graphics and circulation posters B. E. Efimova are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery (GTG), the National Historical Museum of Russia (GIM), the Russian State Library (RGB), the Memorial Museum of German Anti-Fascist (MMNA) in Krasnogorsk, the National Library of Belarus, in private collections of Russia, Germany, Potrtugal, USA.
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His father Efim Moiseevich Friedlyand was a shoeman's handicraft. Boris began to draw from five years, and after moving the parents in Bialystok entered the real school, where his older brother Mikhail was studied. There, they published a handwritten school journal together. Brother (future publicist and feuiloneist Mikhail Koltsov) edited the publication, and Boris illustrated. In 1915, he found himself in Kharkov, after the Russian troops during the war were forced to leave the Bialystok.
In Kharkov, Boris Efimov studied in a real school, and later moved to Kiev. In 1918, the first cartoons of Boris Efimov appeared in the Kiev magazine "Spectator" on Alexander Blok, faith, Jurev and Alexander Kugel. In 1919, Efimov became one of the secretaries of the editorial and publishing department of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of Soviet Ukraine.
Since 1920, Efimov worked as an artist-caricaturist in the newspapers "Communar", "Bolshevik", "Vissti" and was the head of the departure of the visual agitation of Yugrost in Odessa.
Since 1922, the artist moved to Moscow, where he collaborated with the newspapers "Pravda" and Izvestia, with the magazine "Crocodile", and from 1929 - with the magazine "Chudak".
After Mikhail Koltsov's arrest at the end of 1938, the artist was fired from the newspaper Izvestia, and engaged in illustrating the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin. In 1940, under the pseudonym V. Borisov, he returned to the political caricature and after the instructions of Vyacheslav Molotov was again incorporated into the climax of masters of the Soviet political caricature, with the resumption of publications in the "Pravda", "Crocodile", "Agitplakat" and other publications.
From 1966 to 1990, Efimov was the editor-in-chief of the Agitplakat creative and industrial association, and the author of many political topical caricatures on international topics.
Together with Deni, D.S. M.M., L.G.Belds, M.M.Chered and Kukryniks, he created a unique phenomenon in world culture - "Positive Satire".
In August 2002, Efimov was headed by the department of art caricature RAH, and in 2006 took part in the preparation of the publication of the book "Autograph Century".
September 28, 2007, in his 107th birthday, he was appointed head of the newspaper Izvestia, and at the age of 10 years continued to work. He wrote memoirs and painted friendly cartoons, took an active part in public life, speaking at all sorts of memorable and anniversary meetings, evenings and other events.
Boris Efimov died on October 1, 2008 in Moscow at the 109th year of life and was buried in Columbia Novodevichy Cemetery.
"On the village of Grandfather."
Boris Efimovich Efimov was an interesting person always. The world famous cartoonist, who was friends with Mayakovsky and Trotsky, saw Nikolai II, talked to Stalin and was a personal enemy of Hitler, could not be a boring man. Today, Boris Efimov, possessing all imaginary awards and titles, who created more than 40 thousand cartoons for his life, almost does not paint, but he is curious with another side of his personality: September 28, Satirik turned 107 years old. Chief editor of "Poshishi D." He met Efimov and talked to him about longevity, modern humor and gold teeth of Comrade Stalin.
Half an hour on a minibus from Moscow, a bus, another bus, and here on the wet from the rain the highway I pick me up on Jeep Actress Theater named after Pushkin Vera Leskov - the wife of the grandson of Efimov from the second marriage. We are going towards Zhokovo - here, in an inconspicuous village of 70 kilometers from Moscow, Boris Efimov lives today. The apartment of saticar-long-liveder, who previously belonged to Twardovsky, is located in the center of the capital, on Kutuzovsky Avenue, but recently Boris Efimovich loves the country peace.
From the morning, water pours from the sky, deep puddles bubbles under the blows of cold drops. Confidently twist the Barank, faith asks me to "write about the fact that they have no electricity interruptions" (apparently, no other ways to local government have no longer), complains that in the last six months, the health of the old man has shifted - he hears not very well. But since he conducted an operation on one eye and replaced a lens, he can read again.
While I warm up in the kitchen of the beautiful village house of Efimov, completely hung by the works of satirik and his famous colleagues, heard the grandfather wakes up behind the faith wall. Soon he himself, leaning on a cane. Feet in thick woolen socks of Efimov puts very carefully - says that it is afraid to fall and break something. In recent years, he complains, it is increasingly used as a reference book on the history of the twentieth century. But now you can already say anything - check anyway anyway.
"I will tell you frankly - I had a very good memory," he declares, straightening glasses with thick glasses on her nose. - But what I'm doing older, the memory is not better for me, but worse! Now I do not care with memory, right to say. "
To be near Efimov - I don't care what to look at the living mammoth: it is impossible to get rid of a sense of reverence. As Panikovsky would say: "A man from an early time, there is no such anymore, but it will not be at all." He served Troatsky coat! Ilf, Petrov and Kukryniks took him as a friend! He last seen the Mayakovsky Krematorium dishone in the oven! ..
Efimov, Ilf, Petrov, 1933.
I am interested, whether Mayakovsky was as interesting in life as in his verses. Efimov thinks a couple of seconds, then he begins to process words, at the same time tapping the cane on the floor: "You see, it is so scholastic, I would say the question. It is difficult to separate the Mayakovsky poet from the Mayakovsky-man. Mayakovsky as a poet knows everything. With Mayakovsky-man more difficult. In his way, he was a person of rare, separate, unlike others. Even how he finished his life, it also does not fit in my head: what happened to him why suddenly such a tragedy happened ... a lot of questions. I may say neoriginal, but in general it was a difficult person, an unusual, outstanding, who deserves him to study and tried to understand. "
Boris Efimov was born in Kiev at the end of the nineteenth century and after 95 days he entered the age of twentieth. Already at 5-6, he tried to draw others and different funny situations from life. And when his parents moved to the Bialystok (at that time another Russian city), went to the real school, where a handwritten magazine made a couple with his brother, responding in him for an illustrative part. With the beginning of World War II, Bialystok stopped being a calm city: heavy duty bombs were torn on the streets, one of whom did not hardly kill Efimov's older brother - a later union of Journalist Mikhail Koltsov. The family went out: Koltsov went to study in Petrograd, parents returned to Kiev, Boris chose Kharkov, where he entered the fifth grade. He read the press with interest and once tried to draw a few cartoons on political figures of that time. Rolling, who has already been mastered in Petrograd journalism, immediately attached a cartoon per chairman of the State Duma Rodzianko into the popular magazine "Sun of Russia". So at 16, Efimov became a cartoonist. Since then, he has become drawing for the publications "Spectator", "Communar", "Red Army", "Bolshevik" and many others, gradually moving into the genre of political caricature. In 1922, without accustomed in the Kiev Institute of National Economy, Boris moved after Brother in Moscow to stay there forever.
"I am a Kievman essentially, I was born in Kiev and can consider myself one of the oldest, and maybe the oldest Kievanian. Living in Moscow, I continue to be interested in events in Ukraine. But I have not been there for a long time. Now Ukraine is another country, yes? You can say neighboring. She now has his own face, his own character, his own story and some characteristic features that Russia does not have. But I will not be able to express my attitude towards Ukraine in two words - the processes that happen to it are not amenable to light characteristic ... Could the union could not fall apart? - Efimov Chmoka Lips, going with thoughts. - Probably could. But ... Causes have accumulated serious, and it happened that it was impossible to avoid. There have been many events, each of which influenced the general result. "
One of the collections of Efimovsky caricatures dedicated to the Nuremberg process (the artist was seconded to Stalin along with Kukryniks), called "history lessons". Indeed, the artist's history attitude is the most careful. He responds to the questions for the most part evasively and streaming, thinks over every long time, and, according to his own admission, he tries to speak only what is completely sure, without making any far-reaching conclusions.
"Here you ask if I understood something about life. This is an unexpected question. Well, of course, I made some lessons, I learned something, I understood something that I did not know before. But life is always rich in some variables, some, so to speak, new events, unforeseen feelings, which is difficult to avoid and even, I would say, it is impossible ... - Satir is sighs hard. "You are a young man, and you must reconcile in advance with the thought - here I don't know how to formulate, - that the laws of life are unpredictable. It is difficult to guide them. One thing does not necessarily depends on the other, often everything solve concomitant circumstances. And the same thing that said or made by different people may have a variety of consequences. And so we live ... "
Upon arrival in Moscow, the caricaturist immediately joined the newspaper life - his work is printed in the "Working Gazette", "Crocodile", "Pravda", "Families", "Sparkling", "Spotlight", go out in the form of collections ... and in the middle of 30- X Efimov happened to be in Berlin. And so coincided that on the street he managed to see Adolf Hitler with a retinue. Later, during the war years, when the cartoon image of the Fuhrer with a swastika under his nose was firmly settled on the pages of the Soviet press, and the leaflets with his image began to spread behind the front line, Hitler delivered Efimov to a special list of personal enemies - with a vulture "find and hang".
"But, as you can see, he did not hurt me," Boris Efimovich smiles. - Did not have time. Maybe I would hang if I caught him. But he killed much earlier than he received such an opportunity. It was a threat, of course, quite real, because at that time Hitler was in great strength and could afford such things. But nothing came out. "
Caricaturists Herluf Bidstrup, Jacques Effalla and Boris Efimov.
In a short time, Efimov's brother Mikhail Koltsov, which is called, took off high. The first editor-in-chief of the journal "Crocodile", the Glavred "Sparky", where it was often published too boldly things, the initiator of the creation of many magazines (including "driving") and the construction of the city of Zelenograd, he was in many rooms, Madly popular and love readers. At the end of the 30th Koltsov visited Military Spain, where he even participated in the Toledo fortress storm, and wrote the famous book "Spanish diaries". Hemingway made him a prototype of the Russian journalist in his novel "the command calls the bell." Glory Mikhail had no analogues. In December 1938, when Koltsov went to the theater, Stalin invited him to his lie and offered to make a report on the anniversary of the "brief course of the history of WCP (b)". Generalissimus was very friendly and smiled a lot, spilling with golden teeth. Rolling, which sincerely, deeply and almost fanatically believed in the wisdom of Stalin, with delight took up the task. Five days later, December 12, he performed in the Central Committee in front of the intelligentsia, and the report had a huge success. On the same evening, Koltsov - then the chief editor of the Truth - was arrested in his own office. February 2, 1940, after long interrogations and torture, he was shot.
Boris Efimov and Mikhail Koltsov on the military maneuvers near Kiev.
"There were no causes of arrest, and could not be," recalls Efimov. - But the reason was found. He was unbelievable then the owner. He began to seem to imagine too much that he was too smart, too popular. And Stalin, a man capricious, decided: "And, in fact, why keep him? Will without him! " I think he considered himself the owner of the country, and, in general, he was. And I was almost sure that the last for Koltsov. But the owner did not consent. He did not need it ... As for the golden teeth, I did not see them myself. They saw the rings, and I told me about it. Maybe Stalin irritated that brother noticed his gold teeth ... Damn him knows ... "
Working in the "light", the rings took an unprecedented experiment - offered 25 popular Soviet writers to write a collective detective novel. For the whole year, the "Large Fires" project was printed in the "light", however, writers (among whom were Green, Babel, Zoshchenko and Novikov-surf) turned out to be people not very adapted to collective work - everyone pulled the plot on themselves. Therefore, in order to correct all the flaws, Koltsov had to write the final chapter itself.
"It was, yes," says Efimov. - But then was published later in the form of a book, I do not know. Well, in any case, I did not come across. Well, who could publish then if the rings are arrested ... Nevertheless, he did not affect his arrest, and Stalin even sent me to Nuremberg. Specially said: And here, too, take, let go. He liked my caricatures in general. And he, I think, hoped that they would fit. That's all - fate was solved. "
The story of how Stalin did Efimov on the telephone order to an anti-American political caricature. After the words of Zhdanov, "Comrade Stalin will speak with you." Satir rose. "The legs themselves raised me," he told him later in his book.
Having stirring tea in a cup, I'm interested in what people had in relation to Stalin more - love or fear. "This is an interesting question! He, of course, was afraid, and at the same time they had some kind of, - here Efimov passes to a hoarse whisper, - a feeling of reverence, respect ... How did I feel about him? Hard to say. I owe him to many - first of all, life and freedom. I could well at the same time with my brother changing. And no one would ask him ... "
I remind you about the story when in 1949, on the day of the release of the 100,000 Izvestia number, Efimov once again did not find himself in the list of awarded employees and, upset, wrote a letter to Stalin, in which he asked to deal with the error. True, immediately regretted it. But the owner suddenly showed generosity - he did not finish it and soon instead of the Order he chosen Cartaurist Stalinist Prize. It turned out that Efimov is a Jew, the brother of the enemy of the people - actually knocked out of him an award that was unheard of at that time audacity.
"I knocked out? Well, why are you so ... formulating, - Satir rods slightly offended, but then begins to smile. - Although there is some truth in it. Indeed, he knew that I was drawing very well, and I understood that I would even need it, I would fit. Therefore, I decided not to touch me. Even awarded. But I was, of course, in the hairs of death. "
I ask if he was not tired for 107 years of life from journalism. "Well, I am quite satisfied," Efimov answers. - I have enough journalists. Mainly, they want to understand the causes of my age. You know my age. Many wonder why a person actually lives for so long. Does he do something for this? But I do not have a recipe. And it can not be. Although, of course, this is an atypical case, if a person lives for so long. "
Efimov has happened to write letters not only to Stalin. For example, on the eve of the 100th anniversary, he congratulated the English Queen. And even got the answer. "Yes, we are peers with her," Boris Efimovich nods. - and rewritten. But then it somehow dried so much. She seems to have died. In general, with the peers to communicate not very much. I'm not so often meeting the people of your age ... how much I will live - I do not know, but no matter how much it lives - thanks! Much fell on my share - I'm not easy, so to speak, lay on the furnace and stolely gradually. Much seemed for 107 years, and not all was well, did not always understand what was going on. But I understood another thing: that the life of a person - she is unstable, and did not be surprised if it should have been so, but it turned out otherwise. "
However, it was in the life of Efimov and what can be called stability: since 1965 and for almost 30 years he worked as chief editor of the Agitplakat creative and industrial association under the Union of Artists of the USSR, while remaining one of his most active authors.
It comes to modern humor. "I am not delighted with that humor, which goes to us from the TV - from Zhvanetsky and others, - reflects out loud of Efimov. "But for the absence of another let that humor will be." I ask who he would call the best joker. "It must be imagined. Many joked. Mayakovsky joked well! I also wanted someone else ... in general, if a person with humor, he somehow with people, you understand, finds a common language. "
Recently, Boris Efimovich does not paint satirical drawings, recognizing that Satira has lost sharpness. Prefers cartoons. But the question of the future caricature is serious: "I think the caricature is eternal art, it will never disappear, because laugh is the natural desire of a person." I make an assumption that I extended him the life of the laughter. "Hehe! Well, that you really attribute me a lot. Although this is an interesting thought, by the way. I will write it, so to speak, here, - Efimov knocks himself with her finger on the temple. - How much I will live - the one God knows if he is. Wait and see. I can still live hee! - for some time. And I can and quickly, so to speak, to weld. - The tone becomes trusted. "Although honestly, I don't think there, beyond something," there is something. "
The Kitchen includes the grandson of Efimov Victor - a strict species man with ballas. "Ver! - He says. - You give a cat to eat? " "I already gave", "Faith is responded, occupied by washing dishes. Victor spread his hands: "He came again. It makes it difficult to work.
The Boris Efimovich attacked from a long conversation expressed in the sense that it would be nice to sleep again. Victor switches to it: "Why do you rest something, sit! You have already rejected, enough. Resting those need ... You rest all day. Here I show your books better, "he pulls out from somewhere two beautifully published volumes -" My eyelid "and" 10 decades. " Seeing the last book, Efimov is revived: "I did not know that she was there." "Brought the other day literally from Moscow," explains faith, wiping a plate with a towel.
Rain outside the windows continues. Tea is already added, now we eat a cake and consider photos in books. In addition to Efimova, Mayakovsky, Zoshchenko, Mikhalkov-Senior, Ilf and Petrov, Kukryniks, Ranenevskaya, Tsereteli, Tvardovsky, Gorbachev, Yeltsin ... The caricature of Stalin is separately given separately - it is with huge mustache and in shining boots. "From nature! - Commented on Boris Efimovich. - 24th year. Then it was still possible. Then no ... "
I show in the photo where the famous caricaturists Herluf Bidstrup and Jean Effelt are depicted in an embrace with Efimov. Efimov confirms: "I was friends with the bidstrum, and with escaped too. True, not long. Effelt died early. You look there are still many illustrations. But in general I do not like to be photographed, I have an uninteresting appearance. "
I ask how he belongs to the alcohol. Efimov does not hear - he has already slowly began to peel his nose. "Sometimes likes to drink a glass," faith suggests. - prefers brandy. "
"When you came, I slept," Satir with a sleepy smile apologizes. - I must say that the longest exercise is mine is to sleep. And dreams - Ohh! This is my most expensive entertainment. Dreams I see constantly, and such interesting dreams! Now I will go to watch them again. So thank you for your interest in my modest person, "he stretches my hand. The palm of Efimova is dry and strong.
When I, the topping of the book, I go out on a glazed terraka to go back to Moscow, Boris Efimovich really already covered, curled down by the sofa. Because of the hood from afar, you can take it for a child. But the impression is deceptive, and I know that in reality the genuine giant of the Spirit is hiding in a fragile body. Wisdom that comes with the waves from this person will turn from me golden powder at least two weeks.
About Boris Efimov was removed the documentary film "Three centuries of one person".
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The text prepared Artem Yavas