Black hen or underground inhabitants is the main idea. Moral lessons of life

A fairy tale called "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" was written by the Russian writer A. Pogorelsky in 1829. But the work has not lost its relevance today. The tale will be of interest to many schoolchildren, and for some it can serve as a real source of life wisdom.

How the book was created

Many schoolchildren liked the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground People". Readers have the most positive reviews about this book. However, not everyone knows for what purpose the fairy tale was originally created. This work was a gift to A. Tolstoy, to whom Pogorelsky replaced his father. Alexey Tolstoy was a relative of paternal line of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy... It is known that over time, Alexei Nikolaevich also became a popular writer and even contributed to the creation of the famous image of Kozma Prutkov.

However, this awaited him only in the future, but so far the adolescent has brought many difficulties to Pogorelsky due to the fact that he did not want to study. That is why Pogorelsky decided to compose a fairy tale that would encourage his pupil to work in his studies. Over time, the book gained more and more popularity, and already every student could write his own review about it. The Black Chicken, or Underground Dwellers has become a classic for every student. Perhaps fans of the fairy tale will be interested to know that the surname Pogorelsky is in fact a pseudonym. In fact, the name of the writer was Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky.

The main character of the fairy tale, the place of action

The main character of "Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" is the boy Alyosha. The tale begins with a story about the main character. The boy studies in a private boarding school and often suffers from his loneliness. He is tormented by longing for his parents, who, having paid the money for their education, live with their worries far from St. Petersburg. Alyosha replaces emptiness in his soul and communication with close people. The child's fantasy transports him to distant lands, where he imagines himself a valiant knight. Other children are taken by parents on weekends and holidays. But for Alyosha, books remain the only joy. The scene of the fairy tale, as indicated, is a small private boarding house in St. Petersburg, where parents send their children to study. Having paid money for the education of his child for several years in advance, they, in fact, disappear from his life completely.

The beginning of the story

The main characters of "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" are the boy Alyosha and Chernushka, the character whom Alyosha meets in the poultry yard. It is there that the boy spends a significant part of his free time. He really enjoys watching how birds live. In particular, he liked Chernushka chicken. It seems to Alyosha that Chernushka is silently trying to tell him something and has a meaningful look. Once Alyosha wakes up from the screams of Chernushka and saves the chicken from the hands of the cook. And by this act, the boy discovers an unusual, fairy-tale world for himself. This is how Anthony Pogorelsky's magical tale "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers" begins.

Introducing the Underworld

At night Chernushka comes to the boy and starts talking to him in a human voice. Alyosha was very surprised, but decided to follow Chernushka into the magical underground world in which little people live. The king of this unusual people offers Alyosha any reward for the fact that he was able to save their minister, Chernushka, from death. But Alyosha could not invent anything better than to ask the king for a magical ability - to be able to answer correctly in any lesson, even without preparation. The king of underground inhabitants did not like this idea, because it spoke of Alyosha's laziness and negligence.

The lazy student's dream

However, a word is a word, and he had to fulfill his promise. Alyosha received a special hemp seed, which he had to always carry with him in order to answer his homework. At parting, Alyosha was ordered not to tell anyone about what he saw in the underworld. Otherwise, its inhabitants will have to leave their places in order to leave forever, and begin to equip their lives in unknown lands. Alyosha vowed that he would not break this promise.

Since then, the hero of the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" has become the best student in all of St. Petersburg. He is embarrassed at first as his teachers praise him. completely undeserved... But soon Alyosha himself begins to believe that he is the chosen and exclusive. He begins to be proud, often plays naughty. His character is getting worse and worse. Alyosha becomes more and more lazy, becomes angry, shows impudence.

Development of the plot

It is not enough to familiarize yourself with the summary of The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers. This book is definitely worth reading, because it contains many useful ideas, and its plot will be interesting to everyone. The teacher tries not to praise Alyosha anymore, but, on the contrary, seeks to reason. And asks him to memorize as many as 20 pages of text. However, Alyosha loses a magic seed, and therefore can no longer answer the lesson. He is locked in the bedroom until he completes the teacher's assignment. But his lazy memory can no longer do this job... At night, Chernushka reappears and returns him a precious gift from the underground king. Nigella also asks him to correct himself and once again reminds him that one should be silent about the magic kingdom. Alyosha promises to do both.

The next day, the protagonist of the fairy tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" Anthony Pogorelsky brilliantly answers the lesson. But instead of praising his student, the teacher begins to pry him when he has managed to learn the set. If Alyosha does not tell everything, he will be whipped. Out of fear, Alyosha forgot about all his promises and told about his acquaintance with the kingdom of underground inhabitants, their king and Chernushka. But no one believed him, and still he was punished. Already at this stage, one can understand the main idea of ​​the "Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants". Alyosha betrayed his friends, but the main vice that caused all his troubles was banal laziness.

The end of the story

The inhabitants of the underworld had to leave their homes, the minister Chernushka was shackled, and the magic seed disappeared forever. Because of a painful feeling of guilt, Alyosha fell ill with a fever and did not get out of bed for six weeks. After recovery, the main character becomes obedient and kind again. His relationship with his teacher and companions becomes the same as before. Alyosha becomes a diligent student, although not the best. This is the ending of the tale "The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants."

The main ideas of the tale

Chernushka gives Alyosha a lot of advice with which he could save himself, not become angry and lazy. The Minister of the Underworld warns him that it is not so easy to get rid of vices - after all, vices "enter the door and leave through a crack." It is worth noting that Chernushka's advice coincides with the conclusions made by Alyosha's school teacher. Labor, according to both the teacher, and the Black Hen is the basis of morality and inner beauty of any person. Idleness, on the other hand, only corrupts - reminds Pogorelsky in the work "The Black Hen, or Underground Dwellers". The main idea of ​​the magic story is that there is good in every person, but in order for it to manifest itself, you need to make efforts, try to cultivate and manifest it. No other way. If this is not done, trouble can fall not only on the person himself, but also on those close and dear to him people who are next to him.

Lessons from the story

Pogorelsky's tale is interesting not only for its magical plot, but also for the morality that Pogorelsky tried to convey to his pupil. Very little of the writer's literary heritage remains, and that is why it is worth listening to the ideas that can be found in the works that have come down to our times. What does The Black Hen or Underground People teach, and who will benefit from these lessons? They will be useful to every student, regardless of their academic performance. After all, they teach everyone to be better. And first of all, you should not try to put yourself above other people, even if you have any outstanding talents and abilities.

"The Black Hen" is a short story written by Anthony Pogorelsky for his little nephew Alexei Tolstoy, the future famous writer. In this article, we will provide an analysis of the story "The Black Chicken", which will help you get to know the story better and understand its essence. It will not be superfluous to also read the summary of this story. But first, let's discuss what genre Black Chicken belongs to and talk about the main character.

Genre of the work "Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants"

The work has the subtitle "A Fairy Tale for Children", although it is more in line with the genre of romantic fairy tales. There is a dual world characteristic of romanticism: the real world - the boarding house where the main character Alyosha studied, and the magical world - the underworld. Moreover, these two worlds are not isolated from each other. For example, Chernushka is actually an ordinary chicken, but in the wizarding world - an honored minister.

The work is related to a fairy tale by the presence of a hero who must pass tests, the presence of magical objects (hemp seed), the motive of a threefold repetition. Analysis of the story "The Black Chicken" clearly shows this.

The image of the main character of the work "Black Chicken"

The main character is a boy Alyosha, who lives and studies at a boarding house in St. Petersburg.

At first, he is shown as an inquisitive and intelligent child who likes learning, he is friends with his comrades, only sad on weekends and holidays, waiting for letters "from papa and mamma." Another good quality of Alyosha is his kindness. He feeds the chickens in the yard, and when the cook is about to slaughter his beloved Chernushka, tearfully rushes to protect the chicken and gives up his golden imperial, just to save her. Considering the plot of the tale, we will continue the analysis of Pogorelsky's "Black Hen".

For a good deed, the crested she decided to thank her savior. She showed him the underworld so that the boy would not feel his loneliness so sharply. His life becomes interesting: in the magic kingdom, he sees knights, talks with the king, walks in an unusual garden, looks at beautiful trees of extraordinary flowers, wild animals on chains. Chernushka tells him in detail about the underworld and her people.

As a reward for his kindness, Alyosha receives another gift - a hemp seed, thanks to which he can answer any lesson without learning anything at all. It should be noted that the king gives the boy such a seed with a sigh: he is forced to do it, as he promised to fulfill his wish for the salvation of Chernushka. But the ruler does not like at all that Alyosha will be lazy and receive praise without making any efforts.

Conclusions in the analysis of the story "Black Chicken"

Note that Alyosha himself at first feels awkward when he is praised for a good answer: his inner voice insists that he does not deserve praise, because "this lesson does not cost him any trouble."

Pogorelsky shows how Alyosha has changed: soon the pangs of conscience stopped tormenting him, he himself believed in his own extraordinary abilities, began to take airs in front of other boys. As a result, the hero lost all his friends. Pogorelsky notes that in Alyosha, as in any person, an internal struggle takes place. He felt that the praise was unfair, he had to correct himself, but pride took over, and the boy became more and more selfish.

In addition, the analysis of the story "The Black Hen" reveals that in this work Pogorelsky gives a moral lesson to his readers: other people's merits will not bring happiness, undeserved success that is not the result of labor leads to selfishness and loss of good character traits.

The culmination of the work is the moment of Alyosha's betrayal. He talks about the underworld, violating the ban, and Chernushka, along with all the inhabitants, is forced to move "far, far from these places."

Pogorelsky opposes the generous Chernushka and Alyosha, who has become petty and cowardly. Before leaving, the underground minister forgives Alyosha, he remembers his salvation and is still grateful for it. He only asks the boy about one thing: to become kind and good again. Alyosha suffers for a long time because of his deed, feels guilty and strives to improve with all his might. He succeeds, he becomes "obedient, kind, humble and diligent." And we also note one important thought when making an analysis of the story "The Black Chicken".

Pogorelsky, using the example of Alyosha, shows his little readers that kindness, curiosity, honesty must be constantly cultivated in oneself. One of our careless, cowardly actions can bring unhappiness to others. You can earn the love and respect of people only by doing good deeds for others.

You have read the analysis of the story "The Black Chicken" by Anthony Pogorelsky. We hope this article was interesting and clear. Visit our blog more often, because there you will find hundreds of articles on similar topics. Read also

Russian prosaic literary tale of the first half of the 19th century

Plan:

1. Tale of A. Pogorelsky "Black chicken, or Underground inhabitants". Problems, ideological meaning, plot, image of the main character, originality of style, genre specificity.

2. The main aspects of V.F. Odoevsky.

3. Further development of the literary tale in Russia

Literature

1. Mineralova I.G. Children's literature. - M., 2002, p. 60 - 61, 72 - 76, 92-96

2. Sharov A. Wizards come to people. - M., 1979

Romantic writers discovered the genre of a fairy tale for "high" literature. Parallel to this, in the era of romanticism, childhood was discovered as a unique, unrepeatable world, the depth and value of which attracts adults.

The researcher of Russian romanticism N. Verkovsky wrote that romanticism established the cult of the child and the cult of childhood. In search of the ideal, romantics turned to an unclouded child's view of the world, opposing it to the sometimes egoistic, roughly material world of adults. The world of childhood and the world of fairy tales are ideally combined in the work of A. Pogo-Relsky. His magical story "The Black Chicken, or Under-Earth People" has become a classic, originally addressed to young readers.

Anthony Pogorelsky - the pseudonym of Alexei Alekseevich Perovsky, the son of a noble Catherine's nobleman A.K. Razumovsky. As a child, A. Perovsky received a versatile education at home, then in a little over two years he graduated from Moscow University. He left the university with the title of Doctor of Philosophy and Verbal Sciences, which he received for lectures on natural science content. During the war of 1812, Perovskiy was a military officer, took part in the battles at Drezden, Kulm, and served in Saxony. Here he met the famous German musician and romantic writer T. Amadeus Hoffman. Communication with Hoffmann left an imprint on the character of Perovsky's work.

The ironic pseudonym "Anthony Pogorelsky" is associated with the name of the estate of the writer Pogoreltsy in the Chernigov province and the name of St. Anthony of Pechersky, who once retired from the world in Chernigov. Anthony Pogorelsky is one of the most mysterious figures in Russian literature. Friends called him St. Petersburg Byron: he was just as smart, talented, recklessly daring, and even outwardly resembled the famous English poet.

A. Pogorelsky wrote poetry, articles on literature, in prose he largely anticipated the appearance of Gogol, stood at the origins of the fantastic direction in Russian literature. The collection of novellas "The Double, or My Evenings in Little Russia" (1828) attracted by the mystery of sometimes mysterious, sometimes touching stories told with a fair amount of clever irony; the novel "Monastyrka" (1 hour - 1830, 2 hours - 1833) was at one time seen as the first successful work about the Russian provincial nobility, finally, a magic story for children "Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" (1829) during For more than a hundred years, he has been captivating children with a fairy-tale plot, without edification, convinces of the true value of goodness, truth, honesty and diligence. Pogorelsky contributed to the development of Russian literature by contributing to the upbringing and literary development of his nephew, Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

"Black Hen, or Underground People" (1828).

Problems, ideological meaning. The story has the subtitle "A Magic Tale for Children." There are two lines of narration in it - real and fabulous-fan-tastic. Their whimsical combination determines the plot, style, imagery of the work. Pogorelsky wrote a message for his ten-year-old nephew. He calls the main character Alyosha. Translated from Greek, Alexei means a patron, so the dedication to the nephew, the literary character's own name and its essence coincided so happily. But in the fairy tale, echoes are felt not only of the childhood of Alyosha Tolstoy, but also of the author himself (also Alexei). As a child, he was placed in a closed boarding house for a short time, suffered from separation from his home, fled from it, broke his leg. The tall wooden fence enclosing the boarding yard and the living space of its pupils is not only a realistic detail in The Black Hen, but also a symbolic sign of the author's “memory of Childhood”.

“The gate and the gate leading to the alley were always locked, and therefore Alyosha never managed to visit this alley, which greatly aroused his curiosity. Whenever he was allowed to play in the yard during his rest hours, his first move was to run up to the fence. "

Round holes in the fence are the only connection with the outside world. The boy is lonely, he feels especially bitterly in the “vacant time”, when he is separated from his comrades.

A sad, nagging note permeates the story of Pogorelsky. The narration is conducted on behalf of the author-narrator, with frequent appeal to imaginary listeners, which gives special warmth and confidence. The time and place of the events are concretized: "Forty years ago, in St. Petersburg on Vasilievsky Island, in the First Line, there lived a keeper of a men's boarding house ..." a teacher with curls, dull and a long braid, his wife, powdered and pomaded, with a whole greenhouse of different colors on her head. Alyosha's outfit is detailed.

All descriptions are bright, picturesque, convex, given taking into account children's perception. For a child, detail, detail is important in the overall picture. Finding himself in the kingdom of underground inhabitants, “Alyosha began to examine the hall with attention, which was very richly chosen. It seemed to him that the walls were made of marble, as he had seen in the mineral study of the Pan-Zion. The panels and doors were solid gold. At the end of the room, under a green canopy, on a raised place, there were armchairs made of gold. Alyosha admired this decoration, but it seemed strange to him that everything was in the smallest form, as if for small dolls. "

Realistic objects, everyday details in fairy-tale episodes (tiny lighted candles in silver shaandals, nodding porcelain Chinese dolls, twenty little knights in golden armor, with crimson feathers on their hats) bring two narrative plans closer together, make it natural Alyosha's transition from the real world to the magical and fantastic.

Everything that happened to the hero makes the reader think about many serious issues. How do you feel about success? How not to be proud of unexpected big luck? What can happen if you don't listen to the voice of your conscience? What is word fidelity? Is it easy to overcome the bad in yourself? After all, "vices usually enter the door, and go out through the crack." The author poses a complex of moral problems, condescending neither to the age of the hero, nor to the age of the reader. Children's life is not a toy version of an adult: everything in life happens once and in earnest.

Is The Black Chicken didactic? The educational pathos is obvious. Aside from the artistic fabric of the narrative, it can be expressed in words: be honest, hardworking, modest. But Pogorelsky was able to clothe the educational idea in such a romantically uplifted and at the same time vitally convincing, truly magical and fairy-tale form that the child-reader perceives a moral lesson with his heart.

The plot of the story. The serious problems of Pogorelsky's story are easily absorbed by children thanks to the fascinating fairy tale plot and the very successful central image of the hero - the reader's peer.

The analysis of the plot of the story convinces that in terms of genre this work is not so unambiguous, which additionally communicates its artistic completeness and pedagogical depth to its content.

The story begins with exposition (prehistory of events unfolding directly within the artistic time of the work).

Tie- Alyosha's intercession for Chernushka.

Climax(the highest point of tension of all problem lines), a kind of eventual "knot" of the conflict - the choice of Alyosha in the magical gardens of the underground inhabitants of the hemp seed , and not other grown beautiful flowers and fruits . This very choice is accompanied by seduction(it is difficult not to succumb to the temptation to know everything perfectly well). But, once having yielded to his, it seems, thought harmless to others, already a small person embarks on the path first of a very small, and then more and more growing lie. So, it seems, too, magically forgetting the rules comes to him. and promises. Then, in a kind and compassionate boy, proud-nya begins to speak, an unjustified feeling of superiority over others. This pride grows from the magic remedy - the hemp seed, the dope herb.

Moreover, the hero's loss of a hemp seed is not yet a denouement, the boy is twice given a chance to get out of this situation without moral losses, but, having found a hemp seed again, he embarks on the same destructive path.

Interchange there will be a disclosure of deception, "betrayal" of the underground inhabitants, and their departure is already an epilogue (events that will surely follow, and no one can change them). Lyrically, the denouement is Alyosha's repentance, a bitter, irreplaceable feeling of loss, pity for the heroes with whom one must part, and nothing can be changed either in one's own actions or in the actions of others. The eventful side is a reason for the beginning of the “work of the soul.

Intuitively, the reader comes to a conclusion, albeit not verbally formalized: pride, arrogance are conquered by repentance, repentance, complicity, compassion, pity for others. Moral conclusions sound aphoristic: "3a-fornicators are corrected by people, evilx - angels, and proudx - the Lord GOD himself"(St. John Climacus)

The image of the main character

The image of Alyosha, a nine-year-old pupil of an old St. Petersburg boarding house, was developed by the writer with special attention to his inner life. For the first time in a Russian children's book, a living little boy appeared here, each spiritual movement of which speaks of the author's deep knowledge of child psychology. Alyosha is endowed with features characteristic of a child of his age. He is emotional, impressionable, observant, inquisitive; reading old knightly novels (a typical repertoire of reading a boy of the 18th century) developed his naturally rich imagination. He is kind, courageous, responsive. And yet nothing childish is alien to him. He is playful, restless, easily gives in to the temptation not to learn a boring lesson, to cheat, to hide his childhood secrets from adults.

Like most children, in his mind, fairy tale and reality are fused together. In the real world, the boy clearly sees traces of the miraculous, elusive for adults, and he himself continuously creates a fairy tale every minute in his daily life. So it seems to him that the holes in the fence, made of old planks, were twisted by the sorceress, and, of course, there is nothing surprising if she brings news from home or a toy. An ordinary chicken, fleeing the persecution of the cook, suddenly can easily speak and ask for help. Therefore, it is so natural for the hero to enter the life of the hero, and at the same time in the plot of the story and magic knights, and porcelain dolls that come to life, and the mysterious underworld with its peaceful and kind people, and a seed with magical power, and other miracles of fairy tales with all rights and laws.

How easily the tale invades the life of the hero Pogorelsky, so freely, in turn, the techniques of realistic writing are introduced into the story of the mysterious: accuracy in describing everyday details and elements of psychological analysis unusual for a fairy tale.

The details of everyday life in the fairy tale episodes of the story seem to be suggested to the artist by a child filled with a naive faith in the reality of everything miraculous. Tiny lighted candles in silver shaandals, the size of Alyosha's little finger, appear on the chairs, the washstand and on the floor of the dark room; the chicken Chernushka comes for Alyosha; a large stove bench made of Dutch tiles, on which people and animals are painted with blue glaze, is encountered on their way to the underworld. They also see old beds with white muslin curtains. It is easy to see that all these items were included in the story not from an unknown magical land, but from an ordinary Petersburg mansion of the 18th century. Thus, the writer together with the hero, as it were, "bring to life" the fairy tale, convincing the reader of the reliability of the plot fiction.

The further Alyosha, together with Chernushka, go into the mysterious world of underground inhabitants, the less historical and everyday flavor in the text becomes. But the clarity of a child's vision, childish vigilance and concreteness of ideas remains: twenty knights in golden armor, with crimson feathers on their armor, quietly march in pairs into the hall, twenty little pages in crimson dresses carry the royal mantle. The clothes of the courtiers, the decoration of the palace chambers - everything was written by Pogorelsky with the thoroughness captivating the child, creating the illusion of "fake", which he so appreciates both in play and in a fairy tale.

Almost all the events of a fairy-tale plan can be explained, say, by the hero's tendency to daydreaming, to fantasizing. He loves romance of chivalry and is often ready to see the ordinary in a fantastic light. The director of the schools, for whom they are excitedly preparing in the boarding house, in his imagination appears as a "famous knight in shiny armor and a helmet with shiny feathers", but, to his surprise, instead of a "feathered helmet" Alyosha sees " just a little bald head, completely powdered, the only decoration of which ... was a small bunch. " But the author does not seek to destroy the delicate balance between fairy tale and life, leaves it unsaid, for example, why Chernushka, as a minister, appears in the form of a chicken and what connection the underground inhabitants have with the old Dutch woman.

Developed imagination, the ability to dream, fantasize constitute the wealth of a growing person's personality. That is why the main character of the story is so charming. This is the first living, non-schematic image of a child, a boy in children's literature. Alyosha, like any ten-year-old child, is curious, mobile, impressionable. His kindness, responsiveness manifested itself in the rescue of his beloved chicken Chernushka, which served as the starting point for the fairy tale plot. It was a decisive and courageous act: a little boy threw himself on the neck of the cook, who instilled in him "horror and disgust" with her cruelty (the cook at that moment, with a knife in her hands, grabbed Chernushka by the wing). Alyosha does not hesitate to part with his precious empire, gifted by his kind grandmother. For the author of a sentimental children's story, this episode would have been quite enough to reward the hero a hundredfold for a kind heart. But Pogorelsky draws a living boy, childishly spontaneous, playful, who could not resist the temptation of idleness and vanity.

Alyosha takes the first step to his troubles unintentionally. To the king's tempting proposal to name his desire, Alyosha "hurried with an answer" and said the first thing that could occur to almost any schoolchild: "I wish that, without studying, I always knew my lesson, whatever I was asked."

The denouement of the story - the scene of Chernushka's farewell to Alyosha, the noise of the little people leaving their kingdom, Alyosha's despair from the irreparability of his rash act - is perceived by the reader as an emotional shock. For the first time, perhaps, in his life, he experiences the drama of betrayal together with the hero. It is no exaggeration to speak in catharsis - the elevation of the enlightened soul of a young reader who succumbed to the magic of Pogorelsky's story-tale.

Style features

The originality of the thinking of the child, the hero of the story, through whose eyes, as it were, many events of the story are seen, prompted the writer to select the pictorial means. Therefore, each line of "Black Hen" finds a response from y readers - the hero's peers.

The writer, inventive in fantastic invention, is attentive to the meticulous reconstruction of real life. The landscapes of old Petersburg, full of details, as if from nature, are accurate, or rather, one of its oldest streets - the First Line of Vasilyevsky Island, with its wooden sidewalks, small mansions covered with Dutch tiles, and spacious courtyards fenced with Baroque boards. Pogorelsky described in detail and thoroughly Alyosha's clothes, the decoration of the festive table, and the sophisticated hairstyle of the teacher's wife, made in the fashion of that time, and many other sub-elements of the life of St. Petersburg in the 18th century.

The everyday scenes of the story are marked by the author's slightly mocking smile. This is how the pages depicting the amusing bustle in the teacher's house before the headmaster's arrival are made.

The vocabulary and stylistics of the story are extremely interesting. The syllable of "Black Chicken" is free and varied. In an effort to make the story entertaining for a child, Pogorelsky does not allow for simplification, does not strive for such accessibility, which is achieved by depleting the text. Meeting, in a work, with thoughts and images that are complex and not fully understood, the child assimilates their context in a generalized way, not being able to approach them analytically. But mastering a text that requires the reader to make certain mental efforts, calculated "for growth", is always more fruitful than facilitated reading.

"Black Chicken" is easily perceived by the modern reader as well. There is practically no archaic vocabulary, worn-out turns of speech. And at the same time, the story is structured stylistically diverse. There is an epic leisurely exposition, an emotional story about the rescue of Chernushka, about miraculous incidents associated with underground inhabitants. The author often resorts to a lively, easy-going dialogue.

In the stylistics of the story, a significant role belongs to the reproduction of children's thoughts and speech by the writer. Pogorelsky was one of the first to draw attention to its specificity and used it as a means of artistic depiction. "If I were a knight," thinks Alyosha, "I would never ride a cab." Or: "She (the old Dutch woman) seemed to him (Alyosha) like wax." So children's intonation is used by Pogopelsky both for the speech characteristics of the hero, and in the author's speech. Stylish variety, bold appeal to lexical layers of various degrees of complexity, and at the same time attention to the peculiarities of the reader-child's perception made Pogorelsky's story a classic children's book.

Pogorelsky Anthony, the tale "The Black Hen or Underground inhabitants"

The main characters of the fairy tale "Black Chicken" and their characteristics

1. Alyosha, a 10-year-old boy, is a kind and compassionate, cheerful comrade. but having received a magic seed, he becomes proud, arrogant. mischievous. Alyosha betrays the trust of the underground inhabitants and is tormented by shame. He is correcting himself again.
2. Nigella is both a chicken and a minister. Kind, affectionate, fair, grateful. At the same time, he is a wise and considerate politician. Punished for Alyosha's misdeed.
3. The teacher believed that Alyosha was deceiving him and flogged the boy with rods. However, then it was the norm of education.

1. Old boarding house in St. Petersburg
2. Boy Alyosha and his Chernushka
3. Salvation of Chernushka, the golden imperial
4. The director is not a knight
5. Chernushka's first visit
6. Alyosha's negligence and the black knights
7. Chernushka's second visit
8. Underworld
9. King
10. Hemp seed
11. Garden and Menagerie
12. Rat hunt
13. Alyosha's character is changing
14. Seed loss
15. The return of the seed and the censure of Chernushka
16. Betrayal and flogging
17. Farewell to Chernushka
18. Illness and correction.

1. Alyosha saves the chicken Chernushka from the cook, and she, in gratitude, invites him to follow her
2. For the first time, the knights do not allow them to pass, but on the second night Alyosha finds himself in the underworld
3. The king thanks Alyosha for saving the minister and gives a hemp seed
4. Alyosha sees the wonders of the underworld and participates in the rat hunt
5. Alyosha becomes disobedient, proud and his comrades cease to love him, and the teacher threatens to flog.
6. Alyosha talks about the inhabitants of the underground and they are forced to go to distant lands, Alyosha is sick, recovers and is recovering.

What the "Black Chicken" fairy tale teaches
There are many lessons hidden in this tale. First of all, that you have to be honest, kind, diligent so that your comrades love you. You must be able to keep your word and not let down those who trusted you. One must be able to endure pain, but do not become a traitor. You can't be angry, proud, arrogant, you can't brag about your superiority.

Review of the fairy tale "Black Chicken"
This is a very beautiful and instructive story about the boy Alyosha, who was kind and sweet, but became angry and proud, having received a magical opportunity not to learn lessons. The boy made a wrong wish, and his fulfillment harmed both Alyosha himself and the underground inhabitants. But nevertheless, I sympathized with Alyosha and was sincerely happy when he corrected himself. Of course, it's a pity that Chernushka and his comrades left Petersburg, but I believe that they found an equally good place in another city.

Proverbs to the fairy tale "Black Chicken"
When you give your word, hold on, but do not give yourself strength.
From the word salvation, from the word and death.
Debt good turn deserves another.

Summary, short retelling of the tale "Black Chicken"
There was an old boarding school in St. Petersburg where 30-40 boys studied, including ten-year-old Alyosha. Alyosha was brought to the boarding house by his parents from afar and paid for several years in advance.
Alyosha was loved at the boarding house, he was a sweet and obedient boy. It was only on Saturdays that he missed a lot when his companions were taken apart by their parents.
Alyosha liked to stand by the fence and look through the holes at the street, waiting for the sorceress. Also, the boy loved to feed the chickens and especially among them he loved Chernushka.
Once, on New Year's holidays, Alyosha saw the cook catch Chernushka, and in tears rushed to her, begging her to leave Chernushka. Nigella escaped from the hands of the cook and Alyosha gave her the imperial so that she would not tell the teacher anything.
At this time, the director arrives and Alyosha thinks to see the knight, but sees a bald old man.
All day Alyosha plays with Chernushka, and then goes to bed. Suddenly the boy heard someone call him by name, and Chernushka came out from under the sheet.
Chernushka addressed Alyosha in a human voice and called the boy to follow her. Chernushka told Alyosha not to touch anything, but he wanted to take the cat by the paw. She meowed, woke the parrot, the parrot screamed loudly. Nigella said it must have woken up the knights.
They went down to the great hall and two knights attacked Chernushka. Alyosha was frightened and came to himself in his bed.
The next evening Chernushka again came to Alyosha. Alyosha did not touch anything on the way and Chernushka led him into a low hall. Little men came out of the side door, followed by knights and finally the king.
The king thanked Alyosha for saving the minister and the boy, with surprise, learns Chernushka in the minister.
The king asks Alyosha to make a wish and the boy wants him to know all the lessons that have been given.
The king gave Alyosha a hemp seed, but warned him to be silent about everything he saw.
After the king left, the minister began to show Alyosha the underworld. Gems were everywhere. They examined a garden with moss trees and a menagerie with rats and moles.
Then they went hunting. Alyosha sat down on a stick with a horse's head and everyone galloped along the passages. The hunters drove several rats.
After the hunt, the boy asked who the underground inhabitants were. Chernushka said that they used to go upstairs, but have long been hiding from people. And if people find out about them, they will have to go to distant lands.
Alyosha woke up in his bed.
After that, he began to easily answer all the lessons, using the hemp seed. Alyosha gradually began to get used to praise, became proud and disobedient. Alyosha began to play a lot of naughty things. Once the teacher asked him to learn 20 pages, Alyosha opened his mouth, but did not say a word. Alyosha lost the seed and for a long time searched for it with despair, calling for Chernushka's help.
Alyosha was left on bread and water, because he could not learn the text. At night Chernushka came to him, gave him the seed and said that she did not recognize the boy.
Alyosha boldly went to the lesson and answered all 20 pages. The teacher was surprised and demanded to tell how Alyosha managed to learn everything. One of the students said that Alyosha did not take a book in his hands. The teacher decided that Alyosha was deceiving him and punished him. They brought the rods and, beside himself with fear, Alyosha began to talk about the inhabitants of the underground. The teacher decided that the boy was deceiving and became furious. Alyosha was flogged.
Alyosha no longer had a seed. In the evening Chernushka came, reproached the boy, forgave him and said that he must go with the people to distant lands. Chernushka's hands were chained.
In the morning Alyosha was found in a strong fever. When the boy recovered, he again became quiet and kind, obedient and diligent. His comrades fell in love with him again.

Drawings and illustrations for the fairy tale "Black Chicken"

The work "Black Chicken or Underground Dwellers" was written by Pogorelsky in 1829. There are facts that confirm that the tale was written for the nephew of the writer Tolstoy, the future virtuoso of Russian literature. The story of the tale began when little Tolstoy told his uncle that he once played with a chicken in the yard. These words became the ancestors of the fairy tale, which is still relevant today.

The author assigned the subtitle to the work "A Magic Tale for Children". But, if we turn to literary criticism, then the story is a work of average volume, in which there are several lines of the plot. But, in fact, this is not a story, since the storyline is one and the volume of the work is closer to the story. This work can be attributed to the genre of a fairy tale, because in addition to real events there are fantastic ones.

The author has constructed the plot in such a way that it is quite easy to discern the double world, it is always characteristic of romanticism. The reader reads about events in the real world, this is a boarding house, and also in a fictional one, in a work, this is the underworld. Pogorelsky is prone to romanticism, perhaps this is due to the fact that he served with Hoffmann. The main theme of the tale is the adventure of Alyosha, who is looking for adventure either in the underworld or in a boarding house. The author in the work tries to say that it is very important to keep his word, and also it is better to do something himself. In addition, in the work you can see the idea that you cannot put yourself above the rest.

From the very beginning of the work, the reader is immersed in it, because practically from the first lines the author takes the reader to the city of St. Petersburg. In almost two paragraphs, the author describes the city and the boarding house, in which the events take place directly. The central character is Alyosha, as well as Chernushka, a chicken. The supporting characters are the teacher, the cook and the grandmothers of Holland. In addition to these characters, there are also teams, such as the students of the boarding house and the inhabitants of the dungeon.

All events take place in a chain, everything is logical. Alyosha meets people in the boarding house, then with a chicken, and soon saves Chernushka. Then the boy finds himself with the minister in the dungeon and studies with a grain of hemp. Then he loses this grain, but in the end Alyosha corrected everything, and everything that now looked like a vague dream.

Thanks to the "dual world", the author was able to show with the help of the work many problems that are eternal, and therefore relevant today. This tale is a kind of example of how it is necessary to present eternal problems to the reader. This work is very useful for children to read, but it is equally important for adults to read the work.

Detailed analysis

The tale of Anton Pogorelsky is not accidentally studied in the school curriculum. This is a wonderful piece of literature. Recognizable, distinctive, Russian.

It seems to be a fairy tale, but it does not resemble any of those known to us. There are more real events in this tale than fiction.

The action takes place not in the three-ninth kingdom, but in St. Petersburg, on Vasilievsky Island. The parents send the boy Alyosha to the boarding house, having paid the tuition fees for several years in advance. For some worldly reason, they completely forget about their son.

Alyosha misses and misses home, his parents. He feels his loneliness and abandonment especially acutely on holidays and weekends, when all his comrades go home. The teacher allows him to use his library. Alyosha reads a lot, especially novels about noble knights.

When the weather is good and it gets boring to read, Alyosha goes out into the yard. The space of the courtyard is limited by a fence made of baroque boards, beyond which he cannot go out. He loves to observe the life of the alley through the holes from wooden nails, which, as if specially for him, were drilled in the baroque boards by a kind sorceress.

Alyosha also made friends with chickens, especially Chernushka. He treated her to crumbs from the dining table and talked to her for a long time. It seemed to him that she understood him and responded with sincere affection.

Wonderful style and language of the story: detailed, figurative. What is worth, for example, the observation that people age over the years, while cities, on the contrary, are getting younger, prettier.

The characters of the tale are depicted in several precise strokes. But they appear before the reader's imagination in a volumetric, realistic, vivid way. These are not stencil heroes, these are living people, characters, birds, animals, animals.

The action in the story develops logically, consistently. All the inhabitants of the estate in which the boarding house is located expect the arrival of the school director one weekend. His family of teachers is especially waiting for him. They started cleaning the boarding house in the morning. Preparations are in progress in the kitchen.

Alyosha is not happy about these events. He noticed that usually on such days the number of chickens with whom he was accustomed to communicate decreases. Not without reason, he suggests that the cook was involved. So this time she went out into the yard with the intention of catching another chicken in order to cook a meat dish from it for the festive table.

"Chuggle Chukhonka" terrified the boy. She chased the chickens, and caught his beloved Nigella. It seemed to Alyosha that the chicken was calling him for help. Without hesitation, he rushed to the rescue. The cook in surprise released the chicken from her hands, and she flew up to the roof of the barn. The angry chukhonka shouted: “Why interfere? He doesn’t make an egg, he doesn’t sit on a cheesecake! ”

To calm the cook, Alyosha gives her the gold imperial, which was very dear to him, because his grandmother gave him the coin as a keepsake.

Then the guests arrived. Alyosha represented the school directors as a knight in armor with a "feathery helmet" on his head. It turned out that he was a small, frail man with a bald head instead of a helmet, in a tailcoat instead of armor. He arrived in a cab, not on horseback. It was completely incomprehensible why everyone treated him with such respect.

Alyosha was dressed up and made to pose as a capable student in front of the guests. Tired of the day's events, he finally goes to bed.

This is where fabulous events begin. The reader can guess: in reality they happen or in Alyosha's dream.

Nigella emerges from under the sheet on the next bed. She speaks in a human voice. In gratitude for his salvation, he wants to show Alyosha a wonderful country with underground inhabitants. He warns that he will have to go through the rooms of the centenary old Dutch women who lived here, in the boarding house, and about whom Alyosha had heard a lot. When passing through their rooms, nothing can be touched and nothing can be done.

Twice the chicken took the boy to the underworld, and both times he disobeyed her. The first time he shook hands with the learned cat, the second time he nodded to the doll. Therefore, the knights descended from the walls and blocked the path to the underworld, Chernushka had to fight the knights to get to the king.

In gratitude for saving his beloved minister (who turned out to be Chernushka), the king of the underworld gives Alyosha a wonderful hemp seed that can fulfill any desires.

Alyosha wished to know everything from his studies, not preparing for lessons. At first, he surprised both teachers and his comrades with his abilities, but then he had to admit that he received a wonderful gift from the king of the underworld.

Alyosha loses a grain, and with it his abilities. Nigella and the underground inhabitants do not take offense at him, although they had to leave their favorite places. Alyosha is given a chance to improve.

The tale teaches that the respect of others must be tried to earn. Undeserved success makes a person proud, arrogant, arrogant. One lie pulls another. It is not easy to get rid of vices. But there is always a chance to start a new good life.