Musical and non-music sounds Examples. Properties of musical sounds

Let's start the sound in music from the simplest and affordable - from those sounds that surround us. In its physical nature, the sound is the oscillations of the elastic body, which form sound waves in the air. Having achieved ear, the air sound wave affects the eardrum, from which the oscillations are transmitted to the inner ear and then on the hearing nerve. So we hear sounds.

If not all clearly, it does not matter. Because music lessons are not about as we hear. Our task to figure it out what We hear and allocate from all the variety of audible sounds in music.

All sounds can be divided into musical and noise. In musical sounds, the human ear can highlight a certain frequency that sounds louder than others. There are many different frequencies in the noise sounds, which we cannot allocate some separate frequency on the volume. In noise, the sounds of different frequencies with about the same or floating volume are merged.

Listen to noise and musical sounds:

• noise sounds

Some noise sounds are used in music. Of the three noise sounds, the first two are sounds of musical instruments. First sounds a big drum, then a triangle.

The third noise sound is the so-called "white noise". It has a lot of components that change randomly. In the picture, the white noise would look like this:

There will not be noise sounds to study, but let's start immediately to the sounds of musical.

• musical sounds:

If you select the most loud component from the musical sound and draw it, we will get approximately such a picture:

In real sound, the picture would be more complicated, but, after all, the main thing is that the loudest sound is present in the musical sound with one (defined) frequency. From such sounds you can make melodies.

Music lessons. So, in the musical sounds you can select a certain frequency. What is it talking about? Imagine a tight stretched string. I will hit her hammer. The string will turn the fluctuations:

The frequency with which the string fluctuates determines the frequency of audible sound.
The frequency in Hertz is measured: one hertz (1 Hz) is equal to one fluctuation per second. A person is able to hear the sound in the range from 16 Hz to 20 thousand Hz (kHz) when transmitting air fluctuations. With age, the rumor worsens and the sound range is narrowed. The upper limit of the sounds of the sounds of approximately 14 thousand Hz. In addition, the most accurate and clear person hears a narrower range of sounds: from about 16 to 4.200 Hz. Musical instruments are also sounding in this range.

Sound in music. Sound height.

Depending on the sound frequency, we distinguish sounds low and high. Actually, any adjectives could be applied here, for example, fatty and skinny. However, the signs of sounds in height is not chance. It turns out so very convenient to draw musical sounds on paper. This is told on the "New Record" page.

The less sound frequency, the lower it seems to it. So, the sound with a frequency of 200 oscillations per second (200 Hz) seems low:

Sounds of greater frequency seem high.
The sound with a frequency of 4000 oscillations per second (4000 Hz) seems high:

The height is one of the characteristics of sound in music. Each sound in music has its height (frequency) and its name. Sounds in music in height came up with an experienced way over the centuries. Different peoples exist different systems of musical sounds and their names. We will consider only the European system that is most common in the world and is used in Russia. On the skeleton of the European system will be told on the next page, and now we turn to another sound characteristic.

Sound in music. Sound duration.

The duration characterizes the amount of time during which the sound lasts.

For example, a sound with a frequency of 440 Hz for 6 seconds:

The same sound for 2 seconds:

I hope everything is clear with duration. I will clarify that in music the duration is measured not by seconds and not minutes. The duration in music is measured by rhythmic units that can be expressed by the score, for example, once, two, three, four. About this in detail told on the page about the pace, meter and rhythm of music.

Sound in music. Sound amplitude.

Amplitude, this is the swing of oscillation of the sound source (for example, strings). The more swing the oscillations, they say, more of their amplitude. In direct dependence on the amplitude of the sound there is its volume - the greater the amplitude, the greater the volume. Less amplitude - less volume. In addition to the volume amplitude, the distance is influenced by the distance for the sound source - the closer the sound source, the more (with the same amplitude) it sounds louder. An effect on the volume of sound is influenced by the feature of human hearing - so with the same amplitude and distance to the sound source, the sounds in the middle register will be louder.

Here are two examples, the same tone. Pogder and Potya:

The volume of sound is influenced by such a factor as a type of oscillation. The oscillations can be attenuating (punch along the guitar string). In this case, together with the extinction of oscillations will be sinking and the sound of the string. There may be unlucky oscillations - in this case, the oscillations are maintained artificially, for example, the movement of the bow along the string or singing. For unlucky oscillations, the volume can be changed (reduce, increase or leave unchanged) depending on artistic purposes and tasks.

Sound in music. Sound timbre.

In all recent examples, sound from a sound generator with a frequency of 440 Hz was used. This frequency in the examples is not chosen by chance. 440 Hz - the frequency of the type of first octave. About the octaves are told on the side of the scatter, and it is important to note the following - although, at the notes of the actual musical instruments, the same frequency has been installed in the generator, but the note has a la and a generator in different ways. Moreover, different musical instruments have a note la sounds either not exactly equally. That is why we can unmistakably say which tool sounds:

this is a sound generator:

and this is the piano:

this is a violin:

and this flute:

Why is the same note sounds differently, although the height of the sound is the same? The fact is that when the real musical instrument sounds, additional oscillations are superimposed on the main frequency of notes. When, for example, a string is generated several oscillations at once:

• the main tone (the loudest) of the entire length of the string and
• opertones are a row of fluctuations in half, th one third, a quarter and so on the strings. The amplitude (volume) of overtone oscillations decreases in the growth of the string "fission".

In addition, the sounds of oscillations of the body of the musical instrument enclosures are added to the main tone and overtones. All this gives the sound a special individual coloring, which is called the timbre of sound. The timbre allows you to distinguish with different musical instruments.

The timbre is inherent in the sounds of not only musical instruments, but also a human voice too. Therefore, we are easily distinguished by the voices of different people.

The human ear perceives the most loud (main) tone in musical sound. Partial tones (overtones) are not perceived as separate sounds, give the main sound a certain flavor merging with it. Oraphtones that are part of complex sound are called harmonics or harmonic components. The volume of volume between harmonics from different tools is not always so linear as in the theory. For example, Goboy (brave musical instrument) the second harmonic is louder than the main tone, and the third louder of the second and only the subsequent harmonic is reduced.

On electronic musical instruments (synthesizers), changing the ratio of harmonics in a complex sound, you can make any volume of overtones and pick them up so to imitate the sound of any musical instruments. If you allocate the first, third and fifth harmonics - the clarinet will sound

So, we looked at the nature of sound in music and its characteristics: height, amplitude, duration and timbre.

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For learning the game on wind musical instruments, we recommend the "Spear" program, which you can get here.

Sounds - That's all we hear around ourselves. Their great many and they are all different.
Even when very quiet, they are still present around us, just to listen well. We can recognize familiar sounds, closing your eyes, and we can remember and present them, not even hearing. This is due to the fact that we have a hearing memory.

Sounds are there speech, snevenand musical.

Speech sounds - These are the sounds of human speech, the fact that we speak.
(Slap your name, then escape it on one note, according to sober down from the salt to example: Misha, Mi-Shen-ka)

Sneven or noise is the noise of rain outside the window, flaking in your hands, coughing bucket bucket, squeak of mosquito, rustling of leaves and other sounds of nature, human labor. Friday like bee, etc.)

Vanya you are now in the forest.
We call you: "AU"!
Well, the eyes close not Roby

Noise sounds are used in music to create sound effects.
In order to portray how the stream flows, or thunder thunder use noise tools:
Ratchets, drums, plates, spoons.
Rust of trees can portray Maracas (bring an example game on these musical noise tools)

Musical sounds

Musical sounds differ from noise in that they can be played or fleeing.
They have a melody.
Sounds of musical vary the dark color sound.
Volume
Duration
Height
Human voice is also a musical instrument
By height Sounds are:
High and low
By volume :
Loud and quiet
By duration :
Long and short
By tembre :
Sharp and soft, singers and hoarse and others. (Examples to lose on the accordion).
Unlike musical sounds, it is impossible to determine in noise
their height.

No melody music is unthinkable.
Musical instruments are able to convey a lot of different shades in music.

It can sing high and low sounds. In children, thin high voices. Men have wrath and low, and in women tender and melodic. (Examples Listen to High Women's Soprano, Male Low Voice - Bass)

Changing seasons - this is the rhythm of the planet

In any music, in addition to the melody, the rhythm is important. Everything in the world has a rhythm.
Our heart is a heart rhythm, there is a brain rhythm, there is a daily rhythm - Morning, day evening and night.
Rhythm Translated from Greek means "dimension" is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds.
Play examples of different rhythms (lullaby, march, waltz)
Smooth rhythm gives music lyricity.
Intermittent rhythm - creates a feeling of anxiety, excitement

Metronome - Rhythm Source in Music

Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds and not a melody.
Metronome - This is a device with which you can set a rhythm, and it will touch it, like a "loud clock".
He helps the musician to keep a certain rhythm for a long time.
If the musician does not fall into rhythm, then the listener arises a sense of discomfort. (Metronome hearing)

Means of musical expressiveness in music

In addition to melody and rhythm in music important timbre, lAD, dynamics, pace and the size.
Timbre - This is the color of the sound.
Each human voice has its voice voice. Thanks to Tembre, we can distinguish the voice of a person or musical instrument, without seeing it, but only hearing.
Dynamics - This is the power of the sound of music.
Music work can be spent loud "Forte", or quietly "Piano"

Children get into the circle choose the leading. It gets up in a circle, everyone goes in a circle holding hands with the words:

Vanya, you are now in the forest,
We call you: ay,
Well, the eyes close, not Roby,
Who called you to learn quickly!

The teacher shows on one of the child, he says "Vanya!", The one who is in the circle must open his eyes to learn about the voice of the child's voice calling him by name.

LAD: Major, Minor

Temp: quickly slowly

In music there are two contrasting Lada - Major and Minor.
Major music is perceived by listeners as light, clear, joyful.
Minor - as sad and dreamy. Run the sun major sober, shore the picture Sunny,
Put tuchka - Show picture of rain or tuchci.
Put the song "Chizhik-Pyzhik" (distribute by the number of children's cards where the tuchka-meaning minor is drawn, and a cart with a sun, which draws major)

Chizhik-fawn, where have you been?
I lived all winter in a cage
Where do you smear the keyboard?
In the cage, I drank water.
What did you lose your Chizhik?
I drilled all winter
What is the bad cell?
After all, the captivity is so bitter.
Chizhik, do you want to visit us?
Oh yes yes yes yes yes yes!
Well, Chizhik, pull out!
Ay-yay-yay-yay-yay-yay-yay!

The pace is the speed of the musical work. The pace is slow, moderate and fast.
Italian words are used to designate the tempo that are understandable to all musicians in the world.
Fast paced - Allegro, Presto; Moderate pace - Andante; Slow adagio.

Cut the game "Carousel" (Fastening the concept of tempo)

Barely, barely, barely, barely,
Split carousel
And then, then, then.
All run running, running
Quieter quieter, do not rush
Carousel stop.
Once, two times two.
That ended the game.

What is the sound? Sound is a vibration that affects any object, a living organism, including human.

In physics, such an experience is known: sand is poured onto the leaf of iron and affect it with different sounds - the sand begins to take various forms for each one. Why? Yes, because each sound has its own inherent in him features. They are also folded as in a kaleidoscope, a variety of patterns. For these features, we can distinguish one sound from the other and, if necessary, find out, determine, allocate from the entire sound manifold, which is important for us and is needed at the moment.

The ability to distinguish these features, or, as teachers say, the properties of sound, is the basis for the development of musical abilities. What are the mysterious properties of sound?

First of all, we divide all the sounds around us into two important groups: sounds noise (from the word "noise", "noise") and sounds of musical (from the word "music"). From the musical sounds there is any song, any musical work, any melody. Such sounds and the name is special - melodic.

Please read the poem of E. Queen.

Everything in the world kids know:

Sounds are different.

Cranes farewell macot,

Airplane loud Ropot.

Hum of cars in the yard,

Lai dog in a cone,

Knock wheels and noise machine

Quiet rustle breeze.

These are noise sounds.

Only there are others:

Not rustling, not a knock -

Musical there are sounds.

Follow the following task with the children: Consider the drawings and ask the child to call when he hears noise sounds, and when the musical.

The noise of foliage and ringing drops,

Plot wave and wind howl ...

How many sounds we put

These sounds do not have

Its exact height

Therefore call noise,

You can't do you.

And there are sounds,

What can fly pattern melodies

Songs, waltz, mantle poles,

Menuets and Rhapsodies.

These sounds, how do you know,

Music is called.

Musical sounds

In the houses live.

What are these houses,

Try, guess!

Think well

And give us the answer.

Right! Musical sounds live in musical instruments. Remember what musical instruments you know.

1. Acquaintance with the student.

2. Conversation with a child about the meaning literature, music and painting in life life.

The teacher explains the disciple how interesting it would be to live if he had never heard beautiful music, he would have not seen paintings by artists and would not have books. The teacher then discloses the expressive possibilities of three types of art, which is general and what is the difference between them. It is proposed to do this as follows:

The teacher shows the reproductions from the paintings I. Levitan "Golden Autumn", I. Ostrukhova "Golden Autumn", reads the poem A. Pushkin "Sad time! Oral charm!" and performs a fragment of the "autumn song" P. Tchaikovsky, then you should tell the child that the poet, the writer uses the word in his work, the artist - paints, and the composer - sounds, but all of them, using their artistic agents and techniques, tell about whom Yes, or about something.

3. Explanation of the concepts of "musical and noise sounds." In the poem given to this topic, noise sounds are explained, and the musical is intentionally mentioned at the end.

4. Task 1. When completing the task, it is important to bring the child to an independent understanding of what musical sound is.

Turn. Listening to the play D. Kabalevsky "Clown". Play is performed by teacher. In the 1st and 3rd apartments, the child makes a loud cotton in his hands, and in the 2nd part, strong lobes marks quiet cotton. You can use children's musical instruments (Metallophone, Maracas, Rumba, rattage, etc.).

Sad time! Ocho charming!
It's nice to me your farewell beauty -
I love the magnificent nature of fading,
In the bazhret and in gold dressed forests,
In their saint wind noise and fresh breath,
And the haired wavy covered skies,
And rare sun ray, and the first frosts,
And distant gray winter threats.
A. Pushkin

Musical and noise sounds

Everything in the world kids know
Sounds are different.
Cranes farewell macot,
Airplane loud rokot.

Hum of cars in the yard,
Lai dog in a cone,
Knock wheels and noise machine
Quiet rustle breeze.

These are sounds - noise.
Only there are others:
Not rustling, not knocking -
Musical there are sounds.

Exercise 1
Consider drawings. Name when noise sounds are heard, and when - musical.

HOMEWORK
1. Invent examples of musical and noise sounds.
2. Learn by heart any poem about the autumn, or poem A. Pushkin "Sad time! Oral charm!", I will be able to read it expressively and draw it to it.
3. Bring the game cards to the next lesson, make them together with your parents.

Task for parents
Cut cards with animals (see Lesson 2). Stick them on cardboard or tight paper. Cut through the contour lines. Task do together with your child.