Patrons of the Russian Empire. Patrons of Russia Class hour presentation Russian patrons
In the middle of the XIX - beginning of the XX century, patrons of art opened museums and theaters, revived old crafts and folk crafts. Their estates turned into cultural centers where famous artists, actors, directors and writers gathered. Here, with the support of benefactors, they created their famous paintings, wrote novels, and developed projects for buildings. We recall the most generous patrons of art who influenced the development of Russian culture.
Pavel Tretyakov (1832-1898)
Ilya Repin. Portrait of Pavel Tretyakov. 1883. State Tretyakov Gallery
Nikolay Schilder. Temptation. The year is unknown. State Tretyakov Gallery
Vasily Khudyakov. Clash with Finnish smugglers. 1853. State Tretyakov Gallery
The merchant Pavel Tretyakov began to collect his first collection as a child: he bought prints and lithographs in small shops in the market. The philanthropist organized a shelter for widows and orphans of indigent artists and supported many painters by buying and ordering paintings from them. The patron began to think seriously about his own art gallery at the age of 20, after visiting the St. Petersburg Hermitage. Paintings "Temptation" by Nikolai Schilder and "Clash with Finnish smugglers" by Vasily Khudyakov laid the foundation for the collection of Russian paintings by Pavel Tretyakov.
Already 11 years after the acquisition of the first canvases, the merchant's gallery had more than a thousand paintings, almost five hundred drawings and ten sculptures. By the age of 40, his collection had become so extensive, thanks in part to the collection of his brother, Sergei Tretyakov, that the collector decided to build a separate building for him. Then he donated it to his native city - Moscow. Today, the Tretyakov Gallery houses one of the world's largest collections of Russian fine art.
Savva Mamontov (1841-1918)
Ilya Repin. Portrait of Savva Mamontov. 1880. State Theater Museum named after Bakhrushin
State Historical, Artistic and Literary Museum-Reserve "Abramtsevo". Photo: aquauna.ru
State Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin. Photo: mkrf.ru
A major railway industrialist Savva Mamontov was seriously fond of art: he sculpted well himself, wrote plays and staged them in his estate near Moscow, sang professionally in bass and even made his debut at the Milan Opera. His Abramtsevo estate became the center of the cultural life of Russia in the 1870s and 90s. The so-called Mamontov circle gathered here, which included famous Russian artists, theater directors, musicians, sculptors and architects.
With the support of Savva Mamontov, workshops were created where artists revived forgotten traditions of folk crafts and crafts. At his own expense, the philanthropist founded the first private opera in Russia and helped create the Museum of Fine Arts (today the State Museum of Fine Arts named after Pushkin).
Savva Morozov (1862-1905)
Savva Morozov. Photo: epochtimes.ru
Savva Morozov in front of the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater. Photo: moiarussia.ru
The building of the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater. Photo: severnaya-liniya.rf
Maria Tenisheva collected folk art items and works of famous masters. Her collection includes national costumes decorated by Smolensk embroiderers, dishes painted in traditional techniques, Russian musical instruments decorated by famous artists. Later this collection became the basis of the Russian Antiquity Museum in Smolensk. Now it is kept in the Smolensk Museum of Fine and Applied Arts named after Konenkov.
I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Pavel Tretyakov"
Domestic patronage is a unique phenomenon. And if we take into account that Russia is now going through difficult times, then the question of patronage can be considered relevant.
Nowadays, culture is in a difficult situation, not only provincial libraries and theaters need support, but even famous, world-famous museums and other cultural institutions.
Patrons of art founded factories, built railways, opened schools, hospitals, orphanages ... To tell in detail about all, you need the format of not an article, but a whole book, and not just one. We will dwell only on some of the names.
But first, about the very term "patronage". The Russian synonym is “charity”. But where did borrowing come from?
History of the term "patronage"
Maecenas- a person who, on a gratuitous basis, helps the development of science and art, provides them with material assistance from personal funds. The common name "philanthropist" comes from the name of the Roman Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (Mekenat), who was the patron of the arts under the Emperor Octavian Augustus.
Bust of the Maecenas in a park in Ireland
Guy the Tsilny Patron of the Arts(about 70 BC - 8 BC) - Ancient Roman statesman and patron of the arts. A personal friend of Octavian Augustus and a kind of minister of culture with him. The name of Maecenas as a fan of fine arts and patron of poets has become a household name.
During the civil war in the Roman Empire, he arranged the reconciliation of the warring parties, and after the end of the war, during the absence of Octavian, he conducted state affairs, was free from servility and ingratiation, boldly expressed his views and sometimes even kept Octavian from passing death sentences. The poets of that time found a patron in him: he helped Virgil to return the estate taken from him, and gave Horace his estate. He died mourned by all the people, not just friends.
F. Bronnikov "Horace Reads His Poems to the Patron"
However, charity in Russia is not so rare. This donation system began to take shape already with the adoption of Christianity in Russia: after all, the first almshouses and hospitals began to be built at monasteries, and most of the 19th century patrons came from the merchant Old Believer environment. P.A. Buryshkin, a researcher of the Moscow merchants, believed that merchants “They looked not only at a source of profit, but as at the fulfillment of a task, a kind of mission entrusted by God or fate. It was said about wealth that God gave it for use and would require an account of it, which was partly expressed in the fact that it was in the merchant environment that both charity and collecting were unusually developed, which they looked at as the fulfillment of some kind of deed from above. "... Period XVIII-XIX centuries. gave Russia so many benefactors that it is called the "golden" age of patronage. There are especially many such monuments to human mercy in Moscow. For example, the Golitsyn hospital.
Golitsyn hospital
City Clinical Hospital № 1 named. N.I. Pirogov
Golitsyn hospital was opened in Moscow in 1802 as a "hospital for the poor." Currently, it is the Golitsyn building of the First City Clinical Hospital.
The Golitsyn hospital was built according to the project of the architect Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov with funds bequeathed by Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn "for the establishment in the capital city of Moscow of an institution that is pleasing to God and useful to people." When developing the project, Kazakov used the principle of a city estate. The prince's cousin, the actual privy councilor, chief chamberlain, Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn, was directly involved in the construction management.
Opened in 1802, it became the third hospital in Moscow for a civilian department. Representatives of all segments of the population, except for serfs, were admitted to the Golitsyn hospital for free treatment - "... both Russians and foreigners, of every gender, rank, religion and nationality."
In 1802 the hospital had 50 beds, and in 1805 - already 100. Additionally, in 1803, an almshouse for incurable patients with 30 beds was opened at the hospital. Christian Ivanovich Zinger served as the hospital manager for many years. During the Patriotic War of 1812, when Moscow was occupied by Napoleon's troops, he remained in the hospital alone and managed to prevent its looting, and also saved the hospital money left for him in storage. For conscientious service, Christian Ivanovich Zinger received the title of hereditary nobleman.
And now a little about whose funds this hospital was built.
Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1721-1793)
A. Brown "Portrait of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn"
Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn- Russian officer and diplomat from the Golitsyn family. In 1760-1761. served as ambassador in Paris, and then was sent as ambassador to Vienna, where he played an important role in improving relations between the Russian court and Emperor Joseph II. One of the first among Russians, he became interested in collecting paintings by old masters (artists of Western Europe who worked until the beginning of the 18th century).
D. M. Golitsyn was a well-known benefactor. 850 thousand rubles, income from two estates of 2 thousand souls and his picture gallery, he bequeathed to the device and maintenance of a hospital in Moscow. His will was carried out by his cousin, Prince A.M. Golitsyn. The hospital until 1917 was supported by the princes Golitsyn, and then the will of D.M. Golitsyn was violated by subsequent heirs - the sale of his gallery.
He died in Vienna, but his body, at the request of his relatives and with the highest permission in 1802, was transported to Moscow, where he was buried in a crypt under the church of the Golitsyn hospital.
True patrons have never sought to advertise their activities, rather, on the contrary. Often, when making a major charity event, they hid their names. It is known that Savva Morozov, for example, rendered great assistance in the founding of the Art Theater, but at the same time set a condition that his name should not be mentioned anywhere. Our next story is about Savva Timofeevich Morozov.
Savva Timofeevich Morozov (1862-1905)
Savva Timofeevich Morozov
Descended from an Old Believer merchant family. He graduated from the gymnasium, and then from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University and received a diploma in chemistry. Communicated with D. Mendeleev and wrote a research paper on dyes. He also studied at Cambridge University, where he studied chemistry, and then in Manchester - textile business. He was the director of the Nikolskaya Manufactory Partnership “Savva Morozova Son and Co.”. He owned cotton fields in Turkestan and several other associations, where he was a shareholder or director. He was constantly engaged in charity work: at his factories, he introduced maternity pay for working women, allocated scholarships to young people who studied in the country and abroad. It is known that at his enterprises the workers were more literate and educated. He also helped the needy students of Moscow University.
In 1898 he became a member of the Association for the establishment of a theater in Moscow and regularly made large donations for the construction and development of the Moscow Art Theater, initiated the construction of a new theater building. Abroad, his money was used to order the most modern stage equipment (lighting equipment in a domestic theater first appeared here). On the building of the Moscow Art Theater with a bronze bas-relief on the facade in the form of a drowning swimmer, Savva Morozov spent about half a million rubles.
Unfortunately, connections with the revolutionary movement, as well as personal circumstances, led S.T. Morozov to premature death.
The Bakhrushin family in Moscow was called "professional benefactors." In 1882 the Bakhrushins donated 450,000 rubles to the city for the construction of a hospital. This action marked the beginning of a whole series of similar benefits. And the family's total donations (only large ones) amounted to more than 3.5 million rubles.
The Bakhrushin family had a tradition at the end of the year, if he was financially successful, to allocate a certain amount to help the poor, sick, and students. They carried out charitable activities both in Zaraysk, where their parents were from, and in Moscow. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the Bakhrushin family never gravitated towards luxury. A free hospital for two hundred places for the terminally ill, a city orphanage and an orphanage for village children from poor families, a free house where needy widows with children and student girls lived, kindergartens, schools, free canteens and hostels for student students - this is far from complete a list of their benefits. Vasily Alekseevich wrote a will, according to which five universities (Moscow University, the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary, the Academy of Commercial Sciences and the men's gymnasium) received scholarships for students. Four theaters, including the Korsh theater, were built partly with the Bakhrushins' money.
Alexey Alexandrovich Bakhrushin (1865-1929)
Alexey Alexandrovich Bakhrushin
Merchant, philanthropist, renowned collector, founder of the famous theater museum, which he donated to the Academy of Sciences in 1913.
A. Bakhrushin graduated from a private gymnasium and took up the family business - "The Association of the Leather and Cloth Manufactory Alexei Bakhrushin and Sons." But gradually he became interested in collecting and retired. Under the influence of his cousin, Alexei Petrovich Bakhrushin, he became a collector, and his interest in theatrical antiquity did not immediately awaken in him. Posters, programs of performances, photographs of actors, sketches of costumes, personal belongings of artists - all this was collected in Bakhrushin's house and became his passion. His son recalled that they laughed at Bakhrushin: "The people around looked at it as a whim of a rich tyrant, mocked him, offered to buy a button from Mochalov's trousers or Shchepkin's boots." But this passion gradually took shape into a serious hobby, and on October 29, 1894, Bakhrushin presented a whole exhibition to the public. It was this day that Bakhrushin considered the day of the foundation of the Moscow Literary and Theater Museum. He tried to fully represent the history of the Russian theater from its very inception. He organized "Bakhrushinsky Saturdays", which were very popular with actors and theatergoers. A. Yuzhin, A. Lensky, M. Ermolova, G. Fedotova, F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov, K. Stanislavsky, V. Nemirovich-Danchenko visited him. Soon there was a tradition to come not empty-handed. For example, the star of the Maly Theater, Glikeria Nikolaevna Fedotova, presented Bakhrushin with all the gifts that she had accumulated over the years of her stage life. In his collection, which gradually became vast and diverse, there were three sections - literary, dramatic and musical.
Over time, A.A. Bakhrushin began to think about the fate of his wealth. He really wanted all of Moscow to have access to them. But when he offered to transfer his museum to the ownership of the Moscow city government, the city leaders, only hearing about this, began to wave it off in every possible way: “What are you ?! The Tretyakov and Soldiernkov meetings and I have had enough grief. And here you are with yours! Dismiss, for Christ's sake! .. "
His son, Yu.A. Bakhrushin recalled: “My father was in despair - a huge meeting, which even then cost hundreds of thousands, offered free of charge to state institutions, turned out to be useless to anyone. It turned out to be impossible to break the bureaucratic inertia ”. Only the Academy of Sciences became interested in the unique collection. It took four years to settle the formalities, and only in November 1913 the transfer of the museum to the Academy of Sciences took place.
Theater Museum named after A.A. Bakhrushina
Russian patrons of art were educated people, so they tried to develop priority branches of national science, open galleries and museums to educate the country's population, help in the construction of theaters ...
In this regard, one can recall the Tretyakov Gallery, the Shchukin and Morozov collections of contemporary French painting, the Moscow private opera of S.I. Mamontov, Moscow Private Opera by S.I. Zimin, the already mentioned Moscow Art Theater, the Museum of Fine Arts, for the construction of which the breeder, a large landowner Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov spent more than 2 million rubles, the Philosophical and Archaeological Institutes, the Morozov Clinics, the Commercial Institute, the Alekseev, Morozov Trading Schools, etc. Let us dwell on at least one example.
Moscow Private Russian Opera (Mamontovskaya Opera)
Savva Mamontov supported this undertaking financially and morally. At first, the troupe of the private opera consisted of Italian and Russian singers, among whom were F. Chaliapin and N. Zabela, and the sets and costumes were created by M. Vrubel. The years of Shalyapin's performances at the Mamontov Opera (he was a soloist for four seasons - from 1896 to 1899) saw the rise of his artistic career. Chaliapin himself noted the importance of this time: "I got the repertoire from Mamontov, which gave me the opportunity to develop all the main features of my artistic nature, my temperament."... The patronage of Mamontov made it possible for Shalyapin's talent to fully reveal itself. The singer himself said: “S.I. Mamontov told me: “Fedenka, you can do whatever you want in this theater! If you need suits, tell me and there will be suits. If we need to stage a new opera, we will stage an opera! All this clothed my soul in festive clothes, and for the first time in my life I felt free, strong, capable of conquering all obstacles. "
Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (1841-1918)
I. Repin "Portrait of S. I. Mamontov"
S.I. Mamontov was born into a wealthy merchant family. He graduated from high school, and then entered St. Petersburg University, later transferred to Moscow University, where he studied at the Faculty of Law. Mamontov's father was engaged in the construction of railways, but his son was not attracted to this occupation, he was more interested in theater, although at the insistence of his father he had to delve into the family business, the construction of railways, and after his father's death he took the post of director of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway Society. At the same time, he actively supported various types of creative activity, made new acquaintances with artists, helped cultural organizations, and organized home performances. In 1870 Mamontov and his wife bought the estate of the writer S.T. Aksakov in Abramtsevo, it later becomes the center of the artistic life of Russia.
Manor Abramtsevo
Russian artists I.E. Repin, M.M. Antokolsky, V.M. Vasnetsov, V. A. Serov, M. A. Vrubel, M. V. Nesterov, V. D. Polenov and E. D. Polenova, K. A. Korovin, as well as musicians (F. I. Shalyapin and others) ... Many artists Mamontov provided substantial support, including financial, but did not engage in collecting activities.
However, in the 1890s, Savva Mamontov went bankrupt. Certainly, not without the "help" of the state and the intrigues of interested persons (Director of the International Bank A. Yu. Rotshtein and Minister of Justice N. V. Muravyov). Mamontov was arrested and imprisoned in the Tagansky prison, his property was described. Despite all the efforts of Mamontov's friends and the positive opinion of the workers, he spent several months in prison. The release of Savva Mamontov was deliberately hindered by N.V. Muravyov, who purposefully searched for information about Mamontov's abuses, but could not find anything.
In prison, Mamontov sculpted sculptures of guards from memory. The well-known lawyer FN Plevako defended Savva Mamontov in court, the witnesses said only good things about him, the investigation established that he did not embezzle money. The jury acquitted him, after which the courtroom erupted into applause.
Yaroslavl. Opening of the monument to Savva Mamontov
S. Mamontov's property was sold out almost completely, many valuable works went into private hands. The railroad went into state ownership at a cost significantly lower than the market value; some of the shares went to other entrepreneurs, including Witte's relatives.
All debts have been paid off. But Mamontov lost money and reputation and was no longer able to engage in entrepreneurial activity. Until the end of his life, he retained his love for art and the love of old friends - artists and musicians.
Savva Ivanovich Mamontov died in April 1918 and was buried in Abramtsevo.
Varvara Alekseevna Morozova (Khludova) (1848-1918)
Varvara Alekseevna Morozova
In memory of her husband Abram Abramovich Morozov, she built a psychiatric clinic on Devichye Pole, which, together with the purchased plot of land, handed over to Moscow University, initiating the creation of the Clinical City on Devichye Pole. The cost of building and equipping the clinic amounted to more than 500,000 rubles, a huge amount of money at that time. The construction of the clinic was one of her first charitable events. Somewhat earlier, during the life of her first husband, Varvara Alekseevna set up an elementary school and craft classes with them. Initially, the school was located in the house of A.A.Morozov on Bolshaya Alekseevskaya Street, but later it moved to a new, special building built for him, on a site specially acquired for him in 1899, donated to the city in 1901. This school was one of the first professional schools in Moscow. At the expense of V.A.Morozova, the buildings of the Rogozhsky female and male primary schools were also built.
V.A.Morozova made a great contribution to the creation of educational institutions: Prechistensky working courses and the city people's university named after V.A. A. L. Shanyavsky. He received 50 thousand rubles from V.A.Morozova. Thanks to her participation and active assistance, a dormitory was built for students of the Imperial Technical School. In 1885 V.A.Morozova founded the first free public reading room in Moscow named after V.A. I. S. Turgenev, designed for 100 readers and had a rich book fund. Significant funds were donated by her for the needs of Moscow University. At her factory there was a hospital, a maternity hospital, and a trading school for young workers.
Mikhail Abramovich Morozov (1870-1903)
V. Serov "Portrait of M. Morozov"
The largest philanthropist of his time. At his expense, the Institute of Malignant Tumors was established (currently the building houses the P.A.Herzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute), a hall of Greek sculpture in the Museum of Fine Arts. Various amounts were allocated to the Conservatory and the Stroganov School to support young artists, artists and musicians. In the collection of M.A. Morozov read 60 icons, 10 sculptures and about 100 paintings, including works by contemporary French and Russian artists.
M.A. Morozov is a successor of the Morozov dynasty of patrons of art, merchant, entrepreneur, collector of Western European and Russian painting and sculpture. He is the eldest son of the famous Moscow merchant Abram Abramovich Morozov and Varvara Alekseevna Morozova (Khludova), the elder brother of the collector and philanthropist Ivan Abramovich Morozov, the husband of the famous patron of arts and the hostess of the Moscow literary and musical salon Margarita Kirillovna Morozaiov (the scientist) Mikhail Morozaiov's father - Shakespeare and pianist Maria Mikhailovna Morozova (Fiedler). Hereditary honorary citizen. Director of the Tver Manufactory Partnership, a public official of the Moscow City Duma, an honorary magistrate, chairman of the merchant assembly, collegiate assessor. Director of the Russian Musical Society.
Ivan Abramovich Morozov (1871-1921)
V. Serov "Portrait of I. A. Morozov"
Replenished the one who passed after M.A. Morozov's collection of a large number of paintings by the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. After the revolution, the collection was nationalized and on its basis the II Museum of New Western Art was organized (the 1st Museum was the Shchukin collection). In 1940 the collection was disbanded partly into the Museum of Fine Arts, partly into the Hermitage. For example, in his collection was the famous painting by P. Picasso "Girl on a ball ».
P. Picasso "Girl on a Ball"
Peter Ivanovich Shchukin (1857-1912)
Peter Ivanovich Shchukin
Collected and donated to the state a collection that formed the basis of the collection of the Historical Museum. Until the end of his life he remained the curator of the museum and continued to bear all expenses, pay salaries to employees and replenish the museum's funds.
Sergei Ivanovich Shchukin (1854-1936)
D. Melnikov "Portrait of S. I. Shchukin"
Moscow merchant and art collector, whose collection laid the foundation for the collections of French modernist painting in the Hermitage and the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin.
Collected the richest collection of paintings of modern Western painting, recognized years later as masterpieces of world art. By bequest, he donated his collection to the state.
E. Degas "Blue Dancers"
Shchukin bought paintings to his taste, preferring the Impressionists, and then the Post-Impressionists. Shchukin managed to collect the best examples of contemporary French art. He confessed to his daughter: "If, after seeing a painting, you experience a psychological shock, buy it."... In the collection of S.I. Shchukin was, for example, a painting by E. Degas "Blue Dancers", as well as paintings by Monet, Picasso, Gauguin, Cezanne.
Fyodor Pavlovich Ryabushinsky (1886-1910)
F. Chumakov "Portrait of F. P. Ryabushinsky"
From a family of Russian industrialists and bankers. He was a passionate traveler, became interested in geography, interest in which led him to the idea of organizing a scientific expedition to Kamchatka. With his idea, F.P. Ryabushinsky turned to several scientific institutions in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but did not find support from them. Only the Russian Geographical Society agreed to participate in its implementation.
At his expense, the expedition was carried out in 1908-1910. and named after him.
The organizational issues of the expedition were resolved by FP Ryabushinsky with scientists: oceanographer Yu.M. Shokalsky and cartographer P.P.Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. The expedition was financed by F.P. Ryabushinsky. He himself wanted to participate in it, but his illness did not allow him to do it. In 1910 he died of tuberculosis, but bequeathed to his relatives to bring the expedition to the end.
Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsov (1834-1913)
I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Y.S. Nechaev-Maltsov"
At the age of 46, Nechaev-Maltsov unexpectedly became the owner of the empire of glass factories, having received it by will. His uncle, diplomat Ivan Maltsov, was the only one in Tehran who survived during the events in the Russian embassy in Tehran, when the poet-diplomat Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was killed. Maltsov left diplomacy and continued his family business: glass production in the town of Gus. He brought back the secret of colored glass from Europe and began producing lucrative window glass. This whole crystal-glass empire, together with two mansions in the capital, painted by Vasnetsov and Aivazovsky, was given to the middle-aged bachelor official Nechaev, and with them a double surname.
Professor Ivan Tsvetaev (father of Marina Tsvetaeva), who was organizing the Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow, met him and convinced him to give 3 million for the completion of the Museum.
Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov not only did not want fame, but for all 10 years, while the Museum was being created, he remained anonymous. 300 workers hired by Nechaev-Maltsov mined white marble of special frost resistance in the Urals, and when it turned out that 10-meter columns for the portico could not be made in Russia, he chartered a steamer in Norway. From Italy, he ordered skilled stonemasons.
With his money, a Technical School in Vladimir, an almshouse on Shabolovka and a church in memory of those killed in the Kulikovo field were founded.
Entrance to St. George's Cathedral, presented by Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov to the city of Gus-Khrustalny
- Antonovich Irina Vladimirovna, Candidate of Science, Associate Professor, Associate Professor
- Bocharova Anna Sergeevna, student
- Altai State University
- MAECENAS
- PRIVATE CHARITY
- DOMESTIC CULTURE
- DYNASTIES
- CHARITY
This article presents an analysis of the history of the formation of private charitable activities in Russia. The motives and forms of manifestation of patronage activities are considered, as well as the value of the charitable activities of prominent patrons of Russia is estimated.
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Our country has a great cultural heritage, both spiritual and material culture. A significant role in the formation of a national cultural fund, replenishment of national art collections, the construction of theaters, museums, the creation of literary monuments, the development of science and education belongs to Russian patrons and public figures. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, Savva Timofeevich Morozov, Kozma Terentyevich Soldatenkov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Alekseev, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov - these names of patrons and educators are inextricably linked with the history and development of our country. All of them were united by a passionate commitment to the cause of public education and cultural creation.
Today Russia is going through one of the most difficult stages of its development. Now in our country there is a loss of moral and moral guidelines. Modern Russia needs a revival of spiritual traditions and there is a need to form new attitudes that would help the country to embark on the path of progressive development. Proceeding from this, it is relevant to study our historical heritage, get acquainted with the biographies of those people who for many years have been examples of true patriotism, selflessness, desire to help the motherland, love for people.
Charity is a special form of social support, which consists in the provision of gratuitous material assistance to those in need. Needy is not just people living in need , but also people and public organizations experiencing a shortage of funds for solving various cultural, individual, civic and professional tasks.
Patronage is a type of charity in the field of culture. The word "philanthropist" comes from the name of the Roman statesman and patron of art and science, Maecenas Gaius Tsilny (VIII century BC). Patronage in Russia has become widespread since the end of the 18th century.
This article examines the activities of the most famous and major philanthropists and patrons of the XVIII-XIX centuries.
Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1721-1793)
Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn, a Russian officer and diplomat, was one of the most famous benefactors. He was among the first among the Russians who became interested in collecting paintings. During his trips to Europe, he managed to collect an amazing collection of 300 paintings, many of which were painted by famous masters such as P.P. Rubens, Raphael, Caravaggio and many other artists.
In memory of his wife (after her death in 1761), Dmitry Mikhailovich began organizing hospitals in Europe and Russia, donated money to support young doctors and medical students, as well as research in the field of medicine.
Golitsyn bequeathed 850 thousand rubles and his picture gallery for the arrangement and maintenance of the Golitsyn hospital, which was opened in Moscow in 1802 as a “hospital for the poor”. Now it is the Golitsyn building of the First City Clinical Hospital.
Dynasty Morozov
Timofey Savvich (1823-1889) and his wife Maria Fedorovna (1830-1911) Morozov
Timofey Savvich Morozov - Manufacturing Counselor, Merchant.
It was from these people that the charitable activities of the Morozov family began. Initially, it was associated with the improvement of workers in their factories. Schools, colleges, hospitals, dormitories for workers were built at each manufactory.
Accumulating their capital, these benefactors willingly shared it with the poor and the poor, donated large sums of money to many societies and institutions. With their help, for example, the largest and most famous psychiatric hospital in Moscow, Alekseevskaya, was built.
Maria Feodorovna was known for her charitable deeds both in secular society and in the religious world. After the death of her husband, she built an almshouse named after him in the town of Orekhovo-Zuevo, putting 500 thousand rubles into her account, on the interest from which the almshouse could exist. The philanthropist donated money to Moscow University, Moscow Technical School, allocated money for scholarships and laboratories. With her money, hospitals, buildings, labor exchanges in Moscow, and several houses for the poor were built.
Savva Timofeevich Morozov (1862-1905)
S.T. Morozov is a Russian philanthropist and philanthropist, the son of Timofei Savvich Morozov.
He played a great role in the development of national culture. His greatest merit lies in helping the Moscow Art Theater. The establishment of the theater required significant funds. Having received no help from the government, Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko began to turn to philanthropists. Morozov took all the expenses of the theater on himself.
Mikhail Abramovich (1870-1903) and Ivan Abramovich (1871-1921) Morozov made a significant contribution to the cause of charity, helping the development of medicine, culture and science.
Bakhrushin dynasty
Alexey Fedorovich Bakhrushin (1800-1848) - founder of a partnership of manufactures, manufacturer.
He actively invested funds, first of all, in medicine, culture and social construction of Moscow. At the end of each financial year, he donated most of his profits to charity.
The Bakhrushins first built the first building of the hospital for the chronically ill (1887), which was perfectly equipped with equipment and technology. Then a second building was built for the terminally ill. A surgical building, obstetric department and an outpatient clinic were built. About 1 million rubles were spent on all this.
The next thing that was built by the Bakhrushins was the Orphanage. There were 5 houses, where 20-25 children lived. Moreover, the houses were mostly occupied not by peers, but by children of different ages, so that the elders could help and take care of the younger ones. In this shelter, all the boys received vocational education. For this, an educational building with craft and locksmith workshops was built on the territory of the shelter. Later, a church was built on the territory of the shelter.
Aleksei Fedorovich had three sons, whom he punished “not to refuse anyone help and not to wait for someone to turn to them, but to be the first to offer it to those in need. You knew the need with me together, know how to respect it with others. "
In 1895. the eldest son Peter died. In commemoration of his soul, the House of Free Apartments was erected for young ladies who came to Moscow to receive higher education, and for poor widows with many children. More than 400 people lived there. Everything was free for the children: piercing, food, all levels of education, treatment, etc.
In 1900. brothers Bakhrushin Alexander and Vasily were given the title of Honorary hereditary citizen of Moscow. 6 schools, 8 churches, 3 theaters, more than 100 buildings were built by the Bakhrushins. In addition, they constantly donated money to the People's Houses. Another example of the Bakhrushins' charitable activities is in 1914. Vasily Fedorovich transferred absolutely all his capital to the needs of the front.
In the third generation, the Bakhrushins were glorified by Aleksey Petrovich and Aleksey Aleksandrovich, who were both passionate collectors and left unsurpassed collections to their descendants.
The elder brother Alexei Petrovich (1853-1904) collected very valuable antiques such as snuff boxes, miniatures, prints, china, jewelry, books, ornaments and much more. He bequeathed every last thing to museums in Moscow.
Alexey Alexandrovich (1865-1929) also became a collector under the influence of his cousin. But he chose a rather original direction of collecting. Posters, programs of performances, photographs of actors, sketches of costumes, personal belongings of artists, their costumes - all this became the area of interest for Bakhrushin. He became the founder of the Moscow Literary and Theater Museum. This entire collection was donated to the Academy of Sciences.
Savva Ivanovich Mamontov (1841-1918)
SI Mamontov is a sculptor, singer, writer, a successful industrialist who continued his father's work and built railways, also Savva Ivanovich is the progenitor of Russian opera and painting.
He organized an informal association of artists in Moscow, gathering around himself the best representatives of Russian painting, such as V.M. Vasnetsov, V.A. Serov, Polenov, Nesterov, Repin, M.A. Vrubel and many others. Savva Ivanovich helped people of art, saving them from solving everyday issues, allowing them to fully devote themselves to creativity.
Savva Ivanovich created the first private opera in Russia in 1885. The idea was to promote onto the stage the works of Russian opera composers, who at that time were absolutely not quoted not only abroad but also in Russia. Thus, the aim was to increase the popularity of Russian composers and singers.
But, unfortunately, in the 1890s, Savva Mamontov was ruined and arrested. The property of Savva Ivanovich was almost completely sold out.
Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (1832-1898)
In the first half of the 1850s he inherited his father's business, developed operations for the purchase of flax, its processing and sale of textiles. In 1860, together with his brother S.M. Tretyakov and son-in-law V.D. Konshin founded the trading house “P. and S. br. Tretyakovs and V.D. Konshin ", in 1866 - the Partnership of the New Kostroma Linen Manufactory.
Being engaged in charity work, the Tretyakov brothers allocate funds to Moscow for the construction of almshouses and hospitals. They give money to set up the Children's Psychiatric Hospital. Hundreds of young people and girls receive education at the expense of the Tretyakovs. Among other charitable deeds of Pavel Sergeevich was the fact that he provided financial support to the research expedition of N.N. Miklukho-Maclay.
In the 1880s, the Tretyakov Brothers took part in raising money for the construction of an Orthodox church in Japan. Their range of charitable causes was extremely wide and varied.
In the 1860s, the first specialized school for deaf and dumb children appeared in Moscow. Pavel Mikhailovich heads his board of trustees and sponsors the activities of this institution. Since 1863 and until his death, Tretyakov annually financed not only the activities of this school, but also the construction of new buildings. In addition, he participated in the life of this institution, visited it often, took exams with students, communicated with children. Children in the school were provided with free shelter, clothing, food, taught elementary communication skills, taught them to speak, and taught them to read and write.
The main work of Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov's life was the creation of the National Art Gallery. The patron began to collect his collection in 1854. He began to collect mainly Russian paintings. Tretyakov dreamed of creating a gallery in which the works of precisely Russian masters would be presented. Since 1881 his gallery became public. The Tretyakov Gallery has become one of the landmarks of the capital.
In August 1892 Tretyakov donated his collection and mansion to Moscow. By that time, his collection included many paintings and drawings of the Western European school, paintings and graphic works of the Russian school, several sculptures and a collection of icons.
Kozma Terentyevich Soldatenkov (1818-1901)
KT Soldatenkov is a Moscow businessman, Old Believer, philanthropist and philanthropist.
While traveling around Europe, he studied European culture and art. Since the 1940s, he sent to collect his personal library, looking for the best books on science, literature and art in general. Several years later, Kozma Terentyevich organized his own publishing house. Thanks to this, many scientific, philosophical works are published for the first time, a lot of foreign translated literature is published. Soldatenkov himself leaves only 5% of the annual profit, and the main income goes to the publication of new books.
From 1856-1901 the publishing house has published over 200 books. Many books were published for the first time and once. In this way, already by this, Soldatenkov made an invaluable contribution to Russian culture.
All of this publishing business was a charity, since the publishing house had a non-profit shop where people could buy published literature at very low prices.
Kozma Terentyevich was the first to collect Russian paintings. His collection was the second largest after the Tretyakov Gallery.
In addition, Soldatenkov helped many educational institutions and museums. With his money, the largest charity hospital for the poor in Europe was built.
He left almost all of his 8 millionth fortune to charity. For example, he bequeathed several million for the construction of a hospital for the poor, which became the largest at that time in Moscow. Also, Kozma Terentyevich founded an almshouse, which he maintained until the end of his life, and bequeathed a large amount of money to this institution. He left a lot of money for the creation of the Crafts School, where young men were trained to work in Moscow factories and plants. The entire collection of books, newspapers, magazines, icons and curtains of Soldatenkov also went to museums and libraries and the cathedral, where he was later buried.
The Demidov dynasty
The Demidovs are Russian entrepreneurs and philanthropists.
The Demidovs spent very large sums of money on charity.
Nikita Akinfievich Demidov (1724-1789) provided great support to Moscow State University. This was assistance in construction, the payment of grants to young professors, scholarships to indigent students, as well as the transfer of part of the collection of Nikita Akinfievich to the ownership of the university.
At the end of the XVIII century. The first Orphanage appears in Moscow. At the origins of its creation was Prokofiy Akinfievich Demidov (1710-1786), who donated more than 1 million rubles in silver.
The Stroganov dynasty
The Stroganov family of Russian merchants and industrialists, large landowners and statesmen.
More substantively, the charitable assistance of the Stroganov family can be traced in the 19th century. For the period from 1816 to 1830 there is archival information on Pavel Alexandrovich (1774-1817) and Sophia Vladimirovna (1775-1845) Stroganov. Their contributions to charity and charitable assistance ranged from 1.8 to 6.4% of all their expenses.
Pavel Alexandrovich donated to the poor in retirement, the maintenance of pupils in educational institutions, various charitable donations, one-time allowances and more.
Sofya Vladimirovna made donations to the Patriotic Women's Society, gave alms to the poor, donated pensions to various people, for the maintenance of a mining school and a hospital, and much more.
In the archival documents of the Stroganovs for the 1st quarter of 1866 there is an entry: "to help the poor" of the St. Petersburg part of the city of St. Petersburg: parish - 745 rubles, expenditure - 738 rubles. Of these: distribution of apartments - 360 rubles, one-time help with money - 68 rubles, "for Christmas" - 59 rubles, "one old woman was given bread" - 1 ruble, to the "patriotic school of girls" - 2 rubles.
The report for the second quarter contains a record that the Stroganovs had 78 poor families in their care, of which 15 families were paid 26 rubles 50 kopecks a month, which amounted to 318 rubles. In addition, six families were fully paid for their apartments.
By the beginning of the First World War, a dressing station was organized for Count A.S. Stroganov. From the explanatory note to the expenses of Count A.S. Stroganov for 1905 - 1914, one can see that the total amount of payments to the state amounted to 8.1 million rubles. Of these, 210,178 rubles were spent on pensions and benefits, and 1,677,115 rubles for the purchase of the cruiser Rus, which accounted for 23.1% of its total expenses.
The charitable traditions of the representatives of the Stroganov dynasty were brought up and passed on from generation to generation. They made a great patriotic contribution to support the state, moral development and social assistance to compatriots in need.
In conclusion, I would like to say, whatever the motives of Russian philanthropists and patrons, it is thanks to them in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries. there have been significant positive changes in many spheres of society, such as education, medicine, culture, social sphere, etc. Nowadays, many cultural, scientific institutions are not able to fully fulfill their functions due to insufficient funding. Hence the need for the revival of patronage and charity as social phenomena in Russia is maturing.
From the standpoint of today, the activities of patrons of the XIX century. has a wide historical significance. They were and are the personification of the best, bright sides of the human personality, since they saw more and felt more keenly than many of their contemporaries, the needs of social development, to which they gave their strength, knowledge, mind and heart. And it is important not only to adequately evaluate the activities of such devotees, but also to comprehend it in the context of the entire historical development.
Bibliography
- Azernikova, N. The origins of charity in Russia // Questions of history. - 2010. - No. 6. - S. 159-165.
- Bokhanov, A.N. Collectors and patrons of art in Russia / A.N. Bokhanov. - M: Nauka, 1989 .-- 192 p.
- Historian - social and political journal [Electronic library]. - Access mode: http://www.historicus.ru/mecenatstvo_i_blagorvoritelnost/. - Patronage and charity in Russia in the late 19th - early 20th centuries.
- Kostina E. Yu. History of social work. Vladivostok: TIDOT FENU, 2003.S. 110
- Sverdlova A.L. Patronage in Russia as a social phenomenon // Sociological research. 1999. No. 7. Pp. 134-137.
A philanthropist is a person who does not seek to make a profit, but is a solvent patron and assistant, and often a friend to artists, poets and musicians, but more often a connoisseur of their work. A philanthropist is a person who provides disinterested assistance to those who need it.
THE MOST OUTSTANDING PATRONS AND FACILITATORS OF THE LATE XIX - BEGINNING XX CENTURY Savva Ivanovich Mamontova () Maria Klavdievna Tenisheva () Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov () Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov () Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin ()
SAVVA IVANOVICH MAMONTOV () The patronage of Savva Ivanovich Mamontov () was of a special kind: he invited his artist friends to Abramtsevo, often with his families, conveniently located in the main house and outbuildings. All this is very far from the usual examples of charity, when a patron limits himself to donating a certain amount for a good cause. Mamontov acquired many works of the members of the circle himself, for others he found customers. One of the first artists to visit Mamontov in Abramtsevo was V.D. Polenov. With Mamontov he was connected by spiritual closeness: passion for antiquity, music, theater. The warmth of a fatherly home, artist V.A. Serov will find it in Abramtsevo. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov was the only non-conflict patron of Vrubel's art. For a very needy artist, he needed not only an assessment of creativity, but also material support. And Mamontov helped a lot, ordering and buying Vrubel's works.
VRUBEL MIKHAIL ALEXANDRO (1856 –1910) Russian artist of the turn of the XIXXX centuries, who worked in almost all types and genres of fine arts: painting, graphics, decorative sculpture and theatrical art. Since 1896 he was married to the famous singer N.I. Zabele, whose portraits he painted several times.
MARIA KLAVDIEVNA TENISHEVA () She was an outstanding person, the owner of encyclopedic knowledge in art, an honorary member of the first union of artists in Russia. The scale of her social activities, in which enlightenment was the leading principle, is striking: she created the School of Crafts Students (near Bryansk), opened several elementary public schools, organized drawing schools with Repin, opened courses for training teachers, and even created a real one in the Smolensk region. analogue of Abramtsev near Moscow - Talashkino. Roerich called Tenisheva “the creator and collector”. Tenisheva not only extremely wisely and nobly allocated money for the revival of national culture, but herself, with her talent, knowledge and skills, made a significant contribution to the study and development of the best traditions of national culture.
PAVEL MIKHAILOVICH TRETYAKOV () In the phenomenon of P.M. Tretyakov is impressed by his loyalty to the goal. Tretyakov was highly appreciated by the artists themselves, with whom he was primarily associated in the field of collecting. A similar idea - to lay the foundation for a public, accessible repository of art by all - did not arise from any of his contemporaries, although private collectors existed before Tretyakov, but they acquired paintings, sculpture, dishes, crystal, primarily for themselves, for their private collections and to see collectors' works of art could be few. In the phenomenon of Tretyakov, it is also striking that he did not have any special artistic education, nevertheless, he recognized talented artists earlier than others. Earlier than many, he realized the invaluable artistic merits of the icon-painting masterpieces of Ancient Russia.
VICTOR MIKHAILOVICH VASNETSOV () Artist, collector of icons. Born into the family of a priest. He studied at the Vyatka Theological Seminary, but left the last year. In 1867 the young man went to St. Petersburg. Initially he studied at the Drawing School of the Society for the Encouragement of Artists under I.N. Kramskoy, and from 1868 at the Academy of Arts. In April 1878 he was already in Moscow and since then he has not parted with this city. Striving to create works in a truly national style, Viktor Mikhailovich turned to the events of the past, the images of epics and Russian fairy tales.
VASILY VASILIEVICH VERESHCHAGIN () Artist, essayist, collector of monuments of ethnography and arts and crafts, was born into a noble family. Graduated from the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. At the same time, he showed an inclination towards art and began to attend the Drawing School of the Society for the Encouragement of Artists. Refusing a military career, Vereshchagin entered the Academy of Arts. He began to collect rather early - in the sixties of the XIX century. And already from the first trip to the Caucasus and the Danube I brought many different kinds of "trophies".
FACENCES OF RUSSIA. Russia!
You are rich in talents
But to jewels
you need a frame.
Was a philanthropist in the past
Morozov Savva -
Respond, descendants of the patron!
Yuri Ignatenko.
Merchant
Gavrila Gavrilovich Solodovnikov
(1826-1901). Condition about
22 million.
The largest in the history of charity
donation in Russia: more than 20 million
The son of a paper merchant, due to lack of time, he did not learn to write well and express his thoughts well.
At 20 he became a merchant of the first guild, at 40 - a millionaire. Famous for thrift and prudence
(I finished yesterday's buckwheat and rode in a carriage on which only the rear wheels were shod with rubber).
He did not always conduct business honestly, but he made amends for this with his will, having written off almost all millions for charity.
Points of interest
He was the first to make a contribution to the construction of the Moscow Conservatory: a luxurious marble staircase was built with his 200 thousand rubles.
Built on Bolshaya Dmitrovka "a concert hall with a theatrical stage for the production of extravaganzas and ballet" (the current Theater of Operetta), where
Private opera by Savva Mamontov.
Thinking of getting the nobility, he volunteered to build a useful institution for the city. This is how the Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases appeared, equipped according to the latest word of the then science and technology (now the Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M.Sechenov), but without mentioning the name of the donor in the name.
Points of interest
He left less than half a million to his heirs, and shared 20,147,700 rubles (about $ 9 billion in today's account).
A third went to "the organization of zemstvo women's schools in the Tver, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Vyatka provinces",
a third for the organization of vocational schools in the Serpukhov district and the maintenance of an orphanage for homeless children.
A third "for the construction of houses of cheap apartments for poor people, single and family."
Points of interest
In 1909, on 2nd Meshchanskaya opened the first house "Free Citizen" (1152 apartments) for singles and a house for families "Red Diamond" (183 apartments), classic communes: a shop, a dining room (in its premises "Snob" held a reception after exhibitions in the "Garage"), sauna, laundry, library. In the family house, a nursery and a kindergarten were located on the ground floor, and all the rooms were already furnished. Of course, officials were the first to move into the “homes for the poor”.
Court Banker Baron
Alexander Ludvigovich Stieglitz
(1814-1884). Wealth over 100 million. Donated
about 6 million
Points of interest
The richest man in Russia in the second third of the 19th century. He inherited the capital and the title of court banker from his father, through whom Nicholas I concluded agreements on foreign loans for more than 300 million rubles, for which the Russified German received the title of baron.
In 1857, Alexander Stieglitz became one of the founders of the Main Society of Russian Railways, and in 1860 the first director of the newly founded State Bank. He liquidated his company and lived as a rentier in a luxurious mansion on the Promenade des Anglais.
With 3 million in annual income, he remained just as uncommunicative (the hairdresser who cut his hair for a quarter of a century never heard his client's voice) and painfully modest. Of course, the most meticulous ones know that the baron built the Nikolaev (October), Peterhof and Baltic railways, and during the Crimean War he helped the tsar to get foreign loans.
But he remained in history because he gave millions for the construction of the School of Technical Drawing in St. Petersburg, its maintenance and museum.
Points of interest
Undoubtedly, Alexander Ludvigovich loved beauty, although all his life he was engaged only in making money.
And do not convince his son-in-law Alexander Polovtsov, the husband of his adopted daughter, that the industry of Russia cannot survive without "scholarly draftsmen", we would not have had either the Stieglitz school or the first museum of arts and crafts in Russia (the best part of the collections of which later went to the Hermitage) ...
“Russia will be happy when merchants donate money for studies and educational purposes without the hope of getting a medal around their neck,” said A. A. Polovtsov, State Secretary of Emperor Alexander III.
Thanks to his wife's inheritance, he himself published 25 volumes of the Russian Biographical Dictionary, but until 1918 he did not have time to cover all the letters. The marble monument to the Baron from the Mukhino School (the former Stieglitz School of Technical Drawing), of course, was thrown away.
Slide number 10
Nobleman
Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsov
(1834-1913). Donated more
3 million
Slide number 11
Points of interest
At the age of 46, quite unexpectedly, he became the owner of the empire of glass factories - received by will. Uncle-diplomat Ivan Maltsov was the only one who survived the massacre at the Russian embassy in Tehran, during which the poet-diplomat Alexander Griboyedov was killed. Hating diplomacy, Maltsov continued the family business, taking up glass factories in the town of Gus: he brought the secret of colored glass from Europe and began to produce profitable window glass. All this crystal-glass empire, together with two mansions in the capital, painted by Vasnetsov and Aivazovsky, was received by the middle-aged bachelor official Nechaev,
and with them - and a double surname.
Slide number 12
Points of interest
The years spent in poverty left an imprint: Nechaev-Maltsov was unusually stingy, but at the same time a terrible gourmet and deli. Professor Ivan Tsvetaev (father of Marina Tsvetaeva) struck up a friendship with him (while eating delicacies at receptions, he sadly calculated how many building materials he could buy for the money spent for lunch), and then persuaded him to give him 3 million, which were missing for the completion of the Moscow Museum of Fine Arts ( a million tsarist rubles - a little less than one and a half billion modern dollars).
Slide number 13
Points of interest
The donor not only did not seek fame, but for the entire 10 years it took to complete the museum, he acted anonymously.
I spent colossal expenses: 300 workers hired by Nechaev-Maltsov mined white marble of special frost resistance in the Urals,
and when it turned out that 10-meter columns for the portico could not be made in Russia, he chartered a steamer in Norway.
Slide number 14
Points of interest
He ordered skilful stone-cutters from Italy, etc. Apart from the museum (for which the sponsor received the title of Chief Hofmeister and the Order of Alexander Nevsky with Diamonds), the Technical School in Vladimir, an almshouse on Shabolovka and a church in memory were founded with the money of the "glass king" killed in the Kulikovo field. To the centenary of the Pushkin Museum named after
Alexander Pushkin in 2012, the Shukhov Tower Foundation proposed to rename the museum and give it the name of Yuri Stepanovich Nechaev-Maltsov. Rename was not renamed, but the plaque was hung up.
Slide number 15
Merchant
Kuzma Terentyevich Soldatenkov
(1818-1901). Donated more
5 million
Slide number 16
Points of interest
Trader of paper yarn, shareholder of textile Tsindelevskaya, Danilovskaya, as well as Krengolmskaya manufactories, Trekhgorny brewery and Moscow accounting bank. An Old Believer who grew up in the "ignorant environment of the Rogozhskaya Zastava", barely taught to read and write and stood behind the counter in the shop of a rich father, after the death of his parent, eagerly began to quench his thirst for knowledge. Timofey Granovsky gave him a course of lectures on Old Russian history and introduced him to the circle of Moscow Westerners, prompting him to "sow what is reasonable, kind, eternal."
Soldatenkov organized a non-profit publishing house and began to print books for the people, at a loss. I bought paintings (I started doing this four years earlier than Pavel Tretyakov himself).
“If it were not for Tretyakov and Soldatenkov, then Russian artists would have no one to sell their paintings: even throw them into the Neva,” the artist Alexander Rizzoni liked to repeat.
Slide number 17
Points of interest
He bequeathed his collection of 258 paintings and 17 sculptures, engravings and the Kuzma Medici library (as Soldatenkov was called in Moscow) to the Rumyantsev Museum (he donated a thousand to this first public museum in Russia annually, but for 40 years), asking for one thing: exhibit the collection in separate rooms. Unsold books of his publishing house and all rights to them were received by Moscow. A million went to the construction of a vocational school and almost 2 million to set up a free hospital for the poor, "without distinction of rank, class or religion." The hospital, built after his death, was named Soldatenkovskaya, but in 1920 it was renamed Botkinskaya. It is unlikely that Kuzma Terentyevich would have been offended to learn that she was named after Dr. Sergei Botkin: he was especially friendly with the Botkin family.
Slide number 18
Merchants brothers Tretyakov,
Pavel Mikhailovich
(1832–1898)
and Sergei Mikhailovich (1834-1892) .Pavel Mikhailovich
Sergey Mikhailovich
Condition over
8 million. Donated more
3 million.
Slide number 19
Points of interest
Owners of the Big Kostroma Linen Manufactory. The elder did business in the factories, the younger communicated with foreign partners.
The first was closed and unsociable, the second was public and secular. Both collected paintings.
Pavel - Russians, Sergei - foreign, mostly modern, especially French (leaving the post of Moscow mayor, he was glad that he got rid of official receptions and would be able to spend more on paintings; he spent 1 million francs on them, or 400 thousand rubles for the rate at that time).
Slide number 20
Points of interest
The brothers felt the desire to gift their hometown from their youth. At the age of 28, Pavel decided to bequeath his capital to the creation of a gallery of Russian art. Fortunately, he lived a long time and in 42 years managed to spend more than a million rubles on the purchase of paintings. The Pavel Tretyakov Gallery went entirely to Moscow (for 2 million paintings plus real estate), together with the collection of Sergei Tretyakov (the collection is small, only 84 paintings, but was estimated at more than half a million): the younger managed to bequeath the collection to his brother, not his wife, foreseeing that she he will definitely not part with the paintings.
Slide number 21
Points of interest
Donated to the city in 1892, the museum was named the City Gallery of brothers P. and S. Tretyakov. Pavel Mikhailovich, after Alexander III visited the gallery, refused the proposed nobility and said that he would die a merchant (and his brother, who had managed to wash the rank of a real councilor of state, would certainly have gladly accepted). In addition to the gallery, schools for the deaf and dumb, homes for widows and orphans of Russian artists (Pavel Tretyakov supported the living by buying and ordering paintings), the Moscow Conservatory and the School of Painting, the brothers built a passage with their own money - to improve transport links in the city center - on their own site land. The name "Tretyakovsky" has been preserved in the name of the gallery and the passage laid by the brothers, which is a rare case in our history.
Slide number 22
Merchant
Savva Ivanovich Mamontov
(1841-1918). It is difficult to calculate the state:
two houses in Moscow, the Abramtsevo estate, land on the Black Sea, about 3 million,
plus roads and factories.
It is also impossible to calculate real donations, since Savva Mamontov was not just a philanthropist, but a "builder of Russian cultural life"
Slide number 23
Points of interest
Born into the family of a wine tax farmer who headed the Society of the Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway. He made a big capital in railway construction: he stretched the road from Yaroslavl to Arkhangelsk and further, to Murmansk. We owe him the Murmansk port and the road that connected the center of Russia
with the North: this saved the country twice, first during the First and then the Second World War, because almost all of the Lend-Lease, with the exception of aircraft, went through Murmansk.
.
Slide number 24
Points of interest
He sculpted well (the sculptor Matvey Antokolsky found talent from him), he could well have become a singer (he had a wonderful bass and even made his debut in the Milan opera). I didn’t go to the stage or to the academy, but I earned so much money that I was able to arrange a home theater and establish the first private opera in Russia, where I myself directed, conducted, put the voice of the artists and made the scenery. I also bought the Abramtsevo estate, where all those who were part of the famous "Mamontov circle" spent days and nights.
Chaliapin learned to play on his piano, Vrubel wrote "The Demon" in his office, and then on the list of members of the circle.
Abramtsevo near Moscow Savva the Magnificent turned into an art colony, built workshops, trained the surrounding peasants and began to impose the "Russian style" in furniture and ceramics, believing that "the eyes of the people must be accustomed to the beautiful" at the train station, in the church, and on the streets.
He gave money for the magazine "World of Art" and for the Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow.
Slide number 25
Points of interest
But even such a genius capitalist managed to get into debt (he received a rich "state order" for the construction of another railway and took huge loans on the security of shares), was arrested and imprisoned in the Tagansky prison, since it was not possible to collect 5 million bail.
The artists turned their backs on him, and in order to pay off the debts he once bought paintings and sculptures for a pittance were auctioned off. The old man settled at a ceramic workshop behind the Butyrskaya outpost, where he died. Recently, a monument was erected to him in Sergiev Posad, where the Mamontovs laid the first short branch to transport pilgrims to the Lavra.
Four more are next in line - in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, on the Donetsk railway and on Teatralnaya square in Moscow.
Slide number 26
Merchant's wife Varvara Alekseevna Morozova (1850-1917), nee Khludova, mother of collectors Mikhail and Ivan Morozov
10 million. Donated
over a million.
Slide number 27
Points of interest
The wife of Abram Abramovich Morozov, at the age of 34, inherited from him the Partnership of the Tver Manufactory. She buried her husband and began to help the unfortunate. Of the half a million allocated to her by her spouse "for benefits to the poor, the establishment and maintenance of schools, almshouses and contributions to the church", she donated 150 thousand rubles to a clinic for the mentally ill (Psychiatric clinic named after V.I.
A.A. Morozov under the new government received the name of the psychiatrist Sergei Korsakov), another 150 thousand to the Crafts School for the poor, the rest is on trifles: 10 thousand to the Rogozhsky Women's Primary School, separate amounts for zemstvo and rural schools, a shelter for nervous patients, Cancer Institute named after Morozov on Devichye Pole, charities in Tver and a sanatorium in Gagra for workers with tuberculosis.
Slide number 28
Points of interest
Varvara Morozova was a member of various institutions. Primary classes and vocational schools, hospitals, maternity hospitals and almshouses in Tver and Moscow were named after her. It was embossed on the pediment of the Chemistry Institute of the People's University (donated 50 thousand). Morozova paid for the three-story building of the Prechistenskiye courses for workers in Kursoviy lane and the Dukhobors' move to Canada. She financed the construction of the building, and then the purchase of books for the first in Russia free library-reading room named after I.S.Turgenev, opened in 1885 on the square near the Myasnitsky Gate (demolished in the 1970s). The last chord was her will. Fabrikantsha Morozova, whom Soviet propaganda liked to present as an exemplary example of capitalist money-grubbing, ordered to transfer all her assets into securities, place them in a bank, and transfer the funds received from this operation to their workers. The new owners of the Proletarsky Trud factory did not have time to appreciate the unheard-of generosity of the former mistress, who died a month before the October coup.
Slide number 29
Merchant
Savva Timofeevich Morozov
(1862-1905). Donated
over half a million
Slide number 30
Points of interest
He studied chemistry in Cambridge, textile production in Manchester and Liverpool. Returning to his homeland, he headed the Partnership of the Nikolsk Manufactory "Savva Morozova Son and Co", the managing director of which remained his mother Maria Fedorovna (main shareholder, state 30 million).
Believing that, thanks to the revolutionary leap, Russia would surely catch up with Europe, he drew up a program of socio-political reforms calling for the establishment of constitutional rule. Then he insured himself for 100 thousand, transferring the bearer policy to the actress MF Andreeva, whom he adored, and she, in turn, most of the money - to the Bolshevik Party. Largely because of his love for Andreeva, he supported the Art Theater, renting a room for it in Kamergersky Lane for 12 years.
Slide number 31
Points of interest
His contribution was equal to the contribution of the main shareholders, including the owner of the gold sewing manufactory Alekseev, aka Stanislavsky. The restructuring of the building cost Morozov 300 thousand rubles, a huge amount at that time (this despite the fact that the architect Fyodor Shekhtel, who, by the way, invented the well-known Mkhatov emblem - the seagull, executed the theater project completely free of charge). Abroad, with Morozov money, they ordered the most modern stage equipment (lighting equipment in a domestic theater first appeared here). As a result, Savva Morozov spent about half a million rubles on the building of the Moscow Art Theater with a bronze bas-relief on the facade in the form of a drowning swimmer.
Slide number 32
Points of interest
He sympathized with the revolutionaries: he was friends with Maxim Gorky, hid Nikolai Bauman in his palace on Spiridonovka, helped deliver illegal literature to the factory, where (with his knowledge) the future People's Commissar Leonid Krasin served as an engineer. After the mass strikes in 1905, he demanded that the factories be transferred to his full control. The mother, under the threat of institution of custody over her son, achieved his removal from business and sent him to the Cote d'Azur, accompanied by his wife and personal doctor, where Savva Morozov committed suicide. “The merchant dares not get carried away. He must be faithful to his element of endurance and calculation, ”VN Nemirovich-Danchenko, one of the founding fathers of the Moscow Art Theater, noted about him.
Slide number 33
Princess
Maria Klavdievna Tenisheva
(1867–1928)