Introduction

Roman "War and World" Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy is considered a historic novel. It describes the real events of the military campaigns of 1805-1807 and the Patriotic War of 1812. It would seem other than the battle scenes and reasoning about the war should not worry the writer. But the central plot line Tolstoy prescribes the family, as the basis of the entire Russian society, the basis of morality and morality, the basis of human behavior during history. Therefore, "Family's thought" in the novel "War and the World" of Tolstoy is one of the main.

L.N. Tolstoy presents us three secular families who have been showing for almost fifteen years, reveals family traditions and a culture of several generations: fathers, children, grandchildren. These are families of Rostov, Block and Kuragin. Three families are so similar to each other, but the fates of their pupils are so closely intertwined.

Family Rostov

One of the most exemplary families of society, represented by Tolstoy in the novel, is a family of growth. The origins of the family are love, mutual understanding, sensual support, harmony of human relations. Graph and Countess Rostov, Sons Nikolay and Peter, Natalia's daughter, Vera and Sonya niece. All members of this family form a circle of living participation in each other's fate. Some exception can be considered a senior sister faith, she kept himself somewhat colder. "... Beautiful faith smiled contemptuously ...", "describes her tolstoy manner to behave in society, she herself said that she was brought up in a different way and was proud to do not have the relationship" to all the tenderness ".

Natasha since childhood was a shavy girl. Children's love in Boris Drubetsky, the adoration of Pierre Probrazova, enthusiasm to Anatola Kuragin, the love of Andrei Bolkonsky - truly sincere feelings, absolutely devoid of peasants.

The manifestation of this patriotism of the Rostov family confirms and reveals the importance of "family thoughts" in the "War and the World". Nikolay Rostov saw himself only the military and signed up in Gusara to go to protect the Russian army. Natasha gave up a submission for the wounded, throwing all the htched property. Countess and Count granted their house for shelter wounded from the French. Petya Rostov goes to war quite a boy and dies for his homeland.

Bolkonsky family

In the family of Bolkonsky, everything is somewhat different than in growth. Tolstoy does not say that there was no love here. She was, but her manifestation did not carry such a gentle feeling. The old prince Nikolai Bolkonsky believed: "There are only two sources of human defects: idleness and superstition, and that there are only two virtues: activity and mind."

Everyone in their family was subordinate to strict order - "order in his lifestyle was brought to the last degree of accuracy." He himself engaged in learning his daughter, studied mathematics and other sciences with her.

The young Bolkonsky loved his father and respected his opinion, he had to do with him worthy of the Princely Son. Leaving the war, he asked the Father to leave for the upbringing of his future son, as he knew that his father would do everything for honor and justice.

Princess Marya, sister Andrei Bolkonsky, listened to the old prince in everything. She with love took all the rigor of his father and cared for him with zeal. To question Andrey: "hard to you with him?" Marya replied: "Is it possible to judge the father? .. I'm so pleased and happy with him!"

All relations in the Bolkonsky family were smooth and calm, everyone was engaged in their work and knew his place. True patriotism showed Prince Andrei, giving his own life for the victory of the Russian army. The old prince until the last day led notes for the sovereign, followed the course of the war and believed in virtue of Russia. Princess Marya did not reject faith, prayed for his brother and helped people with all its existence.

Curagin family

This family is represented by Tolstoy as opposed to the previous two. Prince Vasily Kuragin lived for benefit. He knew with whom to be friends, whom to invite to visit, for whom to stay children to get good in life. For the remark of Anna Pavollvna Sherler about his family says: "What to do! Lafater would say that I do not have a bump of parental love. "

Sleepy Beauty Helen Funny soul, "the prodigal son" Anatole leads a celebratory lifestyle, in the kits and fun, senior, and the Father, says "fool". This family is not able to love, empathize, take care even about each other. Prince Vasily admits: "My children are a burden of my existence." The ideal of their life is vulgarity, debauchery, adaptability, deception loving their people. Helen destroys the lives of Pierre Lesukov, Anatol interferes with Natasha and Andrei's relationship.

There is no speech about patriotism here. The prince of Vasily himself is constantly pumped in the light of Kutuzov, then about Bagration, then about the emperor Alexandra, then about Napoleon, without having a permanent opinion and adjusting to the circumstances.

New families in the novel

At the end of the novel, "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy adds the situation of mixing families of Bolkonsky, Rostova and Bezuhov. New strong, loving families associate Natasha Rostov and Pierre, Nikolai Rostov and Mary Bolkonoe. "As in every real family, a few completely different worlds lived in the Lyssogorsk house, which, each holding its feature and making concessions to one another, merged into one harmonious whole," the author says. The wedding of Natasha and Pierre took place in the year of death of Count Rostov - the old family collapsed, the new formed. And for Nicholas, marry Marya was salvation, both the whole family of growth and his own. Marya has kept family peaceful peace with all his faith and ensured harmony.

Output

After writing an essay on the topic "The thought of family in the novel" War and Peace ", I was convinced that the family is a world, love, understanding. And the harmony of family relationships can come only in due respect to each other.

Test on the work

With his giant volume of "war and peace", it may impress chaoticness, scattering and incompleteness of many characters, plot lines, all diverse content. But the brightness of a thick-artist in that manifested that all this huge content is imbued with a uniform thought, the concept of the life of the human community, which is easy to coal with thoughtful, attentive reading. The genre of "war and the world" is defined as a novel-epic. What is the meaning of this definition? Through the infinite set of fate of the many people taken in various circumstances of life: in military and peacetime, in youth and in old age, in contentment and in sorrow, in private and common, woven life - and woven into a single artistic integer, the main artistically mastered Book antithesis: Natural, simple and conditional, artificial in the life of people; Simple and eternal moments of human being: birth, love, death - and the meanness of the world, the length of society, property differences. The author of the "War and Peace" was reproached in a fatalistic understanding of history and life in general, but in his book characteristic of the ancient, classical epic, the concept of fate, rock is replaced by the concept of life in its natural flow and spilling, in the eternal update. No wonder in the novel so much metaphor associated with the ever-changing water elements. There are "War and the World" and the main, key verbal-artistic "image". Under the impression of communicating with Plato Karataev, the incarnation of all eternal and round, Pierre sees a dream. "And suddenly, Piener presented himself as a lively, long-forgotten meek old man Teacher, who in Switzerland taught Pierre Geography." Wait, "said the old man. And he showed Pierre Globus. This globe was a lively, a heating ball without sizes. Surface The ball consisted of droplets, tightly compressed among themselves. And these drops all moved, moved, and they merged out of several one, then from one was divided into many. Each drop sought to break up, capture the greatest space, but others, striving, besides They squeezed her, sometimes destroyed, sometimes merged with her. - Here is life, "said the old man." How it's simple and clear, "Pierre thought. - Kakya could not know this before ... So he, karataev, turned out and disappeared. "Such an understanding of life is optimistic pantheism, a philosophy that identifies God with nature. The author of the" war and the world "is all life, all being. Such philosophy determines the moral estimates of the heroes: the goal and happiness of a person - to achieve a roundness of a drop and spill, merge with everyone, to join everything and everyone. The closest to this ideal is Plato Karataev, no wonder he is given the name of the great ancient Greek sage, standing at the origins of the world philosophical thought. Many representatives of the nobility-aristocratic light, especially the court circle depicted in the novel, are not capable of it. The main heroes "of war and the world come precisely to this, they overcome the Napoleonic egoism in the time described in the romance with the banner of the era and finally become a novel during the Scripture. By the way, then wrote" Crime and Punishment "and Dostoevsky. The main characters overcome Consistency closedness and proud unit. And in the center of the Roman Tolstoy, such characters put such characters, the movement of which on this path proceeds especially dramatically and straightening. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre and Natasha. For them, this drawing path is the road - the road acquisitions, enriching their personality, deep spiritual discoveries and insights. A little further from the center of the novel, there are characters of the second plan, which they lose more on this path. This is Nicholas Rostov, Princess Marya, Petya. The periphery of the "war and the world" fill numerous figures, for one reason or another are not able to get up on This path. By the same principle, numerous women's characters "War and Peace" are depicted. The answer to this question will be but Sing concrete character, i.e. It is necessary to just know and retell the text, the content of the novel, to look for some special ideological concept here. Tolstoy created images of Natasha and Sony, the princes of Mary and the "Brying", the beauties of Helen and the old Anna Pavlovna in the era of the 60s, at the same time with the Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?", In which the ideas of female freedom and equality are most fully and consistently expressed. Men. All this is Tolstoy, naturally, rejected, looked at the woman in the patriarchal spirit. He embodied his ideals of women's love, family, parental happiness not only in the nature and fate of Natasha, the most bright of all characters (including the male) expressing his idea of \u200b\u200bthe "real life", but also reality, marrying in 1862 on young Sophie Andreevna Bers. And it is necessary to admit with regret that the "us elevation" of the image of Natasha turned out to be much more nice and the looks of the "theme of the low truth" of the family drama Tolstoy. In spite of the fact that Tolstoy felt focused on the young wife in the spirit of his ideals, the most that you convince us when reading the "war and the world", the wife of the great writer, and then the grown numerous children made the last thirty years of life in thick unbearable. And how many times he decided to get away from them! .. It can be said that "the real life" with her "fancy, surprises, sudden whims and whims - what makes any female nature, - turned out to be even more" real ", What prevented Tolstoy. And it does not matter, about whom - about the bad - meek princess Marya or the bold-demanding, winningly confident in his strength of Helen. Very soon after writing the "war and the world", life has shown her author that the extremes of female characters, So confidently divorced by him on the scale of moral estimates (Natasha- "excellent," the princess Marya - "mediocre", Helen - "Nepud") in reality they can fall into the person of one, closest, most beloved person - wife, mother of three children. So The way, with all its depth and inclusion, the vital philosophy of the author "War and Peace" is sufficiently schematically, "Living Life", "the real life" is more difficult, richer, with her not to make a stroke of the pen at its discretion, at the request of the artistic one According to Tolstoy, a rapid "killing" who has become unnecessary for his ideological and moral building, such an attractive and invincible in his immorality of Helen. The idea of \u200b\u200b"real life" permeates and image of historical characters. The spirit of troops, which feels Kutuzov and who dictates strategic decisions to him, in fact, there is also a form of admission, mergers from the ever-flowing life. His antagonists - Napoleon, Alexander, scientists German generals are unable to do this. Simple, ordinary heroes of war - Tushin, Timokhin, Tikhon Shcherbaty, Vaska Denisov - do not seek to instill all humanity, because they are deprived of feelings of the individual who are already merged with this world. The idea-an antithesis opened above, permeating the entire huge novel, is already expressed in his name, very capacious and multivalued. The second word of the name of the novel refers to the community of people, the whole people, the life of the whole world, in the world, with people as opposed to monastic solitude. Therefore, it is incorrect to think that the name of the novel indicates the alternation of military and peaceful, non-e-episodes. The above sense of the word world changes, expands the value and the first capital word: war - not only as a manifestation of malicity, but also in general the struggle of people, the life battle of detached, divided into atomic droplets of mankind. In 1805, the Tolstovskaya epic opens, the human community dwells disunity, crushed to class, the noble light is alienated from the national whole. The culmination of this state is the Tilzite world, the continuing, fraught with a new war. The antithesis of this state is 1812, when "all the people wish they want" on the Borodino field. And further from 3 to 4 of the heroes of the novel turn out to be on the verge of war and the world, the point and the point of the transitions back and forth. They face a real, full life, with war and peace. Kutuzov says: "Yes, a lot reproached me ... and for war and for the world ... And everything came on time," and these concepts are associated with his lifestyles in a single capital lifestyle. In the epilogue, the initial state returns, again disunity in the highest estate and the highest class with a simple people. Pierre perturbs "Pigacity, settlements - the people are tormented, enlightening," he wants "independence and activities." Nikolay Rostov will soon "chop and chieve everything from the shoulder." As a result, "everything is too stretched and will certainly burst." By the way, Plato Karataev would not approve the sentiment of the two heroes remaining in living heroes, and Andrei Volkonsky would approve. And here is his son Nicholya, born in 1807, reads highly appreciated by the Decembrist Plutarch. His further fate is understandable. The epilogue of the novel is full of different opinions. Unity, admission remains the desired ideal, but the epilogue of Tolstoy shows how difficult path to it is difficult. According to Sophia Andreevna, Tolstoy said that he loves in the "war and the world" "the thought of people", and in the "Anna Karenina" - "Family thought". It is impossible to understand the essence of both fat formulas without comparing these novels. Like Gogol, Goncharov, Dostoevsky, Leskov Tolstoy considered his age time, when in the world of people, among people there is a triumph, the disintegration of the common whole. And his two "thoughts", and two novels, how to return the lost integrity. In the first novel, as neither paradoxically sounds, the world connects the war, a single patriotic impulse against the general enemy, precisely against him individuals are connected to the whole people. In Anne Karenina, the separation of the cell of society is opposed to the family, the primary form of human association and admission. But the novel shows that in the era, when "everything was mixed", "everything was overgrown," the family was short-term, a fragile merger only strengthens the complexity towards the desired ideal of human unity. Thus, the disclosure of the "thought of people" in the "war and the world" is closely connected and largely determined by the Tolstsky response to the main question - "What is real life?" As for the role of the people and personality in history, the solution of this issue is particularly badly clogged by Marxist-Leninist literary criticism. Tolstoy, as already mentioned, was often accused of historical fatalism (a look, according to which the outcome of historical events is pre-predetermined). But this unfairly Tolstoy insisted only that the laws of history are hidden from the individual human mind. His look at this problem very accurately expresses the famous Quartewood Tyutchev (1866 - again the time of work on the "war and peace"): "I do not understand Russia with the mind, do not measure the arches: it can only be to believe in Russia." For Marxism, not the crucial importance of popular masses as the engine of history and the inability of the personality to influence the story otherwise, except for attached to the tail of these masses, was an immutable law. However, to illustrate this "law" of the military episodes of the "War and the World" of the Military Episode. In his epopea, Tolstoy picks up the relay of the historical views of Karamzin and Pushkin. Both of them were extremely convincingly shown in their works (Karamzin in the "Russian State History"), which, expressing the words of Pushkin, the case is a powerful tool of providence, t, e. fate. It is through random that the natural and necessary, and they are also recognized only by the rear date, after their action. And the personality carrier turns out to be a personality: Napoleon, who turned the fate of the whole of Europe, Tushin, who turned Shengraben's battle. That is, paraphrasing the famous saying, it can be said that if Napoleon was not, it would be worth in to invent, about the same way as "invented" his Tushina Tolstoy.

"Folk Thought" and "Family Thought"

He embodied his ideals of women's love, family, parental happiness not only in the nature and fate of Natasha, the most bright of all characters (including male) expressing his idea of \u200b\u200b"real life", but also reality, marrying in 1862 on young Sophie Andreevna Bers. And with regret, it is regretted that "we are a towering deception" of Natasha's image turned out to be much cute and vividly "Themes of the Low Truths" of the Family Drama Tolstoy. In spite of everything, Tolstoy purposefully brought up a young wife in the spirit of his ideals, the most that so convince us when reading "War and Peace", the wife of the Great Writer, and then the grown numerous children made the last thirty years of life of Tolstoy unbearable. And how many times he made the decision to get away from them!

It can be said that "the real life with her" fancy, surprises, sudden whims and whims is that it contains any female nature, it turned out to be even more "real" than supposed Tolstoy. And it does not matter, about whom is talking about the fruitless-meek princess Marya or dover, winningly confident in his strength of Helen. Very soon after writing "War and Peace", life has shown its author that the extremes of her female characters, so confidently divided by them on the scale of moral estimates (Natasha- "excellent," Princess Marya - "mediocre", Elen - "Nood") in reality They may come together in the face of one, the closest, the most beloved person - the wife, the mother of three children. Thus, with all its depth and inclusion, the vital philosophy of the author "War and Peace" is sufficiently schematically, "Living Life", "the real life" is more difficult, richer, with her not to deal with the stroke of the pen at its discretion, at the request of artistic unity, as he did Tolstoy, the rapid "killing" became unnecessary for its ideological construction such an attractive and invincible in his immorality of Helen. The idea of \u200b\u200b"real life" permeates the image of historical characters. The spirit of troops, which feels Kutuzov and who dictates strategic decisions to him, in fact, there is also a form of admission, mergers from the ever-flowing life. His antagonists - Napoleon, Alexander, scientists German generals - are not capable of this. Simple, ordinary heroes of war - Tushin, Timokhin, Tikhon Shcherbaty, Vaska Denisov - do not seek to instill all humanity, because they are deprived of feelings of the individual who are already merged with this world.

The idea-an antithesis opened above, permeating the entire huge novel, is already expressed in his name, very capacious and multivalued. The second word of the name of the novel refers to the community of people, the whole people, the life of the whole world, in the world, with people as opposed to monastic solitude. Therefore, it is incorrect to think that the name of the novel indicates the alternation of military and peaceful, non-e-episodes. The above sense of the word world changes, expands the value and the first capital word: war - not only as a manifestation of malicity, but also in general the struggle of people, the life battle of detached, divided into atomic droplets of mankind.

In 1805, the Tolstovskaya epic opens, the human community dwells disunity, crushed to class, the noble light is alienated from the national whole. The culmination of this state is the Tilzite world, the continuing, fraught with a new war. The antithesis of this state is 1812, when "all the people walkers want" to the Borodino field. And further from 3 to 4 of the heroes of the novel turn out to be on the verge of war and the world, then the point, making the transitions back and forth. They face a real, full life, war and peace. Kutuzov says: "Yes, a lot reproached me ... And for the war ... And for the world, ... and everything came on time," and these concepts are associated with his lifestyles in a single capital lifestyle. In the epilogue, the initial state returns, again disunity in the highest estate and the highest class with a simple people. Pierre outraged "Pigacity, settlements - the people are tormented, the enlightenment is soul", he wants "independence and activities." Nikolay Rostov will soon "chop and squeeze everything from the shoulder." As a result, "everything is too stretched and will certainly burst." By the way, Plato Karataev would not approve the sentiment of the two heroes remaining in living heroes, and Andrei Bolkonsky would approve. And here is his son Nicholenka, born in 1807 goal, reads highly appreciated by Decembrists Plutarch. His further fate is understandable. The epilogue of the novel is full of different opinions. Unity, admission remains the desired ideal, but the epilogue of Tolstoy shows how difficult path to it is difficult.

According to Sophia Andreevna, Tolstoy said that he loves in the "war and the world" "the thought of people, and in the" Anna Karenina "" Family thought ". It is impossible to understand the essence of both fat formulas without comparing these novels. Like Gogol, Goncharov, Dostoevsky, Leskov Tolstoy considered his age time, when in the world of people, among people there is a disconnection, the disintegration of the common whole, and his two "thoughts", and two novels - how to return the lost integrity. In the first novel, as neither paradoxically sounds, the world connects the war, a single patriotic impulse against the general enemy, precisely against him individuals are connected to the whole people. In Anna Karenina, the division is opposed by the cell of society - the family, the primary form of human association and admission. But the novel shows that in the era, when "everything was mixed", "everything turned around", the family with his short-term, fragile merger only strengthens the complexity towards the desired ideal of human unity. Thus, the disclosure of the "thought of the people" in the "war and the world" is closely connected and is largely determined by the Tolstsky response to the main question - "What is a real life?"

As for the role of the people and personality in history, the solution of this issue is particularly badly clogged by Marxist-Leninist literary criticism. Tolstoy, as already mentioned, was often accused of historical fatalism (a look, according to which the outcome of historical events is pre-predetermined). But this unfairly Tolstoy insisted only that the laws of history are hidden from the individual human mind. His view of this problem very accurately expresses a very famous Quatrain Tyutchev (1866 - again the time of work on the "War and Mir"):

"My mind is not understood by

Arshin must not measure:

It has a special one -

You can only believe in Russia. "

For Marxism, not the crucial importance of popular masses as the engine of history and the inability of the personality to influence the story otherwise, except for attached to the tail of these masses, was an immutable law. However, it is difficult to illustrate this "law" of the military episodes of the "war and the world". In his epopea, Tolstoy picks up the relay of the historical views of Karamzin and Pushkin. Both of them were extremely convincingly showed in their works (Karamzin in the "Russian State History"), which, expressing the words of Pushkin, the case is a powerful gun carrying, that is, fate. It is through random that the natural and necessary, and they are also recognized only by the rear date, after their action. And the carrier of the accident is the person: Napoleon, who turned the fate of all Europe, Tushin, who turned the move, Schangbang battle. That is, by paraphrasing the famous saying, it can be said that if Napoleon was not, it would be worth inventing it, about the same way as "invented" his Tushina Tolstoy.

The thought of the people's and "Family thought" in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" - (abstract)

Date added: March 2006.

"The Thought of People's" and "Family Thought" in the Roman L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The problem of the role of the people and personality in history.

With his giant volume of "war and peace", it may impress chaoticness, scattering and incompleteness of many characters, plot lines, all diverse content. But the brightness of a thick-artist in that manifested that all this huge content is imbued with a uniform thought, the concept of the life of the human community, which is easy to coal with thoughtful, attentive reading.

The genre of "war and the world" is defined as a novel-epic. What is the meaning of this definition? Through the infinite set of fate of the many people taken in various circumstances of life: in military and peacetime, in youth and in old age, in contentment and in sorrow, in private and common, woven life - and woven into a single artistic integer, the main artistically mastered Book antithesis: Natural, simple and conditional, artificial in the life of people; Simple and eternal moments of human being: birth, love, death - and the meanness of the world, the length of society, property differences. The author of the "War and Peace" was reproached in a fatalistic understanding of history and life in general, but in his book characteristic of the ancient, classical epic, the concept of fate, rock is replaced by the concept of life in its natural flow and spilling, in the eternal update. No wonder in the novel so much metaphor associated with the ever-changing water elements.

There are "War and the World" and the main, key verbal-artistic "image". Under the impression of communicating with Plato Karataev, the incarnation of all eternal and round, Pierre sees a dream. "And suddenly, Piener introduced himself as a living, long-forgotten meek old man Teacher, who in Switzerland taught Pierre Geography." Wait, "said an old man. And he showed Pierre Globus. This globe was a lively, a hearing ball without sizes. Surface The ball consisted of droplets, tightly compressed among themselves. And these drops all moved, moved, and they merged out of several one, then from one was divided into many. Each drop sought to break up, capture the greatest space, but others, striving, besides They squeezed her, sometimes destroyed, sometimes merged with her. - Here is life, "said the old man." How it's simple and clear, "Pierre thought. - Kakya could not know this before .... So he, karataev, it turned out and disappeared. "Such an understanding of life is optimistic pantheism, philosophy, identifying God with nature. The author of the" war and the world "is all life, all being . Such philosophy determines the moral estimates of the heroes: the goal and happiness of a person to achieve a roundness of a drop and break up, to merge with everyone, to join everything and everything. The closer to this ideal is Plato Karataev, no wonder he is given to him the name of the great ancient Greek sage, standing at the origins of the world philosophical Thoughts. Many representatives of the noble-aristocratic light, especially the court circle depicted in the novel, are not capable of it. The main characters "wars and peace come precisely to this, they overcome the Napoleonic egoism in the time described in the romance, the era and finally become They are during the Scripture of the novel. By the way, then wrote "Crime and Punishment" and Dostoevsky. The main characters overcome the estate closure and proudly one. And in the center of the novel Tolstoy puts such characters, the movement of which on this path flows particularly dramatically and straightenfully. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre and Natasha.

For them, this drawn drama path is the road of acquisitions, enrichment of their personality, deep spiritual discoveries and insights. A little on from the center of the novel, there are characters of the second plan, which they lose more on this path. This is Nicholas Rostov, Princess Marya, Petya. The periphery of the "war and the world" fill numerous figures, for one reason or another are not able to get up on this path.

By the same principle, numerous women's characters "War and Peace" are depicted. The answer to this question will be concrete, that is, you just need to know and retell the text, the content of the novel, to look for some special ideological concept. Tolstoy created images of Natasha and Sony, the princes of Mary and the "Brying", the beauties of Helen and the old Anna Pavlovna in the era of the 60s, at the same time with the Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?", In which the ideas of female freedom and equality are most fully and consistently expressed. Men. All this is Tolstoy, naturally, rejected, looked at the woman in the patriarchal spirit.

He embodied his ideals of women's love, family, parental happiness not only in the nature and fate of Natasha, the most bright of all characters (including the male) expressing his idea of \u200b\u200bthe "real life", but also reality, marrying in 1862 on young Sophie Andreevna Bers. And it is necessary to admit with regret that the "us elevation" of the image of Natasha turned out to be much more nice and the looks of the "theme of the low truth" of the family drama Tolstoy. In spite of the fact that Tolstoy felt focused on the young wife in the spirit of his ideals, the most that you convince us when reading the "war and the world", the wife of the great writer, and then the grown numerous children made the last thirty years of life in thick unbearable. And how many times he made the decision to get away from them!

It can be said that "the real life" with her "fancy, surprises, sudden whims and whims - what makes any female nature, it turned out to be even more" real "than the thicker assumed. And no matter what comes About the frost and meek princess Marya or doried, winningly confident in his power of Helen. Very soon after writing "War and the World", life has shown its author that the extremes of female characters, so confidently divorced them on the scale of moral estimates (Natasha- "excellent" , Princess Marya "mediocre", Helen - "Nepud") in reality can come together in the face of one, the closest, the most beloved person - wives, the mother of three children. Thus, with all its depths and all-inclostedness of the author's vital philosophy, "war and peace "Slightly schematically," Living Life "," The real life "is more difficult, richer, with her not to deal with the stroke of the pen at its discretion, at the request of artistic unity, as Tolstoy arrived, quickly" killing " Avshuya unnecessary for his ideologous-moral construction is such an attractive and invincible in his immorality of Helen. The idea of \u200b\u200b"real life" permeates and image of historical characters. The spirit of troops, which feels Kutuzov and who dictates strategic decisions to him, in fact, there is also a form of admission, mergers from the ever-flowing life. His antagonists - Napoleon, Alexander, scientists German generals are unable to do this. Simple, ordinary heroes of war - Tushin, Timokhin, Tikhon Shcherbaty, Vaska Denisov - do not seek to instill all humanity, because they are deprived of feelings of the individual who are already merged with this world.

The idea-an antithesis opened above, permeating the entire huge novel, is already expressed in his name, very capacious and multivalued. The second word of the name of the novel refers to the community of people, the whole people, the life of the whole world, in the world, with people as opposed to monastic solitude. Therefore, it is incorrect to think that the name of the novel indicates the alternation of military and peaceful, non-e-episodes. The above sense of the word world changes, expands the value and the first capital word: war - not only as a manifestation of malicity, but also in general the struggle of people, the life battle of detached, divided into atomic droplets of mankind. In 1805, the Tolstovskaya epic opens, the human community dwells disunity, crushed to class, the noble light is alienated from the national whole. The culmination of this state is the Tilzite world, the continuing, fraught with a new war. The antithesis of this state is 1812, when "all the people wish they want" on the Borodino field. And further from 3 to 4 of the heroes of the novel turn out to be on the verge of war and the world, the point and the point of the transitions back and forth. They face a real, full life, with war and peace. Kutuzov says: "Yes, a lot reproached me .... and for war and for the world .... and everything came on time," and these concepts are associated in its lifestyles in a single capital lifestyle. In the epilogue, the initial state returns, again disunity in the highest estate and the highest class with a simple people. Pierre perturbs "Pigacity, settlements - the people are tormented, enlightening," he wants "independence and activities." Nikolay Rostov will soon "chop and chieve everything from the shoulder." As a result, "everything is too stretched and will certainly burst." By the way, Plato Karataev would not approve the sentiment of the two heroes remaining in living heroes, and Andrei Volkonsky would approve. And here is his son Nicholya, born in 1807, reads highly appreciated by the Decembrist Plutarch. His further fate is understandable. The epilogue of the novel is full of different opinions. Unity, admission remains the desired ideal, but the epilogue of Tolstoy shows how difficult path to it is difficult. According to Sophia Andreevna, Tolstoy said that he loves in the "war and the world" "the thought of people", and in the "Anna Karenina" - "Family thought". It is impossible to understand the essence of both fat formulas without comparing these novels. Like Gogol, Goncharov, Dostoevsky, Leskov Tolstoy considered his age time, when in the world of people, among people there is a triumph, the disintegration of the common whole. And his two "thoughts", and two novels, how to return the lost integrity. In the first novel, as neither paradoxically sounds, the world connects the war, a single patriotic impulse against the general enemy, precisely against him individuals are connected to the whole people. In Anne Karenina, the separation of the cell of society is opposed to the family, the primary form of human association and admission. But the novel shows that in the era, when "everything was mixed", "everything was overgrown," the family was short-term, a fragile merger only strengthens the complexity towards the desired ideal of human unity. Thus, the disclosure of the "thought of the people" in the "war and the world" is closely connected and is largely determined by the Tolstsky response to the main question - "What is true life?" As for the role of the people and personality in history, the solution of this issue is particularly clogged. Marxist-Leninist literary criticism. Tolstoy, as already mentioned, was often accused of historical fatalism (a look, according to which the outcome of historical events is pre-predetermined). But this unfairly Tolstoy insisted only that the laws of history are hidden from the individual human mind. His look at this problem very accurately expresses the famous Quartewood Tyutchev (1866 - again the time of work on the "war and peace"): "I do not understand Russia with my mind,

Arshin must not measure:
It has a special one
You can only believe in Russia. "

For Marxism, not the crucial importance of popular masses as the engine of history and the inability of the personality to influence the story otherwise, except for attached to the tail of these masses, was an immutable law. However, to illustrate this "law" of the military episodes of the "War and the World" of the Military Episode. In his epopea, Tolstoy picks up the relay of the historical views of Karamzin and Pushkin. Both of them were extremely convincingly shown in their works (Karamzin in the "Russian State History"), which, expressing the words of Pushkin, the case is a powerful tool of providence, that is, fate. It is through random that the natural and necessary, and they are also recognized only by the rear date, after their action. And the personality carrier turns out to be a personality: Napoleon, who turned the fate of the whole of Europe, Tushin, who turned Shengraben's battle. That is, paraphrasing the famous saying, it can be said that if Napoleon was not, it would be worth in to invent, about the same way as "invented" his Tushina Tolstoy.

With his giant volume of "war and the world" can produce

the impression of chaoticness, scattering and incommary of the set

characters, plot lines, all diverse content. But

the genius of a fat-artist in that manifested that all this

human community, which is easy to coal with thoughtful,

attentive reading.

The genre of "war and the world" is defined as a novel-epic. What's the point

of this definition? Through the infinite many destinies

people taken in various circumstances of life: in military and peaceful

time, in youth and in old age, in contentment and in sorrow, in private and

common, swarm - and woven into a single artistic integer,

main artistically mastered book antithesis:

natural, simple and conditional, artificial in the life of people;

simple and eternal moments of human being: Birth, love,

death - and the meanness of the world, the length of society, property

understanding history and life in general, but in his book characteristic for

ancient, classic epic concept of fate, rock replaced

the concept of life in its spontaneous course and spilling, in the eternal

update. No wonder in the novel so much metaphors associated with forever

changing water elements.

There are "War and the World" and the main, key verbal-artistic

"form". Under the impression of communicating with Plato Karataev,

the embodiment of just eternal and round, Pierre sees a dream. "And suddenly

Pierre introduced himself as a living, long-forgotten meek old man

a teacher who taught Pierre Geography in Switzerland.

"Wait," said the old man. And he showed Pierre Globe. This globe was

live, hesitating ball without sizes. Whole surface

the bowl consisted of droplets, tightly compressed. And drops these all

moved, moved, and then merged out of several in one, then from

one was divided into many. Each drop sought to break up

capture the greatest space, but others trying to

they squeezed it, sometimes destroyed, sometimes merged with her.

Here is life, "said the old man. "How simple and clear, -

thought Pierre. - Kakya could not know this before ... So he, karatayev,

here it turned out and disappeared. "Such an understanding of life is optimistic

pantheism, philosophy, identifying God with nature. God of the author

"Wars and the World" is all life, all being. Such a philosophy

determines the moral estimates of the heroes: the goal and happiness of man -

reach a roundness of a drop and break, merge with everyone,

to join everything and everything. The closest to this ideal is located

Plato Karataev, no wonder he is given the name of the great ancient Greek

the sages standing at the origins of the world philosophical thought.

Many representatives of the noble-aristocratic light, especially

the court circle shown in the novel is not capable of it.

The main heroes "wars and peace come precisely to this, they

overcoming Napoleonic egoism becomes described in

romane Time is a banner of the era and finally become it during

scriptures of the novel. By the way, then wrote "Crime and Punishment" and

Dostoevsky. The main characters overcome the class closure and

gradual unit. And in the center of the novel Tolstoy puts such

characters, whose movement on this path proceeds especially

dramatic and straightening. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre and Natasha.

For them, this filled drama path is the road acquisitions,

enrichment of their personality, deep spiritual discoveries and insights.

on this path they lose more. This is Nicholas Rostov, Princess Marya,

Peter. The periphery of the "war and the world" fill numerous

figures, for one reason or another, are not able to stand on this path.

By the same principle, numerous women are depicted

characters "War and Peace". The answer to this question will be worn

specific character, i.e. We just need to know and retell the text,

the concept does not have. Tolstoy created images of Natasha and Sony,

princesses Mary and "Brying", Beauty Helen and Old Anna

Pavlovna in the era of the 60s, at the same time with the novel of Chernyshevsky

"What to do?", In which the most fully and consistently expressed

ideas of women's freedom and equality with men. All this is Tolstoy,

naturally, rejected, watched a woman in the patriarchal spirit.

Your ideals of female love, family, parental happiness he

embodied not only in the nature and fate of Natasha, the most bright of all

characters (including male) expressing his idea of

"real life", but also reality, married in 1862 on

young Sophie Andreevna Bers. And it is regretful to admit

that the "us elevator deception" the image of Natasha turned out to be much

lovely and clue "Themes of Low Truths" Family Drama

Tolstoy. No matter what Tolstoy felt

a young wife in the spirit of his ideals, those that are so convincing us

when reading "war and the world", the wife of a great writer and then

grown numerous children made the last thirty years

life is thick unbearable. And how many times he made a decision

get away from them! .. We can say that "real life" with her

"Freakiness, surprises, sudden whims and

whims - what makes any female nature, - turned out to be

even more "real" than supposed Tolstoy. And no matter what

there is a question - about the frosting and meek princess Marya or about the bold

demanding, winningly confident in his strength of Helen. Highly

soon after writing the "war and the world", life showed her to the author that

the extremes of female characters so confidently divorced them on the scale

moral estimates (Natasha- "excellent", Princess Marya -

"mediocre", helen - "not") in reality may come together in the face

one, closest, most beloved person - wife, mother

three children. Thus, with all its depth and inclusion

"Living life", "real life" is more difficult, richer, with her not

place a stroke of the pen at its discretion, on demand

artistic unity, as Tolstoy arrived, quickly

"Mailing" has become unnecessary for his ideological and moral building

such an attractive and invincible in his immorality of Helen.

The idea of \u200b\u200b"real life" permeates and image of historical

characters. Spirit of troops that feels Kutuzov and who dictates

he has strategic decisions, in fact, there is also a form of admission,

mergers from forever bottling life. His antagonists - Napoleon,

Alexander, scientists German generals - to this are unable. Simple

private Heroes of War - Tushin, Timokhin, Tikhon Shcherbaty, Vaska

Denisov - do not seek to make it possible to make all humanity, because

it is deprived of feelings of the individual why they are already merged with this world.

Opened an antithesis idea, permeating the whole huge novel,

it is already expressed in his name, very capacious and multivalued. Second

the word name of the novel refers to the community of people, all the people,

life to the whole world, in the world, with people as opposed to

monastic solitude. Therefore, it is incorrect to think that the name

the novel indicates the alternation of military and peaceful, ne-war

episodes. The above sense of the word world changes, expands

the value and first of the title word: war - not only as a manifestation

militarities, but in general the struggle of people, life battle

disconnected, divorced on atomic droplets of mankind.

In 1805, to which the Tolstovsky epic opens, Human

the community dwells divided, fragmented for class,

the noble light is alienated from the folk whole. Culmination of this

conditions - the Tilzite world, the continuing, fraught with a new war.

Antithesis of this state is 1812, when "all the people

want to feel "on the Borodino field. And then from 3 to 4 of that heroes

novels are on the verge of war and the world, then

transitions there and back. They face a real full

life, with war and world. Kutuzov says: "Yes, a lot reproached

me ... and for war and for the world ... And everything came on time, "and these concepts

they are associated with its lifestyles in a single capital lifestyle. In Epilogy

initial state returns, again disunity in

high estate and higher class with simple people. Pierre

perturbs "Pigacity, settlements - People are tormented, enlightenment soul",

he wants "independence and activities." Nikolay Rostov will soon be

"Chick and choke everything from the shoulder." As a result, "everything is too stretched and

will certainly burst ". By the way, Plato Karataev would not approve

sentiment of the two heroes survivors, and Andrei Volkonsky

approved. And here is his son Nikolenka, born in 1807, reads

highly appreciated by Decembrist Plutarch. His further fate

Unity, admission remains desirable ideal, but epilogue

Tolstoy shows how difficult path to it is.

According to Sophia Andreevna, Tolstoy said that he loves

"War and the World" "Thought People's Thought", and in "Anna Karenina" - "Thought

family. "It is impossible to understand the essence of both Tolstovsky formulas without

comparison of these novels. Like Gogol, Goncharov,

Dostoevsky, Leskov Tolstoy considered his age time when in the world

people among people triumph disassemble, the disintegration of the common whole. AND

his two "thoughts", and two novels - how to return the lost

integrity. In the first novel, as neither paradoxically sounds, the world

connects war, a single patriotic impulse against the general enemy,

it is against him that individual individuals are connected to the whole people.

In Anna Karenina, an expulsion is opposed to a society cell -

family, primary shape of human association and admission. But

roman shows that in the era, when "everything was mixed", "all

moved ", family with its short-term, fragile merger

only strengthens complexity on the way to the desired ideal of human

union. Thus, the disclosure of the "thought of folk" in "War and

the world is closely related and largely determined by the Tolstsky response to

the main question is "What is real life?"

As for the role of the people and personality in history, then the solution of this

the question is especially clogged by Marxistco-Leninsky

literary work. Tolstoy, as already mentioned, often accused of

historical fatalism (a look according to which the outcome

historical events are pre-preceded). But it is unfair

Tolstoy insisted only on the fact that the laws of history are hidden from

individual human mind. His look at this problem

very accurately expresses the famous quadruses Tyutchev (1866 - again

work time on "War and Mir"):

"My mind is not understood

Arshin must not measure:

It has a special one -

You can only believe in Russia. "

For Marxism, not crucial importance of popular masses as an engine

stories and the inability of the person to influence the story otherwise, except

as attached to the tail of these masses, was an immutable law.

However, illustrate this "law" by the material of military episodes

"Wars and the world" is difficult. In his epic, thick picks up

relay of historical views of Karamzin and Pushkin.

Both of them

extremely convincingly shown in their works (Karamzin in

"Story of the Russian state"), which, expressing the words of Pushkin,

the case is a powerful tool providence, t, e. fate. It is through

random act natural and necessary, and they are

they are recognized only by rearly, after their action. And carrier

accident is a person: Napoleon, who overgrown fate

all of Europe, Tushin, who turned the course of the Shenagraben battle. That

there is, paraphrasing the famous saying, we can say that if

Napoleon was not, it would be worth it to invent, as well as as

"invented" his Tushina Tolstoy.

171. Critical image of a secular society on the novel "War and Peace"

Rich and diverse a gallery of noble types in the novel "War and

the world. "" Light "and society are depicted by thick generous paints.

The highest light performs in the novel as a force ruling country. If a

the people live in suffering, the top of society, despite the losses,

cropped by war, still succeed.

The center around which they are grouped, the royal courtyard is depicted,

and above all, the emperor Alexander. Alexander, according to Tolstoy,

just a puppet. The fate of Russia solve numerous advisers,

favorites, temporary, ministers, courtiers. Ordarity

the emperor lies in the fact that he has no opinion, under

the influence of certain individuals takes various decisions. Alexander A.

personality is not only weak, he is hypocritical and fake, likes to take

poses. Tolstoy believes that luxury does not contribute to the development of the mind, but

the habit of living at idle devastates personality. Around Alexander

the struggle of "parties" for influence does not stop, continuously

intrigue. Courtyard, headquarters, ministries filled with a crowd of mediocre

alley, taking into power of people. Government and general studies

losing one war after another. Army, oblantable

interns, starving, dies from epidemics and in meaningless

battles. In the war of 1812, Russia enters unprepared. On the

during the whole war, Alexander did not commit any reasonable

act, limited to stupid orders and spectacular

Tolstoy takes on the scene of the court, ministers, diplomats,

generals, staff officers, foreign people who launch at the courtyard in

as an approximate king. So exhaustively characterizes

Tolstoy illusory power of the rulers of the country, whose notch

twelve year revealed with all exposing mercilessness.

The writer denounces the court and higher circles with their government

enthusiasm. This part of the highest society is infinitely far from the struggle.

people. Despite the seizure of Moscow, life in St. Petersburg goes

old. All the same in the salons is going to know the highest, everything is the same

balls are given. Empress, Cesarevich, Rumyantsev, all courtiers

drums on all the frets with the patriotism of the people, but they themselves lead

welfare.

One of the representatives of the highest light was Prince Vasily Kuragin,

minister. His desire for enrichment does not know borders. Sighing, O.

shatter says: "My children are the burden of my existence." His son

Hippolyties ranks diplomat, but he speaks Russian with

labor, he is not able to tie three words, his jokes are always stupid and

meaningless. Prince Vasily catches a rich bridegroom for his daughter

Helen Kuragina. In his network in naught and natural kindness

pierre falls. Later he will say Helen: "Where you are debauchery and evil."

Anatole Kuragin, another son of Prince Vasily, lives idle life.

Anatol - Guards officer who does not know which shelf he

numen, the main sense of his life he made "going to

pleasures. "His actions lead animals instincts.

The satisfaction of these instincts is the main engine of his life. Wine

and women, carefit and indifference to everything except their

desires become the basis of its existence. Pierre Duzhov says

about him: "Here is a true sage. Always pleased, cheerful." Sophisticated B.

alene Kuragin's love intrigues helps his brother to hide him

internal emptiness and worthlessness. Heranes Elene Depraved, stupid and

livy. But despite this, she enjoys a huge success in the world,

her emperor notes, in the house of the Countess constantly spin

fans: the best aristocrats of Russia, poets dedicate to her poems,

diplomats are sophisticated in wit, visible state

the figures are dedicated to treatises. Brilliant position stupid and

depraved Helen is a deadly exposure of noble morals.

Special attention deserves created by the thick image of Prince Boris

Drubetsky. This walking to the glory and honors. Young man

"Designed" to change the older generation of Russia. Already on his first

steps can be understood that Boris "will go far." He trivides him possesses

cold mind, free from conscience, externally very attractive.

Make the first steps towards a brilliant career helps him mother,

hange and hypocrite. Drubetsky many are obliged to the family of growth, but

very quickly forget about it, because Rostov is broken, not so

influential, and indeed, - people of another circle. Boris - Career. His

the moral code is not very complicated: the goal justifies the funds.

Favorable marriage, useful links opens the doors to him in the most

mighty society. The final of his life is clear: Boris will reach

high posts and will be the "decent" senior change,

rulers of Russia. It will be the faithful support of the autocratic power.

Brightly drawn a fat image of an adventurist, nobleman Dolokhov.

Duels, boosters, "pranks" in the company "Golden Youth", the game of its

and other people's lives become an end to him. His courage is ne.

has nothing to do with the heroism of people like Denisov, Rostov,

Timokhin, Bolkonsky. The image of Dolokhova is an example of noble

adventuristic militancy.

It is very noteworthy and the image of the Moscow Governor of Pour. It

reveals with all the brightness in the scenes preceding the entry

french to Moscow. "Mensor," Tolstoy writes, "did not have

the slightest concept about the people to whom he had to manage ".

Followed by the leaflets distributed by him, its orders are harmful to

organization of People's Protection of Moscow. Mensor cruel, proud.

One part of the pen refers to innocent people suspected of

treason, execute in any unique young man Vereshchagin, issuing him

distract the people's anger from true disaster perpetrators in the country.

The artistic expression of the look of Tolstoy on the people as on the Creator

stories, faith in the fact that the people of the inexhaustible source of forces

and talents, recognition of legitimate all forms of struggle to which

resorts to people to protect the Fatherland, - All this puts the Great

tolstoy's epic in the category of the best works of world literature. IN

this is the incredit value of the Great Epopie.

172. Images of Russian women in the novel "War and Peace"

The huge popularity of the talent of the Lion Tolstoy has long stepped over the boundaries

our country. He knows the whole world. No wonder Gorky wrote: "Not knowing

to the novel? What makes people in different nations go to him

distant from his heroes and time, and social medium, and others

problems. We do not get tired of repeating, which is equal in the literature Tolstoy

not. Why? A huge gift and artistic uniqueness allowed

Tolstoy show the life of the whole people, the whole nation, the whole country, the name

which is Russia. The pages of the novel comes to life, people stand in

flesh and blood, with their thoughts, joys and sorrows, quests and

misconceptions, love and hatred, with victories and defeats,

creative distortion of Tolstoy has always been associated with life. Heroes "War and

of the world ", both positive and negative, apply primarily to

the medium of the highest, ruling nobility. Tolstoy painted a wide picture

the life of a noble society, depicted him with all the inherent

alienation from the people. The merit of the writer is that he, mercilessly drawing

the noble society, showed the few families of the best nobles, in

including the enlightened part of them (Volkon and Bezukhov).

All advanced in the nobility was an exceptional phenomenon. how

the rule, in thick images positive possess exactly features

exclusivity, and their fate in the novel develop in a collision with

The "big world", which thick draws negatively.

Anna Pavlovna Sherler, Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya, Julie Karagin, Helen

Bezuhova carry in itself primarily the features of his class. Tough

emphasizes that every hero is a generation of the environment, the flesh from the flesh,

and each feels in this environment as a fish in the water. According to Tolstoy,

Natasha is the ideal of a woman.

It is a rich, generous gifted nature. From

this sensitive, touching, wonderful girl took? Family growth, like

volkonsky family, and among them Maria Bolkonskaya, dramatically stand out among

ordinary noble families. Family of growth is similar to those families from which

the feminians of the Decembrists and many other advanced people of the XIX century were published.

Lifestyle growth, customs, sympathy and antipathy - all this is Russian,

national. They absorbed the spirit of the people with his cheerfulness,

the ability to persist suffer, it is easy to go for victims not at the same time, but from all over

spiritual latter. The brightest feature in Natasha is poetic

africa, spiritual kindness, openness for everyone who is surrounded.

Appearing for the first time on the ball, Natasha is so little similar to the secular ladies,

so distinct the contrast between it and the "light". Barely stepped over the family threshold,

Natasha is deceived. To Rostov, and above all to the common

favorite Natasha, stretch the best people - Andrei Volkonsky, Pierre

Duzukhov, Vasily Denisov. Passion for Natasha Anatoly Kuragin, this

an empty secular person speaks of her inexperience. Natasha - Nature

generously gifted, the actions of it are original, no one is not

prejudice, manages her heart. Natasha is a captivating image

russian woman, lonely, alien feels Natasha among

metropolitan aristocrats. Landing, gullibility and inexperience

Kuragin carries her, and his depraved sister Helen helps him

Kuragin. After severe illness, the resulting mental

shocks, Natasha returned to life updated. The trouble did not break her

the light did not won over her victory. Natasha takes an active part in

events of 1812. Latitude, independence, courage, passionate attitude

all phenomena of life are such a feature that fill this image. It

filute contemporaries and captivates us. A mansion is in the family of growth

Vera is the older sister of Natasha. Cold, unrefell, alien in the circle of brothers and

sisters, she is in the house of growth - the body of foreign ones. Pupil Sonya Full

selfless and grateful love to the whole family completes the gallery

family growth. Just like Natasha Rostov, Princess Marya -

pleiada representative of the best women of the Nobility of Russia began the beginning of the XIX

century. This image is unusually complicated. On artistic brightness he

it takes one of the first places among the heroes of Tolstoy. Moral height,

power of character, femininity allocate Princess Marry among many

female characters of world literature.

Tolstoy makes this image, despite the complexity and inconsistency,

unusually poetic, solid, finished, charming. Princess

Marya is an artistic embodiment of the Tolstsky ideal of femininity.

The best representatives of the nobility, and among them Natasha and Princess Marya,

as a rule, generously gifted nature. They stand out from their environment

class primarily by humanity, genuine patriotism, high

moral. They are brightly manifested by the features of Russian. And in this

big merit thick.

173. Philosophical problems in the novel of the Tolstoy "War and Peace"

"War and Peace" was written in the 60s of the last century. Government

Alexandra has canceled the serfdom, but did not give the farmers of the earth,

they are rebel. Russia and the West, the historical destinies of Russia and her

the people were the most topical issues of time. They are

constantly worried about fat. Tolstoy was always against the revolution,

but hoped by enlightenment, reforms, constitutions, that is

untopic by erecting the perfect social system. "War I.

the world "is one of the most wonderful works of literature. Years

work on the novel is the time of the most tensional labor writer.

Creative distortion of Tolstoy has always been associated with life. Novel

conceived as a grandiose study of half-century history

Russia in its acute clashes and comparisons with Europe, as

comprehending the national nature of the Russian people and all

life. In the novel set psychological, social,

historical, moral problems saying about true and

false patriotism, about the role of personality in history, about national

the dignity of the Russian people, about the nobility, in the novel act over

two hundred historical faces. Representing events with human

moral side, the writer often penetrated into their genuine

historical essence.

Napoleon claimed a great role in history, expecting to create

history, subordinating her own will. Tolstoy says he

despot not only on the situation but also by conviction. He is annoying

his greatness. "There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, good and truth," -

wrote Tolstoy.

In the "war and the world", this romance study, a huge role

the picture of characters and morals was assigned. He recreates mental

the experiences of different people of this time, their spiritual aspirations.

The best representatives of the nobility are Pierre Duhov and Andrei

Volkonian. They both seek a reasonable device of society, both

tirelessly tend to reach the truth. Ultimately they reach

before turning to the people, to consciousness to serve him,

merge with him, deny all the forms of liberalism. Characteristic that

in general, the noble culture of that time is presented in the novel

mainly by these mental and moral quest

"Educated minority". Internal world of man, research

souls are one of the philosophical problems that are concerned to Tolstoy. W.

Tolstoy his own look at the story. Philosophical

reasoning in his novel is his thoughts, his Duma, His

the worldview, his concept of life.

One of the important problems "War and Peace" is the ratio of personality

and society, supervisor and masses, life of private and life

historical. Tolstoy denied the role of personality in history. It

refused to recognize by force leading historical development

humanity, whatever "idea", as well as desire or power

individual, even if the "great" historical figures. He said,

that everything solves the "spirit of troops", argued that there are laws,

managing events. These laws are unknown to people. One of

the philosophical problems of the novel is a question about freedom and necessity.

In its own way and the thick of this question is original. He says that

freedom of man, historical figure - apparent, man

is free only not to go in advance events, not

impose their will, and simply match the story, change,

grow and in this way to influence its move. Deep thought though

what a man is less free than closer it is set to power. IN

her Philosophical Historical Points of Tolstoy was close to Herzen.

Roman is called "War and Peace". The meaning of the name: the world denies the war.

The world is work and happiness, the war is the disagreement of people, destruction,

death and grief.

The essay theme is very difficult, rather she is suitable for graduates

institute of Philological Faculty or graduate students who

engaged in studies in the work of Tolstoy.

I didn't fully fully reflected in my essay all the philosophical

problems of the 4th Tomny Roman "War and Peace", and this is understandable: it is impossible

on two sheets to fit all the thoughts of Tolstoy, he is a genius, but the main me

still reflected.

It would be possible to add how to solve the thick question about the role

women in society. He negatively belonged to Emancipation

women, if Turgenev, Chernyshevsky woman considered in

another aspect, then Tolstoy believes that for a woman there is a place -

home. Therefore, Natasha Rostov is just a mother and wife at the end

novel. It's a pity! She. Was not just a girl, but gifted

man emitting warmth and light sang. In this position I am with

Tolstoy I can not agree, because a smart woman is little

just home "goose", she still wants more. And if u.

Natasha was a rich spiritual world, then where did he go, went to

homemade life? This is a thick conservative. He wrote little about

the difficult position of serf peasantry, just a few

pages for the whole huge epic. Scene Bogucharovsky Bunt -

the only bright episode of this plan. I think it would affect

his other novel "Decembrists".

174. People and Personality in the novel of the Tolstoy "War and Peace"

No greatness where there is no simplicity, good and truth. Tough

Great writer and philosopher Lion Nikolaevich Tolstoy dismisses his

theory about the role of personality in history.

Fairly Polemizing S.

bourgeois scientists who created the cult of the Great Personality

historical hero, by the will of which, allegedly, are committed by world

events. Tolstoy argues that the course of world events is predetermined

over, and the influence of the personality on the course of these events is only external,

fictitious. Everything is committed not by the will of people, but by the will of providence.

This means that Tolstoy is trying to oboentize natural laws

life. He argues that everyone solve feelings, not the mind that is

rock, fate. Theory of predestination, fatalism, inevitability

historical events also affected the interpretation of Kutuzov images

and Napoleon. The role of the personality in the history of Tolstoy is distinguished by negligible

a small role, equating her to the appointment of the "label", that is, give

name events, facts and phenomena.

Napoleon at life receives the title of invincible and ingenious

commander. Tolstoy spreads Napoleon in a moral plan,

accusing him in the absence of humanism towards ordinary soldiers

and the people. Napoleon - the invader, the enslave of the peoples of Europe and

Russia. Like a commander ,.on is an indirect killer of many

thousand people. This gave him the right to greatness and glory.

Napoleon's state activities in this light

the question was simply immoral. Europe could not anyone

oppose Napoleon, "no reasonable ideal", and only

russian people buried his crazy plans for the capture of world

states. Tolstoy writes: "Instead of genius, they are nonsense and

meanness, not having an example. "All the appearance of Napoleon is unnecessary and

false. He could not respond to high moral requirements, so in

it is not and genuine grandeur. The embodiment of all this is

Kutuzov. Tolstoy notes in it not only "wise observer

events ", but also the talent of a commander who govering the most important thing -

by the moral spirit of troops. Tolstoy writes: "Long-term military

he knew his experience that it was impossible to manage hundreds of thousands of people.

man that solves the fate of the battle is not disposal

commander-in-chief, not a place where troops are not the number of guns

and the dead people, and the elusive force called the spirit of the troops. "

Contradictions in the views of Tolstoy on the image of the Kutuzov

manifest in that, on the one hand, Kutuzov - Wise,

passive Observer of the Military Events, Head of Spirit

troops, and on the other hand, is a commander, actively

interfering in the course of military events. Kutuzov proposed

Napoleon general battle and numerical superiority

Napoleon won the military and moral victory of Kutuzov on

the next day gives an order about the counteroffensive to raise the spirit

forces, but then cancels the order in order to preserve the army and forces. AND

there are many such examples. After the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia Kutuzov

submits to resign, considering its mission performed. So realism

Tolstoy took the top over the ways of his fatalistic philosophy and

artistically presented the true face of the great commander, his

booster energy, active participation during military events. War

acquired a nationwide, national character, so in the post

the commander-in-chief should have been not a foreigner (Barclay), but

russian commander - Kutuzov. With the arrival of him for this post Russian

pied with the Spirit. They even wrote the proverb: "Kutuzov came

beat the French. "The superiority of the Russian military army and

the colonical genius of Kutuzov was shown in 1812 that Russian

people invincible. In the bright Pushkin assessment of the identity of the Great

the commander contained grain design of the image of Kutuzov in the novel

Tolstoy. In the Russian army there lived an indomitable spirit of Suvorov "Science

win, "National School National Traditions were alive

Suvorov. The soldiers remember him and during the battle, and by the fire.

Both to the assessment of the actions of individuals and to the assessment of historical

events, Tolstoy Suitable with the criteria of good and evil. Unit

he considers the greatest manifestation of evil. "Thought folk"

putting and philosophical conclusions of Tolstoy and image

specific historical events, historical figures, and

oblasting ordinary people, assess their moral appearance.

The most important conclusion that follows from artistic paintings and

theoretical Assignments of the Writer, - the conclusion about the decisive role

folk masses in history. Depicting the war 1805-1807, Tolstoy

explains the reason for the defeat of the Russians precisely the fact that the soldier

the mass was unclear was the meaning of this war, alien to her goal. Almost in different

the army mood is depicted in the war of 1812. This war was walled

people's character because the Russian people defended their home and

his land. Genuine heroism, imperceptible and natural, as

life itself is the quality manifests itself in battles, and in the soldiers' weekdays,

and in relations between Russian warriors to each other and to the enemy. People appear

before us as a carrier of higher moral values. Common goals

and the common trouble is rapty people, no matter what

the class circle they belong, so the best national

the features of the Russian person are detected during a nationwide disaster.

In "War and the World", genuine nationality is embodied - the greatest

conquest Russian classical literature. About people, about life, about

historical events writer judges from the point of view of the interests of everything

the people who are essentially the main hero of his

works. In an effort to comprehend the patterns of human

life, historical process, writer not only draws live

paintings, images and fate of people, but also argues as a philosopher,

historian scientist talking in science language. Favorite thought writer

lives in each image in each scene, in every detail created by him

great epic.

175. Critical image of a military-bureaucratic environment in the novel "War and Peace"

L.N. Tolstoy created a lot of works, but especially great value

his Roman-epic "War and Peace". This novel tells how about

mental searches for the most advanced part of the nobility and about

"Societies". Portraying these "stupid unnecessaries" and exposing

study essence in the novel "War and Peace", L.N. Tolstoy reaches

what he did not reach completely in Anna Karenina and "Resurrection",

The most integral image of the "vulgarity of a vulgar person".

The first thing is primarily striking when you read the novel - it is

full destruction by a writer of any kind of secular authority

societies. Before us, the Family of Prince Vasily Kuragin with his sons:

Ippolite, Anatola and Elene's daughter.

Prince Vasily Kuragin - a representative of the ruling top. the main

the goal of the action of the prince is a personal benefit. He spoke to himself: "Here is Pierre

rich, I have to lure him marry my daughter ... "if a person could

be a useful prince, he climbed up with him, told him courtesy,

stolen. According to L.N. Tolstoy, Prince Vasily constantly attracted to

people are stronger and richer. So, the goal of his stay at the evening

Anna Pavlovna Sherler; there was an intention to arrange a son of hippolit

first secretary in Vienna. When it failed to kidnap the will

Bezuhova, Chisage Vasily, using the impracticality of Pierre and His

inexperienced, he marries him on his daughter. Prince Vasily enjoys

respect of society, which completely characterizes it. Hippolyte, senior

the son of Prince, - a fool. But it does not prevent him from "make diplomatic

career. "After all, he is rich and noticed! The younger son of Prince Vasily,

Anatol, - Limited, Depracted "Well done", whose egoism

it is manifested in an attempt to kidnap Natasha Rostov.

Worthy of his father and the daughter of Prince - Helen, stupid, tricky and

depraved woman. "Where are you, there are debauchery, evil," says Pierre.

We see how merciless beaches L.N. Tolstoy lifestyle

great Ladies engaged exclusively to the toilets,

men, each of which consists of "necessary, fools",

which, overlooking the indispensable envoys with extremely smart

the view is listening to political speeches, of course, incomprehensible to them. "

Salon Anna Pavlovna Sherler L.N. Tolstoy compares with spinning

workshop in which "spindle from different sides is evenly and, not

shuttle, noisy. "From the first picture of the evening intake it felt that

the life of the salon regulars is filled with only an external gloss, all

live goes out in this soulless atmosphere. Anna Pavlovna with fear

watching Pierre: Not too loudly he says, laughs. AND

when Pierre manages to tie a conversation with Abbat, Anna Pavlovna

it is terribly worried.

Under the outer glitter of the highest light is hidden or empty

phrase, or a tested interest, or intrigue, calculations,

false and hypocrisy always reign in Shero's salon. Small intrigues

who are an integral part of the life of a secular society, only

complement the whole gallery of its flaws and indicate

unprecedented low moral level of these people. And me

even love for homeland is characteristic. On their part, we observe only

pseudopatriotmatism pseudopatriotism. We see these people in

such a difficult time as a period of war with Napoleon. And these people with

stunning hypocrisy were engaged in the fact that "piled a korpoly for

the benefits of the fatherland. "That's all their" love "to the Fatherland. Hydrochemical

poses calling for "stand up for the defense of the fatherland", again

prove how contemptuously belong to their people, to

its heroic homeland existing, but not living secular

But these are people who are not involved in war. However, N.

a less disgusting painting is people

belonging to the highest light and using war. How tool

nagis! Recall Berg, who, not noticing the horrors of war, is looking for

"Chiffonier of mahogany". Berg is not excited tragedy

battles near Austerlitz - he learned to benefit: got

award. He managed to "distinguish" and in the Finnish war, lifting

shard pomegranates who were killed by the adjutant. But it is from the living rooms

light came to the operating army "Golden Youth." For the ranks

and orders, the rows of "drone". They are not alone. Such

"Bergs" and "Herrow" was a lot among staff officers, they

introduced the army and weakened it. But is the better of their representatives

military nobility who chose a military field for the satisfaction of their

careroom desires? They go to war like "catching happiness and

ranks. "They are not interested in the fate of the birthplace and the outcome of the war. Such as

Drubetskaya, Zhirkov, Berg, Nesvitsky and many other "heroes", deaf to

call of Russia. They are not characteristic even short-term spiritual

gust. How the unclean their conscience in front of the homeland!

Their life on the front is deprived of a worthlessness of secular life, they are not

are the heroes of secular intrigues, they do not cause anyone to duel and

no one kill anyone, but their animal existence, formal

presence on the battlefield, their monstrous despotism we regard

as an incomparably more serious crime.

But back to the brilliant Petersburg. It is certainly not compared with

Borodin: whirlwinds of secular gossip and intrigue in full swing, but

no one recalls those who go to death for the sake of conservation

nice to life of the world, for the sake of conservation of the court tinsel.

Some "advanced" members of a secular society trying

diversify the life of the court nobility, impose no one you need

innovations: "Secret Masonic Organizations" appear.

Realism L.N. Tolstoy satirically ridicules "important religious

masons ", stigma shame such a pastime. What you can

to say about organizations, if the head of the Mason's logs was

tsar Alexander II?

Pierre Lesukov, who, at first, carried away by the ideas of Masons,

but then realizing their inconsistency leaves the organization, L.N.

Tolstoy calls people to keep another lifestyle, to

the desire to be useful society, and not leave real life

the problem of the modern society to him.

L.N. Tolstoy, as a realist writer, tearing off "All and all sorts of masks" with

"existers", calls on advanced people to break with courtiers

research, keep up with the century, have a clear goal in front of you.

So Pierre Duhov, whose mental searches have undergone large and

difficult changes becomes a fighter for the best life. In the end

novel he is already as we assume a member of one of

secret societies. He firmly sure that the advanced people of his time

must be with them. And indeed it is. By content

novel - it felt that if the prince Andrei Volkonsky would be alive,

then his place, the place of the real fighter-Patriot, who gave his

a great life for the liberation of the native land would be on

Senate Square, together with the Decembrists.

The effect of the novel, the search for the meaning of life by the best representatives

the nobility reveal the new topic in the work of L .. Tolstoy - theme

decembrism, the topic set by real life.

Huge merit L.N. Tolstoy lies in the fact that he is like no one

another, managed to show the growth of an advanced man of his era, his

thoughts, feelings, experiences. L.N. Tolstoy and his brilliant

works will always live in the hearts of people.

176. "Natasha Rostov and Marya Bolkonskaya"

Quadomatinist Lion Tolstoy "War and Peace" - Grand Overground

more than five hundred: from Napoleon, Alexander 1, Kutuzov to ordinary

russian men, burghers, merchants. Each acting face in the novel,

even even a secondary, interestingly,

unique fate who received special importance in the world

renal events.

And Emperor Alexander, and claimed world domination

Napoleon, and illiterate fortress man Plato Karataev

unusual worldview.

Speaking of "War and the World", it is impossible, of course, not to say about the main characters

romana: Andrei Volkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Princess Mary, family

Growth. Their inner world, constant work on oneself,

relationships with other active persons of the novel make

think about many things.

About female images in nineteenth century novels

talking "captivating". It seems to me that Natasha Rostova and Princess

Marya is suitable exactly this definition, despite his whole

banality.

As not like seem to be thin, mobile,

graceful Natask and clumsy, ugly, uninteresting Marya

Bologna! Natasha Rostov - the personification of love, life, happiness,

youth and female charms. Princess Bolkonskaya - Sad,

unattractive, scattered girl who and marriage

it can only count only thanks to its wealth.

Yes, and the characters of both tolstsky heroines are not at all similar.

Princess Mary, brought up by the example of its. Gore

an arrogant and incredulous father, and herself soon becomes such.

Its secrecy, restraint in the expression of own feelings and

congenital nobility is inherited and daughter. Natasha Same

trucking, immediacy, emotionality.

Old Count Ilya Andreich good-natured, rustling, loves to laugh

from the soul, in the house of growth is always noisy and fun, many guests,

which sincerely love this chickens. In the family of growth

children do not just love natural parental love, but also

pleight, do not restrain their independence and freedom.

Mutual understanding in this family amazing, members understand each

Friend with a half-clow, not insulting even little pet and Natasha

suspicion or disrespect, which you can't tell about the prince

Volkonsky in relation to the frivolous Mary. Princess is afraid of his father,

does not dare to make a step without his knowledge, do not obey him, even when

that is wrong. Marya, a hot loving his father, can not, fear

call an explosion of father's wrath, even to climb or kiss it.

Her life, still young and non-gentle girl, very hard.

Natashino existence is only occasionally overshadowed by funny

music offense. Natasha's mother is her best friend. Daughter tells

she is about all his joys, sadness, doubts and disappointments. In them

sincere evening conversations have something touching. Close

Natasha and with brother Nikolai, and with his cousina Sonya. And Prinja

Maryia All consolation is the letters of Julie Karagina, which Marya and

knows more by letters. In its solitude, the princess comes closer

with his companion Mr. Bourienne. Forced pickup

the hard character of the father and the dreamy nature of Marya itself make her

deep. God for the Princess Volkonskaya becomes everyone in life: her

assistant, mentors, strict judge. At times it becomes

embarrassing your own earthly actions and thoughts, and she dreams

devote yourself to god, go somewhere far away

free from all sinful and alien.

Natasha such thoughts do not come to mind. She cheerful, cheerful

and full of energy. Her youth, beauty, unwitting coquetry and

it is impossible not to admire. Her freshness, grace, poetic appearance,

simplicity and direct communication contrasts with

a porch and unnaturality of the manner of secular ladies and a young lady.

On the first ball, Natasha is noticed. Andrei Bolkonski suddenly

understands that this young girl, almost a girl turned over his whole

life, filled it with a new meaning that everything he had previously believed

important and necessary, does not have any meaning for him.

Natasha's love makes it still charming, charming and

unique. Happiness about which she dreamed so much, overwhelms her

Princess Marya does not have a similar all-consuming feeling of love for

one person, so she tries to love everyone, still

it spends a lot of time in prayers and everyday worries. Soul her like

and Natashina, waiting for love and ordinary female happiness, but

princess is not recognized even to himself. Its restraint I.

patientity helps her in all life difficulties.

It seems to me that, despite the external nobility, dissolute

characters, data not only by nature, but also formed under

the influence of the conditions in which Natasha Rostov and Princess lived

Marya, these two women have a lot in common.

the world, the inner beauty that Pierre loved in Natasha

Andrei Bolkonsky and whom Nikolai Rostov admires

in his wife.

Natasha and Marya are completely given to each of his feeling, whether

joy or sadness. Their spiritual impulses are often selfless and

noble. They both think about others close and loved ones

people than about themselves.

For the Princess Marya God all his life remained the ideal to which

her soul sought. But Natasha, especially in difficult periods of their

life (for example, after history with Anatoly Kuragin), was given

the feeling of worship before the Most High and Almighty. They are obheim

i wanted moral purity, spiritual life where there would be no place

insults, malice, envy, injustice, where everything would be elevated

and fine.

In my opinion, the word "femininity" is largely determined by human

the essence of the Heroine Tolstoy. It is Natasino charm, tenderness,

passion, and beautiful, filled with some inner light,

radish eyes Marya Bolkonskoe.

Lion Tolstoy speaks about the eyes of his favorite heroines especially. Princess

Maria they are "big, deep", "always sad", "more attractive

beauty. "Natasha's eyes" lively "," beautiful "," laugh ",

"Attentive", "good." It is said that the eyes are the mirror of the soul,

Natasha and Maryi they are in fact reflection of them

inner world.

Family Life Maryia and Natasha is the perfect marriage,

strong family relationship. Both tolstoy heroines devote themselves

husbands and children, giving all their spiritual and physical powers

raising children and creating a home coat. I think Natasha

(now NUHOVOV), and Marya (Rostov) are happy in family life,

happy happiness of your children and beloved husbands.

Tolstoy emphasizes the beauty of their heroin in the new quality for them

Loving wife and tender mother. Of course, you can not accept

"Grounding", "Oblost" poetic and adorable Natasha. But she

considers himself happy, dissolved in children and husband, and therefore

"Questionnament" at all and not care for Natasha, but just a new

the period of her life. After all, today it is still arguing about the appointment of a woman, about

her roles in society. And the Tolstsky solution to this problem, I think -

one of the options.

Striking the influence of both women on their husbands, their

understanding, mutual respect and love.

I believe that the princess of Marya and Natasha have reached not only

blood, but in spirit. Fate accidentally reduced them together, but both of them

they realized that each other was close, and therefore became real friends.

Even more than just friends, Natasha and Princess Marya,

to mine, became spiritual allies with their impassive

the desire to do good and carry the light, beauty and love to people.