M and Glinka primary musical education. Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka: Biography, Interesting Facts, Creativity

The great, talented Russian composer, who placed the beginning of a new artistic language in music. It was he who gave the beginning of the National Russian Opera, became the ancestor of Russian Simphonism (artistic design reveals with the help of musical development). Created one of the most important genres in chamber vocal music? Classic Russian romance.
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka was born in the Smolensk province, in the genital estate in the village of Novospasskoye, June 1 (May 20 in the old style) of 1804. He was a boy weak and painful. Up to 10 years, his education was engaged in his upbringing, a woman is strict rules and high morality. Mikhail received the very first education in the walls of his home. Listening to the singing of peasants, the orchestra of fortress musicians, the boy early began to show interest in music. Already at the age of ten, he learned the game on piano, violin.
After the death of the grandmother, the mother made a child to study the noble board in St. Petersburg, whose pupils were only the children of the nobles. Here, the young glint acquaintances Alexander Pushkin, who visited his brother, Lion. During study in the boarding house, Mikhail takes music lessons from Pianist K. Mayer, who subsequently influenced the formation of musical addictions of Glinka. In 1822 Study in the guest house was successfully completed. By the same period, the beginning of the musical activity of the future composer also applies. They wrote the first romances, among which "do not sing, beauty, with me."
Life and art
In 1823, Glinka leaves for the Caucasus for treatment. During this journey, the composer, in addition to the treatment, was engaged in the study of local folklore, legends, admired the stunning beauty of nature. After returning home, under the impression of a trip, he began to compose orchestral music. And in 1824. It is set to work at the Ministry of Railways in St. Petersburg. At this time, he meets many creative people, composes works. But five years later, the composer understands that the work limits his time to music. And therefore he decides to resign.
In 1830 In connection with the health problems, Glinka goes to treatment to Europe. He visits Italy, where parallel with treatment takes the lessons of the composition and vocals from the famous composers Bellini, Mendelssohn, visits Opera. By this period include writing the Romance "Venetian Night". In 1834 The composer leaves for Germany, where he dedicates the time to study the theory of music from the famous scientist Z. Dena. It was then that the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a national Russian opera appears. But training had to be interrupted (because of the death of the father) and return home.
After returning to Russia, all the thoughts of the composer are engaged in music. He lives in St. Petersburg, visits poetic evenings at V. Zhukovsky and dreams to compose his first opera. This idea did not give him peace back in young years. So the opera "Ivan Susanin" was born, the successful premiere of which was held in the Bolshoi Theater in 1836. This date can be safely called the birthday of the Russian patriotic opera. And already in 1842 The composer graduated from work on the second opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila". But this essay was less successful, criticized. Not a very successful premiere of the opera and the crisis in his personal life commemorated the composer for a new overseas journey.
In 1845 He settled in Paris, where he gave a charitable concert from his works. After he went to Spain, where he lived until 1847. Here were created magnificent plays for the Aragon Khota orchestra, "Memom of Summer Night in Madrid". Having calmed down emotionally, the composer in 1851. Returns to Russia. But in 1852 Weak health served as a reason for departure to Spain, then to Paris. In 1855 It was worried about the romance "per minute of life difficult."
From 1856 Glinka finally began to live in Berlin, where he was engaged in the study of creativity I. Baha and other famous musicians. The great composer passed away in 1857, February 15 in Berlin and was buried at the local cemetery. Soon, thanks to his sister, he was reburied in St. Petersburg at the Tikhvin cemetery.

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (May 20 [June 1], s. Novospasskoe, Smolensk province - February 3, Berlin; buried in St. Petersburg) - Russian composer. The compositions of Glinka influenced the largest Russian composers - A. S. Dargomyzhsky, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. P. Borodin, P. I. Tchaikovsky and others. According to the expression V. V. Stasov, "both [Pushkin and Glinka] created a new Russian language - one in poetry, the other in music."

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  Mikhail Glinka was born on May 20 (June 1) of 1804 in the village of Novospassky Smolensk province, in the estate of his father, the retired captain Ivan Nikolayevich Glinka (1777-1834). His mother was a secondary sister of the Father - Eugene Andreevna Glinka-Zemka (1783-1851). The great-grandfather of the composer was a gentry from Glinka Herba Tsask - Victorin Vladislav Glinka (Polish. Wiktoryn Władysław Glinka). After the speech losses of the Commonwealth of Smolensk in 1654, V. V. Glinka adopted Russian citizenship and moved to Orthodoxy. The royal power has retained land possessions and noble privileges, including the former coat of arms for the Smolensk gentry.

  Children's and Youth Years

  Up to six years, Mikhail brought up a grandmother (on his father) Fedala Alexandrovna, who completely removed the mother from the upbringing of the Son. He grew up a nervous, a murdious and painful child-blunt - "mimosa", according to its own characteristic of Glinka. After the death of Focli Alexandrovna, Mikhail again moved to the full order of the mother who had all the efforts to erase the traces of the previous upbringing. From ten years, Mikhail began to learn the game on piano and violin. Glinka's first teacher was invited from St. Petersburg the governess of Varvara Fedorovna Klammer.

  In 1817, parents brought Mikhail to St. Petersburg and placed in a noble guesthouse at (in 1819 he was renamed a noble board at the University of St. Petersburg), where his goverr was a poet, Decembrist V. K. Kyhehelbecker, whose native sister of Justina (1784 -1871) married G. A. Glinka (1776-1818) - the cousin's brother of the composer's father.

  In St. Petersburg, Glinka took private lessons from prominent musical teachers, including Karl Zejer and John Field. In 1822, Mikhail Ivanovich successfully (the second student) graduated from a noble boarding course at the University of Imperial Saint Petersburg. In the Glinka guesthouse met A. S. Pushkin, who came there to his younger brother Lerl, a classmate Mikhail. Their meetings resumed in the summer of 1828 and continued until the death of the poet.

  Periods of life and creativity

  1822-1835

  Glinka loved music. At the end of the boarding house, he was stiffening: he studied Western European music classics, participated in home musice in the noble salons, sometimes led the uncle orchestra. At the same time, the Glinka tries himself as a composer, writing variations for harp or piano on the topic from the opera of the Austrian composer Joseph Vajl "Swiss family." From this point on, the glint pays more and more attention to the composition and soon compresses extremely many, trying his hand in various genres. During this period, they were written well-known romances and songs: "Do not tempt me without need," the words E. A. Baratynsky, "Do not sing, beautiful, with me" for the words A. S. Pushkin, "Night autumn, night Caverny "for the words A. Ya. Rimsky-Korsakov and others. However, it remains unsatisfied for a long time. Glinka persistently looking for ways out of the form and genres of household music. In 1823, he works on string septo, Adagio and Rondo for the orchestra and over two orchestral overtures. During the same years, Mikhail Ivanovich dating circle expands. He met V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Griboyedov, Adam Mitskevich, Anton Delvig, V. F. Odoyevsky, who later became his friend.

  In the summer of 1823, Glinka traveled to the Caucasus, visited Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk. Acquaintance with the music of the peoples of the Caucasus left a significant mark in the creative consciousness of the composer and reflected in his later works on the eastern topics. So, on the basis of the Azerbaijani folk song "Galann Dibinde", the composer created the "Persian choir" for his opera Ruslan and Lyudmila. From 1824 to 1828, Mikhail worked as an assistant to secretary of the Main Directorate of Communications. In 1829, M. Glinka and N. Pavlishev published a "lyrical album", where the plays of Glinka were among the writings of different authors.

  At the end of April 1830, the composer went to Italy, lingering along the way in Dresden and making a great trip to Germany, stretched out on all summer months. Arriving in Italy at the beginning of autumn, the glint settled in Milan, the largest center of musical culture at that time. In Italy, he met with outstanding composers V. Bellyni and Donizetti, studied Belkanto vocal style (Ial. Bel Canto) and wrote a lot in the "Italian spirit". In his works, a significant part of which was the plays on the topics of the popular opera, there was no longer any student, all the compositions were made by masterfully. High attention paid to the instrumental ensembles by writing two original writings: Sextet for piano, two violins, viola, cello and double bass and pathetic trio for piano, clarinet and baggage. In these works, the features of the composer handwriting Glinka were especially clearly shown.

  In July 1833, Glinka went to Berlin, stopping along the way for a while in Vienna. In Berlin, under the leadership of the German Theorist Siegfried, Dena Glinka studied polyphony and tools. Having received the news of the death of his father in 1834, Glinka decided to return to Russia immediately.

  Glinka returned with extensive plans to create a Russian national opera. After a long search for the plot for the opera of Glinka, on the advice of V. Zhukovsky, he stopped at the tradition of Ivan Susanin. At the end of April 1835, Glinka married Marya Petrovna Ivanova, his far relative. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds went to Novospasskoye, where the glint with great zeal began to write the opera.

  1836-1844

  1844-1857

  Heavily surviving the criticism of his new opera, Mikhail Ivanovich in the middle of 1844 took a new long-term foreign trip. This time he went to France, and then to Spain. In Paris, Glinka met the French composer Hector Berlioz, who (later) became the admirer of his talent. In the spring of 1845, Berlioz fulfilled the works of Glinka at his concert: Lezginka from Ruslan and Lyudmila and Aria Antonida from Ivan Susanin. The success of these works brought Glinka to the idea to give a charity concert in Paris from his writings. On April 10, 1845, the big concert of the Russian composer was successfully held in the concert hall Hertz on Victory Street in Paris.

  On May 13, 1845, Glinka went to Spain. There, Mikhail Ivanovich studied traditional culture, morals, the language of the Spanish people, recorded Spanish folklore melodies. The creative result of this trip was two symphonic odors written in Spanish folk topics. In the autumn of 1845, Glinka graduated from the Aragon Khota's overture, and in 1848, already on returning to Russia - "Night in Madrid".

  In the summer of 1847, Glinka went back to his own family village Novospasskoye. The stay of Glinka in native places was short. Mikhail Ivanovich again went to St. Petersburg, but changed his mind, decided to fall in Smolensk. However, invitations to balls and evenings, almost daily pursuing the composer, brought him to despair and to decide to again leave Russia [ ]. But in the overseas passport, Glinka was denied, so by rearing in 1848 to Warsaw, he stopped in this city. Here the composer wrote a symphonic fantasy "Kamarinskaya" on the topics of two Russian songs: wedding lyrical "because of the mountains, high" and a brisk dance. In this work, Glinka approved a new type of symphonic music and laid the foundations of its further development, skillfully creating an unusually bold combination of various rhythms, characters and sentiment. Petr Ilyich Tchaikovsky so responded about the work of Glinka:

  In 1851, Glinka returned to St. Petersburg, where he gave the lessons of singing, was preparing opera parties and a chamber repertoire with such singers as N. K. Ivanov, O. A. Petrov, A. Ya. Petrov-Vorobyov, A. P. Lodia , D. M. Leonova and others. Under the direct influence of Glinka was a Russian vocal school. I've been at M. I. Glinka and A. N. Serov, in 1852 he who recorded his "notes on the instrumentation" (published 4 years later). Often A. S. Dargomyzhsky came.

  In 1852, Glinka again went on a trip. He planned to get to Spain, but tired of moving in diligeans and by rail, stopped in Paris, where he lived just over two years. In Paris, Glinka began work on the symphony of Taras Bulba, which was never over. The beginning of the Crimean War in which France opposed Russia, became an event that finally solved the issue of the departure of Glinka to his homeland. On the way to Russia, Glinka held two weeks in Berlin.

  In May 1854, Glinka arrived in Russia. He spent the summer in the royal village in the country, and in August again moved to St. Petersburg. In the same 1854, Mikhail Ivanovich began writing memoirs, named after them "Notes" (published in 1870).

  In 1856, Glinka went to Berlin. There he began to study the work of J. P. Palestrina and I. S. Baha. In the same year, Glinka wrote music to church Slavic liturgical texts: the blue and "yes, my prayer will be corrected" (for 3 votes).

  Death

  Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka died on February 15, 1857 in Berlin and was buried at the Lutheran cemetery. In May of the same year, at the insistence of the youngest sister M. I. Glinka Lyudmila (who, after the death of their mother and his two children, from the beginning of the 1850s, devoted himself entirely to the concerns about his brother, and after his death done everything to publish his works ) The composer's dust was transported to St. Petersburg and was reburied at the Tikhvin cemetery.

  During the transport of Glokh Glinka from Berlin to Russia on its packed in the Cardboard, the coffin was written "Porcelain". It is very symbolic if you remember the canon, composed by Glinka's friends after the premiere of Ivan Susanin. At the grave of Glinka, a monument was established, created according to the sketch of I. I. Gorostayev.

  In Berlin, a monument is located in the Russian Orthodox cemetery, which includes a tombstone from the original place of the burial of Glinka at the Lutheran Trinity Cemetery, as well as the monument in the form of a column with a bust of the composer built in 1947 by the military sector of the Soviet sector of Berlin.

  Memory

  Main article: Mikhail Glinka

  The name was assigned to the Novosibirsk State Conservatory.

  Glinka addresses in St. Petersburg

  International competition of vocalists named after M. I. Glinka

  The name of Mikhail Glinka is called the second largest vocal contest of Russia - the international competition of vocalists named after M. I. Glinka, which was organized in 1960. From 1968 to 2009, a singer and teacher, People's Artist of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, Laureate of the Lenin Prize and State Prizes of Russia, Academician, Professor Irina Konstantinovna Arkhipov, was the permanent chairman of the jury.

  In different years, such outstanding artists, Yuri Mazurok, Sergey Neterenko, Yury Mazurok, Evgeny Nesterenko, Elena Borodina, Maria Gulegin, Olga Borodina, Dmitry Zhivostovsky, Vladimir Chernov, Anna Netrebko, Askar Abdrazakov, Olga, Olga Trifonova, Elena Manistina, Mikhail Cossacks, Albina Shagimuratova, Vladimir Vasilyev, Aryunbaatar Ganbaatar and other singers.

  Main works

  Operas

  • "Life for the king" ("Ivan Susanin") (1836)
  • "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1837-1842)
  Symphony works
  • Symphony into two Russian topics (1834, finished and orchestrated Vissarion Shebalin)
  • Music to the tragedy of Nestor Dollhouse "Prince Kholmsky" (1842)
  • Spanish Overture No. 1 "Brilliant Capriccio on the theme of Aragon Hoty" (1845)
  • "Kamarinskaya", fantasy into two Russian topics (1848)
  • Spanish Overture No. 2 "Memories of the Summer Night in Madrid" (1851)
  • "Waltz Fantasy" (1839 - for Piano, 1856 - Extended Edition for Symphony Orchestra)
  Chamber instrumental writings
  • Sonata for viola and piano (unfinished; 1828, refined by Vadim Borisovsky in 1932)
  • Brilliant divertiment on the themes from the Opera Vincenzo Bellini "Somnambula" for piano quintet and double bass
  • Brilliant Rondo on the topic from Opera Vincenzo Bellini "Capulinte and Montecken" (1831)
  • Large Sextet ES-DUR for Piano and String Quintet (1832)
  • "PATETIC TRIO" D-MOLL for Clarinet, Fagota and Piano (1832)
  Romances and songs
  • "Venetian Night" (1832)
  • Patriotic song (was the official anthem of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 2000)
  • "I'm here, Inesilla" (1834)
  • "Night view" (1836)
  • "Doubt" (1838)
  • "Night Marshmallow" (1838)
  • "The fire is burning in the blood" (1839)
  • Wedding song "Warming Terem is worth" (1839)
  • Vocal cycle "Farewell to Petersburg" (1840)
  • "Backway song" (from the "Farewell with St. Petersburg" cycle)
  • "Lark" (from the "Farewell from Petersburg" cycle)
  • "Recognition" (1840)
  • "I hear your voice" (1848)
  • "Cool Cup" (1848)
  • "Song Margarita" from the tragedy Goethe "Faust" (1848)
  • "Mary" (1849)
  • "Adele" (1849)
  • "Finnish Bay" (1850)
  • "Prayer" ("per minute of life difficult") (1855)
  • "Do not say that the heart is painful" (1856)
  • "I remember a wonderful moment" (on Pushkin poem)

  Notes

  1. Levacheva O. E., Lebedeva-Emelia A. V. Glinka // Large Russian Encyclopedia. - M., 2007. - T7. - pp. 233-235.
  2. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
  3. Findeazen N. F. // Russian Biographical Dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. - M., 1896-1918.
  4. Rozanov, A. S. M. I. Glinka. Album. The first period of life in Novospassky (Neopr.) . - M.: Music,. - "The powerful old woman," not quite good "turned up with a fortress servant, balung his grandson" to an incredible degree "." Reference date September 25, 2014. Archived on September 25, 2014.
  5. // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 tons - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
  6. The great friendship of the Azerbaijani and Russian peoples / Compiled by P. A. Azizbecov, Shhali Kurbanov. Responsible editor I. A. Guseynov. - B.: Publisher of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, 1964. - P. 214.
  7. Karagicheva L. Kara Karaev. - M.: Soviet composer, 1960. - P. 9.
  8. Bәdәlbәәli ә. B. M. I. Glinka (Azerb.) // әДәBјјAT Vә INҹәSәTәT. - 29 May 1954.
  9. We are talking about the original piano version of the famous Fantasy Waltz, known to everyone in the orchestral editorial board, one of the affecting the penetrated beauty of the works of Glinka
  10. Maria Petrovna Ivanova (Glinka) r. 1817. Record: 234301. (Neopr.) . Rodovoda. - "26 April 1835 Marriage: Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka; March 15 1841 Marriage: Nikolai Nikolaevich Vasilchikov; October 1846 Divorce: Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. " Date of appeal June 5, 2014. Archived June 5, 2014.

  Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka is one of the greatest Russian composers, the Creator of an independent Russian music school. He was born on May 20 (old style) 1804 in the village of Novospassky, Smolensk province and was brought up in the village of his parents, landowners. Already in his childhood, he was strongly attracted by church singing and Russian folk songs performed by the serf orchestra of his uncle. By the 4th year, he already read, and at 10 years he began to teach him the piano and violin.

  In 1817, the Glinka family moved to St. Petersburg, and the boy was given to the boarding school at the Pedagogical Institute, the course of which was completed after 5 years. Meanwhile, Glinka successfully studied the piano game at Weiner, K. Mayer, the famous film, and Sanie - Belloli. 18 years old he began to compose: these were first variations on fashionable topics, and then, after classes in composition with K. Mayer and Zamfoni, - Romances.

  Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. Photo of the 1850s.

  In 1830, Glinka, who had a lot of health, who had a poor health, went to Italy to the Council of doctors, where he stayed three years, studying the art of writing for singing and quite a few in Italian spirit. Here, under the influence of longing in his homeland, in Glinka, according to his own admission, there was a soul coup, who pushed him from Italian music and sent to a new one, an independent path. In 1833, Glinka went to Berlin and there with a famous theoretical date of the day at 5 months passed the course of the theory of music, quite enriched and systematized his musical knowledge.

  A year later, Glinka returned to Russia. In St. Petersburg, he met M. P. Ivanova, at which he married in 1835. At this time, Glinka was often in the famous circle of Zhukovsky, where his thought was very sympathetic about the Russian opera and offered for her plot from the legend about Ivan Susanin. Glinka was hard for work; In parallel, the body of the composer Baron Rosen wrote libretto. First of all, an overture was sketched, and by the spring of 1836, the whole Opera - "Life for the King" was already ready. After all sorts of difficulties, she was finally accepted on the state scene, was intended under the control of Kavos and on November 27, 1836, with colossal success performed.

  Genius and villains. Mikhail Glinka

  Glinka was then appointed with a dropletaster of the court singing chapel, but in 1839, due to the disease, he threw the service. By this time, he especially became close to "Brother", - a circle, where the puppeteers, Bullel brothers, Bakhturin, etc. were included. The latter was painted by the plan of the new opera Glinka Ruslan and Lyudmila, on Pushkin's poem. Disease and family troubles (Glinka broke up, and a few years later, and divorced his wife) a little braked the case, but finally on November 27, 1842 the new opera was set in St. Petersburg. The underdevelopment of the majority of the audience, did not grow even before the understanding of the musical height and originality, to which Glinka rose to Ruslana and Lyudmila, was the main reason for the comparative failure of this opera. A year later she was removed from the repertoire. Distressed and sick composer in 1844 went to Paris (where he appreciated him Berlioz Some of his writings in two concerts successfully fulfilled), and from there to Spain, where she lived for three years, collecting Spanish songs.

  Returning to Russia, Glinka lived in Smolensk, Warsaw, St. Petersburg; At this time, they were written two Spanish Overtures and Kamarinskaya for the orchestra. Almost all the time, however, the dewented state of the Spirit and the malaise did not leave him. Having decided to devote himself to Russian church music, Glinka in 1856 again went to Berlin, where under the leadership of Dena, studied about 10 months ancient church freedom. There he was colded, leaving one court concert, running down and on the night of February 3, 1857 died. His dust was subsequently transported to St. Petersburg, and in 1885 he was placed in Smolensk a monument, with the inscription "Glinka Russia", was supplied to the funds collected by a national subscription.

  In addition to the listed, Glinka wrote still overture and music for drama Puppeteer "Prince Kholmsky", solemn polonaise and tarantel for the orchestra, up to 70 romances, of which the best is the "Farewell to Petersburg" series and other writings. Borrowing from the French diversity and piquancy of the rhythm, from the Italians - clarity and bulge of the melody, from the Germans - the wealth of counterpoint and harmony, Glinka managed in the best writings, most of all in Ruslana and Lyudmila, to translate all this and re-create the spirit of Russian folk song, respectively . Glinka tool for his time is perfect. Thanks to all this, its writings, differing in artistic finishes and high mastery of form, are captured at the same time inimitable originality and depth of content, characteristic of the best sodes of the people's song, which gave them the opportunity to become the basis of the original Russian music school.

  Glinka's ability to musical outlines are wonderful: so in the "life for the king" are compared Russian and Polish music; In Ruslana and Lyudmila, next to Russian music, we meet the Persian choir, Lezginka, the music of Finn, etc. Favorite sister Glinka L. I. Shestakova prompted him to write his extremely interesting "autobiography".

  Essays about other great musicians - see below in the block "More on the topic ..."

  Creativity M. I. Glinka marked a new historical stage of development - classic. He managed to combine the best European trends with national traditions. Attention deserves all the work of Glinka. Briefly characterize all genres in which he fruitfully worked. First, it is his operas. They gained great importance, as the heroic events of the past years truthfully recreate. His romance is filled with special sensuality and beauty. Symphony works are inherent incredible painting. In the folk song, Glinka opened poetry and created a truly democratic national art.

  Creativity and childhood and youth

  Born on May 20, 1804. His childhood passed in the village of Novospassky. Bright and remembered for life impressions were fairy tales and songs of Nania Avdoti Ivanovna. He always attracted the sound of a bell tongue to which he soon began to imitate on copper pelvis. He began to read early and was inquisitive from nature. It has favorably affected the reading of an old edition "On the wanders in general." It awakened great interest in traveling, geography, drawing and music. Before entering the noble pension, he was engaged in the piano lessons and quickly succeeded in this difficult business.

  In the winter of 1817, he is sent to Petersburg to the boarding house, where he spent four years. He studied at BEMA and FILD. The life and creativity of Glinka in the period from 1823 to 1830 were very saturated. Since 1824, he visits the Caucasus, where it serves until 1828 by the Secretary of the Communications Secretary. From 1819 to 1828, the native Novospassky is visited periodically. After acquainted with new friends in St. Petersburg (P. Yushkov and D. Demidov). During this period, creates its first romances. It:

  • Elegy "Do not tempt me" on the words of Baratynsky.
  • "Poor singer" on the words of Zhukovsky.
  • "I love you told me" and "bitter me, bitterly" for the words of Korsak.

  Writes the piano plays, makes the first attempt to write Opera "Life for the king".

  First ride abroad

  In 1830 he went to Italy, on the way was in Germany. It was his first journey abroad. He went here to correct his health and enjoy the surrounding nature of the uncharted country. The acquisitions got the material for the eastern scenes of the opera Ruslan and Lyudmila. In Italy, he was until 1833, was mainly in Milan.

  

  The life and creativity of Glinka in this country proceeds successfully, easily and easily. Here is his acquaintance with the painter K. Bryrylov, Moscow Professor S. Shevyryaev. From composers - with Donizetti, Mendelssohn, Berlioz and others. In Milan, Riccordi, he publishes some of his works.

  In 1831-1832, two serenades, a number of romances, Italian cavatins, sextet in the tonality of Mi-Bf Major. In aristocratic circles, he was known as Maestro Russo.

  In July 1833, he goes to Vienna, and then spends about six months in Berlin. Here he enriches its technical knowledge with the famous counterpointist Z. Den. Subsequently, under his leadership, he wrote a "Russian symphony". At this time, the talent of the composer develops. Glinka's creativity becomes more free from someone else's influence, he refers to him consciously. In his "notes", he admits that all this time he was looking for his way and style. Estimated at home, thinks about writing in Russian.

  Homecoming

  In the spring of 1834, Mikhail arrives in Novospasskoye. He thought to go abroad again, but deciding to remain in his native land. In the summer of 1834 goes to Moscow. He meets here with Melgunov and restores former acquaintances with musical and literary circles. Among them, Aksakov, Versta, Pogodin, Shevyrev. Glinka decided to create Russian he took up the romantic opera "Maryina Grove" (on the plot of Zhukovsky). The composer plan was not implemented, the outline did not reach us.

  

  In the fall of 1834, he comes to Petersburg, where he visits literary and amateur mugs. One day Zhukovsky suggested to take the plot "Ivan Susanin". During this period, such romances compounds: "Do not call her heavenly", "do not say, love will pass", "I only recognized you," "I am here, Inesilee." In his personal life, he has a big event - marriage. Along with this, he became interested in writing the Russian opera. Personal experiences influenced the work of Glinka, in particular on the music of his opera. Initially, the composer conceived writing a cantathip consisting of three paintings. The first should have been called a rural scene, the second - Polish, the third - the solemn final. But under the influence of Zhukovsky, he created a dramatic opera consisting of five acts.

  The premiere of "life for the king" occurred on November 27, 1836. V. Odoyevsky appreciated it. Emperor Nicholas I presented a ring for 4,000 rubles for it. After a couple of months, he appointed him with a dropmeister. In 1839, for a number of reasons, the glint resigns. During this period, fruitful creativity continues. Glinka Mikhail Ivanovich wrote such compositions: "Night-looking", "Northern Star", another scene from Ivan Susanin. Accepted for a new opera on the plot "Ruslan and Lyudmila" on the Council of Shakhovsky. In November 1839 divorces his wife. During the lifetime with "Brother" (1839-1841) creates a number of romances. The opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" was a long-awaited event, the tickets were bought in advance. The premiere took place on November 27, 1842. Success was stunning. After 53 presentations, the opera stopped set. The composer decided that his brainchild was underestimated, and the apathy comes. Glinka's creativity is suspended for a year.

  Traveling to far countries

  In the summer of 1843, he travels through Germany to Paris, where 1844 is located until spring.

  

  Returns old dating, friendly with Berlioz. Glinka was impressed with his works. He studies his program writings. In Paris, supports friendly relations with Merima, Herz, Shahtraf and many other musicians and writers. Then he visits Spain, where he lives for two years. He was in Andalusia, Granada, Valladolid, Madrid, Pamplona, \u200b\u200bSegovia. Compounds "Aragonian Hotu". Here he rests from the pressing Petersburg problems. Walking in Spain, Mikhail Ivanovich gathered folk songs and dances, recorded them in the book. Some of them formed the basis of the work "Night in Madrid". From letters, Glinka becomes obvious that in Spain, he rests in a soul and heart, here he lives very well.

  last years of life

  In July 1847, he returns to his homeland. Lives a certain time in Novospassky. Creativity Mikhail Glinka during this period resumes with a new force. He writes a few piano plays, the romance "you will soon pose me" and others. In the spring of 1848 goes to Warsaw and lives here until autumn. Writes for the Kamarinskaya orchestra, "Night in Madrid", romances. In November 1848 comes to St. Petersburg, where the whole winter is sick.

  

  In the spring of 1849, he goes back to Warsaw and lives here until the autumn of 1851. In July of this year, I got sick, having received the sad news of the death of the mother. In September, it returns to Petersburg, lives with his sister L. Shestakova. Compounds extremely rare. In May 1852, it goes to Paris and is here until May 1854. From 1854-1856 he lives in St. Petersburg with his sister. He is fond of the Russian singer D. Leonova. For her concerts creates arrangements. On April 27, 1856 went to Berlin, where she settled next door to Den. He came to visit every day and led the strict style classes. Creativity M. I. Glinka could continue. But in the evening of January 9, 1857, he was cold. February 3, Mikhail Ivanovich died.

  What is the innovation of Glinka?

  M. I. Glinka created a Russian style in musical art. He was the first composer in Russia, who connected with a song warehouse (Russian folk) music technique (this applies to melody, harmony, rhythm and counterpoint). Creativity contains quite bright samples of such a plan. This is his folk musical drama "Life for the king", the epic opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila". As an example of a Russian symphony style, Camarinskaya, "Prince Kholmsky", Overture and Intermission to His Operators are called. His romances are highly artistic samples lyrically and dramatically pronounced songs. Glinka is rightfully considered a classic wizard of world importance.

  Symphony creativity

  

  For the symphony orchestra, a small amount of works was created by the composer. But their role in the history of musical art turned out to be so important that they are considered the basis of Russian classical simphonism. Almost everyone belongs to the genre of fantasies or one-room overturn. "Aragon Khota", "Waltz Fantasy", "Kamarinskaya", "Prince Holmsky" and "Night in Madrid" make up the symphonic creativity of Glinka. Composer laid new principles of development.

  The main features of his symphonic overture:

  • Availability.
  • Principle of generalized software.
  • Uniqueness of forms.
  • Compression, laconicity forms.
  • Dependence on the general artistic concept.

  The symphonic creativity of Glinka successfully described P. Tchaikovsky, comparing "Camarinskaya" with an oak and an acorns. And stressed that in this work a whole Russian symphony school.

  Opero Heritage Composer

  

  "Ivan Susanin" ("Life for the King") and "Ruslan and Lyudmila" make up the opera work of Glinka. The first opera is a folk musical drama. Multiple genres is intertwined in it. First, it is a heroic-epic opera (the plot is based on historical events of 1612). Secondly, it contains the features of the epic opera, lyrical and psychological and folk musical drama. If "Ivan Susanin" continues European trends, "Ruslan and Lyudmila" is a new type of dramaturgy - epic.

  

  She was written in 1842. The audience could not appreciate it, it was incomprehensible to the majority. V. Stasov was one of the few critics who noticed her significance for the whole Russian musical culture. He emphasized that this is not just an unsuccessful opera, this is a new type of drama, completely unknown. Features of the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila":

  • Leisurely development.
  • Lack of direct conflicts.
  • Romantic trends - colorfulness and art.

  Romances and songs

  Glink's vocal work was created by the composer throughout his life. He wrote more than 70 romances. A variety of feelings are embodied: love, sadness, spiritual impulse, delight, disappointment, etc. In some of them are captured by the paintings of life and nature. Glinka is subject to all kinds of household romance. Russian Song, Serenade, Elegy. It covers such household dances as Waltz, Polka and Mazurka. The composer appeals to genres that are characteristic of the music of other nations. This is the Italian Barcarol and Spanish Bolero. Forms of romance are quite diverse: three-part, simple tweak, complicated, Rondo. Glinka's vocal work includes the texts of twenty poets. He managed to convey in the music features of the poetic language of each author. The main means of expressing many romances serves a widespread melody. The piano party play a huge role. Almost all romances have accessions that are introduced into the environment and set the mood. Glinka romances are very famous as:

  • "The fire is burning in the blood."
  • "Lark".
  • "Backway song".
  • "Doubt".
  • "I remember a wonderful moment."
  • "Do not tempt."
  • "You will soon take me back."
  • "Do not say that the heart is painful."
  • "Do not sing, beautiful, with me."
  • "Confession".
  • "Night view."
  • "Memory".
  • "To her".
  • "I'm here, Inesilee."
  • "Ah you're a night, night".
  • "In the minute of life difficult."

  Chamber-instrumental creativity Glinka (briefly)

  The brightest example of the instrumental ensemble is a major product for the piano and the string quintet Glinka. This is a wonderful divertiment based on the famous Opera Bellini "Somnambula." New ideas and tasks are embodied in two chamber ensembles: "Big Sextet" and "Patathetic Trio". And although these works are felt dependence on Italian tradition, they are quite distinctive and original. In the "Seustet" there is a saturated melody, relief thematism, a slim form. Concert type. In this work, Glinka tried to convey the beauty of Italian nature. "Trio" - the opposite of the first ensemble. His character is gloomy and agitated.

  The chamber art of Glinka significantly enriched the performing repertoire of violinists, pianists, altists, clarinetists. Chamber ensembles attract listeners of an extraordinary depth of musical thoughts, a variety of rhythm formulas, the naturalness of melodic breathing.

  Conclusion

  Glinka's musical creativity combines the best European trends with national traditions. A new stage is associated with the name of the composer in the history of the development of musical art, which is called "classic". The work of Glinka covers various genres that occupied their place in the history of Russian music and deserve attention from listeners and researchers. Each of his opera opens a new type of dramatic. "Ivan Susanin" is a folk musical drama that combines various traits. "Ruslan and Lyudmila" is a fabulous epic opera without pronounced conflicts. It develops calmly and leisurely. It is inherent in colorfulness and art. Its operas have gained great importance, as the heroic events of past years truthfully recreate. Symphony works are written a bit. However, they could not only like the listeners, but also to become the present property and the basis of Russian Simphonism, since they are inherent incredible painting.

  The vocal creativity of the composer has about 70 works. All of them are charming and delightful. They embody various emotions, feelings and moods. They are filled with special beauty. The composer appeals to different genres and forms. As for chamber and instrumental works, they are also few. However, their role is no less important. They replenished the performing repertoire with new decent samples.

  On May 20 (June 1), 1804 were born in the village of Novospasskoy Smolensk province in the father's estate.

  An important fact of the brief biography of Glinka is the fact that his grandmother was engaged in the upbringing of the boy, and his native mother was admitted to his son only after the death of her grandmother.

  Playing the piano and violin M. Glinka has already been at the Ten-year-old. Since 1817, he began to study in a noble board at the Pedagogical Institute of St. Petersburg. Having finished the board, all his time devoted to music. At the same time, the first essays of the composer Glinka were created. As a real Creator, Glinka does not fully like their works, he seeks to expand the household genre of music.

  Flowering creativity

  In 1822-1823, Glinka wrote widely well-known romances and songs: "Do not tempt me without need" to the words E. A. Baratynsky, "Do not sing, beautiful, with me" for the words A. S. Pushkin and others. At the same years, he met the famous Vasily Zhukovsky, Alexander Griboedov and others.

  After traveling to the Caucasus goes to Italy, Germany. Under the influence of Italian composers Bellini, Doniji Glinka changes his musical style. Then they were working on polyphony, composition, tool.

  Returning to Russia, Glinka with diligence worked on the National Opera "Ivan Susanin". Her premiere in 1836 in the Bolshoi Theater of St. Petersburg turned into a huge success. The premiere of the next opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1842 was no longer so loud. Strong criticism pushed the composer to departure, he left Russia, going to France, Spain, and only in 1847 he returned to his homeland.

  Many works in the biography of Mikhail Glinka were written during foreign trips. From 1851 in St. Petersburg, he taught singing, prepared the operas. Under his influence, Russian classical music was formed.

  Death and heritage

  Glinka went to Berlin in 1856, where he died on February 15, 1857. Buried the composer at the Lutheran Trinity Cemetery. His dust was transported to St. Petersburg and is reburied there.

  The songs and romances of Glinka are about 20. He also wrote 6 symphony, several chamber and instrumental works, two operas.

  The heritage of Glinka for children includes romances, songs, symphonic fantasies, as well as Opera Ruslan and Lyudmila, which has become even more fabulous after an incarnation of her in the music of the Grand Composer.

  Music critic V. Stasov briefly noted that Glinka became for Russian music with those who became Alexander Pushkin for Russian: they both created a new Russian language, but each in their field of art.

  Petr Tchaikovsky gave such a characteristic one of the works of Glinka: "The entire Russian symphony school, just as the whole oak in the gland, is concluded in the symphony fantasy" Kamarinskaya ""

  Museum of Glinka is located in the Novospassky village, in the native estate of the composer. Monuments Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka were installed in Bologna, Kiev, Berlin. His name was also named state academic chapel in St. Petersburg.

  Other biography options

• • The birthplace of the great Russian composer is the small village of Novospasskoe in the Smolensk province. A large family of Glinka lived there since their great-grandfather - the Polish nobleman took the oath to the loyalty to the Russian king and continued to serve in the army of Russia.
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